Almohad Caliphate - Knowledge

3160: 2561:, was a notable calligrapher in his own right and composed poems and copied Qur'ans. A known bibliophile, he frequently endowed books to madrasas and mosques and established the first public manuscript transcription center in Marrakesh. One of the large Qur'ans that he copied has been preserved in Marrakesh and is the oldest surviving example in the western Islamic world of a Qur'an personally produced by a sovereign ruler. The 10-volume tome is written on parchment and bound with a leather cover decorated with a geometric motif, exhibiting the first dated use of gold tooling on a manuscript binding. The verses are written in Maghrebi mabsūt script and the end of each verse is marked by a gold circle divided into eight uniform segments. Using large Maghrebi script, there are five to 10 lines to a page, with relatively few words to each line. There is lavish use of gold, and this Qur'an, as with other Qur'ans of this size, was likely intended for court use. 3202: 3222: 3241: 3264: 2717: 2032: 2023: 3178: 2538:, the love story of Bayad and Riyad, is one of the few remaining illustrated manuscripts dated to 13th century Almohad caliphate. Its use of miniatures displays a clear connection with previous illustrated tradition from the eastern Islamic world. However, it deviates in its depictions of the frontispiece, interior, and teaching scenes, which show similarities to scientific manuscripts from the central Islamic world, typically considered to have consisted of the Arabian peninsula, northeast modern Iran, and the Fertile Crescent. Depictions of architecture specific to the Almohad caliphate are also evident in several places in the manuscript. 2542: 3279: 2532:, leading to the introduction of paper for Qur'an manuscripts, illuminated doctrine books, and official documents. Most Qur'anic manuscripts were close to square-shaped, though other religious texts were typically vertically oriented. With the exception of a few large-scale Qur'ans, most were modestly sized, ranging from 11 centimenters to 22 centimeters on each side, with 19 to 27 lines of script each page. In contrast, large-sized Qur'ans were typically approximately 60 centimeters by 53 centimeters and had an average of five to nine lines of script to a page, typically in Maghrebi thuluth. 70: 3298: 3331: 3350: 2814: 7046: 1660:. Knowing they were outnumbered, the Almohad governors of the city refused to confront the Portuguese raiders, prompting the disgusted population of Seville to take matters into their own hands, raise a militia, and go out in the field by themselves. The result was a veritable massacre – the Portuguese men-at-arms easily mowed down the throng of poorly armed townsfolk. Thousands, perhaps as much as 20,000, were said to have been slain before the walls of Seville. A similar disaster befell a similar popular levy by 2501:. Separate sets of verses were denoted by various medallions, with distinctive designs for each set. For example, sets of five verses were ended with bud-like medallions while sets of ten were marked by circular medallions, all of which were typically painted in gold. Manuscripts attributed to this caliphate were characterized by interlacing geometric or recti-curvilinear illuminations, and abstract vegetal artwork and large medallions were often present in the margins and as thumbnails. Composite floral 2570: 8568: 3386: 1054: 2700:, but it is not known where exactly in the Iberian Peninsula it was made. As Palencia was outside the Almohad realm, it may have been made by Andalusi craftsman for a Christian patron. The lion, which served as a fountainhead, is sculpted in a highly stylized manner and its articulated tail is adjustable. Its surface is covered in incised decoration consisting of tapestry-like motifs, and a broad Kufic inscription on its side features well-wishes for its owner. 2379: 2633: 1487: 10369: 1760: 3316: 1213: 858: 1416: 3502:(1089–1164), who himself fled the persecutions of the Almohads, composed an elegy mourning the destruction of many Jewish communities throughout Spain and the Maghreb under the Almohads. Many Jews fled from territories ruled by the Almohads to Christian lands, and others, like the family of Maimonides, fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands. However, a few Jewish traders still working in North Africa are recorded. 2834: 2605:, where it remains today. The banner is richly designed and features blue Arabic inscriptions and white decorative patterns on a red background. The central motif features an eight-pointed star framed by a circle inside a larger square, with smaller motifs filling the bands of the frame and the corner spaces. This central design is surrounded on four sides by Arabic inscriptions in 1050:, where he successfully tracked down the Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf at a local mosque, and challenged the emir, and the leading scholars of the area, to a doctrinal debate. After the debate, the scholars concluded that Ibn Tumart's views were blasphemous and the man dangerous, and urged him to be put to death or imprisoned. But the emir decided merely to expel him from the city. 1156:) also had their representatives. Militarily, there was a strict hierarchy of units. The Hargha tribe coming first (although not strictly ethnic; it included many "honorary" or "adopted" tribesmen from other ethnicities, e.g. Abd al-Mu'min himself). This was followed by the men of Tinmel, then the other Masmuda tribes in order, and rounded off by the black fighters, the 1316:

whom he integrated into the Almohad power structure and from whom he recruited some 40,000 into the army. They would later form the bodyguard of the caliph and his successors. In addition, Abd al-Mu'min relied on Arabs, the great Hilalian families that he had deported to Morocco, to further weaken the influence of the Masmuda sheikhs.

2915:, early Almohad architecture was much more restrained in its ornamentation, focusing its attention on overall architectural forms rather than on detailed surface decoration. In addition to continuing the integration of Moroccan and Andalusi artistic traditions, some currents in Almohad architecture may also reflect influences from 2656:, as "the largest and most beautiful chandelier in the Islamic world." The chandelier consists of a 12-sided copula on top of which is mounted a large cone crowned around its sides with nine levels of candlesticks. The visible surfaces of the chandelier are carved and pierced with intricate floral arabesque motifs as well as 1745:, emerged as the central figure of these rebellions, systematically dislodging Almohad garrisons through central Spain. In October 1228, with Spain practically all lost, al-Ma'mun abandoned Seville, taking what little remained of the Almohad army with him to Morocco. Ibn Hud immediately dispatched emissaries to distant 3084:(for which the enormous unfinished mosque of the Hassan Tower was also intended). While never finished, this project created the current outer walls of the historic center of Rabat, along with multiple gates such as Bab er-Rouah and the ceremonial main gate of the Kasbah of the Udayas. Al-Mansur also created the 1695:. But Capilla refused to hand them over, forcing the Castilians to lay a long and difficult siege. The brave defiance of little Capilla, and the spectacle of al-Bayyasi's shipping provisions to the Castilian besiegers, shocked Andalusians and shifted sentiment back towards the Almohad caliph. A popular 2358:, with whom the Almohads were already at odds. After the decline of Almohadism, Maliki Sunnism ultimately became the dominant official religious doctrine of the region. By contrast, the teachings of Ibn Rushd and other philosophers like him were far more influential for Jewish philosophers – including 1315:

Abd al-Mu'min spent the mid-1150s organizing the Almohad state and arranging for power to be passed on through his family line. In 1154, he declared his son Muhammad as his heir. In order to neutralise the power of the Masmuda, he relied on his tribe of origin, the Kumiyas (from the central Maghreb),

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was still used, albeit in a reworked form in Qur'an epigraphy, and was seen detailed in silver in some colophons. The Maghrebi thuluth script, frequently written in gold, was used to give emphasis when standard writing, written in rounded Maghrebi mabsūt script, was considered insufficient. Maghrebi

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As for the flags of the Almohads, the main flag was white, and on one side was written during the reign of Ibn Tumart: "The one Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the Mahdi is the successor of Allah", and on the other side: "There is no god but Allah, and my success is only with Allah, and I

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were also given a measure of authority at times. While not all Almohad leaders were Zahirites, quite a few of them were not only adherents of the legal school but also well-versed in its tenets. Additionally, all Almohad leaders – both the religiously learned and the laymen – were hostile toward the

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in 1230. Ibn Hud scrambled to move remaining arms and men to save threatened or besieged Andalusian citadels, but with so many attacks at once, it was a hopeless endeavor. After Ibn Hud's death in 1238, some of the Andalusian cities, in a last-ditch effort to save themselves, offered themselves once

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Abd al-Mu'min thus transformed the Almohad movement from a Masmuda aristocracy to a Mu'minid dynastic state. While most of the Almohad elites accepted this new concentration of power, it nonetheless triggered an uprising by two of Ibn Tumart's half-brothers, 'Abd al-'Aziz and 'Isa. Shortly after Abd

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in April 1153. Abd al-Mu'min nonetheless saw value in their military abilities. He persuaded them by various means – including taking some families as hostages to Marrakesh and more generous actions like offering them material and land incentives – to move to present-day Morocco and join the Almohad

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opportunistically ordered raids into Andalusian territory that same year. With Almohad arms, men and cash dispatched to Morocco to help Caliph al-Adil impose himself in Marrakesh, there was little means to stop the sudden onslaught. In late 1225, with surprising ease, the Portuguese raiders reached

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In early 1130, the Almohads finally descended from the mountains for their first sizeable attack in the lowlands. It was a disaster for their opponents. The Almohads swept aside an Almoravid column that had come out to meet them before Aghmat, and then chased their remnant all the way to Marrakesh.

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status. He allowed Jews to practice their religion openly in Marrakesh and even allowed a Christian church there as part of his alliance with Castile. In Iberia, Almohad rule collapsed in the 1200s and was succeeded by several "Taifa" kingdoms, which allowed Jews to practice their religion openly.

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rather than stone. These two materials were relatively cheap, readily available at most sites, and already widely used in the preceding centuries. Almohad architects refined both the manufacturing process of these materials and their on-site assembly, making the execution of numerous and ambitious

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After 1133, Abd al-Mu'min quickly expanded Almohad control across the Maghreb, while the embattled Almoravids retained their capital in Marrakesh. Various other tribes rallied to the Almohads or to the Almoravids as the war between them continued. Initially, Almohad operations were limited to the

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The Almohad caliphs also constructed multiple country estates just outside the main cities where they resided, continuing a tradition that existed under the Almoravids. The best-known examples of these estates were centered around large water basins or reservoirs that sustained orchards of fruit

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in the southern/southeastern wall) and the aisle running along the qibla wall itself were usually wider than the others and were highlighted with distinctive arches and greater decoration. This layout, already present in Almoravid mosques, is often referred to as the "T-plan" by art historians

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The Almohads initially eschewed the production of luxury textiles and silks, but eventually they too engaged in this production. Almohad textiles, like earlier Almoravid examples, were often decorated with a grid of roundels filled with ornamental designs or Arabic epigraphy. However, textiles

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has been characterized as the pebble that finally broke al-Andalus. It was the first internal coup among the Almohads. The Almohad clan, despite occasional disagreements, had always remained tightly knit and loyally behind dynastic precedence. Caliph al-Adil's murderous breach of dynastic and

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renewed their raids deep into Muslim territory, basically unchecked. Feeling the Almohads had failed to protect them, popular uprisings took place throughout al-Andalus. City after city deposed their hapless Almohad governors and installed local strongmen in their place. A Murcian strongman,

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For the first eight years, the Almohad rebellion was limited to a guerilla war along the peaks and ravines of the High Atlas. Their principal damage was in rendering insecure (or altogether impassable) the roads and mountain passes south of Marrakesh – threatening the route to all-important

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Other surviving metalwork objects from the Almohad period include a series of braziers and lamps discovered in Córdoba and now kept at the Archeological Museum of Córdoba. One of them, a hexagonal brazier, features both incised and pierced decoration. Along with prominent decorative Kufic

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broke out in Cordova – al-Bayyasi was killed and his head dispatched as a trophy to Marrakesh. But Caliph al-Adil did not rejoice in this victory for long – he was assassinated in Marrakesh in October 1227, by the partisans of Yahya, who was promptly acclaimed as the new Almohad caliph

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for the young caliph, with power exercised by an oligarchy of elder family members, palace bureaucrats and leading nobles. The Almohad ministers were careful to negotiate a series of truces with the Christian kingdoms, which remained more-or-less in place for next fifteen years (the

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motifs. In Seville, some Almohad-era houses have been excavated in various locations in the city, particularly on the site of the present-day cathedral. At least one of these excavations have revealed the remains of mural decoration featuring interlacing geometric decoration.

1676:. Trust in the Almohad leadership was severely shaken by these events – the disasters were promptly blamed on the distractions of Caliph al-Adil and the incompetence and cowardice of his lieutenants, the successes credited to non-Almohad local leaders who rallied defenses. 2433:, written by a Franciscan friar in the 14th century (well after the end of the Almohad period), describes the flag of Marrakesh as being red with a black-and-white checkerboard motif at its center. Some authors have assumed this flag to be the former flag of the Almohads. 2098:

Literary production continued despite the Almohad reforms's devastating effect on cultural life in their domain. Almohad universities continued the knowledge of preceding Andalusi scholars as well as ancient Greek and Roman writers; contemporary literary figures included

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cities, preaching and agitating, heading riotous attacks on wine-shops and on other manifestations of laxity. He laid the blame for the latitude on the ruling dynasty of the Almoravids, whom he accused of obscurantism and impiety. He also opposed their sponsorship of the

1906:. The history of their decline differs from that of the Almoravids, whom they had displaced. They were not assailed by a great religious movement, but lost territories, piecemeal, by the revolt of tribes and districts. Their most effective enemies were the Banu Marin ( 1886:. Some of the captured citadels (e.g. Murcia, Jaen, Niebla) were reorganized as tributary vassals for a few more years, but most were annexed by the 1260s. Granada alone would remain independent for an additional 250 years, flourishing as the new center of al-Andalus. 1129:. Unable to send enough manpower through the narrow passes to dislodge the Almohad rebels from their easily defended mountain strong points, the Almoravid authorities reconciled themselves to setting up strongholds to confine them there (most famously the fortress of 1235:

Berber from Tagra (Algeria), and thus an alien among the Masmuda of southern Morocco, Abd al-Mu'min nonetheless saw off his principal rivals and hammered wavering tribes back to the fold. Three years after Ibn Tumart's death he was officially proclaimed "Caliph".

1144:("House of the Mahdi"), composed of Ibn Tumart's family. This was supplemented by two councils: an inner Council of Ten, the Mahdi's privy council, composed of his earliest and closest companions; and the consultative Council of Fifty, composed of the leading 2392:

Most historical records indicate that the Almohads were recognized for their use of white banners, which were supposed to evoke their "purity of purpose". This began a long tradition of using white as main dynastic color in what is now Morocco for the later

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in 1144. Tashfin fled to Oran, which the Almohads then attacked and captured, and he died in March 1145 while trying to escape. The Almohads pursued the defeated Almoravid army west to Fez, which they captured in 1146 after a nine-month siege. They finally

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entrust my affairs to Allah", and the white color continued with the rest of the caliphs, even if they adopted other colored flags, red, yellow and other colors. There is no doubt that these flags in their different colors delighted and pleased the people.

2448:, a founding figure of Andalusia. Infante has explained the design of its flag by indicating that green was the color of the Umayyads and white that of the Almohads, the caliphates which represented periods of "greatness and power" in this region. 1342:

al-Mu'min announced his heir, towards 1154–1155, they rebelled in Fez and then marched on Marrakesh, whose governor they killed. Abd al-Mu'min, who had been in Salé, returned to the city, defeated the rebels, and had everyone involved executed.

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urged Jews to choose the superficial conversion over martyrdom and argued, "Muslims know very well that we do not mean what we say, and that what we say is only to escape the ruler's punishment and to satisfy him with this simple confession."

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of Marrakesh was particularly influential and set a style that was repeated, with minor elaborations, in the following Marinid period. The most famous minarets of this time, however, are the minarets of the Kutubiyya Mosque (begun in 1147 by

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slaves (which were the ordinary people of the country and the people of the markets)". By the end of the Almohad reign, dissident movements would adopt black in recognition of the Abbasid caliphate and in rejection of the Almohad authority.

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in Rabat. These gates employed varying decorative motifs arranged in concentric semi-circles around the arch of the gate, all of which was in turn framed inside an outer rectangular band with other motifs. This style remained evident in

2415:(d. 1418) mentioned white flags in two places, the first being when he spoke about the Almohad flag in Tunisia, where he stated that: "It was a white flag called the victorious flag, and it was raised before their sultan when riding for 3221: 2410:

According to historian Amira Benninson, the caliphs usually left their capital Marrakesh for war in al-Andalus preceded by the white banner of the Almohads, the Quran of 'Uthman and Quran of Ibn Tumart. Egyptian historiographer

1263:. The tide turned more definitively in favour of the Almohads from 1144 onwards, when the Zenata tribes in what is now western Algeria joined the Almohad camp, along with some of the previously Almoravid-aligned leaders of the 1337:

or reciters of the Quran into a training school of the Almohad elite. They were no longer described as "memorisers" but as "guardians" who learned riding, swimming, archery, and received a general education of high standards.

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tribes. Besides his own tribe, the Hargha, Ibn Tumart secured the adherence of the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura, and the Hazraja to the Almohad cause. Sometime around 1124, Ibn Tumart established his base at

5705: 3135:) in Granada, created in the late Almohad period and later remodeled by the Nasrids, stood next to an enormous pool on the outskirts of the city. A small ribat, consisting of a square hall covered by a sixteen-sided dome on 3240: 1220:

Ibn Tumart died shortly after, in August 1130. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse after such a devastating defeat and the death of their charismatic Mahdi, is likely due to the skills of his successor,

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followed the fate of North Africa. Between 1146 and 1173, the Almohads gradually wrested control from the Almoravids over the Muslim principalities in Iberia. The Almohads transferred the capital of Muslim Iberia from

1204:(named after a large garden east of the city). The Almohads were thoroughly routed, with huge losses. Half their leadership was killed in action, and the survivors only just managed to scramble back to the mountains. 1767:

The departure of al-Ma'mun in 1228 marked the end of the Almohad era in Spain. Ibn Hud and the other local Andalusian strongmen were unable to stem the rising flood of Christian attacks, launched almost yearly by

10327: 3451:, where they were not just tolerated but allowed to practice their faith openly. Christians had also practiced their religion openly in Córdoba, and both Jews and Christians lived openly in Morocco as well. 3088:, a large royal citadel and palace complex to house the caliph's family and administration. The main public entrance of this kasbah was the ornamental gate of Bab Agnaou. In Seville, the Almohads built the 2660:

Arabic inscriptions. The chandelier is now the oldest surviving chandelier in the western Islamic world, and it likely served as a model for the later and nearly equally famous Marinid chandelier in the

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Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224-1269): Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Ḥasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm

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valley. He retreated to a nearby cave, and lived out an ascetic lifestyle, coming out only to preach his program of puritan reform, attracting greater and greater crowds. At length, towards the end of

1956: 1734: 10332: 3177: 1097:, a highly defensible position in the valley of the Nfis in the High Atlas. Tinmal would serve both as the spiritual center and military headquarters of the Almohad movement. It became their 1435:(Yaʻqūb I, ruled 1184–1199), were both able men. Initially their government drove many Jewish and Christian subjects to take refuge in the growing Christian states of Portugal, Castile, and 3112:("little sea") in Arabic sources, likely in reference to these artificial lakes. Small palaces or pleasure pavilions were built on the edge of the reservoirs. In Marrakesh, the present-day 2474:

region during the 12th to 14th centuries was characterized by elongated lines, stretched out curves, and the use of multiple colors for vocalizations, as derived from the people of Medina.

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s ("nobles"). To appease the traditional Masmuda elites, he appointed some of them, along with theirs sons and descendants, to act as important advisers, deputies, and commanders under the

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oversaw the banning of all religious books written by non-Zahirites; when Abu Yaqub's son Abu Yusuf took the throne, he ordered Ibn Maḍāʾ to undertake the actual burning of such books.

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in Morocco. The tiles currently installed on the minaret are modern reproductions of the original decoration, but some of the original tiles were preserved in a collection kept at the

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were also frequently used in decorating the margins and corners of the page. Color schemes focused on primarily using gold, white, and blue, with accentuating elements in red or pink.

9570: 2298:, their Zahirite-Ash'arism giving rise to a complicated blend of literalist jurisprudence and esoteric dogmatics. Some authors occasionally describe Almohads as heavily influenced by 5820:

Abd al-Mu'min, came from western Algeria, and, according to the chroniclers, he brought forty thousand of his countrymen with him to Morocco in order to reinforce his personal power.

1573:. With the help of his brothers, he quickly seized control of al-Andalus. His chief advisor, the shadowy Abu Zayd ibn Yujjan, tapped into his contacts in Marrakesh, and secured the 9373: 3396:

The Almohads had taken control of the Almoravid Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147. The Almohads rejected the mainstream Islamic doctrine that established the status of

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The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the

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as his confidant. Ibn Tufayl in turn introduced Ibn Rush (Averroes) to the Almohad court, to whom Al-Mansur gave patronage and protection. Although Ibn Rushd (who was also an

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With his son appointed as his successor, Abd al-Mu'min placed his other children as governors of the provinces of the caliphate. His sons and descendants became known as the

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of Almohad mosques also established the standard form and style of subsequent minarets in the region, with a square base and two-tiered shaft covered in polylobed arch and

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The Kutubiyya Mosque's minaret in Marrakesh originally had polychrome painted decoration around the windows and blind arches on its exterior façades, featuring a mix of

2620:. Recent studies have argued that the banner is of 14th century origin rather than of Almohad origin, due to its similarities with captured Marinid banners kept at the 2585:

One of the best-known textiles traditionally attributed to the Almohads is the "Las Navas de Tolosa Banner", so-called because it was once thought to be a spoil won by

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for diacritical text and vocalizations also marked a departure from previous caliphates' calligraphic styles. Blue dots were used to indicate elif, orange dots denoted

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The Andalusians were helpless before this onslaught. Ibn Hudd had attempted to check the Leonese advance early on, but most of his Andalusian army was destroyed at the

9583: 611: 597: 583: 569: 555: 541: 527: 513: 499: 485: 460: 446: 432: 418: 404: 390: 3127:, founded in 1171, were excavated and partly restored in the 1970s. A similar garden estate was also created in Rabat but has not been found by archaeologists. The 1069:

in late 1121, after a particularly moving sermon, reviewing his failure to persuade the Almoravids to reform by argument, Ibn Tumart 'revealed' himself as the true

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produced by Almohad workshops used progressively less figural decoration than previous Almoravid textiles, in favour of interlacing geometric and vegetal motifs.

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Adang (2005). "The Spread of Zahirism in al-Andalus in the Post-Caliphal Period: The evidence from the biographical dictionaries". In Günther, Sebastian (ed.).

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Bennison, Amira K. (2014). "Drums, Banners and Baraka: Symbols of authority during the first century of Marīnid rule, 1250-1350". In Bennison, Amira K. (ed.).

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Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam (2007). "Quranic inscriptions on the so-called 'Pennon of Las Navas de Tolosa' and three Marīnid banners". In Suleman, Fahmida (ed.).

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The Andalusian branch of the Almohads refused to accept this turn of events. Al-Adil's brother, then in Seville, proclaimed himself the new Almohad caliph

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along the coast of Ifriqiya, as fighting the Christian invaders here gave him a pretext for conquering the rest of the region. In August 1152, he captured

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and to its similarities with Nasrid motifs. It remains uncertain whether it was crafted either in Fez under the Marinids or in Granada under the Nasrids.

1192:– followed by the archers, the conscripts, and the slaves. Ibn Tumart's closest companion and chief strategist, al-Bashir, took upon himself the role of " 12089: 9601: 7611:

Orihuela, Antonio (2021). "From the Private to the Public Space: Domestic and Urban Architecture of Islamic Granada". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).

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But al-Adil's fortunes were briefly buoyed. In payment for Castilian assistance, al-Bayyasi had given Ferdinand III three strategic frontier fortresses:

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or "occultation". This period likely gave Abd al-Mu'min time to secure his position as successor to the political leadership of the movement. Although a

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construction projects possible. According to scholar Felix Arnold, during the Almohad period "construction became an industry on a scale not seen since

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They laid siege to Marrakesh for forty days until, in April (or May) 1130, the Almoravids sallied from the city and crushed the Almohads in the bloody

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Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998).

3297: 1561:, as the new Almohad caliph. But the rapid appointment upset other branches of the family, notably the brothers of the late al-Nasir, who governed in 1073:, a divinely guided judge and lawgiver, and was recognized as such by his audience. This was effectively a declaration of war on the Almoravid state. 9697: 8328:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Almohad Caliphate (see index) 1448: 6968: 9565: 9398: 3143:. Sunken gardens were also part of Almohad palace architecture. In some cases the gardens were divided symmetrically into four parts, much like a 1501:(1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the three Christian kings of 2993:) is the oldest surviving Almohad mosque (begun in 1142). Like earlier mosques in the region, Almohad mosques have interiors consisting of large 1603:, who took a handful of followers and decamped for the hills around Baeza. He set up a rebel camp and forged an alliance with the hitherto quiet 3054:

The Almohads were also prolific builders of fortifications and forts across their realm. They were responsible for building (or rebuilding) the

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today. It is an example of figural bronze sculpture from al-Andalus that continues in the tradition of earlier objects such as the 11th-century

69: 2009:, in which the percentage of the population that had converted to Islam reached 90% and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared. 10751: 7265: 7189:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc. p. 26. 5777: 3070:, as well as many smaller forts and castles across Morocco and southern Spain and Portugal. In Rabat, Abd al-Mu'min built most of the current 2871:, establishing many of the forms and motifs that were refined in subsequent centuries. The main sites of Almohad architecture and art include 2598: 7138: 2953:

arches inside mosques also evolved into richer and more monumental forms in the great ceremonial stone gates of Almohad architecture such as

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Lévi-Provençal, Évariste (1986) . "'Abd al- Mu'min". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

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known today as "Maghrebi thuluth" as an official style used in manuscripts, coinage, documents, and architecture. However, the more angular

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favored by Ibn Tumart. His antics and fiery preaching led fed-up authorities to move him along from town to town. After being expelled from

12104: 9690: 9090: 1619:

In 1225, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi's band of rebels, accompanied by a large Castilian army, descended from the hills, besieging cities such as

8994: 2401:

sultanates. Whether these white banners contained any specific motifs or inscriptions is not certain. Historian Ḥasan 'Ali Ḥasan writes:

2223:

which predominated in the region up to that point. Central to his philosophy, Ibn Tumart preached a fundamentalist or radical version of

5485:

Molins, Viguera; Jésus, Maria (2014). "Almohads". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

2668:

Another important piece, the so-called Monzón Lion, also dates from the Almohad period during the 12 or 13th century and is held in the

10291: 9895: 9520: 9393: 1470:, however, the Almohads governed their co-religionists in Iberia and central North Africa through lieutenants, their dominions outside 963:. He soon developed his own system, combining the doctrines of various masters. Ibn Tumart's main principle was a strict unitarianism ( 973:

as being incompatible with His unity, and therefore a polytheistic idea. Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as

3470:

decreed that Jews must wear a dark blue garb, with very large sleeves and a grotesquely oversized hat; his son altered the colour to

1357:

was besieged soon after and surrendered in January 1160. The Normans there negotiated their withdrawal and were allowed to leave for

11887: 9413: 8353: 5077: 2508:

During the Almohad dynasty, the act of bookbinding itself took on great importance, with a notable instance of the Almohad caliph

2352:) saw rationalism and philosophy as complementary to religion and revelation, his views failed to convince the traditional Maliki 9403: 8613: 3080:

there), while Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur embarked on the construction of a vast new capital and citadel on its south side called

1439:. Ultimately they became less fanatical than the Almoravids, and Ya'qub al-Mansur was a highly accomplished man who wrote a good 5803: 5269: 2249:", which was adapted to "Almohads" in European writings. Ibn Tumart saw his movement as a revolutionary reform movement much as 8698: 6176: 3406:

resident of a Muslim country who was allowed to practice his religion on condition of submission to Muslim rule and payment of

2766:

inscription which is no longer present on the minaret today. These latter fragments are also the earliest surviving example of

5242: 5241:

Hopkins, J.F.P. (1986) . "Ibn Tūmart". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

12054: 11704: 11086: 10307: 10284: 8325: 8286: 8216: 8072: 8041: 7927: 7878: 7772: 7709: 7622: 7595: 6850: 6829: 6800: 6755: 6650: 6623: 6488: 6459: 6361: 6338: 6266: 6210: 6186: 6126: 6002: 5813: 5787: 5760: 5715: 5597: 5433: 5341: 5300: 5279: 5252: 5201: 5156: 5135: 5114: 5061: 4950: 3428: 3372: 2708:

resembling the decorative sawtooth-shaped merlons found along the tops of Moorish and Moroccan buildings of the same period.

2128: 12034: 10323: 10110: 8598: 1273: 11610: 6351: 1521:. The battle broke the Almohad advance, but the Christian powers remained too disorganized to profit from it immediately. 1061:

Ibn Tumart took refuge among his own people, the Hargha, in his home village of Igiliz (exact location uncertain), in the

1034:, where he briefly engaged the Maliki scholars of the city in debate. He even went so far as to assault the sister of the 12079: 12074: 11880: 9713: 6159: 2997:

halls divided by rows of arches that create a repetitive visual effect. However, the aisle or "nave" leading towards the

1984:

in Fes, Mahdī b. 'Īsā, was replaced under the Almohads by Abū l-Ḥasan b. 'Aṭiyya khaṭīb because he was fluent in Berber.

6640: 6106: 5583: 3330: 12084: 11756: 10756: 10358: 9310: 8705: 4808: 4783: 1077: 875: 6821: 5750: 3349: 12049: 12044: 10400: 9335: 9320: 9103: 8947: 8366: 8276: 8256: 8235: 8157: 8114: 8093: 8020: 7813: 7659: 7184: 6989: 6915: 6874: 6726: 6330: 6231: 6094: 6042: 5494: 4844: 2429: 2318:(which was likely edited by others after him), demonstrates a much clearer Ash'arite position on a number of issues. 897: 8147: 7584:

Rėklaitytė, Ieva (2021). "The Rumor of Water: A Key Element of Moorish Granada". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).

6864: 6745: 1046:, because she was going about unveiled, after the manner of Berber women. After being expelled from Fez, he went to 12069: 12064: 12059: 9290: 8857: 3483: 3376: 2805:

and eightfold rosettes on engraved white lime mortar in a pattern that fits the hammam's geometric skylight holes.

2250: 2314:), identifying him with Mu'tazilites would be an exaggeration. She points out that another of his main texts, the 12099: 11983: 11382: 9550: 9453: 9418: 9408: 9255: 9230: 8987: 8666: 8553: 8502: 8031: 2104: 1137:, which was conquered by the Almohads in 1132), while exploring alternative routes through more easterly passes. 634: 10544: 7033:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

9888: 9448: 8921: 8593: 8497: 7999: 1361:. Tripoli, which had rebelled against the Normans two years earlier, recognized Almohad authority right after. 1333:

or "Sons of the Almohads". Abd al-Mu'min also altered the Almohad structure set up by Ibn Tumart by making the

1164:, and divided into two factions: one for the early adherents, another for the late adherents, each headed by a 879: 17: 7007: 2716: 2031: 2022: 1847:, into Christian hands in 1248. Ferdinand III of Castile entered Seville as a conqueror on December 22, 1248. 1843:

in 1248 (to Castile), culminating in the fall of the greatest of Andalusian cities, the ex-Almohad capital of

1636: 1408:, was erected in 1184. The Almohads also built a palace there called Al-Muwarak on the site of the modern-day 12039: 11820: 9494: 8776: 7806:

The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians created a culture of tolerance in medieval Spain

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Love Localized and Science from Afar: "Arab Painting", Iberian Courtly Culture, and the Hadith Bayad wa Riyad

4270: 3558: 3140: 2590: 1899: 1825: 1558: 1514: 806: 302: 11943: 11815: 11699: 9330: 9325: 9315: 9108: 8736: 8644: 8389: 8346: 3420: 1384:

requested the assistance of an Almohad navy for his fight against the crusaders, which al-Mansur declined.

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Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain

5857: 5050:

Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza; Wadad Kadi; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Devin J. Stewart (2013).

3016:, perpendicular to it, form a "T" shape), and became standard in mosques of the region for centuries. The 2748:, dating from the mid-12th century in the early Almohad period, as the earliest reliably-dated example of 1380:

eventually defeated both factions and reconquered Ifriqiya in 1187–1188. In 1189–1190, the Ayyubid sultan

1225:. Ibn Tumart's death was kept a secret for three years, a period which Almohad chroniclers described as a 12114: 11825: 10862: 10353: 10250: 9340: 9280: 8671: 8608: 6333:, p. 170. Volume 3 of Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012. 3100:

in Cordoba is believed to be an originally Almohad structure designed to defend the river and the city's

2758:. The same collection has also preserved fragments of the original tile decoration on the minaret of the 2645: 1981: 7900:

Forced Conversion in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam: Coercion and Faith in Premodern Iberia and Beyond

7745:

Forced Conversion in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam: Coercion and Faith in Premodern Iberia and Beyond

1632: 1140:

Ibn Tumart organized the Almohads as a commune, with a minutely detailed structure. At the core was the

12024: 10337: 10260: 10255: 10230: 10215: 9481: 9300: 8980: 2790: 2781: 2307: 2229:– referring to a strict monotheism or to the "oneness of God". This notion gave the movement its name: 825:. Much of the remaining territories of al-Andalus were lost in the ensuing decades, with the cities of 12003: 8056:

Les Benou Ghânya: Derniers Représentants de l'empire Almoravide et Leur Lutte Contre l'empire Almohade

3101: 1836: 1537: 1176:(treasurers), effectively the money-minters, tax-collectors, and bursars, then came the regular army ( 12109: 11783: 10931: 10495: 10342: 10235: 10220: 10125: 9881: 9305: 9250: 9184: 9003: 8766: 8693: 8659: 8588: 6105:

Morillas, Consuelo López (2000), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),

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s living under the Caliphate, while allowed fewer rights than Muslims, were still better off than in

3285: 3254: 3027: 2846: 2759: 2731: 2322: 2068: 2042: 2005:

within Almohad territory. After the Almohad period, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the

1547:

In early 1224, the youthful caliph died in an accident, without any heirs. The palace bureaucrats in

1432: 951:

Berber dynasty. Early in his life, Ibn Tumart went to Spain to pursue his studies, and thereafter to

1307:, reacted to the Almohad advance by gathering an army against them. The Almohads routed them in the 11741: 11716: 11566: 11225: 11220: 10347: 10318: 10245: 9904: 9611: 9194: 9082: 8741: 4712: 4576: 4557: 3600: 3594: 3552: 3315: 2594: 2574: 2558: 2550: 2200: 2066:

and Maliki commentaries. They sought to disseminate ibn Tumart's beliefs; he was the author of the

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Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)

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armies. These moves also had the corollary effect of advancing the Arabisation of future Morocco.

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population in Morocco, both Jewish and Christian, to convert to Islam. In 1198, the Almohad emir

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mosques are often considered the prototypes of later Moroccan and Andalusi mosques, although the

2586: 2541: 2516:. Books were most frequently bound in goatskin leather and decorated with polygonal interlacing, 2384: 1721:, allowing him to organize and dispatch the greater part of the Almohad army in Spain across the 1708: 1456: 868: 10007: 3439:, has argued that "tolerance was an inherent aspect of Andalusian society", and that the Jewish 3424: 2908: 2593:

in 1212. More recent studies have proposed that it was actually a spoil won some years later by

2524:. However, the Almohad dynasty also saw industrial advancements in the spread of paper mills in 1620: 1283:

In 1151, Abd al-Mu'min launched an expedition to the east. This may have been encouraged by the

11830: 11731: 11726: 11414: 11362: 11282: 11215: 11119: 11104: 10997: 10764: 10718: 10559: 10446: 10210: 9668: 9616: 9275: 8681: 8543: 4981: 2478: 1369: 702: 8319: 7963: 7895: 7740: 6863:

Partearroyo, Cristina (1992). "Almoravid and Almohad Textiles". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).

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Islam in Global History: Volume One: From the Death of Prophet Muhammed to the First World War

5423: 5290: 5125: 4848: 2943:. In the Almohad period, this type of arch was further refined for decorative functions while 2616:: 10–12), and another horizontal inscription in the banner's upper part which praises God and 11761: 11721: 11534: 11409: 10473: 10463: 10422: 10393: 10154: 9652: 9588: 9555: 9471: 9345: 8807: 8756: 8751: 8688: 8523: 7854: 6476: 6447: 5146: 5104: 5051: 4696: 3570: 3540: 3474:, a change that may have influenced Catholic ordinances some time later. Those who converted 3063: 3048: 2864: 2535: 1769: 1701: 1652: 1574: 1296: 11649: 10002: 8246: 3432: 3212: 3150: 1773: 1680: 1648: 1644: 1611:

s had rallied behind Yahya, another son of al-Nasir, al-Adil paid little attention to them.

1409: 1397: 970: 11854: 11684: 11654: 11529: 11460: 11431: 11350: 10684: 10522: 10512: 10276: 9947: 9660: 9632: 9540: 9270: 9215: 8875: 8576: 8528: 8399: 6224:

Ideas, Images and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam

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saw itself relative to the Christianity and Judaism which preceded it, with himself as its

1894:

In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in

1722: 1253: 1201: 423: 11634: 10368: 10025: 3234:

in Seville, with remains of palace structure behind it (partly occupied by later building)

2863:

period preceding it, the Almohad period is considered one of the most formative stages of

2302:. Scholar Madeline Fletcher argues that while one of Ibn Tumart's original teachings, the 8: 12029: 11546: 11426: 11392: 11294: 11114: 11109: 10921: 10640: 10576: 10451: 10436: 10200: 10181: 10130: 10121: 10075: 10037: 10013: 9647: 9624: 9560: 9350: 9146: 9029: 8847: 8832: 8627: 7870: 7704:, Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. First published online: 2010 First print edition: 4725: 3588: 3416: 3380: 3307: 3289: 3145: 3085: 2772:

tilework (a technique originating in al-Andalus) being used in an architectural context.

2621: 2310:

which might be construed as moderately Mu'tazilite (and which were criticized as such by

1541: 1227: 1193: 1126: 714: 576: 520: 11262: 11252: 8128: 7237:

Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269

2693: 1196:", enforcing doctrinal discipline among the Masmuda tribesmen, often with a heavy hand. 11659: 11639: 11622: 11573: 11438: 11247: 11198: 11131: 11049: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10936: 10906: 10798: 10696: 10564: 10539: 10225: 10176: 10139: 10134: 10096: 10084: 10043: 9959: 9935: 9771: 9606: 9489: 9466: 9443: 9438: 9295: 9220: 9074: 9050: 9037: 9021: 8940: 8795: 8771: 8761: 8719: 8639: 8603: 8374: 7941: 7786: 6642:

The Afterlife of al-Andalus: Muslim Iberia in Contemporary Arab and Hispanic Narratives

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Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society

7741:"Medieval Jewish Perspectives on Almohad Persecutions: Memory, Repression, and Impact" 7652:

La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc

6668:

Monumental Austerity: The Meanings And Aesthetic Development Of Almohad Friday Mosques

6023:"The Preaching of the Almohads: Loyalty and Resistance across the Strait of Gibraltar" 5707:

L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698–1518)

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which dates from 1220 to 1221 and remains a landmark of the city today. Likewise, the

1308: 590: 11978: 11923: 11768: 11664: 11600: 11595: 11524: 11421: 11136: 11059: 10901: 10830: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10603: 10554: 10167: 10144: 10089: 10019: 9997: 9964: 9918: 9855: 9795: 9777: 9545: 9240: 9189: 9131: 9121: 8914: 8812: 8746: 8451: 8301: 8282: 8252: 8231: 8212: 8175: 8153: 8134: 8110: 8089: 8068: 8037: 8016: 7995: 7945: 7933: 7923: 7874: 7809: 7790: 7778: 7768: 7705: 7655: 7618: 7591: 6985: 6955: 6911: 6870: 6846: 6825: 6796: 6751: 6722: 6646: 6619: 6553:

Islamic civilization in Morocco and Andalusia: The era of the Almoravids and Almohads

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to deepen them. In Baghdad, Ibn Tumart attached himself to the theological school of

802: 779: 732: 548: 478: 437: 395: 5333:

Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269)

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The Monzón Lion, a bronze fountain from Al-Andalus dating from the 12th-13th century

2513: 2177: 1809: 1669: 1524:

Before his death in 1213, al-Nasir appointed his young ten-year-old son as the next

1474:

being treated as provinces. When Almohad emirs crossed the Straits it was to lead a

826: 731:

Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the

138: 11973: 11958: 11948: 11617: 11404: 11399: 11355: 11342: 11272: 11240: 11235: 11099: 11094: 11076: 11037: 10970: 10953: 10894: 10884: 10879: 10820: 10776: 10746: 10706: 10689: 10672: 10635: 10386: 10163: 10117: 10100: 9849: 9831: 9819: 9789: 9765: 9747: 9735: 9729: 9642: 9596: 9383: 9210: 9171: 9042: 8956: 8897: 8890: 8852: 8842: 8837: 8817: 8781: 8548: 8538: 8533: 8466: 8430: 7915: 7911: 7760: 7756: 6984:. Oxford University Press and the Institute for Ismaili Studies. pp. 239–270. 6947: 6817: 6671: 6389: 6310: 6114: 6082: 6076: 6030: 5566: 5049: 4911: 4872: 4525: 3724: 3564: 3528: 3499: 3444: 3120:

gardens both developed from such Almohad creations. In Seville, the remains of the

3059: 3032: 2978: 2826: 2818: 2745: 2509: 2291: 2159: 2002: 1952: 1940: 1932: 1692: 1643:

and, before the end of the year, al-Bayyasi had established himself in the city of

1570: 1364:

In the 1170s and 1180s, Almohad power in the eastern Maghreb was challenged by the

1222: 1020: 974: 763: 640: 409: 245: 164: 8278:

History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830

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Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

6380:

Fletcher, Madeleine (1991). "The Almohad Tawhīd: Theology Which Relies on Logic".

6331:

Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate 1224–1269

6118: 6086: 3128: 2813: 1793: 11993: 11988: 11933: 11918: 11835: 11803: 11676: 11644: 11627: 11583: 11578: 11556: 11551: 11509: 11502: 11477: 11337: 11332: 11173: 11054: 10948: 10943: 10911: 10736: 10726: 10620: 10613: 10608: 10593: 10549: 10431: 10417: 10205: 10171: 9837: 9825: 9753: 9461: 9265: 9225: 9176: 9161: 9141: 9098: 9058: 9011: 8909: 8902: 8885: 8827: 8731: 8649: 8507: 8476: 8461: 8446: 8420: 8204: 8104: 8083: 8010: 7989: 7612: 7585: 6294: 5562: 5336:. Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. 5331: 4732: 4244: 3976: 3582: 3436: 3355: 3228: 3121: 3097: 3040: 2462: 2398: 2341: 2238: 2147: 2047: 1936: 1911: 1867: 1813: 1805: 1729: 1640: 1628: 1491: 1440: 1428: 1377: 1373: 1260: 928: 841: 818: 775: 693: 673: 257: 45: 11257: 8124: 3139:, was built nearby at the same time and has been preserved today as a Christian 2512:

bringing in artisans for a celebration of the binding of a Qur'an imported from

801:

The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when

778:. Under Abd al-Mu'min (r. 1130–1163), they succeeded in overthrowing the ruling 11998: 11778: 11773: 11736: 11711: 11694: 11605: 11590: 11561: 11519: 11367: 11327: 11322: 11277: 11203: 11163: 11153: 11143: 10958: 10837: 10731: 10598: 10480: 10240: 9813: 9509: 9499: 9476: 9355: 9285: 9202: 8961: 7850: 6246: 6022: 5570: 4860: 3117: 3055: 2944: 2928: 2755: 2737: 2685: 2677: 2641: 2606: 2517: 2412: 2363: 2336:. This effectively provided a religious justification for philosophy and for a 2306:

s (a collection of sayings memorized by his followers), holds positions on the

2165: 2001:

from southern Iberia to the Christian north, which had an impact on the use of

1859: 1817: 1259:

The Almoravid ruler, Ali ibn Yusuf, died in 1143 and was succeeded by his son,

1130: 492: 7919: 7764: 7674: 6427: 6034: 2569: 1833: 1600: 1557:

Uthman ibn Jam'i, quickly engineered the election of his elderly grand-uncle,

12018: 11872: 11859: 11746: 11541: 11514: 11487: 11465: 11443: 11210: 11193: 11178: 11022: 10975: 10963: 10889: 10781: 10655: 10650: 10625: 10507: 9843: 9801: 9783: 9530: 9428: 9151: 9136: 8654: 8492: 8471: 8415: 8305: 8167: 7937: 7866: 7782: 6959: 6935: 6315: 6298: 6254: 5504: 4925: 4832: 3390: 3337: 3322: 3169: 3113: 3089: 2982: 2311: 2283:

school favored by the Almoravids. During the reign of Abu Yaqub, chief judge

2136: 2057: 1948: 1518: 1350: 1277: 1057:

Approximate locations of the main Masmuda tribes that adhered to the Almohads

1039: 956: 924: 810: 11287: 11267: 8179: 8138: 6719:

Remarques sur le decor des manuscrit religeux hispano-maghrebin du moyen-age

6393: 5026: 4876: 2520:, and stamping. The primary materials used for the pages were goat or sheep 11963: 11751: 11492: 11482: 11448: 11377: 11372: 11299: 11089: 11071: 11032: 11027: 11007: 11002: 10874: 10867: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10741: 10679: 10660: 10645: 10581: 9873: 9066: 5196:] (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 243. 3471: 3455: 3269: 3246: 3093: 3044: 3022: 2962: 2897: 2888: 2872: 2801:

during renovations in 2020. The decorations feature red ochre paintings of

2794: 2673: 2486: 2445: 2116: 2085: 1895: 1596: 1365: 1043: 1031: 740: 465: 7896:"The Intellectual Genealogy of Almohad Policy towards Christians and Jews" 6744:

Khemir, Sabiha (1992). "The Arts of the Book". In Dodds, Jerrilynn (ed.).

6591: 4916: 4899: 4861:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 3423:

under Almohad rule was a drastic change. Prior to Almohad rule during the

2940: 2299: 1345:

In March 1159, Abd al-Mu'min led a new campaign to the east. He conquered

1244:

mountains in the north. One of their early bases beyond the mountains was

11470: 11455: 11304: 11017: 10926: 10916: 10842: 10490: 10485: 10063: 9741: 6277: 4759: 3385: 2768: 2726: 2489:. While much of the script was written in black or brown ink, the use of 2416: 2344:, had also shown some favour towards philosophy and kept the philosopher 2337: 2220: 2168:

as a "sophisticated hybrid form of Islam that wove together strands from

1785: 1688: 1304: 1288: 1053: 7243: 7205: 7193: 7152: 7099: 6598:

Banners of Islam from the white Prophet's banner to the red Ottoman flag

2378: 2123:

and many more poets, philosophers, and scholars. The abolishment of the

1756:, albeit taking up for himself a quasi-caliphal title, 'al-Mutawwakil'. 1577:

and assassination of Abd al-Wahid I, and the expulsion of the al-Jami'i

1565:. The challenge was immediately raised by one of them, then governor in 11968: 11907: 11497: 11314: 11188: 11148: 11081: 9984: 9759: 8425: 8394: 8051: 7063: 6951: 6546: 6477:"The Red Tent in the Red City: The Caliphal Qubba in Almohad Marrakesh" 6448:"The Red Tent in the Red City: The Caliphal Qubba in Almohad Marrakesh" 5210: 4884: 3522: 3494: 3487: 3303: 3149:

garden. Examples of these have been found in several courtyards in the

2958: 2954: 2912: 2649: 2632: 2490: 2471: 2359: 2345: 2295: 2275: 2196: 2186: 2132: 2108: 1994: 1883: 1855:

again to the Almohads, but to no avail. The Almohads would not return.

1562: 1486: 1392: 1300: 1122: 1085: 960: 944: 940: 916: 882: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 758:

tribes, but the Almohad caliphate and its ruling dynasty, known as the

751: 736: 215: 187: 7397: 6721:. Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. p. 240-243. 6675: 5106:

North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present

3454:

The first Almohad ruler, Abd al-Mumin, allowed an initial seven-month

1759: 11387: 11158: 11042: 11012: 10793: 10667: 10458: 9930: 9861: 7478: 6258: 2994: 2876: 2822: 2785: 2529: 2482: 2437: 2367: 2120: 1915: 1910:) who founded the next dynasty. The last representative of the line, 1607:. Sensing his greater priority was Marrakesh, where recusant Almohad 1548: 1292: 1047: 1035: 1004: 783: 115: 83: 8972: 6903: 6529: 4898:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

2127:

status of religious minorities further stifled the once flourishing

1506: 1212: 857: 840:

from northern Morocco in 1215. The last representative of the line,

11953: 10788: 10571: 10529: 10468: 8331: 8226:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).

8012:

Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History

7502: 2924: 2802: 2697: 2617: 2112: 2100: 1998: 1840: 1738: 1717: 1696: 1589:

constitutional propriety marred his acceptability to other Almohad

1467: 1444: 1415: 1110: 989: 7295: 6906:. In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.). 6253:, p. 142. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. 2340:

intellectualism in Almohad religious thought. Al-Mansur's father,

1595:. One of the recusants was his cousin, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi ("the 1267:

tribe. This allowed them to defeat Tashfin decisively and capture

11938: 11903: 10701: 10630: 10586: 10441: 9717: 8362: 7409: 6178:ذخائر مخطوطات الخزانة الملكية بالمغرب: (Bibliothèque al-Hassania) 5194:

Survey of the news of the countries of the Far Maghreb 1-3 Part 1

4943:

La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique

3341: 3253:: an incomplete minaret intended for an enormous mosque begun by 3208: 3188: 3184: 3136: 3036: 3017: 2971: 2920: 2916: 2884: 2798: 2741: 2610: 2525: 2420: 2321:

Nonetheless, the Almohads, particularly from the reign of Caliph

2215: 1944: 1907: 1875: 1844: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1750: 1746: 1657: 1471: 1420: 1405: 1401: 1381: 1268: 1264: 1181: 1089: 1081: 1066: 1027: 1026:

In 1120, Ibn Tumart and his small band of followers proceeded to

985: 952: 948: 936: 932: 920: 837: 830: 791: 766:. Around 1121, Ibn Tumart was recognized by his followers as the 755: 744: 728: 147: 129: 10502: 5392: 5222: 3482:

who refused to convert to Islam are recorded. The treatment and

2573:

The "Las Navas de Tolosa banner", an Almohad banner captured by

2477:

Scribes and calligraphers of the Almohad period also started to

1276:

in 1147, after an eleven-month siege. The last Almoravid ruler,

10534: 10409: 9954: 8880: 7907: 7903: 7862: 7752: 7748: 7266:"Islamic 12th-century bathhouse uncovered in Seville tapas bar" 6982:

Word of God, Art of Man: The Quran and its Creative Expressions

6593:رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر 3398: 3165: 2949: 2750: 2705: 2669: 2602: 2521: 2502: 2498: 2329: 2280: 2265: 2225: 2210: 2191: 2173: 2169: 2124: 1988: 1829: 1821: 1784:. The next twenty years saw a massive advance in the Christian 1753: 1661: 1591: 1566: 1553: 1532: 1525: 1436: 1358: 1354: 1232: 1148:

s of the Masmuda tribes. The early preachers and missionaries (

1134: 1114: 1105: 1094: 1016: 1012: 1008: 994: 965: 795: 787: 771: 720: 226: 168: 99: 7421: 6869:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 105–113. 6479:. In Ekici, Didem; Blessing, Patricia; Baudez, Basile (eds.). 6450:. In Ekici, Didem; Blessing, Patricia; Baudez, Basile (eds.). 5938: 5752:

The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050

2833: 2440:

collective memory allowed more awareness of the colors of the

2332:

as a method of validating the more central Almohad concept of

2209:". This contrasted with the highly orthodox or traditionalist 2146:, there were 400 paper mills in Fes under the reign of Sultan 11168: 9942: 7555: 7553: 7514: 6822:

10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911-e-70

6161:

The Ideological Power of Some Almohad Illuminated Manuscripts

4982:"Almohad definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary" 3408: 3403: 3250: 3076: 3003: 2936: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2842: 2797:

dating back to the Almohad period were uncovered in a bar in

2763: 2721: 2657: 2546: 2494: 2466: 2354: 2326: 2205: 1712: 1475: 1346: 1084:, Ibn Tumart abandoned his cave in 1122 and went up into the 1070: 977:

in Muslim orthodoxy. His followers would become known as the

767: 361: 196: 182: 10306: 8209:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

7898:. In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Glazer-Eytan, Yonatan (eds.). 7743:. In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Glazer-Eytan, Yonatan (eds.). 7526: 7466: 7334: 7182: 6973:

Maravillas de la España medieval: Tesoro sagrado y monarquía

6777:

Les Enluminares de l'Epoque Almohade: Frontispices et Unwans

6548:الحضارة الإسلامية في المغرب والأندلس عصر المرابطين والموحدين 6531:

The Articulation of Power in Medieval Iberia and the Maghrib

6113:(1st ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59, 2164:

The Almohad ideology preached by Ibn Tumart is described by

7490: 7385: 7373: 7361: 7283: 6975:(in Spanish). Madrid: Junta de Castilla y León. p. 35. 6400: 6056: 5311: 3067: 2939:

and had also appeared in Andalusi architecture such as the

2681: 2349: 2261: 2181: 1902:

they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of

1665: 1585: 1578: 1245: 1062: 999: 655: 10378: 7631: 7565: 7550: 6904:"La bannière de Las Huelgas dite de "Las Navas de Tolosa"" 6481:

Textile in Architecture: From the Middle Ages to Modernism

6452:

Textile in Architecture: From the Middle Ages to Modernism

6417: 6415: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5516: 5514: 5127:

Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam

5070: 3478:

since they were not regarded as sincere Muslims. Cases of

3074:

in 1150–1151 (after having destroyed an earlier Almoravid

2947:

continued to be standard elsewhere. The decoration around

1668:

that same year. But Christian raiders had been stopped at

7351: 7349: 5950: 5729: 5727: 5685: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5453: 5451: 5367: 5365: 5145:

Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (2013).

5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 2362:, his contemporary – and Christian Latin scholars – like 1241: 1160:. Each unit had a strict internal hierarchy, headed by a 1103:(roughly 'place of retreat'), emulating the story of the 1023:(a Zenata Berber, who would later become his successor). 981:("Almohads"), meaning those who affirm the unity of God. 833:

falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively.

661: 646: 8225: 7835:

Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest

7715: 7538: 7249: 7211: 7199: 7158: 7105: 7069: 6883: 6812:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), "Almohad",

6697:

Untold Stories of Maghrebi Qur'ans (12th-14th centuries)

5974: 5962: 5916: 5914: 5428:. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. 1989. p. 592. 3108:

trees and other plants. Some of them are referred to as

9712: 7456: 7454: 6559: 6412: 5926: 5887: 5875: 5837: 5650: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5511: 5463: 5425:

The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107–108

5350: 5247:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 958–960. 5148:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

5053:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

2887:. In general, Almohad architecture was built mostly in 2135:

went east and many Jews moved to Castillian-controlled

74:

The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212

7346: 6814:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

6571: 5899: 5724: 5673: 5526: 5448: 5382: 5380: 5362: 5000: 1878:. After the great Christian advance of 1228–1248, the 1419:

The Almohads transferred the capital of Al-Andalus to

1088:, to organize the Almohad movement among the highland 8193:

Le livre de Mohammed ibn Toumert: Mahdi des Almohades

7164: 7111: 7083:"Qantara - Spout of a fountain in the form of a stag" 7008:"Qantara - Large chandelier of the Qarawīyyīn Mosque" 5911: 5274:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 78–80. 2481:

words and phrases in manuscripts for emphasis, using

2056:

The Almohads worked to suppress the influence of the

7451: 6600:] (in Arabic). Cairo: مكتبة مدبولي. p. 151. 5606: 3039:

of Seville (part of a Great Mosque begun in 1171 by

1531:. The Almohads passed through a period of effective 1455:" ("the Victorious") was earned by his victory over 1404:. They founded a great mosque there; its tower, the 1328: 1098: 997:

school of jurisprudence, which drew upon consensus (

988:

c. 1117, Ibn Tumart spent some time in various

770:, and shortly afterwards he established his base at 707: 664: 649: 52: 6645:. State University of New York Press. p. 175. 5377: 5186:السلاوي, أبي العباس شهاب الدين أحمد/الدرعي (2014). 1478:against the Christians and then return to Morocco. 1451:

and won back territory lost in 1189. His title of "

658: 652: 643: 12095:States and territories disestablished in the 1260s 8228:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 7845: 7843: 6908:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 5556: 5144: 1299:, fled by sea. The Arab tribes of the region, the 27:1121–1269 Berber empire in North Africa and Iberia 7887: 7654:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 70–71. 6936:"Arte, símbolo y emblemas en la España musulmana" 6910:(in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. p. 98. 5779:The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay 5329: 5289:Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C., eds. (2005). 5043: 3490:under Almohad rule was a drastic change as well. 3476:had to wear clothing that identified them as Jews 2903:Compared to the earlier Almoravid period and the 969:), which denied the independent existence of the 790:. They then extended their power over all of the 12016: 7734: 7732: 7730: 6750:. New York, N.Y.: MetPublications. p. 124. 5755:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 344–345. 4897: 2461:The Almohad dynasty embraced a style of cursive 1011:in their reasoning, an anathema to the stricter 794:by 1159. Al-Andalus followed, and all of Muslim 7840: 7668: 7331:, De Agostini, Novara, 1964, Vol. I pp. 152–153 6933: 6791:Robinson, Cynthia (2007). Contadini, A. (ed.). 5808:. Macmillan Reference USA. 2005. p. 4586. 2704:inscriptions, it has an architectural motif of 2684:) and the 10th-century Stag of Córdoba made in 1240:Atlas mountains. In 1139, they expanded to the 11902: 8248:Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages 7991:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 7833:Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego. " 7313: 6610: 6555:] (in Arabic). مكتبة الخانجي. p. 424. 5997:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 63–66. 5267: 2740:cites the white and green glazed tiles on the 2456: 959:, and came under the influence of the teacher 11888: 10394: 10292: 9889: 9698: 8988: 8347: 7727: 7447:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 6979: 6901: 5288: 4900:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 782:governing Morocco in 1147, when he conquered 11851:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 9903: 8245:Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). 8152:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6611:Buresi, Pascal; Aallaoui, Hicham El (2012). 6534:. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–216. 5749:Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975). 5330:Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012). 5292:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy 3601:Abu al-Ula (Abu Dabbus) Idris II 'al-Wathiq' 2269: 2090: 2077: 1971: 1918:, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269. 1387: 1216:Phases of the expansion of the Almohad state 813:by an alliance of the Christian forces from 687: 681: 37: 10061: 7893: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 6862: 6514:] (in Arabic). دار السلمى،. p. 43. 5782:. Princeton University Press. p. 183. 5484: 3153:, where former Almohad palaces once stood. 3047:" of Rabat (part of a huge mosque begun by 3035:but subsequently rebuilt before 1195), the 3008:(because the aisle running parallel to the 2599:Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Huelgas 2388:, depicted on the right under white banners 353:2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) 345:2,300,000 km (890,000 sq mi) 12090:States and territories established in 1121 11895: 11881: 10401: 10387: 10299: 10285: 9896: 9882: 9705: 9691: 8995: 8981: 8354: 8340: 8244: 7583: 6966: 6474: 6445: 6299:"Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians" 6174: 6157: 6078:Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period 5881: 5748: 5584:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5469: 5151:. Princeton University Press. p. 34. 5056:. Princeton University Press. p. 34. 3493:Many of the conversions were superficial. 2153: 1889: 1207: 68: 9982: 8296:Popa, Marcel D.; Matei, Horia C. (1988). 8295: 8186: 7994:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7987: 7849: 7837:." MEAH, sección Hebreo 56 (2007), 33–51 7702:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 7131:"Qantara - Lion with an articulated tail" 6433: 6314: 5843: 5667: 5644: 5632: 5592:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 404–405. 5520: 5480: 5478: 5356: 5216: 5130:. Univ of California Press. p. 285. 5109:. University of Texas Press. p. 97. 4915: 4858: 3516: 3092:, a defensive tower on the shores of the 2730:tiles formerly around the minaret of the 2366:– who later promoted his commentaries on 2060:of fiqh, even publicly burning copies of 1882:was practically all that remained of old 1715:from Ferdinand III in return for 300,000 1248:, where Abd al-Mu"min founded a citadel ( 898:Learn how and when to remove this message 10308:Categories: History of Algeria by period 8081: 8062: 7721: 7683: 7610: 7544: 7532: 7520: 7508: 7472: 7442: 7340: 7301: 7030: 6779:. Estudios Arabes e Islamicos. p. 72-74. 6638: 6577: 6565: 6527: 6483:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22. 6454:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22. 6421: 6406: 6379: 6293: 6104: 6062: 5956: 5944: 5932: 5905: 5893: 5733: 5691: 5679: 5539: 5457: 5398: 5371: 5317: 5228: 5189:الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى 1-3 ج1 5123: 5013: 4733:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' 3583:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' 3435:, a specialist in Iberian literature at 3384: 3366: 2832: 2812: 2715: 2711: 2631: 2568: 2540: 2377: 1976:'the western tongue'). For example, the 1858:With the departure of the Almohads, the 1758: 1614: 1485: 1414: 1211: 1052: 11675: 8298:Mica Enciclopedie de Istorie Universala 8265: 8211:. New York: Longman. pp. 196–266. 8203: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7803: 7738: 7649: 7496: 7460: 7438: 7436: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7367: 7314:Basset, Henri; Terrasse, Henri (1932). 7289: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 6670:(PhD). Cornell University. p. 52. 6074: 6016: 6014: 5831: 5703: 5551: 5240: 5185: 4271:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' 3559:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' 2436:In modern times, Islamic al-Andalus in 2245:), meaning roughly "those who advocate 1987:As the Almohads rejected the status of 1951:was made to be delivered in Arabic and 1076:On the advice of one of his followers, 14: 12017: 8274: 8123: 8008: 7968: 7637: 7571: 7559: 7355: 7260: 7258: 7250:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 7234: 7212:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 7200:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 7159:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 7106:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 7070:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014 6787: 6785: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6743: 6665: 6523: 6521: 6503: 6375: 6373: 6329:Pascal Buresi and Hicham El Aallaoui, 5992: 5920: 5775: 5744: 5742: 5475: 5410: 5173: 5102: 3306:, the original public entrance to the 11876: 10382: 10280: 9916: 9877: 9686: 9002: 8976: 8335: 8230:(in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. 8145: 8102: 8029: 7484: 7427: 7170: 7117: 6971:. In Bango Torviso, Isidro G. (ed.). 6895: 6889: 6845:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh. pp. 227–228. 6739: 6737: 6735: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6544: 6436:, pp. 98, 101–102, 117, 132–133. 6349: 6221: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6020: 5980: 5968: 5615: 5545: 5386: 5234: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4695: 4649: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4595: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4421: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4131: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3852: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3373:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 2775: 2597:. The banner was then donated to the 2129:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain 1735:Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami 915:The Almohad movement originated with 8361: 8326:Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain 8270:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 8166: 8149:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 7974:Frank and Leaman, 2003, pp. 137–138. 7962:, Princeton University Press, 2009, 7902:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 164. 7822: 7747:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 164. 7433: 7316:Sanctuaires et forteresses almohades 7217: 7186:The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque 7176: 6866:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 6747:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 6589: 6011: 5855: 5261: 3389:Almohad social pyramid according to 2931:, have their earliest precedents in 2264:, the state gave recognition to the 1741:dynasty that had once ruled the old 1443:style and protected the philosopher 880:adding citations to reliable sources 851: 750:The Almohad movement was founded by 12105:Historical transcontinental empires 9484:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zidan) 8268:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 8130:Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors 8050: 7255: 7024: 6856: 6782: 6764: 6695:Bongianino, Umberto (18 May 2021). 6518: 6468: 6370: 6226:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 297–346. 6158:Bongianino, Umberto (Feb 8, 2018). 6068: 5739: 4945:, pp. 101–102. Ed. Publibook 2004 ( 2497:, and yellow semicircles to marked 2270: 2242: 2091: 2078: 2040:An 1183 manuscript of Ibn Tumart's 1972: 1914:, was reduced to the possession of 1871: 1737:, who claimed descendance from the 697: 688: 682: 677: 38: 24: 9955:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania 9456:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik al-Ghazi) 7859:A Cultural History of Jewish Dress 7035:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. 6969:"Botín de guerra y Tesoro sagrado" 6732: 6702: 6682: 6181:(in French). www.acr-edition.com. 6140: 5858:"Almohades en arabe al-Muwaḥḥidūn" 4859:Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). 3553:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 'al-Mustansir' 3012:wall and the aisle leading to the 2974:) and in later Moroccan gateways. 2927:). Some Almohad elements, such as 2609:script featuring Qur'anic verses ( 1180:), then the religious corps – the 931:of southern Morocco. At the time, 762:, were founded after his death by 25: 12126: 9998:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate 8313: 8146:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). 8085:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 6934:Pavón Maldonado, Basilio (1985). 5027:"Almohads | Berber confederation" 5019: 4904:Journal of World-Systems Research 3288:(or Al-Mansuriyya Mosque) in the 3215:, built during the Almohad period 3195:, built during the Almohad period 2549:personally transcribed by Caliph 2430:Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms 2195:), and spiritual engagement with 10367: 9336:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir) 9321:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir) 8858:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 8566: 8320:Abd al-Mumin life among Masmudas 7952: 7797: 7643: 7604: 7577: 7322: 7307: 7123: 6967:Ruiz Souza, Juan Carlos (2001). 6512:Aspects of Maghrebi civilization 6504:العزيز, بنعبد الله، عبد (1957). 6203:Muḥammad and the Course of Islám 3377:Muslim persecution of Christians 3348: 3329: 3314: 3296: 3277: 3262: 3239: 3220: 3200: 3176: 3158: 2970:gateways (e.g. the main gate of 2837:The ceremonial main gate of the 2557:The penultimate Almohad caliph, 2030: 2021: 1490:Coin minted during the reign of 1481: 1427:The successors of Abd al-Mumin, 856: 805:(1199–1214) was defeated at the 798:was under Almohad rule by 1172. 639: 609: 595: 581: 567: 553: 539: 525: 511: 497: 483: 458: 444: 430: 416: 402: 388: 10226:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia 9256:Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq 8300:. Bucharest: Editura Politica. 8174:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. 7141:from the original on 2021-04-15 7075: 7039: 7000: 6924: 6835: 6806: 6659: 6632: 6604: 6583: 6538: 6497: 6439: 6343: 6323: 6287: 6271: 6251:The Arabic Linguistic Tradition 6240: 6215: 6205:, p. 306. George Ronald, 1976. 6195: 6168: 5986: 5849: 5825: 5796: 5769: 5697: 5416: 5404: 5323: 5179: 5167: 5096: 4865:International Studies Quarterly 4577:Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq' 3427:, Jewish culture experienced a 2808: 2690:Archeological Museum of Córdoba 2105:Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya 1955:, or as the Andalusi historian 1728:That same year, Portuguese and 1647:. Sensing a power vacuum, both 1449:campaigned in southern Portugal 1431:(Yusuf I, ruled 1163–1184) and 1133:that protected the approach to 1080:, a prominent chieftain of the 1003:) and other sources beyond the 867:needs additional citations for 9374:Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey 9331:Muhammad ibn Ahmad (al-Wathiq) 8275:Julien, Charles André (1970). 8088:. Edinburgh University Press. 7894:Wasserstein, David J. (2020). 7680:. Retrieved September 2, 2007. 7678:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7614:A Companion to Islamic Granada 7587:A Companion to Islamic Granada 7445:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 7406:, pp. 319, 328, 338, 347. 6902:Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam (2014). 6350:Ahmed, Nazeer (10 July 2001). 5295:. Cambridge University Press. 5219:, pp. 87, 94, and others. 4956: 4932: 4891: 4852: 4822: 4797: 4772: 4545:Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' 3272:('Gate of the Winds') in Rabat 3051:in 1191 but never completed). 1709:Abd al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' 1569:, who declared himself Caliph 1353:leaders refused to surrender. 943:), were under the rule of the 13: 1: 9495:Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir 9404:Ali ibn Muhammad (Abu Hassun) 7700:M.J. Viguera, "Almohads". In 6282:Refutation of the Grammarians 6280:, Introduction to Ibn Mada's 6119:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004 6087:10.4159/harvard.9780674732810 5487:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 4765: 3211:of the Patio del Yeso of the 2591:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 2142:According to the research of 2012: 1900:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1515:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 807:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 689:ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ 303:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 291:• Almoravids overthrown 105: 12055:Medieval history of Portugal 9619:(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman) 9316:Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz 7804:Menocal, María Rosa (2002). 6775:Barrucand, Marianne (2005). 6717:Barrucand, Marianne (1995). 6639:Civantos, Christina (2017). 6175:Sijelmassi, Mohamed (1987). 6111:The Literature of Al-Andalus 6075:Bulliet, Richard W. (1979). 5710:(in French). La Découverte. 5124:Arjomand, Said Amir (2022). 5078:"Almohads – Islamic Studies" 4829:Le Moyen Âge, XIe–XVe siècle 3577:Abu al-Ala Idris I al-Ma'mun 3541:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 'al-Mansur' 2845:), added to the fortress by 2627: 2325:onward, embraced the use of 2274:) school of thought, though 1749:to offer recognition to the 1599:"), the Almohad governor of 1497:In 1212, the Almohad Caliph 1327:s. They became known as the 927:tribal confederation of the 7: 12035:Medieval history of Algeria 10408: 9281:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman 8281:. Routledge & K. Paul. 8103:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 8082:Bennison, Amira K. (2016). 8063:Bennison, Amira K. (2007). 8015:. Oxford University Press. 7855:"Bitter Bonnets and Badges" 7617:. Brill. pp. 421–424. 6816:, Oxford University Press, 5103:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). 4748: 4726:Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' 4245:Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur' 3589:Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' 3026:motifs. The minaret of the 2762:, including fragments of a 2564: 2457:Calligraphy and manuscripts 2419:or for the movement of the 1926: 1788:– the old great Andalusian 1725:in 1228 to confront Yahya. 1544:in 1217 was an exception). 1329: 1295:. The last Hammadid ruler, 1099: 719:'those who profess the 708: 53: 10: 12131: 12080:13th century in al-Andalus 12075:12th century in al-Andalus 9638:Abd al-Hafid ibn al-Hassan 9085:(Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar) 7981: 7511:, pp. 309–10, 322–25. 6545:Ḥasan, ʻAlī Ḥasan (1980). 6475:Stockstill, Abbey (2023). 6446:Stockstill, Abbey (2023). 6029:, Brill, pp. 71–101, 4839:. p. 213, Ed. Breal 1994 ( 4558:Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' 3989:Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman 3595:Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' 3370: 3049:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur 2852: 2323:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur 2157: 2074:Counterpart of the Muwatta 1993:, the Almohad conquest of 1943:. Under the Almohads, the 1921: 1711:. He promptly purchased a 1631:throughout the regions of 1559:Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' 910: 847: 314:• Marinid suzerainty 12085:Medieval history of Libya 11914: 11844: 11796: 11313: 10717: 10416: 10365: 10314: 10196: 10126:Principality of Catalonia 10071: 10060: 10056: 9993: 9981: 9977: 9926: 9915: 9911: 9725: 9633:Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hassan 9529: 9521:Muhammad al-Haj ad-Dila'i 9508: 9427: 9382: 9364: 9251:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq 9239: 9205:(Abd al-Wahid al-Makhluʿ) 9160: 9120: 9010: 8934: 8866: 8803: 8794: 8727: 8718: 8635: 8626: 8599:Prefectures and provinces 8584: 8575: 8564: 8516: 8485: 8439: 8408: 8382: 8373: 8322:: Encyclopædia Britannica 8266:Marçais, Georges (1954). 8261:– via Google Books. 8133:. Boston: Little, Brown. 8109:. Yale University Press. 7988:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 7920:10.1163/9789004416826_007 7765:10.1163/9789004416826_008 7650:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). 7443:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 7418:, pp. 201 and after. 7304:, pp. 276 and after. 6035:10.1163/9789004256644_004 5776:Laroui, Abdallah (2015). 5704:Meynier, Gilbert (2010). 4986:www.collinsdictionary.com 4689: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4385: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4264:Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid' 4237: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4129: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4031: 3966: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3677: 3675: 3468:Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur 2652:, commissioned by Caliph 2373: 1997:caused the emigration of 1433:Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur 1388:Expansion into al-Andalus 678:خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ 367: 357: 349: 341: 336: 332: 322: 312: 299: 289: 279: 275: 267: 263: 251: 241:• 1130–1163 (first) 239: 235: 225: 221: 209: 205: 195: 178: 160: 92: 79: 67: 62: 32: 12050:13th century in Ifriqiya 12045:12th century in Ifriqiya 9905:Spain in the Middle Ages 9671:(Muhammad ibn al-Hassan) 9627:(Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad) 9612:Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham 9584:Zin al-Abidin ibn Ismail 8172:History of the Almohades 7430:, pp. 10, 128, 183. 7031:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 6666:Streit, Jessica (2013). 6316:10.5356/orient1960.10.89 6021:Jones, Linda G. (2013), 5805:Encyclopedia of Religion 5401:, pp. 299–300, 306. 5231:, pp. 58 and after. 3447:. Many Jews migrated to 2382:Almohad soldiers in the 1778:Ferdinand III of Castile 1605:Ferdinand III of Castile 1349:by force when the local 984:After his return to the 683:دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ 253:• 1266–1269 (last) 12070:13th century in Morocco 12065:12th century in Morocco 12060:11th century in Morocco 10064:Feudal Christian realms 9591:(Muhammad ibn Abdallah) 9556:Abd al-Malik ibn Ismail 9261:Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr 9111:(al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim) 9104:Abu'l-Aysh ibn al-Qasim 9093:(al-Hasan ibn Muhammad) 8030:Baadj, Amar S. (2015). 7235:Salmon, Xavier (2018). 6590:عاصم, محمد رزق (2006). 6394:10.1163/156852791X00060 6356:. Xlibris Corporation. 5031:Encyclopedia Britannica 4968:www.merriam-webster.com 4964:"Definition of ALMOHAD" 4877:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 4755:List of Mahdi claimants 4713:Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir' 4586:Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi' 3992:Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub 3321:The Almohad minaret in 3193:Great Mosque of Seville 3043:), and the unfinished " 3001:(niche symbolizing the 2989:(later modified by the 2385:Cantigas de Santa Maria 2154:Theology and philosophy 1890:Collapse in the Maghreb 1828:in 1242 (to Portugal), 1808:in 1234 (to Portugal), 1792:fell in a grand sweep: 1683:, Salvatierra (the old 1529:Yusuf II "al-Mustansir" 1457:Alfonso VIII of Castile 1208:Caliphate and expansion 12100:1269 disestablishments 10211:Monarchs of al-Andalus 9579:Al-Mustadi' ibn Ismail 9449:Muhammad al-Mutawakkil 9356:Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman 9291:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II 8426:Barghawata Confederacy 8009:Arnold, Felix (2017). 7739:Verskin, Alan (2020). 7590:. Brill. p. 461. 6841:Blair, Sheila (2008). 6832:, retrieved 2021-05-04 6795:. Brill. pp. 104–114. 6507:مظاهر الحضارة المغربية 5993:Barton, Simon (2009). 5947:, pp. 83–84, 342. 5882:Magill & Aves 1998 5470:Magill & Aves 1998 5271:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5244:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4309:Abu Abd Allah Muhammad 4294:Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman 4004:Abu Muhammad Abd Allah 3986:Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman 3517:List of Almohad rulers 3480:mass martyrdom of Jews 3393: 3170:Great Mosque of Tinmal 2850: 2830: 2734: 2637: 2578: 2554: 2451: 2408: 2389: 1980:, or sermon-giver, of 1832:in 1243 (to Castile), 1812:in 1236 (to Castile), 1764: 1538:loss of Alcácer do Sal 1494: 1424: 1382:Salah ad-Din (Saladin) 1217: 1058: 324:• Disestablished 11821:Medieval great powers 9663:(Hassan ibn Muhammad) 9607:Suleiman ibn Muhammad 9597:Al-Yazid ibn Muhammad 9573:(Muhammad ibn Ismail) 9472:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 9399:Muhammad ibn Muhammad 9341:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad 8706:Western Sahara status 8486:European protectorate 8395:Kingdom of Mauretania 6618:. Brill. p. 76. 5082:Oxford Bibliographies 4917:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 3388: 3367:Status of Non-Muslims 2836: 2816: 2719: 2712:Ceramics and tilework 2640:The French historian 2635: 2572: 2544: 2536:Hadith Bayāḍ wa Riyāḍ 2403: 2381: 2150:in the 12th century. 1816:in 1238 (to Aragon), 1804:in 1230 (to Aragon), 1770:Sancho II of Portugal 1762: 1653:Sancho II of Portugal 1615:Decline in al-Andalus 1489: 1418: 1297:Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz 1291:, the capital of the 1215: 1125:, the gateway of the 1056: 786:and declared himself 764:Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi 161:Common languages 12040:History of Gibraltar 11831:European colonialism 11816:Ancient great powers 10261:Monarchs of Valencia 10221:Monarchs of Asturias 10008:Caliphate of Córdoba 9948:Kingdom of the Suebi 9655:(Muhammad ibn Yusuf) 9271:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman 9197:(Yusuf al-Mustansir) 9099:Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim 9077:(Yahya ibn al-Qasim) 9053:(Yahya ibn Muhammad) 9024:(Idris ibn Abdallah) 8614:World Heritage Sites 8503:Spanish Protectorate 8400:Mauretania Tingitana 8199:. Alger: P. Fontana. 7914:. pp. 133–154. 7759:. pp. 155–172. 7523:, pp. 320, 324. 6284:, p. 6. Cairo, 1947. 5856:Larousse, Éditions. 4306:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman 4013:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman 3610:Almohad family tree 3425:Caliphate of Córdoba 3072:Kasbah of the Udayas 2987:Great Mosque of Taza 2933:Fatimid architecture 2869:Moorish architecture 2855:Almohad architecture 2839:Kasbah of the Udayas 2803:concave hexadecagons 2663:Great Mosque of Taza 2444:, chosen in 1918 by 2294:, the Almohads were 1982:al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque 1202:Battle of al-Buhayra 1117:in the 7th century. 1042:, in the streets of 1030:, stopping first in 876:improve this article 727:was a North African 424:Second Taifas period 11826:Modern great powers 10256:Monarchs of Navarre 10251:Monarchs of Majorca 10241:Monarchs of Granada 10236:Monarchs of Galicia 10231:Monarchs of Castile 10201:Visigothic monarchs 10182:Kingdom of Valencia 10150:Kingdom of Artajona 10131:Kingdom of Pamplona 10122:County of Barcelona 10076:Kingdom of Asturias 9643:Yusuf ibn al-Hassan 9602:Hisham ibn Muhammad 9561:Abdallah ibn Ismail 9311:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali 9276:Abu Sa'id Uthman II 9147:Ibrahim ibn Tashfin 8498:French Protectorate 8058:. Paris: E. Leroux. 7871:Bloomsbury Academic 7640:, pp. 199–210. 7574:, pp. 239–240. 7562:, pp. 196–212. 7535:, pp. 325–326. 7499:, pp. 220–225. 7475:, pp. 312–323. 7394:, pp. 243–244. 7382:, pp. 232–234. 7370:, pp. 228–231. 7343:, pp. 195–196. 7292:, pp. 258–260. 7135:www.qantara-med.org 7087:www.qantara-med.org 7012:www.qantara-med.org 6892:, pp. 326–327. 6843:Islamic Calligraphy 6409:, pp. 258–262. 6065:, pp. 173–174. 6027:Spanning the Strait 5983:, pp. 146–149. 5971:, pp. 121–146. 5320:, pp. 67, 339. 3381:Persecution of Jews 3308:Kasbah of Marrakesh 3290:Kasbah of Marrakesh 3284:The minaret of the 3131:(originally called 3086:Kasbah of Marrakesh 2692:). It was found in 2622:Cathedral of Toledo 2577:in the 13th century 2559:Abu Hafs al-Murtada 2260:In terms of Muslim 1999:Andalusi Christians 1939:, was important in 1935:, specifically the 1874:) rose to power in 1824:in 1238 (to Leon), 1800:in 1230 (to Leon), 1763:Almohads after 1212 1702:Yahya "al-Mu'tasim" 1542:Kingdom of Portugal 1499:Muhammad 'al-Nasir' 1447:. In 1190–1191, he 1330:abna' al-muwahhidin 1194:political commissar 1127:trans-Saharan trade 577:Kingdom of Portugal 521:Third Taifas period 281:• Established 12115:Former theocracies 10216:Monarchs of Aragon 10177:Kingdom of Majorca 10140:Kingdom of Viguera 10135:Kingdom of Navarre 10097:Kingdom of Castile 10085:Kingdom of Galicia 10044:Emirate of Granada 10003:Emirate of Córdoba 9960:Duchy of Cantabria 9936:Visigothic Kingdom 9648:Muhammad ibn Arafa 9490:Al-Walid ibn Zidan 9467:Abu Faris Abdallah 9444:Abdallah al-Ghalib 9439:Mohammed al-Shaykh 9419:Ahmad ibn Muhammad 9414:Muhammad ibn Ahmad 9409:Ahmad ibn Muhammad 9394:Muhammad ibn Yahya 9346:Abdallah ibn Ahmad 9296:Abu Bakr ibn Faris 9045:(Ali ibn Muhammad) 9038:Muhammad ibn Idris 8777:Telecommunications 7873:. pp. 47–48. 5995:A History of Spain 5834:, pp. 273–274 4697:Yahya 'al'Mutasim' 4297:Abu Zakariya Yahya 4283:Abu Ibrahim Ishaq 4001:Abu Ali al-Hussein 3995:Abu Ibrahim Ismail 3571:Yahya 'al-Mutasim' 3535:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 3462:most of the urban 3433:María Rosa Menocal 3415:The treatment and 3394: 3213:Alcázar of Seville 3151:Alcázar of Seville 3094:Guadalquivir River 2851: 2831: 2776:Painted decoration 2735: 2638: 2579: 2555: 2390: 2144:Muhammad al-Manuni 2063:Muwatta Imam Malik 2007:Emirate of Granada 1968:al-lisān al-gharbī 1957:Ibn Ṣāḥib aṣ-Ṣalāt 1880:Emirate of Granada 1774:Alfonso IX of León 1765: 1743:taifa of Saragossa 1685:Order of Calatrava 1681:Baños de la Encina 1649:Alfonso IX of León 1495: 1425: 1410:Alcázar of Seville 1274:captured Marrakesh 1218: 1059: 919:, a member of the 605:Emirate of Granada 563:Kingdom of Majorca 535:Kingdom of Castile 507:Kingdom of Tlemcen 452:Khurasanid dynasty 12025:Almohad Caliphate 12012: 12011: 11870: 11869: 11792: 11791: 11757:Polish–Lithuanian 10932:Gurjara-Pratihara 10376: 10375: 10274: 10273: 10192: 10191: 10168:Kingdom of Aragon 10145:Kingdom of Najera 10111:Kingdom of Toledo 10090:County of Castile 10052: 10051: 10032:Almohad Caliphate 10020:Almoravid Emirate 9973: 9972: 9965:Duchy of Vasconia 9919:Early Middle Ages 9871: 9870: 9714:Islamic dynasties 9680: 9679: 9541:Al-Rashid ibn Ali 9387:(1471–1549, 1554) 9365:Idrisid interlude 9216:Yahya al-Mu'tasim 9211:Abdallah al-ʿAdil 9190:Muhammad al-Nasir 9179:(Abu Yaqub Yusuf) 9132:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 9122:Almoravid dynasty 9061:(Yahya ibn Yahya) 9032:(Idris ibn Idris) 9004:Rulers of Morocco 8970: 8969: 8930: 8929: 8790: 8789: 8714: 8713: 8645:Foreign relations 8622: 8621: 8562: 8561: 8288:978-0-7100-6614-5 8218:978-0-582-49515-9 8074:978-1-134-09650-3 8043:978-90-04-29857-6 7929:978-90-04-41681-9 7880:978-1-84520-513-3 7808:. Little, Brown. 7774:978-90-04-41681-9 7710:978-90-04-17678-2 7624:978-90-04-42581-1 7597:978-90-04-42581-1 7239:. Paris: LienArt. 6851:978-1-4744-6447-5 6830:978-0-19-530991-1 6801:978-90-474-2237-2 6757:978-0-87099-636-8 6652:978-1-4384-6671-2 6625:978-90-04-23971-5 6490:978-1-000-90044-6 6461:978-1-000-90044-6 6363:978-1-4628-3130-2 6339:978-90-04-23333-1 6267:978-0-415-15757-5 6211:978-0-85398-060-5 6188:978-2-86770-025-5 6128:978-0-521-47159-6 6004:978-0-230-20012-8 5959:, pp. 87–88. 5815:978-0-02-865981-7 5789:978-1-4008-6998-5 5762:978-0-521-20981-6 5717:978-2-7071-5231-2 5694:, pp. 79–80. 5647:, pp. 92–93. 5599:978-90-04-11211-7 5435:978-90-04-09082-8 5343:978-90-04-23333-1 5302:978-0-521-52069-0 5281:978-90-04-16121-4 5254:978-90-04-16121-4 5203:978-2-7451-5495-8 5158:978-0-691-13484-0 5137:978-0-520-38759-1 5116:978-0-292-76190-2 5063:978-0-691-13484-0 4951:978-2-7483-0644-6 4837:Patrick Boucheron 4746: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4532:Abu Muhammad Said 4519:Muhammad al-Nasir 4300:Abu al-Hassan Ali 4267:Abu Zayd Muhammad 4261:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim 4251:Abu al-Ula Idris 4010:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim 3983:Abu al-Hassan Ali 3977:Abu Yaqub Yusuf I 3547:Muhammad al-Nasir 3227:Reservoir of the 3133:al-Qaṣr as-Sayyid 2957:in Marrakesh and 2849:in the late 1190s 2688:(now kept at the 2654:Muhammad al-Nasir 2308:attributes of God 1782:James I of Aragon 1466:From the time of 1461:Battle of Alarcos 1172:); then came the 971:attributes of God 908: 907: 900: 803:Muhammad al-Nasir 780:Almoravid dynasty 754:among the Berber 733:Iberian Peninsula 718: 706: 629:Almohad Caliphate 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 549:Kingdom of Aragon 479:Marinid Sultanate 471: 470: 438:Kingdom of Africa 396:Almoravid dynasty 211:• 1121–1130 34:Almohad Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 12122: 12110:Former countries 11897: 11890: 11883: 11874: 11873: 11673: 11672: 11338:Austro-Hungarian 11038:Chagatai Khanate 10403: 10396: 10389: 10380: 10379: 10371: 10301: 10294: 10287: 10278: 10277: 10246:Monarchs of León 10164:County of Aragon 10158: 10118:Catalan counties 10101:Crown of Castile 10058: 10057: 9979: 9978: 9913: 9912: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9875: 9874: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9684: 9683: 9672: 9664: 9656: 9628: 9620: 9592: 9574: 9551:Ahmad ibn Ismail 9485: 9482:Abd al-Malik II 9457: 9384:Wattasid dynasty 9351:Uthman ibn Ahmad 9231:Said al-Muʿtadid 9206: 9198: 9180: 9112: 9094: 9086: 9078: 9070: 9062: 9054: 9046: 9033: 9025: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8974: 8973: 8950: 8943: 8891:Hassaniya Arabic 8801: 8800: 8725: 8724: 8667:Sûreté Nationale 8633: 8632: 8582: 8581: 8570: 8554:2011–12 protests 8431:Kingdom of Nekor 8380: 8379: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8333: 8332: 8309: 8292: 8271: 8262: 8241: 8222: 8205:Kennedy, Hugh N. 8200: 8198: 8188:Goldziher, Ignác 8183: 8163: 8142: 8120: 8099: 8078: 8059: 8047: 8026: 8005: 7975: 7972: 7966: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7912:Brill Publishers 7891: 7885: 7884: 7847: 7838: 7831: 7820: 7819: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7757:Brill Publishers 7736: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7698: 7681: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7449: 7448: 7440: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7318:. Paris: Larose. 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7262: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7232: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6976: 6963: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6860: 6854: 6839: 6833: 6810: 6804: 6789: 6780: 6773: 6762: 6761: 6741: 6730: 6715: 6700: 6693: 6680: 6679: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6615:("Appointments") 6608: 6602: 6601: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6377: 6368: 6367: 6347: 6341: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6295:Nakamura, Kojiro 6291: 6285: 6275: 6269: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6219: 6213: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6155: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6100: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6018: 6009: 6008: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5619: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5579:Heinrichs, W. P. 5560: 5553:Marçais, Georges 5549: 5543: 5537: 5524: 5518: 5509: 5508: 5482: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5375: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5285: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5141: 5120: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5023: 5017: 5011: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4960: 4954: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4919: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4856: 4850: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4807:. Archived from 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4782:. Archived from 4776: 4526:Abdallah al-Adil 3616: 3615: 3607: 3606: 3565:Abdallah al-Adil 3500:Abraham Ibn Ezra 3445:Christian Europe 3352: 3333: 3318: 3300: 3281: 3266: 3255:Ya'qub al-Mansur 3243: 3224: 3204: 3180: 3162: 3041:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf 2945:horseshoe arches 2941:Aljaferia palace 2935:in Ifriqiya and 2929:polylobed arches 2847:Ya'qub al-Mansur 2819:Kutubiyya Mosque 2746:Kutubiyya Mosque 2686:Madinat al-Zahra 2678:Cathedral Museum 2342:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf 2292:Islamic theology 2273: 2272: 2244: 2189:social actions ( 2160:Almohad doctrine 2094: 2093: 2081: 2080: 2069:Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab 2043:Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab 2034: 2025: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1941:Almohad doctrine 1933:Berber languages 1898:, and after the 1873: 1852:battle of Alange 1656:the environs of 1571:Abdallah al-Adil 1332: 1285:Norman conquests 1102: 975:anthropomorphism 903: 896: 892: 889: 883: 860: 852: 760:Mu'minid dynasty 713: 711: 701: 699: 691: 690: 685: 684: 679: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 638: 613: 612: 599: 598: 585: 584: 571: 570: 557: 556: 543: 542: 529: 528: 515: 514: 501: 500: 493:Hafsid Sultanate 487: 486: 475: 474: 462: 461: 448: 447: 434: 433: 420: 419: 410:Hammadid kingdom 406: 405: 392: 391: 385: 384: 369: 368: 191: 165:Berber languages 153: 144: 135: 121: 112: 110: 107: 88: 72: 57: 56: 49: 41: 40: 30: 29: 21: 12130: 12129: 12125: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12015: 12014: 12013: 12008: 11910: 11901: 11871: 11866: 11855:American Empire 11840: 11836:African empires 11788: 11671: 11363:Central African 11309: 11127:Romano-Germanic 10713: 10447:Middle Assyrian 10420: 10412: 10407: 10377: 10372: 10363: 10310: 10305: 10275: 10270: 10266:Military orders 10206:Suebic monarchs 10188: 10172:Crown of Aragon 10152: 10080:Kingdom of León 10067: 10048: 9989: 9969: 9922: 9907: 9902: 9872: 9867: 9721: 9711: 9681: 9676: 9670: 9662: 9654: 9626: 9618: 9590: 9572: 9533: 9525: 9513: 9504: 9483: 9462:Ahmad al-Mansur 9455: 9454:Abd al-Malik I 9431: 9423: 9386: 9378: 9366: 9360: 9306:Tashfin ibn Ali 9301:Ibrahim ibn Ali 9266:Abu Thabit Amir 9243: 9241:Marinid dynasty 9235: 9226:Abd al-Wahid II 9221:Idris al-Ma'mun 9204: 9203:Abd al-Wahid I 9196: 9185:Yaqub al-Mansur 9178: 9164: 9162:Almohad dynasty 9156: 9142:Tashfin ibn Ali 9124: 9116: 9110: 9092: 9084: 9076: 9068: 9060: 9052: 9044: 9031: 9023: 9014: 9012:Idrisid dynasty 9006: 9001: 8971: 8966: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8926: 8910:Moroccan people 8886:Moroccan Arabic 8862: 8786: 8732:Bank Al-Maghrib 8710: 8618: 8571: 8558: 8512: 8508:Operation Torch 8481: 8435: 8421:Idrisid dynasty 8404: 8369: 8360: 8316: 8289: 8259: 8238: 8219: 8196: 8160: 8117: 8096: 8075: 8044: 8023: 8002: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7957: 7953: 7930: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7851:Silverman, Eric 7848: 7841: 7832: 7823: 7816: 7802: 7798: 7775: 7737: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7699: 7684: 7675:"Islamic world" 7673: 7669: 7662: 7648: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7459: 7452: 7441: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7275: 7273: 7264: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7233: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7144: 7142: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7091: 7089: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7055: 7053: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7029: 7025: 7016: 7014: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6992: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6840: 6836: 6811: 6807: 6790: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6758: 6742: 6733: 6716: 6703: 6694: 6683: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6609: 6605: 6588: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6543: 6539: 6526: 6519: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6328: 6324: 6292: 6288: 6276: 6272: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6220: 6216: 6201:H. M. Balyuzi, 6200: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6156: 6141: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6097: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5865: 5862:www.larousse.fr 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5622: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5571:Bosworth, C. E. 5550: 5546: 5538: 5527: 5519: 5512: 5497: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5449: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5303: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5138: 5117: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5001: 4990: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4896: 4892: 4857: 4853: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4751: 4735: 4728: 4715: 4699: 4579: 4560: 4547: 4528: 4521: 4303:Abu Yusuf Yaqub 4284: 4273: 4252: 4247: 3998:Abu Said Uthman 3979: 3727: 3519: 3506:Idris al-Ma'mun 3437:Yale University 3383: 3369: 3362: 3356:Calahorra Tower 3353: 3344: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3244: 3235: 3225: 3216: 3205: 3196: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3098:Calahorra Tower 2859:Along with the 2857: 2811: 2778: 2724:inscription on 2714: 2646:al-Qarawiyyin's 2630: 2567: 2463:Maghrebi script 2459: 2454: 2442:Andalusian flag 2376: 2199:notions of the 2162: 2156: 2148:Yaqub al-Mansur 2092:تلخيص صحيح مسلم 2054: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2048:Maghrebi script 2037: 2036: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2015: 1966:described it: " 1959: 1937:Shilha language 1929: 1924: 1912:Idris al-Wathiq 1892: 1641:Vega de Granada 1617: 1492:Abu Yaqub Yusuf 1484: 1429:Abu Yaqub Yusuf 1390: 1378:Yaqub al-Mansur 1309:Battle of Sétif 1261:Tashfin ibn Ali 1210: 929:Atlas Mountains 913: 904: 893: 887: 884: 873: 861: 850: 842:Idris al-Wathiq 776:Atlas Mountains 698:ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ 642: 633: 632: 610: 596: 591:Kingdom of León 582: 568: 554: 540: 526: 512: 498: 484: 459: 445: 431: 417: 403: 389: 325: 315: 305: 292: 282: 258:Idris al-Wathiq 254: 242: 212: 185: 156: 151: 150: 142: 141: 133: 132: 125:In Al-Andalus: 119: 118: 108: 103: 102: 86: 75: 58: 51: 50: 43: 39:ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12128: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12107: 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10817: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10791: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10723: 10721: 10719:Post-classical 10715: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10699: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10574: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10520: 10518:Middle Kingdom 10515: 10505: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10474:Neo-Babylonian 10471: 10466: 10464:Old Babylonian 10456: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10439: 10434: 10428: 10426: 10414: 10413: 10406: 10405: 10398: 10391: 10383: 10374: 10373: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10321: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10304: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10281: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10147: 10142: 10128: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10054: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10034: 10029: 10022: 10017: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9909: 9908: 9901: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9878: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9846:(1666–present) 9841: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9757: 9751: 9745: 9739: 9733: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9710: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9687: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9666: 9658: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9622: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9568: 9566:Ali ibn Ismail 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9546:Ismail ibn Ali 9543: 9537: 9535: 9534:(1666–present) 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9517: 9515: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9500:Ahmad al-Abbas 9497: 9492: 9487: 9479: 9477:Zidan al-Nasir 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9390: 9388: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9370: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9326:Musa ibn Faris 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9286:Abu Inan Faris 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9247: 9245: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9200: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9128: 9126: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9088: 9080: 9072: 9069:(Ali ibn Umar) 9064: 9056: 9048: 9040: 9035: 9027: 9018: 9016: 9008: 9007: 9000: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8977: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8952: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8922:Western Sahara 8919: 8918: 8917: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8872: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8767:Western Sahara 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8694:Prime Minister 8691: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8647: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8609:Western Sahara 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8359: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8323: 8315: 8314:External links 8312: 8311: 8310: 8293: 8287: 8272: 8263: 8257: 8242: 8236: 8223: 8217: 8201: 8184: 8168:Dozy, Reinhart 8164: 8158: 8143: 8121: 8115: 8100: 8094: 8079: 8073: 8060: 8048: 8042: 8027: 8021: 8006: 8000: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7967: 7951: 7928: 7886: 7879: 7839: 7821: 7814: 7796: 7773: 7726: 7724:, p. 171. 7714: 7682: 7667: 7660: 7642: 7630: 7623: 7603: 7596: 7576: 7564: 7549: 7547:, p. 326. 7537: 7525: 7513: 7501: 7489: 7487:, p. 121. 7477: 7465: 7450: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7358:, p. 196. 7345: 7333: 7321: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7254: 7252:, p. 327. 7242: 7216: 7214:, p. 332. 7204: 7202:, p. 329. 7192: 7175: 7173:, p. 274. 7163: 7161:, p. 383. 7151: 7122: 7120:, p. 270. 7110: 7108:, p. 390. 7098: 7074: 7072:, p. 334. 7062: 7051:www.i24news.tv 7038: 7023: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6990: 6977: 6964: 6942:(in Spanish). 6923: 6916: 6894: 6882: 6875: 6855: 6834: 6805: 6781: 6763: 6756: 6731: 6701: 6681: 6658: 6651: 6631: 6624: 6603: 6582: 6570: 6568:, p. 101. 6558: 6537: 6517: 6496: 6489: 6467: 6460: 6438: 6434:Abun-Nasr 1987 6426: 6424:, p. 261. 6411: 6399: 6369: 6362: 6342: 6322: 6286: 6270: 6247:Kees Versteegh 6239: 6232: 6214: 6194: 6187: 6167: 6139: 6127: 6095: 6081:. De Gruyter. 6067: 6055: 6043: 6010: 6003: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5937: 5935:, p. 285. 5925: 5923:, p. 109. 5910: 5898: 5896:, p. 354. 5886: 5874: 5848: 5844:Abun-Nasr 1987 5836: 5824: 5814: 5795: 5788: 5768: 5761: 5738: 5723: 5716: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5668:Abun-Nasr 1987 5649: 5645:Abun-Nasr 1987 5637: 5633:Abun-Nasr 1987 5620: 5618:, p. 121. 5605: 5598: 5575:van Donzel, E. 5563:Bearman, P. J. 5544: 5525: 5521:Abun-Nasr 1987 5510: 5495: 5474: 5462: 5447: 5434: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5376: 5361: 5357:Abun-Nasr 1987 5349: 5342: 5322: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5280: 5260: 5253: 5233: 5221: 5217:Abun-Nasr 1987 5209: 5202: 5178: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5157: 5142: 5136: 5115: 5095: 5069: 5062: 5042: 5018: 5016:, p. 246. 4999: 4997: 4996: 4955: 4931: 4890: 4871:(3): 475–504. 4851: 4821: 4796: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016:Abu Imran Musa 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3518: 3515: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3283: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3259: 3245: 3238: 3236: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3206: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3157: 2853:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2777: 2774: 2738:Jonathan Bloom 2713: 2710: 2642:Henri Terrasse 2629: 2626: 2566: 2563: 2545:A copy of the 2470:mabsūt of the 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2413:Al-Qalqashandi 2375: 2372: 2364:Thomas Aquinas 2166:Amira Bennison 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2084:Compendium of 2039: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2011: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1891: 1888: 1860:Nasrid dynasty 1839:(to Castile), 1687:fortress near 1616: 1613: 1483: 1480: 1389: 1386: 1280:, was killed. 1209: 1206: 912: 909: 906: 905: 888:September 2020 864: 862: 855: 849: 846: 725:Almohad Empire 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 607: 601: 600: 593: 587: 586: 579: 573: 572: 565: 559: 558: 551: 545: 544: 537: 531: 530: 523: 517: 516: 509: 503: 502: 495: 489: 488: 481: 472: 469: 468: 463: 455: 454: 449: 441: 440: 435: 427: 426: 421: 413: 412: 407: 399: 398: 393: 381: 380: 375: 365: 364: 359: 355: 354: 351: 347: 346: 343: 339: 338: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 323: 320: 319: 316: 313: 310: 309: 306: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286: 283: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 265: 264: 261: 260: 255: 252: 249: 248: 243: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 223: 222: 219: 218: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 193: 192: 180: 176: 175: 162: 158: 157: 155: 154: 145: 136: 123: 122: 113: 96: 94: 90: 89: 81: 77: 76: 73: 65: 64: 60: 59: 36: 33: 26: 18:Almohad empire 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12127: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11898: 11893: 11891: 11886: 11884: 11879: 11878: 11875: 11861: 11860:Soviet empire 11858: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11845:Miscellaneous 11843: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11674: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11444:German Empire 11442: 11441: 11440: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11184:Turco-Persian 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10708: 10705: 10704: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10404: 10399: 10397: 10392: 10390: 10385: 10384: 10381: 10370: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10302: 10297: 10295: 10290: 10288: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10156: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10065: 10059: 10055: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10015: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9992: 9987: 9986: 9980: 9976: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9920: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9899: 9894: 9892: 9887: 9885: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9863: 9860: 9857: 9854: 9851: 9848: 9845: 9842: 9839: 9836: 9833: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9821: 9818: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9806: 9803: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9779: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9758: 9755: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9703: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9673: 9667: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9623: 9621: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9589:Muhammad III 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9531:Alawi dynasty 9528: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9429:Saadi dynasty 9426: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9175: 9173: 9172:Abd al-Mu'min 9170: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9152:Ishaq ibn Ali 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Ali ibn Yusuf 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9081: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9049: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8655:Alawi dynasty 8653: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8569: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8493:Treaty of Fez 8491: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8416:Berber Revolt 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409:Early Islamic 8407: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8350: 8345: 8343: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8258:9781579580414 8254: 8251:. Routledge. 8250: 8249: 8243: 8239: 8237:9782350314907 8233: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8159:0-87099-637-1 8155: 8151: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8125:Coppée, Henry 8122: 8118: 8116:9780300218701 8112: 8108: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8095:9780748646821 8091: 8087: 8086: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8067:. Routledge. 8066: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8028: 8024: 8022:9780190624552 8018: 8014: 8013: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7817: 7815:0-316-56688-8 7811: 7807: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7723: 7722:Bennison 2016 7718: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7679: 7676: 7671: 7663: 7661:2-7475-2388-8 7657: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7634: 7626: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7607: 7599: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7554: 7546: 7545:Bennison 2016 7541: 7534: 7533:Bennison 2016 7529: 7522: 7521:Bennison 2016 7517: 7510: 7509:Bennison 2016 7505: 7498: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7474: 7473:Bennison 2016 7469: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7446: 7439: 7437: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7400: 7393: 7388: 7381: 7376: 7369: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7350: 7342: 7341:Bennison 2016 7337: 7330: 7325: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7302:Bennison 2016 7298: 7291: 7286: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7251: 7246: 7238: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7188: 7187: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7034: 7027: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6993: 6991:9780199591497 6987: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6917:9782350314907 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6886: 6878: 6876:0-87099-637-1 6872: 6868: 6867: 6859: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727:2-7355-0241-4 6724: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6586: 6580:, p. 88. 6579: 6578:Bennison 2007 6574: 6567: 6566:Bennison 2016 6562: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6541: 6533: 6532: 6524: 6522: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6422:Bennison 2016 6418: 6416: 6408: 6407:Bennison 2016 6403: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6374: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6346: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6235: 6233:90-04-14325-4 6229: 6225: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6096:9780674732803 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6071: 6064: 6063:Bennison 2016 6059: 6046: 6044:9789004256644 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5957:Bennison 2016 5953: 5946: 5945:Bennison 2016 5941: 5934: 5933:Arjomand 2022 5929: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5908:, p. 83. 5907: 5906:Bennison 2016 5902: 5895: 5894:Bennison 2016 5890: 5883: 5878: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5846:, p. 94. 5845: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5745: 5743: 5736:, p. 82. 5735: 5734:Bennison 2016 5730: 5728: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5700: 5693: 5692:Bennison 2016 5688: 5682:, p. 79. 5681: 5680:Bennison 2016 5676: 5670:, p. 93. 5669: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5646: 5641: 5635:, p. 91. 5634: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567:Bianquis, Th. 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5542:, p. 71. 5541: 5540:Bennison 2016 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5523:, p. 90. 5522: 5517: 5515: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5496:9789004269606 5492: 5488: 5481: 5479: 5471: 5466: 5460:, p. 70. 5459: 5458:Bennison 2016 5454: 5452: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5413:, p. 100 5412: 5407: 5400: 5399:Bennison 2016 5395: 5389:, p. 51. 5388: 5383: 5381: 5374:, p. 67. 5373: 5372:Bennison 2016 5368: 5366: 5359:, p. 89. 5358: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5319: 5318:Bennison 2016 5314: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5237: 5230: 5229:Bennison 2016 5225: 5218: 5213: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5176:, p. 108 5175: 5170: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5046: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5014:Bennison 2016 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4845:2-85394-732-7 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833:Michel Kaplan 4830: 4825: 4811:on 2016-06-11 4810: 4806: 4800: 4786:on 2016-06-11 4785: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4714: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4623: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4578: 4559: 4546: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4433: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4399: 4397: 4383: 4371: 4355: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4272: 4255: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4185: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4095: 4093: 4079: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019:Abu Hafs Umar 3978: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3776: 3774: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3726: 3725:Abd al-Mu'min 3710: 3708: 3660: 3658: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3529:Abd al-Mu'min 3527: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3392: 3391:Ibn al-Qattan 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3338:Torre del Oro 3332: 3327: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286:Kasbah Mosque 3280: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3187:, the former 3186: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129:Alcázar Genil 3126: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090:Torre del Oro 3087: 3083: 3082:Ribat al-Fath 3079: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033:Abd al-Mu'min 3029: 3028:Kasbah Mosque 3025: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2827:Abd al-Mu'min 2825:, founded by 2824: 2820: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2760:Kasbah Mosque 2757: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2732:Kasbah Mosque 2729: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676:(kept at the 2675: 2671: 2670:Louvre Museum 2666: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648:bronze grand 2647: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:Ferdinand III 2592: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2575:Ferdinand III 2571: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:Abd al-Mu'min 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2350:Islamic judge 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2267: 2263: 2262:jurisprudence 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2058:Maliki school 2049: 2046:written in a 2045: 2044: 2033: 2024: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1973:اللسان الغربي 1969: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949:Friday prayer 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1551:, led by the 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1519:Sierra Morena 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1482:Holding years 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:Banu Khurasan 1348: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1278:Ishaq ibn Ali 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223:Abd al-Mu'min 1214: 1205: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1109:(journey) of 1108: 1107: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Ali ibn Yusuf 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1021:Abd al-Mu'min 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 987: 982: 980: 979:al-Muwaḥḥidūn 976: 972: 968: 967: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 902: 899: 891: 881: 877: 871: 870: 865:This section 863: 859: 854: 853: 845: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811:Sierra Morena 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 716: 710: 709:al-Muwaḥḥidūn 704: 695: 675: 669: 636: 630: 608: 606: 603: 602: 594: 592: 589: 588: 580: 578: 575: 574: 566: 564: 561: 560: 552: 550: 547: 546: 538: 536: 533: 532: 524: 522: 519: 518: 510: 508: 505: 504: 496: 494: 491: 490: 482: 480: 477: 476: 473: 467: 464: 457: 456: 453: 450: 443: 442: 439: 436: 429: 428: 425: 422: 415: 414: 411: 408: 401: 400: 397: 394: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 366: 363: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 331: 327: 321: 317: 311: 307: 304: 298: 294: 288: 284: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 259: 256: 250: 247: 246:Abd al-Mu'min 244: 238: 234: 230: 228: 224: 220: 217: 214: 208: 204: 200: 198: 194: 189: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 166: 163: 159: 149: 146: 140: 137: 131: 128: 127: 126: 117: 114: 101: 98: 97: 95: 91: 85: 82: 78: 71: 66: 61: 55: 54:al-Muwaḥḥidūn 47: 31: 19: 11964:Banu Sumadih 11928: 11904:Royal houses 11611:Contemporary 11461:Indo-Persian 11449:Nazi Germany 11393:Contemporary 11295:Vijayanagara 11194:Great Seljuk 11105:Thessalonica 11064: 11033:Golden Horde 10673:Carthaginian 10452:Neo-Assyrian 10437:Neo-Sumerian 10105:Castile-León 10104: 10062: 10036: 10031: 10026:Second Taifa 10024: 10012: 9983: 9917: 9807: 9669:Muhammad VI 9617:Muhammad IV 9571:Muhammad II 8868:Demographics 8823:Coat of arms 8808:Architecture 8677:Human rights 8456: 8297: 8277: 8267: 8247: 8227: 8208: 8192: 8171: 8148: 8129: 8105: 8084: 8064: 8055: 8032: 8011: 7990: 7970: 7964:pp. 121–122. 7959: 7958:Ross Brann, 7954: 7899: 7889: 7858: 7805: 7799: 7744: 7717: 7701: 7677: 7670: 7651: 7645: 7633: 7613: 7606: 7586: 7579: 7567: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7504: 7497:Marçais 1954 7492: 7480: 7468: 7461:Marçais 1954 7444: 7423: 7416:Marçais 1954 7411: 7404:Marçais 1954 7399: 7392:Marçais 1954 7387: 7380:Marçais 1954 7375: 7368:Marçais 1954 7363: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7315: 7309: 7297: 7290:Marçais 1954 7285: 7274:. Retrieved 7272:. 2021-02-18 7270:The Guardian 7269: 7245: 7236: 7207: 7195: 7185: 7178: 7166: 7154: 7143:. Retrieved 7134: 7125: 7113: 7101: 7090:. Retrieved 7086: 7077: 7065: 7054:. Retrieved 7050: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7015:. Retrieved 7011: 7002: 6981: 6972: 6943: 6939: 6926: 6907: 6897: 6885: 6865: 6858: 6842: 6837: 6813: 6808: 6792: 6776: 6746: 6718: 6696: 6667: 6661: 6641: 6634: 6613: 6606: 6597: 6592: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6552: 6547: 6540: 6530: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6480: 6470: 6451: 6441: 6429: 6402: 6385: 6381: 6352: 6345: 6325: 6306: 6302: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6250: 6242: 6223: 6217: 6202: 6197: 6177: 6170: 6160: 6132:, retrieved 6110: 6101: 6077: 6070: 6058: 6048:, retrieved 6026: 5994: 5988: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5901: 5889: 5884:, p. 5. 5877: 5866:. Retrieved 5861: 5851: 5839: 5832:السلاوي 2014 5827: 5819: 5804: 5798: 5778: 5771: 5751: 5706: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5640: 5589: 5582: 5547: 5486: 5472:, p. 4. 5465: 5439:. 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Retrieved 4784:the original 4774: 4253: 4007:Abu Musa Isa 3509: 3504: 3492: 3463: 3456:grace period 3453: 3448: 3440: 3414: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3257:in the 1190s 3247:Hassan Tower 3229: 3144: 3132: 3122: 3109: 3106: 3081: 3075: 3058:of Cordoba, 3053: 3045:Hassan Tower 3023:darj wa ktaf 3021: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2977:The Almohad 2976: 2963:Bab er-Rouah 2948: 2902: 2889:rammed earth 2858: 2809:Architecture 2784:and vegetal 2779: 2767: 2749: 2736: 2725: 2720:Fragment of 2702: 2674:Pisa Griffin 2667: 2639: 2611: 2587:Alfonso VIII 2584: 2580: 2556: 2553:, circa 1266 2534: 2507: 2487:lapis lazuli 2476: 2467:Kufic script 2460: 2446:Blas Infante 2435: 2428: 2426: 2409: 2404: 2391: 2383: 2353: 2333: 2320: 2315: 2312:Ibn Taimiyya 2303: 2290:In terms of 2289: 2259: 2257:and leader. 2254: 2246: 2243:المُوَحِّدون 2234: 2230: 2224: 2214: 2204: 2190: 2180: 2163: 2141: 2117:ibn al-Abbar 2097: 2086:Sahih Muslim 2083: 2079:محاذي الموطأ 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2041: 1989: 1986: 1977: 1967: 1930: 1893: 1863: 1857: 1849: 1766: 1727: 1716: 1706: 1678: 1618: 1608: 1590: 1583: 1552: 1546: 1523: 1496: 1465: 1452: 1426: 1391: 1366:Banu Ghaniya 1363: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1282: 1258: 1256:circa 1142. 1254:Great Mosque 1249: 1238: 1226: 1219: 1198: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1119: 1104: 1100:dar al-hijra 1078:Omar Hintati 1075: 1060: 1025: 998: 983: 978: 964: 914: 894: 885: 874:Please help 869:verification 866: 835: 800: 759: 749: 741:North Africa 724: 721:unity of God 628: 626: 466:Banu Ghaniya 378:Succeeded by 377: 372: 124: 11199:Khwarezmian 11132:Carolingian 10937:Rashtrakuta 10641:Shaishunaga 10540:Hellenistic 10523:New Kingdom 10513:Old Kingdom 10153: [ 10038:Third Taifa 10014:First Taifa 9864:(1837–1969) 9858:(1711–1835) 9856:Karamanlids 9852:(1705–1957) 9840:(1549–1659) 9834:(1472–1554) 9828:(1269–1465) 9822:(1235–1556) 9816:(1229–1574) 9810:(1147–1269) 9804:(1059–1158) 9802:Khurasanids 9798:(1040–1147) 9792:(1008–1152) 9772:Sulaymanids 9742:Muhallabids 9653:Muhammad V 9514:(1659–1663) 9432:(1549–1659) 9367:(1465–1471) 9244:(1244–1465) 9165:(1121–1269) 9125:(1040–1147) 8682:LGBT rights 8594:Earthquakes 8544:Mohammed VI 8052:Bel, Alfred 7638:Arnold 2017 7572:Arnold 2017 7560:Arnold 2017 7356:Arnold 2017 6952:10261/26606 6388:: 110–127. 6278:Shawqi Daif 5921:Julien 1970 5864:(in French) 5411:Julien 1970 5174:Julien 1970 4941:P. Buresi, 4939:(in French) 4760:Mahdist War 3631:Ali al-Kumi 3597:, 1248–1266 3579:, 1229–1232 3484:persecution 3417:persecution 2791:Decorations 2769:cuerda seca 2756:Badi Palace 2727:cuerda seca 2417:Eid prayers 2338:rationalist 2300:Mu'tazilism 2251:early Islam 2221:Sunni Islam 2082:), and the 1960: [ 1931:The use of 1786:reconquista 1689:Ciudad Real 1376:commander. 1305:Banu Sulaym 939:and Spain ( 373:Preceded by 152:(1163–1248) 143:(1162–1163) 134:(1147–1162) 120:(1147–1269) 109: 1124 87:(from 1147) 12030:Caliphates 12019:Categories 11979:Dhulnunids 11974:Banu Wazir 11969:Banu Tujib 11959:Banu Sabur 11908:Al-Andalus 11769:Portuguese 11650:Revival Le 11640:Vietnamese 11283:Later Tran 11253:Vietnamese 11149:Singhasari 11137:Holy Roman 10761:Bulgarian 10697:Satavahana 10668:Phoenician 10604:Achaemenid 10565:Indo-Greek 10545:Macedonian 10459:Babylonian 9988:(711-1492) 9985:Al-Andalus 9796:Almoravids 9786:(973–1148) 9762:(790–1066) 9732:(710–1019) 9661:Hassan II 9075:Yahya III 8833:Literature 8757:Casablanca 8752:Investment 8689:Parliament 8524:Mohammed V 8452:Almoravids 8390:Prehistory 8001:0521337674 7485:Bloom 2020 7428:Bloom 2020 7276:2021-02-18 7171:Dodds 1992 7145:2021-02-21 7118:Dodds 1992 7092:2021-02-21 7056:2020-09-11 7017:2021-02-21 6946:(2): 448. 6940:Al-Qantara 6930:See also: 6890:Dodds 1992 6699:(Lecture). 6676:1813/34025 6309:: 89–113. 6164:(Lecture). 6134:2023-02-17 6107:"Language" 6050:2023-02-13 5981:Baadj 2015 5969:Baadj 2015 5868:2021-08-20 5616:Bloom 2020 5441:2019-02-01 5387:Baadj 2015 5036:2021-05-05 4991:2021-01-09 4973:2021-01-09 4910:(2): 222. 4815:2013-02-21 4790:2013-02-21 4766:References 4285:'al-Tahir' 3523:Ibn Tumart 3495:Maimonides 3488:Christians 3458:. Then he 3449:al-Andalus 3429:Golden Age 3404:Non-Muslim 3371:See also: 3304:Bab Agnaou 3230:al-Buḥayra 3207:The south 3123:al-Buḥayra 3110:al-Buḥayra 3102:old bridge 3056:city walls 2959:Bab Oudaia 2955:Bab Agnaou 2913:al-Andalus 2911:period in 2650:chandelier 2644:described 2551:al-Murtada 2491:polychromy 2479:illuminate 2472:al-Andalus 2438:Andalusian 2360:Maimonides 2346:Ibn Tufayl 2296:Ash'arites 2276:Shafi'ites 2235:Muwaḥḥidūn 2133:Maimonides 2109:ibn Tufayl 2013:Literature 1995:al-Andalus 1884:al-Andalus 1575:deposition 1563:al-Andalus 1393:Al-Andalus 1301:Banu Hilal 1142:Ahl ad-dār 1123:Sijilmassa 1086:High Atlas 961:al-Ghazali 957:al-Ash'ari 945:Almoravids 941:al-Andalus 935:, western 917:Ibn Tumart 752:Ibn Tumart 737:Al-Andalus 723:') or 216:Ibn Tumart 188:Almohadism 11949:Banu Hayy 11924:Almoravid 11762:Couronian 11400:Ethiopian 11388:Manchukuo 11343:Brazilian 11189:Ghaznavid 11159:Srivijaya 11110:Trebizond 11095:Byzantine 11077:North Sea 11072:Norwegian 11060:Almoravid 11043:Ilkhanate 11013:Majapahit 10986:Muromachi 10895:Solomonic 10880:Ethiopian 10794:Caliphate 10727:Aragonese 10555:Ptolemaic 10333:Hammadids 9931:Visigoths 9862:Senussids 9850:Husaynids 9832:Wattasids 9820:Zayyanids 9790:Hammadids 9780:(909–973) 9774:(814–922) 9768:(800–909) 9766:Aghlabids 9756:(788–985) 9750:(777–909) 9748:Rustamids 9744:(771–793) 9738:(757–976) 9736:Midrarids 9625:Hassan I 9512:interlude 9195:Yusuf II 9109:Hasan II 9083:Yahya IV 9059:Yahya II 9030:Idris II 9015:(788–974) 8876:Languages 8737:Companies 8577:Geography 8529:Hassan II 8467:Wattasids 8306:895214574 8036:. Brill. 7946:211665760 7938:0169-8834 7791:211666012 7783:0169-8834 7047:"i24NEWS" 6960:0211-3589 6259:Routledge 5588:Volume X: 5505:1873-9830 5489:. Brill. 4926:1076-156X 4805:"Qantara" 4780:"Qantara" 4567:Abu Ishaq 4258:Abu Yahya 3603:1266–1269 3591:1242–1248 3585:1232–1242 3573:1227–1229 3567:1224–1227 3555:1213–1224 3549:1199–1213 3543:1184–1199 3537:1163–1184 3531:1130–1163 3525:1121–1130 3270:Bab Ruwah 3141:hermitage 3137:squinches 2995:hypostyle 2979:Kutubiyya 2877:Marrakesh 2861:Almoravid 2823:Marrakesh 2786:arabesque 2782:geometric 2628:Metalwork 2530:Marrakesh 2518:goffering 2483:gold leaf 2368:Aristotle 2330:reasoning 2285:Ibn Maḍāʾ 2187:Ghazalian 2172:science, 2121:ibn Amira 1916:Marrakesh 1864:Banū Naṣr 1718:maravedis 1549:Marrakesh 1453:al-Manṣūr 1293:Hammadids 1131:Tasghîmût 1048:Marrakesh 1036:Almoravid 990:Ifriqiyan 784:Marrakesh 703:romanized 350:1200 est. 342:1150 est. 179:Religion 173:Mozarabic 116:Marrakesh 84:Caliphate 63:1121–1269 11994:Muzaymid 11989:Mundirid 11954:Banu Hud 11742:Japanese 11705:Scottish 11685:American 11677:Colonial 11606:Imperial 11574:Moroccan 11510:Japanese 11488:Afsharid 11347:Burmese 11333:Austrian 11288:Later Le 11263:Early Le 11248:Venetian 11174:Tiwanaku 11087:Hellenic 11050:Moroccan 10981:Kamakura 10971:Japanese 10954:Saffarid 10907:Georgian 10821:Chalukya 10799:Rashidun 10789:Calakmul 10757:Bruneian 10636:Haryanka 10614:Sasanian 10609:Parthian 10560:Bactrian 10550:Seleucid 10530:Goguryeo 10508:Egyptian 10442:Assyrian 10432:Akkadian 10423:Colonies 10343:Zayyanid 10328:Umayyads 10324:Medieval 9844:'Alawids 9826:Marinids 9808:Almohads 9778:Fatimids 9760:Ifranids 9754:Idrisids 9730:Salihids 9177:Yusuf I 9091:Hasan I 9051:Yahya I 9022:Idris I 8957:Category 8915:diaspora 8848:Religion 8672:Military 8628:Politics 8462:Marinids 8457:Almohads 8447:Idrisids 8367:articles 8207:(1996). 8190:(1903). 8180:13648381 8170:(1881). 8139:13304630 8127:(1881). 8054:(1903). 7867:New York 7853:(2013). 7139:Archived 6297:(1974). 6261:, 1997. 6255:New York 6102:Cited in 5581:(eds.). 5555:(2000). 4749:See also 4706:Zakariya 4589:Abu Zayd 4564:Abu Zayd 4541:Abu Said 4535:Abu Musa 3973:Muhammad 3018:minarets 2991:Marinids 2925:Ifriqiya 2909:Caliphal 2900:times." 2865:Moroccan 2698:Palencia 2618:Muhammad 2565:Textiles 2395:Marinids 2304:murshida 2281:Malikite 2213:school ( 2113:ibn Zuhr 2101:Averroes 1927:Language 1908:Marinids 1841:Alicante 1814:Valencia 1790:citadels 1739:Banu Hud 1697:uprising 1662:Murcians 1468:Yusuf II 1463:(1195). 1445:Averroes 1370:Qaraqush 1252:) and a 1188:and the 1182:muezzins 1174:sakkakin 1162:mohtasib 1111:Muhammad 1013:Zahirism 838:Marinids 358:Currency 11984:Harunid 11944:Baktrid 11939:Amirids 11934:Abbadid 11929:Almohad 11919:Umayyad 11809:largest 11804:Empires 11784:Swedish 11779:Spanish 11774:Russian 11737:Italian 11712:Chinese 11700:English 11695:British 11690:Belgian 11665:Vietnam 11655:Tay son 11601:Tsarist 11596:Russian 11591:Ottoman 11557:Dzungar 11552:Khoshut 11525:Mexican 11520:Maratha 11503:Pahlavi 11483:Safavid 11478:Iranian 11405:Haitian 11368:Chinese 11328:Ashanti 11300:Wagadou 11226:Eastern 11221:Western 11204:Timurid 11164:Tibetan 11154:Songhai 11144:Serbian 11065:Almohad 11055:Idrisid 10959:Samanid 10949:Tahirid 10944:Iranian 10922:Kannauj 10902:Genoese 10838:Chinese 10831:Eastern 10826:Western 10814:Fatimid 10809:Abbasid 10804:Umayyad 10777:Burmese 10737:Ayyubid 10732:Angevin 10702:Xianbei 10690:Eastern 10685:Western 10631:Magadha 10594:Iranian 10587:Xiongnu 10572:Hittite 10481:Chinese 10469:Kassite 10418:Ancient 10410:Empires 10354:Ottoman 10348:Marinid 10338:Almohad 10319:Ancient 9838:Sa'dids 9814:Hafsids 9718:Maghreb 9067:Ali II 8941:Outline 8818:Cuisine 8796:Culture 8772:Tourism 8762:Tangier 8720:Economy 8640:Cabinet 8604:Regions 8477:'Alawis 8383:Ancient 8375:History 8363:Morocco 7982:Sources 7329:Le muse 4885:2600793 4583:Abu Ali 4538:Ibrahim 4254:the Old 3360:Cordoba 3342:Seville 3232:gardens 3209:portico 3191:of the 3189:minaret 3185:Giralda 3168:of the 3060:Seville 3037:Giralda 2972:Chellah 2968:Marinid 2921:Tunisia 2917:Algeria 2885:Seville 2829:in 1147 2799:Seville 2744:of the 2742:minaret 2706:merlons 2696:, near 2589:at the 2526:Seville 2514:Cordoba 2503:finials 2499:shaddah 2421:makhzen 2399:Saadian 2327:logical 2216:maddhab 2178:Shafi'i 2003:Romance 1922:Culture 1904:Castile 1876:Granada 1872:بنو نصر 1845:Seville 1837:in 1246 1810:Cordova 1802:Majorca 1798:Badajoz 1751:Abbasid 1747:Baghdad 1730:Leonese 1723:straits 1693:Capilla 1674:Requena 1670:Cáceres 1658:Seville 1645:Cordova 1637:Cordova 1627:. They 1625:Andújar 1592:sheikhs 1540:to the 1533:regency 1517:in the 1513:at the 1511:Navarre 1503:Castile 1472:Morocco 1459:in the 1421:Seville 1406:Giralda 1402:Seville 1398:Córdoba 1374:Ayyubid 1368:and by 1269:Tlemcen 1170:amzwaru 1090:Masmuda 1082:Hintata 1067:Ramadan 1028:Morocco 986:Maghreb 953:Baghdad 949:Sanhaja 937:Algeria 933:Morocco 925:Amazigh 921:Masmuda 911:Origins 848:History 831:Seville 827:Córdoba 823:Navarre 815:Castile 809:in the 792:Maghreb 774:in the 756:Masmuda 745:Maghreb 717: 705:: 301:• 268:History 148:Seville 139:Córdoba 130:Seville 93:Capital 11999:Nasrid 11747:Mongol 11732:German 11727:French 11717:Danish 11660:Dainam 11635:Tongan 11623:Somali 11618:Sokoto 11584:'Alawi 11562:Kalmyk 11542:Mongol 11535:Second 11515:Korean 11466:Mughal 11456:Indian 11439:German 11432:Second 11422:French 11415:Second 11351:Second 11323:Afghan 11315:Modern 11241:Kyrgyz 11236:Uighur 11231:Second 11211:Turkic 11179:Toltec 11115:Epirus 11100:Nicaea 11023:Mongol 10976:Yamato 10912:Huetar 10770:Second 10707:Rouran 10656:Shunga 10651:Maurya 10626:Kushan 10599:Median 10577:Hunnic 10535:Harsha 10359:Modern 9784:Zirids 9720:region 9510:Dila'i 9043:Ali I 8962:Portal 8903:French 8898:Berber 8881:Arabic 8813:Cinema 8747:Health 8742:Energy 8589:Cities 8517:Modern 8472:Saadis 8440:Empire 8365: 8304: 8285: 8255: 8234: 8215: 8178: 8156: 8137: 8113: 8092: 8071: 8040: 8019: 7998: 7944: 7936: 7926: 7908:Boston 7904:Leiden 7877: 7863:London 7812: 7789: 7781: 7771: 7753:Boston 7749:Leiden 7712:, 2014 7708: 7658: 7621: 7594: 6988: 6958: 6914: 6873: 6849: 6828: 6799: 6754: 6725: 6649: 6622: 6487: 6458: 6360: 6337: 6303:Orient 6265: 6230: 6209: 6185: 6125: 6093: 6041: 6001: 5812: 5786: 5759: 5714: 5596: 5577:& 5558:"Tāzā" 5503: 5493: 5432: 5340: 5299: 5278: 5251: 5200: 5155: 5134: 5113: 5088:11 Feb 5060: 4949: 4924: 4883: 4843: 4835:& 4831:, par 3510:dhimmi 3472:yellow 3464:dhimmi 3460:forced 3441:dhimmi 3399:dhimmi 3379:, and 3166:Mihrab 3125:garden 3118:Menara 3066:, and 3014:mihrab 2999:mihrab 2983:Tinmal 2950:mihrab 2905:Taifas 2795:hammam 2751:zellij 2694:Monzón 2607:Naskhi 2603:Burgos 2547:Qur'an 2522:vellum 2374:Emblem 2334:tawhid 2316:'aqida 2266:Zahiri 2247:tawhid 2239:Arabic 2226:tawhid 2211:Maliki 2174:Zahiri 2170:Hadith 2137:Toledo 2125:dhimmi 2072:, the 1990:Dhimma 1978:khaṭīb 1953:Berber 1945:khuṭba 1868:Arabic 1830:Murcia 1826:Silves 1822:Huelva 1818:Niebla 1794:Mérida 1754:Caliph 1691:) and 1629:raided 1609:sheikh 1597:Baezan 1567:Murcia 1526:caliph 1507:Aragón 1441:Arabic 1437:Aragon 1359:Sicily 1355:Mahdia 1335:huffaz 1325:sayyid 1321:sayyid 1289:Béjaïa 1265:Masufa 1233:Zenata 1228:ghayba 1186:hafidh 1184:, the 1166:mizwar 1154:huffāẓ 1150:ṭalaba 1146:sheikh 1135:Aghmat 1115:Medina 1113:'s to 1095:Tinmel 1017:Bejaia 1009:Sunnah 1005:Qur'an 995:Maliki 966:tawhid 819:Aragon 796:Iberia 788:caliph 772:Tinmel 739:) and 729:Berber 694:Arabic 674:Arabic 271: 231: 227:Caliph 201: 169:Arabic 111:–1147) 100:Tinmel 80:Status 46:Arabic 42: 12004:Qasid 11797:Lists 11752:Omani 11722:Dutch 11628:Isaaq 11579:Saadi 11547:Oirat 11530:First 11498:Qajar 11427:First 11410:First 11383:China 11356:Third 11216:First 11169:Tikal 11120:Morea 11090:Roman 11008:Latin 11003:Khmer 10998:Kanem 10964:Buyid 10890:Zagwe 10885:Aksum 10875:Chola 10782:First 10765:First 10752:Bornu 10747:Benin 10742:Aztec 10680:Roman 10661:Gupta 10646:Nanda 10582:White 10157:] 9943:Suebi 8948:Index 8853:Sport 8843:Music 8838:Media 8782:Trade 8549:2000s 8539:1990s 8534:1970s 8197:(PDF) 7942:S2CID 7787:S2CID 6596:[ 6551:[ 6510:[ 6382:Numen 5561:. 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