North American English regional phonology

1434: 1385: 2076: 3060:). The parenthetical words indicate that the likelihood of their pronunciation occurs overwhelmingly in a particular region (well over 50% likelihood) but does not meet the >86% threshold set by Hedges (2017) for what necessarily defines one of the six regional accents. Blank boxes in the chart indicate regions where neither pronunciation variant particularly dominates over the other; in some of these instances, the data simply may be inconclusive or unclear. 1108: 4147: 5002: 2945:) to generate six clusters, each with American English features that naturally occurred together and each expected to match up with one of these six broad U.S. accent regions: the North, the South, the West, New England, the Midland, and the Mid-Atlantic (including New York City). The results showed that the accent regions/clusters were largely consistent with those outlined in the 4796: 462:), use one well-supported way to hierarchically classify North American English accents at the level of broad geographic regions, sub-regions, etc. The North American regional accent represented by each branch, in addition to each of its own features, also contains all the features of the branch it extends from. 5373:

is an area where, today, most speakers have clearly conformed to a Midland regional accent, rather than any Southern accent. Charleston was once home to its own very locally-unique accent that encompassed elements of older British English while resisting Southern regional accent trends, perhaps with

4728:

does not include the North Central region as part of the North proper, it shares all of the features listed above as properties of the North as a whole. The North Central is a linguistically conservative region; it participates in few of the major ongoing sound changes of North American English. Its

4033:

in the North around the Great Lakes and southern New England, although the merger is in progress in the North-bordering Midland and is completed in northern New England, including as far down the Atlantic coast as Boston. The western portions of the North may also show a transitioning or completing

5144:

sounds are pronounced, historically found only in the Midland, Appalachia, and some other Southeastern regions, has now become dominant throughout almost the entire Southeastern super-region, as in most American English, and even more so among younger and female white Southerners; major exceptions

4673:

of the rest of the nation. Southwestern New England merely forms a "less strong" extension of the Inland North dialect region, and it centers on Connecticut and western Massachusetts. It shows the same general phonological system as the Inland North, including variable elements of Northern Cities

5846:

and the "Texas South," which only covers the north-central region of Texas (Dallas), Odessa, and Lubbock, but not Abilene, El Paso, or southern Texas (which have accents more like the Midland region). One Texan distinction from the rest of the South is that all Texan accents have been reported as

4799:

Blue represents major cities of the Southern accent; darker blue represents cities with the strongest features of this accent. Purple represents definitively non-Southern accents (mostly Midland accents), which together with the Southern accent fall under a "Southeastern super-region" (defined in

4333:

New England does not form a single unified dialect region, but rather houses as few as four native varieties of English, with some linguists identifying even more. Only Southwestern New England (Connecticut and western Massachusetts) neatly fits under the aforementioned definition of "the North".

5666:

for more information) and between older and younger generations. Southern American English as Americans popularly imagine began to take its current shape only after the beginning of the twentieth century. Some generalizations include: the conditional merger of and before nasal consonants, the

198:

Rhoticity in central and western North America is a feature shared today with the English of Ireland, for example, rather than most of the English of England, which has become non-rhotic since the late 1700s. The sound of Western U.S. English, overall, is much more homogeneous than Eastern U.S.

5389:

language, Gullah African Americans. The most distinguishing feature of this now-dying accent is the way speakers pronounce the name of the city, to which a standard listener would hear "Chahlston", with a silent "r". Unlike Southern regional accents, Charlestonian speakers have never exhibited

5176:

is what twentieth-century linguists identified as the "Midland" dialect region, though this dialect's same features are now reported in certain other pockets of the country too (for example, some major cities in Texas, all in Central and South Florida, and particular cities that are otherwise

3515:

is the largest one in North America and also the one with the fewest distinctive phonological features. This can be attributed to the fact that the West is the region most recently settled by English speakers, and so there has not been sufficient time for the region either to develop highly

4996:

is becoming increasingly common throughout the United States, thus affecting Southeastern (even some Southern) dialects, towards a merged vowel . In the South, this merger, or a transition towards this merger, is especially documented in central, northern, and (particularly) western

4661:

of Boston or Maine English, and yet none of the other marked features of Eastern New England, nor much evidence of the NCS, which is more robustly documented, though still variable, in Southwestern New England. Rhoticity predominates in all of Western New England, as does the

4810:

identifies a "Southeastern super-region", in which all accents of the Southern States, as well as accents all along their regional margins, constitute a vast area of recent linguistic unity in certain respects: namely, the movement of four vowel sounds (those in the words

3593:

All of Canada, except the Atlantic Provinces and French-speaking Québec, speaks Standard Canadian English: the relatively uniform variety of North American English native to inland and western Canada. The vowel is raised and diphthongized to or and as all before

6329:

The only notable exceptions of the South being a subset of the "Southeastern super-region" are two Southern metropolitan areas, described as such because they participate in Stage 1 of the Southern Vowel Shift, but lack the other defining Southeastern features:

6010:

once had a local accent that is now "giving way to regional patterns" of the Midland. According to the ANAE, there is much transition in Savannah, and the following features are reported as inconsistent or highly variable in the city: the Southern phenomenon of

5939:

of "toity-toid street" (33rd Street) used to be a common New Orleans feature as well, though it has mostly receded today. One of the most detailed phonetic depictions of an extreme "yat" accent of the early 20th century is found in the speech of the character

5980:, according to the ANAE's research, is not quite a member of the Midland dialect region. Rather, its features seem to be a blend of the Western and Midland dialects. The overview of ANAE's studied features for Oklahoma City speakers include a conservative 5136:) was historically widespread in the South, particularly in former plantation areas. This phenomenon, non-rhoticity, was considered prestigious across the nation before World War II, after which the social perception reversed. Rhoticity (sometimes called 5237:

accent than any other region) and the "South Midland" is considered merely as the upper portion of "the South"; this ANAE reevaluation is primarily on the basis of phonology. The Midland is characterized by having a distinctly fronter realization of the

1304:," the notional accent ascribed to American English speakers who have receded away from the marked sounds of their region. Furthermore, this map does not account for speakers of ethnic, cultural, or other not-strictly-regional varieties (such as 5177:

Southern). In older and traditional dialectological research, focused on lexicology (vocabulary) rather than phonology (accent), the Midland was divided into two discrete geographical subdivisions: the "North Midland" that begins north of the

5859:

merger; the "Inland South" accent of Appalachia, however, firmly resists the merger. Pronunciations of the Southern dialect in Texas may also show notable influence derived from an early Spanish-speaking population or from German immigrants.

3720:

The English of the Pacific Northwest, a region extending from British Columbia south into the Northwestern United States (particularly Washington and Oregon), is closely linguistically related to that of Inland Canada and that of California.

5507:. While Labov et al. state that the dialect could potentially be included in the Midland super-region, the dialect is not included in Midland proper as a result of distinct phonological features defining the dialect. The Mid-Atlantic 1435: 1386: 7421: 4246:, whose accent today is non-Inland Northern and even Midland-like. The NCS itself is not uniform throughout the Inland North; it is most advanced in Western New York and Michigan, and less developed elsewhere. The NCS is a 3467:; rather, accents with a variety of features can all be perceived by Americans as "General American" so long as they lack certain sociolinguistically salient features: namely, that is, lacking regional features (such as 4546:; it shares Eastern New England's traditional non-rhoticity (or "R Dropping"). A key linguistic difference between Rhode Island and the rest of the Eastern New England, however, is that Rhode Island is subject to the 4830:

Essentially all of the modern-day Southern dialects, plus dialects marginal to the South (some even in geographically and culturally "Northern" states), are thus considered a subset of this super-region: the whole

4132:). Maintaining these two features, but also developing several new ones, a younger accent of the North is now predominating at its center, around the Great Lakes and away from the Atlantic coast: the Inland North. 352:. Northern U.S. English, however, tends to keep all these vowels more backed. Southern and some Midland U.S. accents are often most quickly recognized by the weakening or deleting of the "glide" sound of the 4542:, dialectally identified as "Southeastern New England", is sometimes grouped with the Eastern New England dialect region, both by the dialectologists of the mid–20th century and in certain situations by the 3417:★ Hedges (2017) acknowledges that the two pronunciations marked by this star are discrepancies of her latent class analysis, since they conflict with Vaux (2004)'s surveys. Conversely, the surveys show that 281:, all strongly resist this merger, keeping the two sounds separate and thus maintaining an extra distinct vowel sound. The rest of the U.S. largely shows a transitional state of the merger, particularly the 3766:

California, the most populated U.S. state, has been documented as having some notable new subsets of Western U.S. English. Some youthful urban Californians possess a vowel shift partly identical to the

176:

spread throughout the entire Southern United States since the late 1800s and into the early 1900s. In-between the two aforementioned rivers, some other variations exist, most famous among them being

3451:

General American is an umbrella accent of American English perceived by many Americans to be "neutral" and free of regional characteristics. A General American accent is not a specific well-defined

5842:

The ANAE identifies two important, especially advanced subsets of the South in terms of their leading the Southern Vowel Shift (detailed above): the "Inland South" located in the southern half of

6065:), going from Chicago southwest to St. Louis. This corridor of speakers cuts right through the center of what is otherwise the firmly-documented Midland region. Older St. Louisans demonstrate a 202:

Certain particular vowel sounds are the best defining characteristics of regional North American English including any given speaker's presence, absence, or transitional state of the so-called

5868:

The following Southeastern super-regional locations fit cleanly into none of the aforementioned subsets of the Southeast, and may even be marginal-at-best members of the super-region itself:

3748:

is more restricted to Canadian part. The Canadian shift was observed in Vancouver independently of the shift further east, and has now spread throughout the region. In Oregon, a split in

6899:

Labov et al. 2006; Charles Boberg, "The Canadian Shift in Montreal"; Robert Hagiwara. "Vowel production in Winnipeg"; Rebecca V. Roeder and Lidia Jarmasz. "The Canadian Shift in Toronto."

4410:

merger, which is not associated with rest of "the North". Most famously, Northern New England accents (with the exception of Northwestern New England, much of southern New Hampshire, and

199:

English. The interior and western half of the country was settled by people who were no longer closely connected to England, living farther from the British-influenced Atlantic Coast.

4150:

This map shows the approximate extent of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, and thus the approximate area where the Inland North dialect predominates. Note that the region surrounding

5916:

has been locally nicknamed "Yat" since at least the 1980s, from a traditional greeting "Where y'at" ("Where are you at?", meaning "How are you?"). The Yat/NYC parallels include the

5706:; it also includes some of North Florida, namely around Jacksonville. It most noticeably has the loss of the diphthong , which becomes . It also shows fronting of initial vowel of 4694:

merger is approximated in western Massachusetts but usually still resisted in Connecticut. The "tail" of Connecticut may have some character diffused from New York City English.

191:, where non-rhoticity is one of several features in common with British English, and despite the decline of the quasi-British "Van-Isle" accent once spoken throughout southern 5636:

According to linguist Barbara Johnstone, migration patterns and geography affected the Philadelphia dialect's development, which was especially influenced by immigrants from

6133:

shows an especially advanced subset of Western Pennsylvania English, additionally characterized by a sound change that is unique in North America: the monophthongization of

7327: 5340:

has been characterized by a massive movement of non-Southerners into the area during the 1990s, leading the city to becoming hugely mixed in terms of dialect. Currently,

5499:(South Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, and eastern Maryland) are typically classified together, their speakers most popularly labelled as having a 5084:, respectively. The merger is towards the sound . This merger is now firmly completed throughout the Southern dialect region; however, it is not found in some vestigial 7275: 5013:

in Southern American English. In the purple areas, the merger is complete for most speakers. Note the exclusion of the New Orleans area, Southern Florida, and of the

3516:

distinctive innovations or to split into strongly distinct dialectological subregions. The main phonological features of the Western U.S. and Canada are a completed

3935:, while other greater New York area varieties falling under the same sweeping dialect are usually rhotic or variably rhotic. Metropolitan New York shows the back 187:

sounds), since the very first arrival of English-speaking settlers. An exception is the English spoken in the insular and culturally British-associated city of

99:, which is more homogeneous geographically. American English (especially Western dialects) and Canadian English have more in common with each other than with 4166:(NCS), which is now the region's main outstanding feature, though it has been observed to be reversing at least in some areas, in particular with regards to 6296:, with the vowel usually realized in the back or middle of the mouth as . Finally, most of the U.S. participates in a continuous nasal system of the "short 5662:

The Southern United States is often dialectally identified as "The South," as in ANAE. There is still great variation between sub-regions in the South (see

8781: 1975:

Eastern New England dialect, including Maine and Boston sub-types (with Rhode Island English an intermediate sub-type between ENE and NYC), is defined by:

5246:) than many other American accents, particularly those of the North; the phoneme is frequently realized with a central nucleus, approximating . Likewise, 8721: 6125:

is noticeably complete here, whereas it is still in progress in most of the Midland. The merger has also spread from Western Pennsylvania into adjacent

5318: 5149:

continues to be mostly non-rhotic as well as most of southern Louisiana, where non-rhotic accents still dominate. The sound quality of the Southeastern

4610:

in North America. Therefore, Rhode Island English aligns in some features more with Boston English and other features more with New York City English.

56: 4638:

and the Inland North. Dialectological research has revealed some phonological nuances separating a Northwestern and Southwestern New England accent.

7182: 5686:. The South Midland dialect (now considered the upper portion of the Southern U.S. dialect and often not distinguished phonologically) follows the 5181:

valley area and, south of that, the "South Midland" dialect area. The North Midland region stretches from east-to-west across central and southern

4002:. The New York accent is well attested in American movies and television shows, often exaggerated, particularly in movies and shows about American 4006:

from the area. Though it is sometimes known as a "Bronx" or "Brooklyn accent", no research has confirmed differences of accent between the city's

3970:

is back and often rounded , and not fronted as it famously is in Boston. New York City and its surrounding areas are also known for a complicated

183:

Outside of the Eastern seaboard, virtually all other North American English (both in the U.S. and Canada) has been firmly rhotic (pronouncing all

4445:, so that the two words do not rhyme as they do in most American accents. Many Eastern New England speakers also once had a class of words with " 1365:

The Western dialect, including Californian and New Mexican sub-types (with Pacific Northwest English also, arguably, a sub-type), is defined by:

5440:

counties, a unique dialect, commonly called the "Miami accent", is widely spoken. The dialect first developed among second- or third-generation

5726:, now mostly declined. In the Southern Vowel Shift of the early 1900s up to the present, moves to become a high front vowel, and to become a 5515:, similar to but not exactly the same as New York City English, is one major defining feature of the dialect region, as is a resistance to the 5416:

merger, and South Florida does not. Otherwise, Central and South Florida easily fit under the definition of the Midland dialect, including the

4755:, which takes place in the North Central region, famously features strong versions of this accent. Unlike most of the rest of the North, the 2952:

The defining particular pronunciations of particular words that have more than an 86% likelihood of occurring in a particular cluster are:

3632:, mainly found in Ontario, English-speaking Montreal, and further west, and led by Ontarians and women; it involves the front lax vowels 379:

One phenomenon apparently unique to North American U.S. accents is the irregular behavior of words that in the British English standard,

8816: 7789: 5782:

merger. The lowering movement of the Southern Vowel Shift is also accompanied by a raising and "drawling" movement of vowels. The term

4618:

Recognized by research since the 1940s is the linguistic boundary between Eastern and Western New England, the latter settled from the

6451: 6373: 100: 7717: 6088:

merger and middle-aged speakers show the most advanced stages of the NCS, while maintaining many of the other Midland features.

4018:

One vast super-dialectal area commonly identified by linguists is "the North", usually meaning New England, inland areas of the

4827:) towards the center or front of the mouth, all of which is notably different from the accents of the Northern United States. 8866: 8651: 7699: 7312: 7219: 7200: 7152: 7133: 6560: 6988: 8886: 7959: 7844: 7469: 7287: 6180: 6045:

is historically one among several (North) Midland cities, but it is largely considered by ANAE to classify under blends of

5912:

has been home to a type of accent with parallels to the New York City accent reported for over a century. This variety of

3474:, which usually identifies an American speaker as being from the East Coast or South), ethnic features (such as the "clear 71:(English of the United States and Canada)—what are commonly known simply as "regional accents". Though studies of regional 4914:

may even end in a very forward position—something like . However, this fronting does not occur in younger speakers before

2310:

The Atlantic Canadian ("Maritimer") dialect, including Cape Breton, Lunenburg, and Newfoundland sub-types, is defined by:

8937: 8367: 5146: 2163: 1305: 1292: 454: 5573:; all of these features are shared between Mid-Atlantic American and New York City English. Other features include that 8472: 6308:

to be pronounced with the tongue raised and with a glide quality (typically sounding like ) particularly when before a

324:. This fronting characterizes Midland, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern U.S. accents; these accents also front and raise the 6054: 1874:

The New York City dialect (with New Orleans English an intermediate sub-type between NYC and Southern) is defined by:

106:

The most recent work documenting and studying the phonology of North American English dialects as a whole is the 2006

7608: 7459: 7394: 5882:

is typically backed and rounded. Many other features of phonological (and lexical) note exist here too; for example,

5233:, in which the former "North Midland" is now simply called "the Midland" (and argued to have a "stronger claim" to a 4977:

is mainly preserved. In much of the South during the 1900s, there was a trend to lower the vowel found in words like

4158:

The Inland North is a dialect region once considered the home of "standard Midwestern" speech that was the basis for

168:

generally divides a group of Northeastern coastal dialects from an area of older Southeastern coastal dialects. All

8271: 4141: 8917: 8519: 8315: 7636: 7514: 6984: 5723: 5516: 5085: 4806: 2398: 1849: 1332: 605: 432: 169: 137: 108: 38: 17: 4334:

Otherwise, speakers, namely of Eastern New England, show very unusual other qualities. All of New England has a

8836: 8276: 7782: 7245: 4703: 3668:) are lowered in the direction of and and/or retracted; the exact trajectory of the shift is still disputed. 2656: 2219:

The Standard Canadian dialect, including its most advanced Inland Canadian sub-type and others, is defined by:

1409: 1172: 802: 5663: 8876: 8569: 8531: 5710:

to (often lengthened and prolonged) yielding ; nasalization of vowels, esp. diphthongs, before ; raising of

5469: 5453: 5441: 4415: 2527: 2121: 1783:

The Mid-Atlantic ("Delaware Valley") dialect, including Philadelphia and Baltimore sub-types, is defined by:

1778: 895: 124:

dating to the 1960s; earlier large-scale American dialectology focused more on lexicology than on phonology.

5541:(a raising and diphthongizing of the "caught" vowel), and a maintained distinction between historical short 3963:

vowel is traditionally kept distinct from either vowel, resulting in a three "lot-palm-father distinction".

195:, this makes it unique as the only distinguishable local dialect of Canadian English spoken west of Quebec. 8871: 8524: 8344: 8161: 7982: 6097: 2885: 2100: 1427: 1033: 222: 6928: 6305: 6267: 6259: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6134: 6111: 6107: 6036: 6016: 6012: 5985: 5981: 5899: 5879: 5848: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806:. these develop a glide up from their original starting position to , and then in some cases back down to 5767: 5755: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5711: 5707: 5683: 5679: 5626: 5618: 5602: 5590: 5586: 5550: 5510: 5405: 5395: 5391: 5341: 5322: 5310: 5291: 5283: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5088:, and other geographically Southern U.S. varieties that have eluded the Southern Vowel Shift, such as the 4958: 4954: 4939: 4915: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4738: 4730: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4658: 4654: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4528: 4524: 4512: 4461: 4453: 4442: 4438: 4399: 4395: 4311: 4299: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4171: 4167: 4129: 4117: 4113: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4043: 3956: 3871: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3811: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3683: 3679: 3661: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3599: 3595: 3562: 3558: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3401: 3393: 3388: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3346: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3306: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3261: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3207: 3194: 3189: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3141: 3134: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3057: 3053: 3041: 3037: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2277: 2273: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2017: 2013: 1919: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1822: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1050: 1046: 998: 994: 990: 968: 964: 960: 952: 924: 900: 888: 868: 864: 860: 831: 823: 819: 815: 794: 790: 773: 769: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 690: 679: 675: 647: 643: 639: 601: 589: 585: 581: 559: 555: 551: 547: 539: 535: 531: 512: 508: 486: 482: 436: 416: 412: 404: 396: 384: 353: 325: 309: 293: 234: 230: 52: 48: 8247: 8237: 7835: 7802: 7798: 6050: 5026: 4709: 4418:. Some Northeastern New England accents are unique in North America for having resisted what is known as 4371: 4355: 4163: 2518: 1970: 1493: 1121: 1112: 727: 214: 161: 8922: 8831: 8546: 8404: 7815: 7031: 4871:. These are the minimal necessary features that identify a speaker from the Southeastern super-region: 3557:

than the accents of the whole rest of English-speaking Canada. English of this region broadly includes

855: 576: 188: 7767: 6942: 8932: 8927: 8811: 8337: 8295: 8266: 8198: 8166: 7775: 6215: 6170: 6077: 6058: 5657: 5014: 4570:. Indeed, Rhode Island shares with New York and Philadelphia an unusually high and back allophone of 4162:

in the mid-20th century. However, the Inland North dialect has been modified in the mid-1900s by the

4103: 3715: 3544: 2790: 2747: 2439: 2305: 2214: 2128: 2091: 2080: 1659: 1425: 1378: 1376: 1240: 1203: 947: 662: 526: 522: 503: 278: 173: 95:, which has several highly developed and distinct regional varieties, along with the closely related 6963: 5108:

merger has also spread beyond the South in recent decades and is now found in isolated parts of the

4294:, but without the two merging due to the previous step), then the backing and sometimes lowering of 91:(grammar-based), this article focuses only on the former two items. North American English includes 8536: 8490: 8389: 8362: 8327: 8222: 8093: 7688:

Van Riper, William (2014). "General American: An Ambiguity". In Harold Allen; Michael Linn (eds.).

7509: 6248: 5883: 5456:. It also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is 5167: 5113: 4663: 4627: 4591: 4477: 4419: 3502: 2838: 2570: 2181: 2047: 1529: 1360: 1321: 1192: 1181: 919: 758: 634: 477: 282: 226: 7090: 4985:, often with an upglide, so that the most common result today is the gliding vowel . However, the 1414:

The North Central ("Upper Midwest") dialect, including an Upper Michigan sub-type, is defined by:

8748: 8581: 8399: 8374: 5966: 5022: 5018: 4501: 4007: 6850:

Hedges, Stephanie Nicole (2017). "A Latent Class Analysis of American English Dialects" (2017).

6358: 5851:

vowel, and the identified "Texas South" accent, specifically, is at a transitional stage of the

8663: 8641: 8445: 8142: 8111: 7989: 7758:

Stanford.edu: Penny Eckert Blog − "Vowel Shifts in Northern California and the Detroit Suburbs"

5895: 5437: 5130: 4843:, and a transitional Midland dialect area between the South and the North, comprising parts of 4207: 3456: 2937:(2006) and the phonological research through surveys of Vaux (2004), Hedges (2017) performed a 380: 68: 34: 8559: 1712:, or word-finally, and potentially elsewhere, the triggering event for the Southern Shift ( ← 8861: 8646: 8541: 8254: 8188: 7942: 7932: 7927: 7502: 7497: 6950: 6205: 6115: 5123: 5109: 4986: 4840: 4756: 4023: 3910: 3618: 3508: 2938: 2386: 2222: 2114: 1869: 1589:

The Western Pennsylvania dialect, including its advanced Pittsburgh sub-type, is defined by:

1130: 878: 698: 490: 420: 270: 203: 177: 8854: 148:, and certain Southern cities, all of these accents historically noted by their London-like 8283: 8176: 8116: 7994: 7967: 7884: 7036: 6459:

University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 22.2: Selected Papers from NWAV 44

6240: 6103: 5929: 5485: 5254:, approaching . Another feature distinguishing the Midland from the North is that the word 5119: 4927: 4411: 4346:

vowel most strongly raises before nasal consonants, as in much of the rest of the country.

4187: 3932: 3687: 3468: 2933:

Combining information from the phonetic research through interviews of Labov et al. in the

2177: 2168: 2146: 1988: 1954: 1912: 1893:

vowel is ; this severe distinction is the triggering event for the Back Vowel Shift before

1802:

vowel is ; this severe distinction is the triggering event for the Back Vowel Shift before

1616: 1317: 1316:, etc.). All regional American English dialects, unless specifically stated otherwise, are 1297: 1141: 1054: 1002: 732: 289: 266: 153: 7631: 5593:, so that, as in the South and Midland (and unlike New York and the North) it rhymes with 4370:

The local and historical dialect of the coastal portions of New England, sometimes called

3628:

to creates a hole in the short vowel sub-system and triggers a sound change known as the

8: 8881: 8711: 8703: 8601: 8564: 8450: 8435: 8310: 8300: 8227: 8066: 5920:

of the historic short-a class into tense and lax versions, as well as pronunciation of

5913: 5837: 5500: 5492: 5475: 4836: 4191: 4091: 4019: 2702: 2269: 2025: 1265: 1226: 79:(sound-based, focusing on major word-differentiating patterns and structures in speech), 4708:

The North Central or Upper Midwest dialect region of the United States extends from the

3652:

is retracted to (except before nasals, where it is raised and diphthongized to ), then

1667:

Variable rhoticity (parts of Louisiana are still non-rhotic, even among younger people )

156:), a feature gradually receding among younger generations, especially in the South. The 8771: 8738: 8673: 8656: 8511: 8332: 7879: 7869: 7723: 7653: 7560: 7531: 6190: 5971: 5961: 5668: 5613:

is fronted, so it is pronounced , as in the advanced accents of the Midland and South.

5357: 5278:

line". However, since the twentieth century, this area is currently undergoing a vowel

5046: 4619: 4315: 4243: 4239: 4183: 4151: 4094:

occurs is common in the North, and is becoming more common elsewhere in North America.

3883: 3761: 2414: 1634: 1599:

merger to , the triggering event for the Pittsburgh Chain Shift in the city itself ( ←

1219: 1161: 7422:

The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States

7328:"Where Yinz At; Why Pennsylvania is the most linguistically rich state in the country" 5754:

shift considerably forward to and , respectively; and, the open back unrounded vowel

140:, due to distinctive speech patterns of urban centers of the American East Coast like 8776: 8761: 8733: 8693: 8485: 8422: 8171: 7947: 7911: 7695: 7604: 7564: 7535: 7455: 7448: 7390: 6331: 5699: 5531: 5457: 5429: 5299: 5229:. The distinction between a "North" versus "South Midland" was discarded in the 2006 5226: 5209:

where it begins to blend into the West. The South Midland dialect region follows the

5097: 4860: 4751: 4643: 4235: 4195: 4055: 3517: 3479: 2192: 2139: 1274: 747: 262: 157: 8467: 7657: 2161:(each designated in all capital letters), as demarcated primarily by Labov et al.'s 1753:

is , the triggering event for the Back Upglide Shift in more advanced sub-types ( ←

1290:(each designated in all capital letters), as demarcated primarily by Labov et al.'s 8896: 8849: 8801: 8728: 8636: 8626: 8621: 8611: 8457: 8430: 8288: 8208: 8153: 8051: 8033: 8020: 7857: 7852: 7645: 7588: 7584: 7552: 7523: 6195: 6175: 6066: 5957: 5894:

merger and its monophthongs are diphthongized (up-gliding) before /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ and

5645: 5637: 5614: 5504: 5479: 5234: 5190: 4910:) both start considerably forward in the mouth, approximately and , respectively. 4864: 4635: 4623: 4391: 4159: 4083: 3955:

are distinct; in fact the New York dialect has perhaps the highest realizations of

3672: 3582: 3566: 3498: 3460: 3452: 3446: 2942: 2265: 2157: 2021: 1301: 1286: 736: 516: 473: 218: 192: 121: 96: 92: 75:

can be based on multiple characteristics, often including characteristics that are

6478: 6114:. The chief distinguishing feature of Western Pennsylvania as a whole is that the 5385:, and, due to Charleston's high concentration of African-Americans that spoke the 4382:(some of whose urban speakers are retreating from this local accent), and eastern 2176:

All regional Canadian English dialects, unless specifically stated otherwise, are

8766: 8668: 8606: 8576: 8384: 8259: 8080: 8056: 8028: 7999: 7972: 7937: 7824: 7689: 7667: 7331: 7001: 6978: 6335: 6309: 6288: 6210: 6200: 6157:

itself having moved out of the way and become a rounded vowel in its merger with

6039:(which is otherwise rarely if ever reported in either the South or the Midland). 5949: 5496: 5449: 5279: 5186: 4631: 3550: 2613: 1309: 7473: 2232:

to , the triggering event for the Canadian Shift in more advanced sub-types ( ←

288:

Another prominent differentiating feature in regional North American English is

8841: 8756: 8716: 8616: 8440: 8193: 8098: 8088: 8004: 7806: 5445: 5433: 4832: 4642:, sometimes dialectally identified as "Northwestern New England", has the full 4387: 4267: 4179: 3768: 3629: 3588: 3570: 2875: 2829: 2321: 2107: 120:, on which much of the description below is based, following on a tradition of 117: 7757: 7649: 7556: 7527: 7488: 7005: 6247:

sound in all historical environments, without ever "dropping" this sound. The

5157:", produced by strongly constricting the root and/or midsection of the tongue. 4773:

is raised before /g/. In addition, some speakers will show NCS features, like

3771:

in its backing or lowering of each front vowel one space in the mouth. Before

8911: 8891: 8806: 8462: 8379: 8320: 8232: 8183: 8061: 8043: 7618: 7596: 7572: 7416: 7382: 6126: 6062: 5903: 5831: 5425: 5382: 5034: 5017:

of South Carolina and Georgia. The purple area in California consists of the

4884: 4868: 4383: 4379: 4361: 4223: 3920: 1732: 1650: 1584: 1313: 1233: 1212: 1082: 742: 428: 165: 145: 136:

in North America are historically the most strongly differentiated along the

113: 5274:). For this reason, one of the names for the North-Midland boundary is the " 3752:

occurs where it fronts except before /l/ and nasals, similar to California.

8394: 8242: 8121: 7738: 7281: 6890:

Martinet, Andre 1955. Economie des changements phonetiques. Berne: Francke.

6855: 6374:"Bag, beg, bagel: Prevelar raising and merger in Pacific Northwest English" 6142: 6046: 5326: 5173: 4717: 4539: 4365: 4211: 4174:

fronting. The Inland North is centered on the area on the U.S. side of the

3815: 2482: 1462: 1258: 1152: 685: 424: 387:(where V stands for any vowel). Words of this class include, among others: 274: 5917: 5508: 4795: 4335: 395:. In General American there is a split: the majority of these words have 83:(sound-based, focusing on any more exact and specific details of speech), 6137:

to . This is the source of the stereotypical Pittsburgh pronunciation of

5945: 5791: 5345: 5093: 5089: 4746: 4247: 4175: 4108:

The traditional and linguistically conservative North (as defined by the

3924: 3916: 3894: 3483: 2431: 1728: 1446: 956: 928: 630: 7543:

Dailey-O'Cain, J. (1997). "Canadian raising in a midwestern U.S. city".

7403:

Shitara, Yuko (1993). "A survey of American pronunciation preferences".

4128:

merger (though possibly weakening in dialects reversing the fronting of

4058:(unlike the rest of the country). Indeed, in part of the North (much of 8305: 7797: 6452:"Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan" 6130: 6106:

is like the Midland proper in many features, including the fronting of

6057:" demonstrates this variability in speakers following a line formed by 5875: 5843: 5787: 5703: 5687: 5210: 5178: 5057: 4520: 3928: 3898: 3740:

is lowered, sometimes leading to three-way merger. Canadian raising of

3554: 1249: 827: 694: 543: 5774:. This particular shift probably does not occur for speakers with the 2075: 164:, today still centered on Boston and much of Eastern New England. The 7862: 6809:

Boberg, Charles (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

6794:

Boberg, Charles (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

6450:

Wagner, S. E.; Mason, A.; Nesbitt, M.; Pevan, E.; Savage, M. (2016).

6293: 6185: 5941: 5727: 5682:

becomes monophthongized to ; lax and tense vowels often merge before

5030: 4713: 4516: 4255: 4231: 4227: 4215: 4063: 4059: 3676: 80: 76: 6910: 4488:

is maintained in traditional non-rhotic New England accents as for

3959:

in North American English, even approaching or . Furthermore, the

1664:

The Southern dialects, including several sub-types, are defined by:

7889: 5953: 5952:. Such extreme accents still be found in parts of Mid-City and the 5695: 5691: 5641: 5378: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5202: 5198: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4199: 4003: 3459:(RP) has historically been the standard prestigious variant of the 1107: 932: 389:

origin, Florida, horrible, quarrel, warren, borrow, tomorrow, sorry

44: 4800:

this section). Red represents cities outside of that super-region.

172:, however, have mostly now receded in favor of a strongly rhotic, 8826: 8821: 8631: 7977: 7904: 7899: 7253: 7249: 5390:

inglide long mid vowels, such as those found in typical Southern

4953:

merger: The historical distinction between the two vowels sounds

4721: 4639: 4446: 4251: 4219: 4203: 3464: 133: 84: 72: 7470:"Brigham Young University Linguistics Department Research Teams" 6129:, historically in the South Midland dialect region. The city of 5217:, southern Indiana, and southern Illinois to southern Missouri, 3489:, which often identifies speakers of a lower-class background). 7894: 7874: 7429: 6927:

Esling, John H. and Henry J. Warkentyne (1993). "Retracting of

5722:, etc.; fully rhoticity, unlike classical coastal varieties of 5386: 5375: 5206: 4848: 4146: 3512: 141: 88: 5145:

are among Black or African American Southerners, whose modern

4598:) is also distinguished by having the backest realizations of 7763:

Voicesus.com: Directory of 129 North American English accents

6479:"Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York" 5807: 5783: 4375: 972: 7762: 6980:

An investigation into the western dialect of Portland Oregon

3901:

either perceive or produce an approximation of this merger.

160:

is now regarded as the southern and western boundary of the

5309:. Many speakers show transitional forms of the merger. The 5213:

in a generally southwesterly direction, moving across from

5194: 5182: 4578:), even compared to other communities that do not have the 4013: 3573:(the vowel shift documented in Standard Canadian English). 1467:

The Inland Northern ("Great Lakes") dialect is defined by:

5172:

A band of the United States from Pennsylvania west to the

5001: 4766:

is prevalent in the North Central region. Like in Canada,

4070:

remains back in all environments. Where the Southeast has

3978:

into lax versus tense , so that words, for example, like

67:

is the study of variations in the pronunciation of spoken

7678: 7246:"Miami Accents: Why Locals Embrace That Heavy "L" Or Not" 3971: 2426: 2203: 1347: 27:

Pronunciation differences in the United States and Canada

7743:

American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast

6483:

University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics

5874:(North Carolina) islands are enclaves of a traditional " 5056:

in transition: The vowels and often merge when before

6449: 4298:, toward either or , then the backing and rounding of 3897:

and rural areas of the Central Valley, and speakers in

3671:

Increasing numbers of Canadians have a feature called "

7055: 7053: 6811:

A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology

6796:

A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology

6527: 6525: 6523: 6381:

University of Washington Working Papers in Linguistics

6141:

as "dahntahn". Pittsburgh also features an unusually

5766:, which in turn moves up towards the old location of 5690:

in a generally southwesterly direction, moves across

5577:

is sometimes pronounced , that is, with the vowel of

5448:, whose first language was English. Unlike the older 442: 7325: 4678:

that is somewhat higher and tenser than average, an

43:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 7575:(1963). "The social motivation of a sound change". 7050: 6520: 3842:), identically to the Canadian shift. In addition, 3822:is lowered towards (to someone without the shift, 3492: 1284:The map above shows the major regional dialects of 1045:merger, encouraging the Pittsburgh Chain Shift ( ← 411:). In Canada, all of these words are pronounced as 7666: 7447: 7311:harvp error: no target: CITEREFLabovAshBoberg262 ( 6559:harvp error: no target: CITEREFLabovAshBoberg267 ( 6498: 6496: 4511:is certainly on the rise in the region today. The 3990:have a different, higher, tenser vowel sound than 3478:" sound, which often identifies speakers as being 403:), but the last four words of the list above have 7542: 7349: 7347: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7032:"North Dakota: Where the accent is on friendship" 4634:colonies. Western New Englanders settled most of 4429:: in other words, the stressed vowel phonemes of 4374:, now only encompasses Northeastern New England: 4178:, most prominently including central and western 3744:exists throughout the region, but the raising of 8909: 7218:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFThomas2006 ( 7199:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFThomas2006 ( 7166: 7164: 7162: 7151:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFThomas2006 ( 7132:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFThomas2006 ( 4594:(the only Rhode Island community sampled by the 447: 57:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 7601:Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors 7389:, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, pp. 187–208, 6493: 5825: 5786:has been used to refer to the diphthongization/ 4476:, similar to their pronunciation in London and 4120:, or both, as well as a firm resistance to the 7595: 7381: 7353: 7344: 7232: 7170: 7115: 7076: 7065: 7059: 7029: 7017: 6838: 6826: 6781: 6769: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6691: 6679: 6664: 6652: 6637: 6625: 6606: 6591: 6576: 6543: 6531: 6514: 6502: 6430: 6415: 6403: 5902:that is diphthongized (like the South) and no 5332: 5038: 3531:vowel (like the Northern U.S.), and a fronted 2928: 1492:is universally , the triggering event for the 7783: 7683:. George Mason University. 22 September 2004. 7489:"BYU "Utah English" Research Team's Homepage" 7402: 7307: 7159: 6555: 5738:relax and become less front; the back vowels 4790: 4266:being pronounced more like "kyat"), then the 2256:Especially in Inland Canadian, beginnings of 452:The findings and categorizations of the 2006 419:but analyzed differently). In the accents of 8141: 7669:How We Talk: American Regional English Today 7095:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 6476: 6426: 6424: 5033:. There is also debate as to whether or not 4022:, and the North-Central States. There is no 3507:The English dialect region encompassing the 2341: 435:, most or all of these words are pronounced 7737: 7430:"Mencken, H.L. 1921. The American Language" 7365: 7276:"'Miami Accent' Takes Speakers By Surprise" 7226: 6822: 6820: 6765: 6763: 6702: 6700: 6675: 6673: 6648: 6646: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6602: 6600: 6587: 6585: 6572: 6570: 4349: 4310:), then lastly the lowering and backing of 1300:. Any region may also contain speakers of " 1097: 8817:Comparison of American and British English 7790: 7776: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6399: 6397: 5730:unrounded vowel. In a parallel shift, the 2210:. The broadest regional dialects include: 2167:, as well as the related Telsur Project's 1296:, as well as the related Telsur Project's 7687: 6878: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6421: 1985:merger to (lacking only in Rhode Island) 65:North American English regional phonology 8510: 7632:"A case of surface constraint violation" 7629: 7625:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7508: 6856:https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6480 6817: 6760: 6697: 6670: 6643: 6612: 6597: 6582: 6567: 5408:glide deletion, Central Florida shows a 5000: 4794: 4480:. The distinction between the vowels of 4170:raising before non-nasal consonants and 4145: 4014:Northern and North-Central United States 3904: 3048:with either two or three syllables; and 7722:. Burlington Free Press. Archived from 7664: 7415: 7385:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), 6465: 6394: 6371: 6359:"Why Victoria's English is nearly gone" 6091: 5348:(as in the Southern U.S.); no complete 3882:) may be more fronted, i.e. and . The 14: 8910: 7454:(4 ed.). The Globe Pequot Press. 7445: 7213: 7194: 7146: 7127: 6808: 6793: 6436: 6015:being monophthongized, non-rhoticity, 5964:, just east of New Orleans. The novel 5463: 4613: 4460:in words that in most accents contain 3690:. Thus for Canadians, word pairs like 3482:), or socioeconomic features (such as 7771: 7715: 7617: 7571: 6866: 6076:, so that "I-44" is pronounced like " 5928:as and . The stereotypical New York 5863: 5565:have a different stressed vowel than 5374:additional linguistic influence from 4390:). The accents spoken here share the 4116:being often raised or fronted before 3806:is pronounced with the same vowel as 3433:are in fact both common variants for 2320:merger to , but with no trace of the 959:, encouraging the Southern Shift ( ← 8887:Non-native pronunciations of English 7088: 7082: 6976: 6970: 6908: 6181:American English regional vocabulary 5325:is raised and tensed toward before 3709: 3004:with either two or three syllables; 2298:is , except before /l/ where it is . 1607:) but no trace of the Canadian Shift 237:vowels, so that pairs of words like 47:. For the distinction between , 7745:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 7719:Vermont Accent: Endangered Species? 7387:The Atlas of North American English 7326:Malady, Matthew J.X. (2014-04-29). 6943:"Swan Third Dialect Shift-LSA-2018" 6477:Driscoll, Anna; Lape, Emma (2015). 5317:) shows most commonly a so-called " 4674:Vowel Shift (NCS)—for instance, an 3943:vowels of the North, but a fronted 3798:may be identified with the phoneme 3440: 2250:is raised to or even when before 2164:The Atlas of North American English 1534:The Midland dialect is defined by: 1306:African-American Vernacular English 1293:The Atlas of North American English 455:The Atlas of North American English 24: 6854:. 6480. Brigham Young University. 5153:is the distinctive "bunch-tongued 3538: 3421:is the much more common vowel for 3032:with either one or two syllables; 443:Classification of regional accents 25: 8949: 7751: 6909:Swan, Julia Thomas (2021-01-01). 6053:(NCS), and Midland accents. The " 4928:syllable break between two vowels 4749:: and , respectively. The movie 4250:involving movements of six vowel 2012:Commonly, the starting points of 1727:"Southern drawl" may break short 7425:(4th ed.). New York: Knopf. 6991:from the original on 2015-11-21. 6987: 31, Stanford, California. 6940: 5404:show no evidence of any type of 5140:-fulness), in which all or most 4697: 4242:), but broken up by the city of 4142:Inland Northern American English 3576: 3535:vowel (like the Southern U.S.). 3493:Canada and Western United States 3056:or other possibilities (such as 2996:or other possibilities (such as 2074: 1106: 7637:Canadian Journal of Linguistics 7515:Canadian Journal of Linguistics 7450:Insiders' Guide: Salt Lake City 7374: 7359: 7319: 7301: 7286:. June 13, 2004. Archived from 7268: 7238: 7207: 7188: 7176: 7140: 7121: 7109: 7023: 7011: 6995: 6934: 6921: 6902: 6893: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6844: 6832: 6802: 6787: 6775: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6685: 6658: 6631: 6549: 6537: 6323: 6233: 5974:often employs the Yat accent. 5724:older Southern American English 5231:Atlas of North American English 4807:Atlas of North American English 4726:Atlas of North American English 4588:Atlas of North American English 4544:Atlas of North American English 4534: 4135: 4110:Atlas of North American English 3675:", in which the nucleus of the 2155:The major regional dialects of 1496:in more advanced sub-types ( ← 989:= Back Upglide Chain Shift ( ← 285:, from Ohio to eastern Kansas. 162:traditional New England accents 109:Atlas of North American English 39:International Phonetic Alphabet 8837:English-based creole languages 7716:Walsh, M (February 28, 1995). 7691:Dialect and Language Variation 7589:10.1080/00437956.1963.11659799 7030:Robin McMacken (May 9, 2004). 6508: 6431:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 6416:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 6409: 6365: 6351: 5872:Chesapeake and the Outer Banks 5424:merger being transitional. In 5076:, are pronounced the same, as 5025:area, where migrants from the 4942:remains back in the mouth as . 4704:North-Central American English 4500:) vs. for hoarse, though the 4328: 4262:towards in all environments ( 4050:remains a back vowel, as does 3862:can sound slightly similar to 3724:Like in Inland Canada, before 2057:(except in Rhode Island): the 1073:can be monophthongized before 13: 1: 8877:List of English-based pidgins 7545:Language Variation and Change 7354:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 7308:Labov, Ash & Boberg (262) 7233:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 7171:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 7116:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 7097:. Oklahoma Historical Society 7077:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 7060:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 7018:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6839:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6827:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6782:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6770:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6755:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6743:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6731:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6719:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6707:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6692:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6680:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6665:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6653:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6638:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6626:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6607:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6592:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6577:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6556:Labov, Ash & Boberg (267) 6544:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6532:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6515:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6503:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6404:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 6221: 5762:shifts upward towards as in 5470:Mid-Atlantic American English 5428:, particularly in and around 5329:, as in much of the country. 5039:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006 4745:) vowels are frequently even 3755: 887:distinction or near-merger + 448:Hierarchy of regional accents 273:, plus inland accents of the 271:New York metropolitan accents 8872:Linguistic purism in English 7603:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. 7512:(1973). "Canadian raising". 6911:"Same PRICE Different HOUSE" 6852:All Theses and Dissertations 6345: 6104:western half of Pennsylvania 6098:Western Pennsylvania English 5847:showing a pure, non-gliding 5826:Inland South and Texas South 5356:merger is reported; and the 5096:or the anomalous dialect of 5086:varieties of the older South 4515:phoneme has highly distinct 4402:, but they also possess the 4254:: the raising, tensing, and 3706:are pronounced differently. 223:Western Pennsylvania accents 7: 7973:London & Thames Estuary 7673:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 7405:Speech Hearing and Language 6164: 6051:Northern Cities Vowel Shift 5452:dialect, "Miami accent" is 5333:Midland outside the Midland 5250:has a fronter nucleus than 5221:, southeastern Kansas, and 4835:, the southern half of the 4710:Upper Peninsula of Michigan 4554:merger and yet neither the 4372:Eastern New England English 4356:Eastern New England English 4164:Northern Cities Vowel Shift 2929:Alternative classifications 2783:Southern & Back Upglide 1550:may be , often only before 1494:Northern Cities Vowel Shift 789:distinction + conservative 635:NORTH-CENTRAL UNITED STATES 227:accents of the Western U.S. 127: 10: 8954: 8938:English language in Canada 8832:English as a lingua franca 7741:; Ward, Ben, eds. (2006). 7665:Metcalf, Allan A. (2000). 6813:. De Gruyter. p. 361. 6798:. De Gruyter. p. 359. 6095: 5835: 5829: 5655: 5513:into two separate phonemes 5483: 5473: 5467: 5371:Charleston, South Carolina 5165: 5161: 5037:is an exclusion. Based on 4791:Southeastern United States 4701: 4626:colonies, rather than the 4359: 4353: 4139: 4101: 3908: 3759: 3713: 3586: 3580: 3542: 3496: 3444: 2352:Most populous urban center 856:SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 415:(same as General American 189:Victoria, British Columbia 8812:Broad and general accents 8794: 8747: 8722:regional and occupational 8702: 8689: 8682: 8594: 8555: 8503: 8481: 8421: 8353: 8218: 8207: 8152: 8134: 8107: 8079: 8042: 8019: 7958: 7920: 7843: 7834: 7823: 7814: 7680:The Speech Accent Archive 7650:10.1017/S0008413100014730 7557:10.1017/S0954394500001812 7528:10.1017/S0008413100007350 7446:Rainey, Virginia (2004). 7008:. Retrieved 24 July 2008. 6372:Freeman, Valerie (2014). 6239:Dialects are considered " 6216:Pacific Northwest English 6171:Accent (sociolinguistics) 6080:". St. Louis resists the 6059:U.S. Route 66 in Illinois 6035:merger, and conservative 5790:of the traditional short 5658:Southern American English 5402:Central and South Florida 5298:) phonemes, known as the 4945:Lacking or transitioning 4712:westward across northern 4527:fronting is usual before 4342:, meaning that the short- 4104:Northern American English 3931:cities are traditionally 3716:Pacific Northwest English 3686:are more "raised" before 3545:Atlantic Canadian English 2342:Chart of regional accents 2073: 1641:is , particularly before 1105: 875:Southeastern Super-Region 174:more unified accent group 7366:Wolfram & Ward (2006 6258:is the pronunciation of 6243:" if they pronounce the 6226: 5884:Ocracoke, North Carolina 5651: 5553:, so that, for example, 5484:Not to be confused with 5168:Midland American English 5129:(and, in some dialects, 4492:(with the same vowel as 4350:Northeastern New England 4282:), then the lowering of 4097: 3858:is fronted towards , so 3503:Western American English 2956:with either the phoneme 1098:Maps of regional accents 743:Northeastern New England 407:(the sound of the words 261:rhyme. On the contrary, 215:Northeastern New England 87:(vocabulary-based), and 7630:McCarthy, John (1993). 7495:"Utahnics", segment on 5978:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 5967:A Confederacy of Dunces 3966:The r-colored vowel of 3846:is moving towards , so 3818:in the direction of , 3066:Presumed accent region 2272:: and , respectively; 1544:merger is in transition 837:Wisconsin and Minnesota 600:distinction + New York 568:= full Canadian raising 399:(the sound of the word 229:have a merger of these 170:older Southern dialects 103:outside North America. 35:phonetic transcriptions 8918:North American English 7990:Received Pronunciation 6958:Cite journal requires 6931:in Vancouver English." 6274:), causing words like 5910:New Orleans, Louisiana 5896:Smith Island, Maryland 5042: 4841:South Atlantic regions 4801: 4155: 4042:merger. The diphthong 3834:is lowered towards , ( 3783:has the same vowel as 3457:Received Pronunciation 1963:not necessarily merged 381:Received Pronunciation 283:Midland dialect region 69:North American English 32:This article contains 8184:Multicultural Toronto 7503:National Public Radio 7498:All Things Considered 6983:. Paper presented at 6206:English in New Mexico 5996:merger, and variable 5258:contains the phoneme 5004: 4798: 4780:raising towards and 4682:that is fronter than 4360:Further information: 4149: 3947:vowel. The vowels of 3911:New York City English 3905:Greater New York City 3602:, merging words like 3587:Further information: 3509:Western United States 2939:latent class analysis 2028:: and , respectively 1991:or variable rhoticity 1918:Unique New York City 1915:or variable rhoticity 699:Northern Cities Shift 577:GREATER NEW YORK CITY 550:+ Canadian Shift ( ← 478:WESTERN UNITED STATES 421:Greater New York City 372:sound something like 344:sound something like 328:vowel (of words like 178:New York City English 8345:Western Pennsylvania 7037:St. Petersburg Times 6941:Swan, Julia Thomas. 6266:, etc.) the same as 6092:Western Pennsylvania 5948:of the same name by 5878:" dialect, in which 5702:, and peters out in 5549:before intervocalic 5486:Transatlantic accent 5027:south-central states 4202:'s Lower Peninsula ( 4092:voiceless consonants 3688:voiceless consonants 2886:Western Pennsylvania 2513:General or Pre-nasal 2270:voiceless consonants 2026:voiceless consonants 1821:Unique Mid-Atlantic 1692:is at least before 1649:, and in unstressed 1081:, and in unstressed 1034:Western Pennsylvania 356:vowel in words like 101:varieties of English 8882:Mid-Atlantic accent 8473:Trinidad and Tobago 6977:Conn, Jeff (2002). 6153:); it approaches ( 6102:The dialect of the 6043:St. Louis, Missouri 5914:New Orleans English 5838:Appalachian English 5501:Philadelphia accent 5493:Mid-Atlantic States 5476:Philadelphia accent 5464:Mid-Atlantic States 5068:, for instance, or 5029:settled during the 4787:fronting towards . 4720:into the middle of 4614:Western New England 4437:remain distinct as 4302:towards , so that ( 4226:, and southeastern 4020:Mid-Atlantic states 2704:Eastern New England 2276:is otherwise ; and 2102:Aboriginal Canadian 728:Eastern New England 8405:Pennsylvania Dutch 7623:Accents of English 7505:February 16, 1997. 6191:California English 6055:St. Louis Corridor 6049:accents, with the 5972:John Kennedy Toole 5962:St. Bernard Parish 5864:Marginal Southeast 5794:, as in the words 5581:; the single word 5491:The cities of the 5147:vernacular dialect 5043: 4802: 4156: 4152:Erie, Pennsylvania 4056:coronal consonants 3779:is raised to , so 3762:California English 2427:/æ/ raising system 1922:split system: the 1825:split system: the 1635:Greater Pittsburgh 1445:is (and may even 1019:Marginal Southeast 818:is central before 772:is fronted before 697:, encouraging the 678:is fronted before 511:is fronted before 368:, making the word 152:-dropping (called 116:, Sharon Ash, and 8923:English phonology 8905: 8904: 8790: 8789: 8590: 8589: 8499: 8498: 8417: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8338:Pacific Northwest 8199:Standard Canadian 8130: 8129: 8075: 8074: 8015: 8014: 7701:978-1-4832-9476-6 7256:). 27 August 2013 7091:"Speech Patterns" 7089:Southard, Bruce. 7006:California vowels 6332:Savannah, Georgia 6304:, etc.), causing 6008:Savannah, Georgia 5788:triphthongization 5282:of the "short o" 5227:Mississippi River 5112:and the southern 5098:Savannah, Georgia 4861:southern Illinois 4686:, and so on. The 4628:Massachusetts Bay 4412:Martha's Vineyard 4398:as well as often 4314:(but without any 3919:, the accents of 3850:sounds more like 3710:Pacific Northwest 3425:in the West, and 3415: 3414: 2926: 2925: 2791:Standard Canadian 2619:New York City, NY 2470:Pre-nasal (mixed) 2440:Atlantic Canadian 2306:Atlantic Canadian 2215:Standard Canadian 2204:pre-nasal "short 2132:ATLANTIC CANADIAN 2084:STANDARD CANADIAN 1348:pre-nasal "short 915:3-way distinction 617:3-way distinction 534:is backed before 225:, as well as all 158:Connecticut River 16:(Redirected from 8945: 8933:Canadian English 8928:American English 8802:English language 8687: 8686: 8508: 8507: 8491:Falkland Islands 8390:General American 8363:African-American 8216: 8215: 8150: 8149: 8139: 8138: 7841: 7840: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7769: 7768: 7746: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7661: 7626: 7614: 7592: 7568: 7539: 7492: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7472:. Archived from 7465: 7453: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7426: 7412: 7399: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7157: 7156: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7063: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6961: 6956: 6954: 6946: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6815: 6814: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6610: 6604: 6595: 6589: 6580: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6474: 6463: 6462: 6456: 6447: 6434: 6428: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6378: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6355: 6339: 6327: 6321: 6307: 6269: 6264:cot, lot, bother 6261: 6237: 6196:Canadian English 6176:American English 6160: 6156: 6148: 6136: 6113: 6109: 6038: 6018: 6014: 5987: 5983: 5960:, as well as in 5958:Jefferson Parish 5901: 5881: 5850: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5769: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5713: 5709: 5685: 5681: 5678:; the diphthong 5646:Northern Ireland 5638:Northern England 5628: 5620: 5615:Canadian raising 5604: 5592: 5588: 5552: 5512: 5505:Baltimore accent 5480:Baltimore accent 5407: 5397: 5393: 5343: 5338:Atlanta, Georgia 5327:nasal consonants 5324: 5321:" distribution: 5312: 5293: 5285: 5269: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5235:General American 5191:central Illinois 5058:nasal consonants 4961:, in words like 4960: 4956: 4941: 4917: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4882: 4878: 4865:southern Indiana 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4660: 4657:fronting before 4656: 4636:upstate New York 4609: 4605: 4601: 4573: 4569: 4566:fronting before 4565: 4530: 4526: 4521:nasal consonants 4514: 4478:southern England 4463: 4455: 4444: 4440: 4401: 4397: 4392:Canadian raising 4313: 4301: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4256:diphthongization 4173: 4169: 4160:General American 4131: 4119: 4115: 4089: 4084:Canadian raising 4081: 4078:, the North has 4074:the single word 4073: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4045: 3958: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3927:, and adjoining 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3813: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3736:are raised, and 3735: 3731: 3727: 3685: 3681: 3673:Canadian raising 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3614:is pronounced . 3601: 3597: 3583:Canadian English 3567:Canadian raising 3564: 3561:fronting before 3560: 3534: 3530: 3499:Canadian English 3461:English language 3455:in the way that 3453:standard English 3447:General American 3441:General American 3437:in the Midland. 3432: 3428: 3420: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3390: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3348: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3308: 3300: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3263: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3220: 3209: 3196: 3191: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3043: 3039: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2943:cluster analysis 2922: 2917: 2879: 2870: 2832: 2825: 2824: 2821:Pre-nasal & 2784: 2779: 2741: 2736: 2705: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2687:Pre-nasal & 2650: 2645: 2607: 2602: 2564: 2559: 2533:Philadelphia, PA 2521: 2514: 2476: 2471: 2383: 2380:fronting before 2379: 2372: 2365: 2358: 2346: 2345: 2334: 2328: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2158:Canadian English 2149: 2142: 2135: 2134: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2078: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1935: 1921: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1844: 1838: 1824: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633:Specifically in 1612: 1606: 1602: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1454: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1431: 1401: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1302:General American 1287:American English 1277: 1270: 1261: 1254: 1251:Chesapeake & 1245: 1236: 1229: 1222: 1215: 1208: 1199: 1198: 1188: 1187: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1148: 1147: 1137: 1136: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1110: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1052: 1048: 1000: 996: 992: 970: 966: 962: 954: 926: 902: 890: 870: 866: 862: 833: 825: 821: 817: 796: 792: 775: 771: 737:Canadian raising 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 692: 681: 677: 649: 645: 641: 603: 591: 587: 583: 561: 557: 553: 549: 541: 537: 533: 517:Canadian raising 514: 510: 488: 484: 439:(Shitara 1993). 438: 418: 414: 406: 398: 386: 355: 327: 311: 295: 236: 232: 193:Vancouver Island 138:Eastern seaboard 122:sociolinguistics 97:Canadian English 93:American English 54: 50: 21: 8953: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8786: 8743: 8698: 8678: 8586: 8582:Solomon Islands 8551: 8495: 8477: 8409: 8400:New York Latino 8375:American Indian 8355: 8349: 8210: 8203: 8144: 8126: 8112:Channel Islands 8103: 8071: 8038: 8011: 7954: 7916: 7826: 7810: 7796: 7754: 7749: 7729: 7727: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7677: 7611: 7510:Chambers, J. K. 7487: 7479: 7477: 7468: 7462: 7435: 7433: 7428: 7397: 7377: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7345: 7336: 7334: 7332:The Slate Group 7324: 7320: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7293: 7291: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7160: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7087: 7083: 7075: 7066: 7058: 7051: 7042: 7040: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7000: 6996: 6975: 6971: 6959: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6926: 6922: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6879:Van Riper (2014 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6818: 6807: 6803: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6613: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6568: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6494: 6475: 6466: 6454: 6448: 6437: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6376: 6370: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6336:Amarillo, Texas 6328: 6324: 6310:nasal consonant 6302:cat, trap, bath 6294:sound identical 6238: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6211:Hawaiian Pidgin 6201:Chicano English 6167: 6100: 6094: 5988:, transitional 5984:, conservative 5950:George Herriman 5866: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5660: 5654: 5497:Delaware Valley 5489: 5482: 5472: 5466: 5450:Florida Cracker 5446:Cuban-Americans 5346:monophthongized 5335: 5313:phoneme (as in 5242:phoneme (as in 5197:, and northern 5187:central Indiana 5170: 5164: 4855:, southeastern 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4793: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4742: 4734: 4724:. Although the 4706: 4700: 4616: 4586:merger. In the 4537: 4368: 4358: 4352: 4331: 4144: 4138: 4106: 4100: 4016: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3913: 3907: 3893:is complete in 3879: 3875: 3838:can sound like 3826:can sound like 3764: 3758: 3718: 3712: 3698:( versus ) and 3665: 3657: 3649: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3551:Atlantic Canada 3549:The accents of 3547: 3541: 3539:Atlantic Canada 3532: 3528: 3505: 3497:Main articles: 3495: 3449: 3443: 3364: 3067: 2960:or the phoneme 2931: 2920: 2915: 2873: 2868: 2844:Los Angeles, CA 2828: 2822: 2820: 2782: 2777: 2753:San Antonio, TX 2739: 2734: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2662:Minneapolis, MN 2648: 2643: 2605: 2600: 2562: 2557: 2519:Northern Cities 2517: 2512: 2483:Inland Northern 2474: 2469: 2344: 2332: 2326: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2266:raised position 2174: 2173: 2172: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2081: 2022:raised position 2006: 2000: 1994: 1933: 1842: 1836: 1768: 1750: 1519: 1463:Inland Northern 1452: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1399: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1310:Chicano English 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1100: 1095: 957:monophthongized 929:monophthongized 903:split system + 899:= Mid-Atlantic 646:+ conservative 642:+ conservative 638:= conservative 604:split system + 584:+ conservative 523:Standard Canada 504:Atlantic Canada 481:= conservative 450: 445: 130: 62: 61: 60: 28: 23: 22: 18:American Accent 15: 12: 11: 5: 8951: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8844: 8842:Englishisation 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8753: 8751: 8749:Southeast Asia 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8664:South Atlantic 8661: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8516: 8514: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8446:Cayman Islands 8443: 8438: 8433: 8427: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8359: 8357: 8356:ethno-cultural 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8147: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7948:Stoke-on-Trent 7945: 7940: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7807:Modern English 7795: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7753: 7752:External links 7750: 7748: 7747: 7735: 7713: 7700: 7685: 7675: 7662: 7627: 7619:Wells, John C. 7615: 7609: 7597:Labov, William 7593: 7583:(3): 273–309. 7573:Labov, William 7569: 7551:(1): 107–120. 7540: 7506: 7493: 7485: 7466: 7460: 7443: 7432:. Bartleby.com 7417:Mencken, H. L. 7413: 7400: 7395: 7383:Labov, William 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7358: 7343: 7318: 7300: 7267: 7237: 7225: 7206: 7187: 7175: 7158: 7139: 7120: 7108: 7081: 7064: 7049: 7022: 7010: 6994: 6969: 6960:|journal= 6933: 6920: 6901: 6892: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6843: 6831: 6816: 6801: 6786: 6774: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6696: 6684: 6669: 6657: 6642: 6630: 6611: 6596: 6581: 6566: 6548: 6536: 6519: 6507: 6492: 6464: 6435: 6420: 6408: 6393: 6364: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6322: 6320:is more like . 6231: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6166: 6163: 6096:Main article: 6093: 6090: 6019:fronting, the 5865: 5862: 5830:Main article: 5827: 5824: 5784:Southern drawl 5656:Main article: 5653: 5650: 5625:) but not for 5585:is pronounced 5468:Main article: 5465: 5462: 5458:syllable-timed 5334: 5331: 5266:) rather than 5225:, west of the 5166:Main article: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5122:: Dropping of 5117: 5005:The merger of 4999: 4998: 4943: 4926:) or before a 4885:gliding vowels 4833:American South 4792: 4789: 4702:Main article: 4699: 4696: 4615: 4612: 4590:, the city of 4536: 4533: 4388:Greater Boston 4354:Main article: 4351: 4348: 4330: 4327: 4306:sounding like 4290:sounding like 4278:sounding like 4180:New York State 4140:Main article: 4137: 4134: 4102:Main article: 4099: 4096: 4015: 4012: 3915:As in Eastern 3909:Main article: 3906: 3903: 3769:Canadian shift 3760:Main article: 3757: 3754: 3714:Main article: 3711: 3708: 3630:Canadian Shift 3589:Canadian Shift 3581:Main article: 3578: 3575: 3571:Canadian Shift 3543:Main article: 3540: 3537: 3494: 3491: 3445:Main article: 3442: 3439: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2891:Pittsburgh, PA 2889: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2412: 2396: 2384: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2322:Canadian Shift 2308: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2254: 2245: 2217: 2154: 2145: 2138: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2090: 2079: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2061:vowel is and 2044: 2029: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1952: 1937: 1931: 1926:vowel is and 1916: 1910: 1889:vowel is and 1872: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1829:vowel is and 1819: 1798:vowel is and 1781: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1748: 1733:gliding vowels 1725: 1687: 1682:vowel is and 1668: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1651:function words 1631: 1614: 1608: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1545: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1487: 1482:vowel is and 1465: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1447:monophthongize 1440: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1363: 1283: 1273: 1264: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1202: 1191: 1180: 1171: 1160: 1151: 1140: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1083:function words 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 944: 916: 852: 851: 850: 849: 848: 799: 798: 797: 776: 724: 723: 722: 674:distinction + 627: 626: 625: 573: 572: 571: 570: 569: 519: 464: 449: 446: 444: 441: 433:older Southern 312:in words like 296:in words like 129: 126: 118:Charles Boberg 55:⟩, see 31: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8950: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8862:International 8860: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8542:Torres Strait 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8277:North-Central 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8255:New York City 8253: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8189:Ottawa Valley 8187: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7983:Multicultural 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943:Black Country 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7933:West Midlands 7931: 7929: 7928:East Midlands 7926: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7744: 7740: 7739:Wolfram, Walt 7736: 7726:on 2009-07-25 7725: 7721: 7720: 7714: 7703: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7670: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7644:(2): 169–95. 7643: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7610:0-631-17916-X 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7522:(2): 113–35. 7521: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7476:on 2007-10-17 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7461:0-7627-2836-1 7457: 7452: 7451: 7444: 7431: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7398: 7396:3-11-016746-8 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7290:on 2012-08-20 7289: 7285: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7234: 7229: 7221: 7215: 7210: 7202: 7196: 7191: 7185:, 2006, p. 16 7184: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7154: 7148: 7143: 7135: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6973: 6965: 6952: 6944: 6937: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6821: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6764: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6608: 6603: 6601: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6433:, p. 235 6432: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272:spa, haha, Ma 6265: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6162: 6152: 6145:allophone of 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6127:West Virginia 6124: 6122: 6118: 6105: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6063:Interstate 55 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6009: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5905: 5904:happy tensing 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5832:Texan English 5823: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5426:South Florida 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5388: 5384: 5383:Sephardi Jews 5380: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5367:is variable. 5366: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5257: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5201:, as well as 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5035:Austin, Texas 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869:southern Ohio 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4809: 4808: 4797: 4788: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4698:North Central 4695: 4693: 4689: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4532: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4450: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4384:Massachusetts 4381: 4380:New Hampshire 4377: 4373: 4367: 4363: 4362:Boston accent 4357: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4111: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4090:(to ) before 4085: 4077: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921:New York City 3918: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3866:. The vowels 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3770: 3763: 3753: 3722: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3577:Inland Canada 3574: 3572: 3568: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3424: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3051: 3047: 3035: 3031: 3019: 3007: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2657:North-Central 2654: 2653: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2614:New York City 2611: 2610: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2271: 2267: 2255: 2246: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2170: 2169:regional maps 2166: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2125: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2088: 2085: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1989:Non-rhoticity 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1914: 1913:Non-rhoticity 1911: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1767: 1749: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1573: 1567: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1495: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1451: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1410:North Central 1408: 1407: 1398: 1392: 1387: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1314:Cajun English 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:regional maps 1295: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1278: 1271: 1262: 1255: 1246: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1200: 1197: 1189: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1175:NORTH CENTRAL 1169: 1166: 1158: 1156: 1149: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1127: 1118: 1116: 1109: 1084: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1005: 988: 985: 984: 982: 978: 974: 958: 950: 949: 945: 942: 938: 934: 930: 922: 921: 917: 914: 910: 906: 898: 897: 893: 892: 886: 885: 881: 876: 873: 872: 867:is fronted + 863:is fronted + 858: 857: 853: 846: 842: 838: 835: 834: 829: 813: 809: 805: 804: 803:Upper Midwest 800: 788: 784: 780: 777: 767: 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 745: 744: 740: 739: 738: 734: 730: 729: 725: 700: 696: 688: 687: 683: 682: 673: 669: 665: 664: 660: 659: 657: 653: 637: 636: 632: 628: 623: 622:New York City 620: 619: 618: 616: 612: 608: 599: 595: 579: 578: 574: 567: 566:Inland Canada 564: 563: 545: 529: 528: 524: 520: 518: 506: 505: 501: 500: 499: 497: 493: 489:is fronted + 480: 479: 475: 471: 470: 469: 468:NORTH AMERICA 466: 465: 463: 461: 457: 456: 440: 434: 430: 429:the Carolinas 426: 422: 410: 402: 394: 390: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 323: 319: 315: 307: 303: 299: 291: 286: 284: 280: 279:Southern U.S. 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 200: 196: 194: 190: 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 166:Potomac River 163: 159: 155: 154:non-rhoticity 151: 147: 146:New York City 143: 139: 135: 125: 123: 119: 115: 114:William Labov 111: 110: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 58: 46: 42: 40: 36: 19: 8647:South Africa 8642:Sierra Leone 8395:Miami Latino 8284:Philadelphia 8272:Inland North 8177:Newfoundland 7995:West Country 7809:by continent 7742: 7728:. Retrieved 7724:the original 7718: 7705:. Retrieved 7694:. Elsevier. 7690: 7679: 7668: 7641: 7635: 7622: 7600: 7580: 7576: 7548: 7544: 7519: 7513: 7496: 7478:. Retrieved 7474:the original 7449: 7436:February 28, 7434:. Retrieved 7420: 7408: 7404: 7386: 7375:Bibliography 7361: 7335:. Retrieved 7321: 7303: 7292:. Retrieved 7288:the original 7282:Sun-Sentinel 7279: 7270: 7260:September 1, 7258:. Retrieved 7240: 7228: 7214:Thomas (2006 7209: 7195:Thomas (2006 7190: 7178: 7147:Thomas (2006 7142: 7128:Thomas (2006 7123: 7111: 7099:. Retrieved 7094: 7084: 7041:. Retrieved 7035: 7025: 7013: 7002:Penny Eckert 6997: 6979: 6972: 6951:cite journal 6936: 6923: 6914: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6874: 6862: 6851: 6846: 6834: 6810: 6804: 6795: 6789: 6777: 6750: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6687: 6660: 6633: 6551: 6539: 6510: 6486: 6482: 6458: 6418:, p. 56 6411: 6384:. Retrieved 6380: 6367: 6353: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6301: 6300:" vowel (in 6297: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6235: 6150: 6138: 6120: 6116: 6101: 6085: 6081: 6078:I farty-four 6071: 6067: 6047:Inland North 6042: 6041: 6032: 6028: 6027:merger, the 6024: 6020: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5977: 5976: 5965: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5909: 5908: 5891: 5887: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5856: 5852: 5841: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5792:front vowels 5779: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5719: 5715: 5698:west of the 5694:and some of 5673: 5669: 5661: 5635: 5630: 5622: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5597:rather than 5594: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5490: 5444:, including 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5400: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5344:is variably 5337: 5336: 5314: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5287: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5243: 5230: 5174:Great Plains 5171: 5154: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5131:intervocalic 5126: 5105: 5101: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5047: 5010: 5006: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4950: 4946: 4938:), in which 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4875:Fronting of 4829: 4805: 4803: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4747:monophthongs 4725: 4718:North Dakota 4707: 4691: 4687: 4668: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4617: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4540:Rhode Island 4538: 4535:Rhode Island 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4448: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4414:) are often 4407: 4403: 4369: 4366:Maine accent 4343: 4337: 4336:nasal short- 4332: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4263: 4208:Grand Rapids 4157: 4154:is excluded. 4136:Inland North 4125: 4121: 4109: 4107: 4075: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4024: 4017: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3914: 3888: 3884: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3810:. Elsewhere 3807: 3803: 3788: 3787:rather than 3784: 3780: 3765: 3723: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3670: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3592: 3548: 3522: 3518: 3506: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3450: 3434: 3422: 3416: 3363:Mid-Atlantic 3087:handkerchief 3052:with either 3049: 3045: 3036:with either 3033: 3029: 3017: 3008:with either 3006:handkerchief 3005: 3001: 2992:with either 2989: 2980:with either 2977: 2968:with either 2965: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2934: 2932: 2884: 2837: 2789: 2746: 2701: 2655: 2612: 2576:Columbus, OH 2569: 2528:Mid-Atlantic 2526: 2481: 2438: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2317: 2313: 2268:when before 2227: 2223: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2162: 2156: 2148:Newfoundland 2131: 2083: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:Possibly no 2024:when before 1982: 1978: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1927: 1923: 1890: 1886: 1885:merger: the 1882: 1878: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1830: 1826: 1799: 1795: 1794:merger: the 1791: 1787: 1779:Mid-Atlantic 1729:front vowels 1683: 1679: 1678:merger: the 1675: 1671: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1596: 1592: 1541: 1537: 1483: 1479: 1478:merger: the 1475: 1471: 1421: 1417: 1372: 1368: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1322: 1291: 1285: 1205: 1195: 1184: 1174: 1164: 1155:INLAND NORTH 1154: 1144: 1133: 1114: 1066: 1059: 1055: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1007: 1003: 987:Inland South 986: 980: 976: 946: 940: 936: 918: 912: 908: 904: 896:Mid-Atlantic 894: 883: 879: 874: 854: 844: 840: 836: 811: 807: 801: 786: 782: 779:Rhode Island 778: 763: 759: 752: 748: 741: 726: 686:Inland North 684: 671: 667: 661: 658:distinction 655: 651: 629: 624:= R-dropping 621: 614: 610: 606: 597: 593: 575: 565: 521: 502: 495: 491: 472: 467: 459: 453: 451: 425:Philadelphia 408: 400: 392: 388: 378: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 321: 317: 313: 305: 301: 297: 287: 267:Philadelphia 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 208: 204: 201: 197: 184: 182: 149: 131: 107: 105: 64: 63: 51:and ⟨ 33: 8772:Philippines 8565:New Zealand 8451:Bay Islands 8431:The Bahamas 8354:Social and 8311:New Orleans 8228:New England 8122:Isle of Man 8067:Port Talbot 7968:East Anglia 7885:Northumbria 7280:Articles - 7101:October 29, 6867:Wells (1982 6386:22 November 5946:comic strip 5700:Mississippi 5617:occurs for 5495:around the 5290:) and 'aw' 5124:postvocalic 5094:New Orleans 5090:Yat dialect 5023:Kern County 5019:Bakersfield 4620:Connecticut 4562:merger nor 4452:"—that is, 4386:(including 4329:New England 4248:chain shift 4198:), much of 4182:(including 4176:Great Lakes 4112:) includes 3925:Long Island 3917:New England 3895:Bakersfield 3527:, a backed 3269:New England 2796:Toronto, ON 2488:Chicago, IL 2445:Halifax, NS 2432:Chain shift 2280:approaches 2180:, with the 1320:, with the 1253:Outer Banks 935:+ variable 891:is fronted 871:is fronted 766:distinction 631:NEW ENGLAND 8912:Categories 8712:Bangladesh 8704:South Asia 8657:Cape Flats 8607:The Gambia 8532:Aboriginal 8368:vernacular 8333:California 8306:High Tider 8301:Appalachia 8162:Aboriginal 8094:South-West 7938:Birmingham 7895:Sunderland 7880:Manchester 7870:Lancashire 7730:2012-10-13 7707:26 January 7480:2007-10-25 7337:2015-06-12 7294:2012-10-08 7062::131, 139) 7043:2008-02-22 6579::127, 254) 6222:References 6131:Pittsburgh 5876:Hoi Toider 5844:Appalachia 5836:See also: 5704:West Texas 5688:Ohio River 5474:See also: 5430:Miami-Dade 5319:continuous 5211:Ohio River 5179:Ohio River 5060:, so that 5015:Lowcountry 4592:Providence 4517:allophones 4464:, such as 4416:non-rhotic 4286:towards ( 4188:Binghamton 4054:after non- 3933:non-rhotic 3929:New Jersey 3899:Sacramento 3756:California 3677:diphthongs 3099:mayonnaise 3046:mayonnaise 3020:as either 2921:Pittsburgh 2876:California 2710:Boston, MA 2649:Back Vowel 2563:Back Vowel 1424:merger to 1375:merger to 1228:Appalachia 1221:California 1067:Pittsburgh 733:R-dropping 580:= fronted 340:), making 112:(ANAE) by 8777:Singapore 8739:Sri Lanka 8694:Hong Kong 8520:variation 8512:Australia 8423:Caribbean 8289:Baltimore 8172:Lunenburg 8117:Gibraltar 8034:Highlands 7912:Yorkshire 7875:Liverpool 7565:146637083 7536:247196050 7419:(1977) . 7411:: 201–32. 6546::54, 238) 6346:Citations 6316:is , but 6282:and like 6186:Boontling 5942:Krazy Kat 5898:shows an 5886:shows no 5728:mid front 5545:and long 5509:split of 5442:Hispanics 5379:Huguenots 5120:Rhoticity 5031:Dust Bowl 4804:The 2006 4714:Minnesota 4624:New Haven 4232:Milwaukee 4228:Wisconsin 4216:Cleveland 4192:Rochester 4064:Minnesota 4060:Wisconsin 4046:is , and 3791:. Before 3569:, but no 3565:and full 3553:are more 3487:-stopping 3472:-dropping 3406:(3 syll.) 3398:(2 syll.) 3352:(2 syll.) 3303:(2 syll.) 3253:(2 syll.) 3068:(cluster) 3026:/ˈlɔ.jər/ 3022:/ˈlɔɪ.ər/ 2916:Pre-nasal 2869:Pre-nasal 2735:Pre-nasal 2601:Pre-nasal 2208:" tensing 2141:Lunenburg 2095:Northwest 2065:vowel is 1930:vowel is 1833:vowel is 1686:vowel is 1486:vowel is 1352:" tensing 1276:Baltimore 1244:Northwest 933:resonants 814:merger + 693:is often 527:Northwest 346:yeah-wool 263:Baltimore 132:Regional 89:syntactic 8897:Standard 8867:Learning 8855:Nerrière 8846:Globish 8762:Malaysia 8734:Pakistan 8674:Zimbabwe 8602:Cameroon 8436:Barbados 8167:Atlantic 8135:Americas 8052:Abercraf 8021:Scotland 8000:Cornwall 7921:Midlands 7905:Teesside 7900:Tyneside 7890:Pitmatic 7853:Cheshire 7799:Dialects 7658:14047772 7621:(1982). 7599:(2001). 7248:. WLRN ( 6989:Archived 6312:; thus, 6165:See also 6139:downtown 6004:merger. 5954:9th ward 5818:→ , and 5810:; thus: 5696:Oklahoma 5692:Arkansas 5642:Scotland 5563:horrible 5223:Oklahoma 5219:Arkansas 5215:Kentucky 5203:Nebraska 5199:Missouri 5116:as well. 4857:Nebraska 4853:Missouri 4845:Oklahoma 4632:Plymouth 4268:fronting 4252:phonemes 4200:Michigan 4184:Syracuse 4008:boroughs 4004:mobsters 3480:Hispanic 2830:Canadian 2778:Southern 2748:Southern 2373:fronting 2366:fronting 2359:fronting 2093:Pacific 1660:Southern 1242:Pacific 973:drawling 348:or even 290:fronting 275:Northern 219:Canadian 134:dialects 128:Overview 81:phonetic 77:phonemic 73:dialects 49:/ / 45:Help:IPA 8827:Engrish 8822:E-Prime 8795:Related 8782:Vietnam 8767:Myanmar 8637:Nigeria 8632:Namibia 8622:Liberia 8504:Oceania 8486:Bermuda 8458:Jamaica 8385:Chicano 8223:Midland 8209:United 8145:America 8081:Ireland 8057:Cardiff 8029:Glasgow 7978:Cockney 7858:Cumbria 7836:England 7827:Britain 7803:accents 7254:WLRN-FM 7250:WLRN-TV 7235::260–1) 6667::271–2) 6505::123–4) 6270:(as in 6262:(as in 6149:(as in 5944:in the 5559:Florida 5434:Broward 5294:(as in 5286:(as in 5270:(as in 5262:(as in 5162:Midland 5114:Midwest 4930:(as in 4918:(as in 4902:(as in 4890:(as in 4722:Montana 4640:Vermont 4574:(as in 4519:before 4240:Kenosha 4220:Chicago 4204:Detroit 4196:Buffalo 3830:), and 3816:lowered 3465:England 3423:pajamas 3385:3 syll. 3365:and NYC 3341:2 syll. 3318:Midland 3311:3 syll. 3293:3 syll. 3199:2 syll. 3186:3 syll. 3130:2 syll. 3084:caramel 3081:Florida 3072:pajamas 3002:caramel 2990:Florida 2954:pajamas 2839:Western 2571:Midland 2376:Strong 2369:Strong 2362:Strong 2355:Strong 1530:Midland 1361:Western 1269:Orleans 1196:MIDLAND 1029:merger 983:merger 931:before 927:can be 920:Midland 830:before 793:before 735:+ full 546:before 515:+ full 383:, have 292:of the 85:lexical 37:in the 8850:Gogate 8757:Brunei 8669:Uganda 8652:accent 8627:Malawi 8595:Africa 8570:accent 8525:accent 8468:Samaná 8441:Bequia 8260:accent 8233:Boston 8211:States 8194:Quebec 8154:Canada 8143:North 8099:Ulster 8089:Dublin 8005:Dorset 7863:Barrow 7825:Great 7816:Europe 7698: 7656: 7607: 7563: 7534: 7458: 7393: 7183:Thomas 6256:merger 6254:bother 6250:father 6241:rhotic 6123:merger 6121:caught 6086:caught 6074:merger 6025:caught 5994:caught 5937:merger 5926:caught 5892:caught 5857:caught 5802:, and 5780:caught 5720:cain't 5676:merger 5644:, and 5601:; the 5571:chorus 5561:, and 5555:orange 5539:merger 5537:caught 5528:merger 5454:rhotic 5438:Monroe 5436:, and 5422:caught 5387:Gullah 5376:French 5365:merger 5354:caught 5307:merger 5305:caught 5296:caught 5280:merger 5264:caught 5207:Kansas 5100:. The 5054:merger 4997:Texas. 4994:merger 4992:caught 4983:caught 4963:caught 4951:caught 4898:) and 4883:: The 4867:, and 4849:Kansas 4823:, and 4764:merger 4762:caught 4737:) and 4692:caught 4671:merger 4669:bother 4665:father 4651:merger 4649:caught 4606:, and 4584:caught 4576:caught 4560:caught 4552:bother 4548:father 4509:merger 4507:hoarse 4498:caught 4486:hoarse 4472:, and 4458:father 4456:as in 4447:broad 4435:bother 4431:father 4427:merger 4425:bother 4421:father 4408:caught 4340:system 4323:merger 4308:caught 4288:caught 4236:Racine 4212:Toledo 4194:, and 4126:caught 4082:. The 4040:caught 4031:merger 4029:caught 3998:, and 3986:, and 3972:short- 3961:father 3953:caught 3891:merger 3704:writer 3696:powder 3692:pouter 3660:) and 3644:. The 3626:merger 3624:caught 3555:marked 3525:merger 3523:caught 3513:Canada 3435:lawyer 3090:lawyer 3078:Monday 3075:coupon 3018:lawyer 2978:Monday 2966:coupon 2874:none ( 2823:-velar 2689:-velar 2422:merger 2410:merger 2394:merger 2392:caught 2349:Accent 2318:caught 2230:merger 2228:caught 2202:, and 2200:merger 2198:caught 2189:merger 2187:bother 2183:father 2178:rhotic 2116:Ottawa 2109:Quebec 2063:bother 2059:father 2055:merger 2053:bother 2049:father 2043:merger 1983:caught 1960:bother 1956:father 1951:merger 1903:/ɔ(r)/ 1891:caught 1883:caught 1861:merger 1812:/ɔ(r)/ 1800:caught 1792:caught 1684:caught 1676:caught 1628:merger 1597:caught 1542:caught 1484:caught 1476:caught 1422:caught 1373:caught 1346:, and 1344:merger 1329:merger 1327:bother 1323:father 1318:rhotic 1235:Boston 1145:PHILA. 1062:merger 1043:caught 1027:caught 1010:merger 943:merger 884:caught 847:merger 841:haggle 828:tensed 812:caught 787:caught 764:bother 760:father 755:merger 753:caught 695:tensed 672:caught 598:caught 544:tensed 498:merger 496:caught 474:CANADA 393:sorrow 391:, and 364:, and 336:, and 320:, and 304:, and 259:bought 251:clawed 221:, and 211:merger 209:caught 142:Boston 53: 8892:Plain 8807:Basic 8729:Nepal 8717:India 8617:Kenya 8612:Ghana 8577:Palau 8537:South 8380:Cajun 8321:Texas 8316:Older 8296:South 8267:North 8243:Maine 8062:Gower 8044:Wales 7960:South 7845:North 7654:S2CID 7561:S2CID 7532:S2CID 7368::128) 7356::304) 7118::263) 7079::137) 6881::123) 6841::107) 6829::221) 6784::223) 6772::217) 6757::231) 6745::230) 6733::137) 6721::229) 6709::124) 6694::125) 6682::130) 6655::237) 6640::135) 6628::141) 6609::148) 6594::133) 6534::182) 6455:(PDF) 6406::168) 6377:(PDF) 6227:Notes 6061:(now 5918:split 5808:schwa 5764:board 5716:can't 5714:to ; 5652:South 5631:mouth 5623:price 5575:water 5567:story 5526:merry 5522:marry 5503:or a 5041::68). 4979:stalk 4975:stock 4971:stalk 4932:going 4825:MOUTH 4817:STRUT 4813:GOOSE 4752:Fargo 4596:Atlas 4503:horse 4490:horse 4482:horse 4474:can't 4376:Maine 4274:to ( 4098:North 3996:catch 3976:split 3945:MOUTH 3941:GOOSE 3876:GOOSE 3802:, so 3700:rider 3658:DRESS 3533:GOOSE 3157:South 3107:North 3102:been 3096:route 3034:route 2912:Mixed 2768:Mixed 2644:Split 2597:Mixed 2591:Mixed 2558:Split 2448:Mixed 2408:merry 2404:marry 2327:START 2296:GOOSE 2284:START 2264:in a 2041:merry 2037:marry 2020:in a 2007:GOOSE 1995:MOUTH 1949:merry 1945:marry 1859:merry 1855:marry 1843:MOUTH 1751:MOUTH 1731:into 1708:, or 1562:, or 1453:GOOSE 1430:] 1426:[ 1400:GOOSE 1381:] 1377:[ 1342:merry 1338:marry 1260:Maine 1214:Texas 1206:SOUTH 948:South 913:merry 909:marry 845:Hegel 663:North 615:merry 611:marry 413:/oʊr/ 385:/ɒrV/ 358:thyme 330:house 314:goose 253:, or 41:(IPA) 8683:Asia 8560:Fiji 8547:West 8463:Saba 8328:West 8248:West 8238:East 7801:and 7709:2021 7696:ISBN 7605:ISBN 7577:Word 7456:ISBN 7438:2017 7391:ISBN 7313:help 7284:.com 7262:2013 7252:and 7220:help 7216::15) 7201:help 7197::16) 7173::61) 7153:help 7134:help 7130::14) 7103:2015 7020::68) 6985:NWAV 6964:help 6915:Swan 6869::10) 6561:help 6517::48) 6489:(2). 6388:2015 6334:and 6289:Saab 6286:and 6280:Kahn 6278:and 6135:/aʊ/ 6112:/aʊ/ 6110:and 6108:/oʊ/ 6072:cord 6068:card 6037:/aʊ/ 6017:/oʊ/ 6013:/aɪ/ 5986:/oʊ/ 5982:/aɪ/ 5935:curl 5931:coil 5924:and 5880:/aɪ/ 5822:→ . 5814:→ , 5772:boon 5760:card 5752:code 5748:/oʊ/ 5746:and 5744:boon 5736:/eɪ/ 5734:and 5708:/aʊ/ 5680:/aɪ/ 5664:here 5627:/aʊ/ 5619:/aɪ/ 5611:boat 5609:and 5607:goat 5603:/oʊ/ 5595:dawn 5591:/ɑn/ 5589:not 5587:/ɔn/ 5579:wood 5569:and 5530:and 5518:Mary 5478:and 5406:/aɪ/ 5396:/aʊ/ 5394:and 5392:/aɪ/ 5342:/aɪ/ 5252:/aɪ/ 5248:/aʊ/ 5244:boat 5240:/oʊ/ 5205:and 5195:Iowa 5183:Ohio 5110:West 5072:and 5064:and 5021:and 5009:and 4981:and 4973:and 4965:and 4957:and 4940:/oʊ/ 4936:poet 4924:colt 4920:goal 4912:/oʊ/ 4908:bone 4904:goat 4900:/oʊ/ 4896:ouch 4888:/aʊ/ 4881:/oʊ/ 4879:and 4877:/aʊ/ 4839:and 4837:Mid- 4821:GOAT 4778:TRAP 4771:TRAP 4743:FACE 4739:/eɪ/ 4735:GOAT 4731:/oʊ/ 4716:and 4653:and 4630:and 4622:and 4608:/aʊ/ 4604:/oʊ/ 4496:and 4484:and 4470:half 4466:bath 4441:and 4433:and 4400:/aʊ/ 4396:/aɪ/ 4364:and 4244:Erie 4224:Gary 4088:/aɪ/ 4062:and 4048:/oʊ/ 4044:/aʊ/ 3984:calf 3980:cast 3968:cart 3951:and 3939:and 3937:GOAT 3880:GOAT 3878:and 3872:/oʊ/ 3870:and 3860:putt 3852:putt 3804:rang 3800:/eɪ/ 3785:keen 3781:king 3750:/oʊ/ 3746:/aʊ/ 3742:/aɪ/ 3738:/eɪ/ 3732:and 3684:/aʊ/ 3682:and 3680:/aɪ/ 3650:TRAP 3617:The 3612:tang 3606:and 3598:and 3529:GOAT 3511:and 3501:and 3431:/ɔj/ 3429:and 3427:/ɔɪ/ 3394:/ɔɪ/ 3379:/eɪ/ 3347:/ɔɪ/ 3332:/eɪ/ 3299:/ɔɪ/ 3282:/eɪ/ 3249:/ɔɪ/ 3232:/eɪ/ 3215:West 3195:/ɔj/ 3174:/eɪ/ 3167:/ju/ 3142:/ɔɪ/ 3121:/eɪ/ 3116:/ju/ 3093:poem 3050:been 3042:/aʊ/ 3030:poem 2982:/eɪ/ 2970:/ju/ 2947:ANAE 2935:ANAE 2740:none 2695:none 2606:none 2475:none 2400:Mary 2364:/oʊ/ 2357:/aʊ/ 2333:GOAT 2290:GOAT 2278:/eɪ/ 2274:/aʊ/ 2262:/aʊ/ 2260:and 2258:/aɪ/ 2033:Mary 2018:/aʊ/ 2016:and 2014:/aɪ/ 2001:GOAT 1941:Mary 1934:GOAT 1907:/ɑr/ 1899:/ʊə/ 1851:Mary 1837:GOAT 1816:/ɑr/ 1769:GOAT 1763:/ɔɪ/ 1755:/aʊ/ 1743:→ ; 1739:→ ; 1718:/eɪ/ 1714:/aɪ/ 1690:/aɪ/ 1645:and 1639:/aʊ/ 1626:foal 1622:fool 1618:Full 1611:/oʊ/ 1575:/oʊ/ 1569:/aʊ/ 1548:/aɪ/ 1520:GOAT 1449:to ) 1443:GOAT 1394:GOAT 1334:Mary 1267:New 1185:WEST 1077:and 1071:/aʊ/ 1060:fool 1056:full 1053:) + 1008:feel 1004:fill 1001:) + 999:/ɔɪ/ 991:/aʊ/ 975:) + 971:and 965:/eɪ/ 961:/aɪ/ 953:/aɪ/ 925:/aɪ/ 905:Mary 865:/oʊ/ 861:/aʊ/ 701:( ← 648:/aʊ/ 640:/oʊ/ 633:and 607:Mary 588:and 586:/oʊ/ 582:/aʊ/ 525:and 483:/oʊ/ 476:and 460:ANAE 458:(or 437:/ɑr/ 431:and 417:/ɔr/ 405:/ɑr/ 397:/ɔr/ 366:fine 362:mile 354:/aɪ/ 350:yale 342:yowl 338:loud 326:/aʊ/ 322:glue 308:and 302:home 298:goat 294:/oʊ/ 277:and 269:and 257:and 255:slot 249:and 243:talk 241:and 239:mock 233:and 7805:of 7646:doi 7585:doi 7553:doi 7524:doi 7149::9) 6929:/æ/ 6318:man 6314:mad 6306:/æ/ 6292:to 6284:sob 6276:con 6268:/ɑ/ 6260:/ɒ/ 6161:). 6159:/ɔ/ 6155:/ɑ/ 6151:cut 6147:/ʌ/ 6143:low 6117:cot 6082:cot 6033:pen 6029:pin 6021:cot 6002:pen 5998:pin 5990:cot 5970:by 5922:cot 5900:/i/ 5888:cot 5853:cot 5849:/ɔ/ 5820:/ɪ/ 5816:/ɛ/ 5812:/æ/ 5804:pit 5800:pet 5796:pat 5776:cot 5770:in 5768:/u/ 5758:in 5756:/ɑ/ 5750:in 5742:in 5740:/u/ 5732:/i/ 5712:/æ/ 5684:/l/ 5674:pen 5670:pin 5633:). 5605:of 5599:don 5551:/r/ 5533:cot 5511:/æ/ 5460:). 5418:cot 5414:pen 5410:pin 5363:pen 5359:pin 5350:cot 5323:/æ/ 5315:cat 5311:/æ/ 5301:cot 5292:/ɔ/ 5288:cot 5284:/ɑ/ 5272:cot 5268:/ɑ/ 5260:/ɔ/ 5106:pen 5102:pin 5092:of 5082:him 5080:or 5078:pin 5074:him 5070:hem 5066:pin 5062:pen 5052:pen 5048:Pin 5011:pen 5007:pin 4988:cot 4969:or 4967:cot 4959:/ɒ/ 4955:/ɔ/ 4947:cot 4934:or 4922:or 4916:/l/ 4906:or 4894:or 4892:cow 4785:LOT 4782:/ɑ/ 4775:/æ/ 4768:/æ/ 4758:cot 4688:cot 4684:/ʌ/ 4680:/ɑ/ 4676:/æ/ 4659:/r/ 4655:/ɑ/ 4645:cot 4600:/u/ 4580:cot 4572:/ɔ/ 4568:/r/ 4564:/ɑ/ 4556:cot 4529:/r/ 4525:/ɑ/ 4513:/æ/ 4494:cot 4462:/æ/ 4454:/a/ 4443:/ɒ/ 4439:/a/ 4404:cot 4394:of 4325:). 4321:pen 4317:pin 4312:/ɪ/ 4304:cut 4300:/ʌ/ 4296:/ɛ/ 4292:cot 4284:/ɔ/ 4280:cat 4276:cot 4272:/ɑ/ 4270:of 4264:cat 4260:/æ/ 4258:of 4210:), 4172:/ɑ/ 4168:/æ/ 4130:/ɑ/ 4122:cot 4118:/r/ 4114:/ɑ/ 4086:of 4080:/ɑ/ 4072:/ɔ/ 4068:/u/ 4066:), 4052:/u/ 4036:cot 4025:cot 4000:cap 3992:cat 3988:cab 3957:/ɔ/ 3949:cot 3889:pen 3885:pin 3868:/u/ 3864:pet 3856:/ʌ/ 3848:put 3844:/ʊ/ 3840:pet 3836:pit 3832:/ɪ/ 3828:pat 3824:pet 3820:/ɛ/ 3814:is 3812:/æ/ 3808:ray 3796:/æ/ 3793:/ŋ/ 3789:kin 3777:/ɪ/ 3773:/ŋ/ 3734:/æ/ 3730:/ɛ/ 3726:/g/ 3666:KIT 3662:/ɪ/ 3654:/ɛ/ 3648:of 3646:/æ/ 3642:/ɪ/ 3638:/ɛ/ 3634:/æ/ 3620:cot 3608:lag 3604:leg 3600:/ŋ/ 3596:/ɡ/ 3563:/r/ 3559:/ɑ/ 3519:cot 3463:in 3419:/æ/ 3410:/ɪ/ 3402:/u/ 3389:/ɪ/ 3374:/u/ 3369:/ɑ/ 3337:/ɔ/ 3327:/u/ 3322:/æ/ 3307:/u/ 3288:/ɔ/ 3276:/u/ 3262:/ɪ/ 3244:/ɪ/ 3237:/ɔ/ 3226:/u/ 3219:/ɑ/ 3208:/ɪ/ 3190:/ɪ/ 3181:/ɔ/ 3161:/ɑ/ 3135:/ɪ/ 3126:/ɔ/ 3111:/æ/ 3058:/ɛ/ 3054:/ɪ/ 3040:or 3038:/u/ 3024:or 3014:/i/ 3012:or 3010:/ɪ/ 3000:); 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Knowledge

North American English regional phonology

Index