3160:
2561:, was a notable calligrapher in his own right and composed poems and copied Qur'ans. A known bibliophile, he frequently endowed books to madrasas and mosques and established the first public manuscript transcription center in Marrakesh. One of the large Qur'ans that he copied has been preserved in Marrakesh and is the oldest surviving example in the western Islamic world of a Qur'an personally produced by a sovereign ruler. The 10-volume tome is written on parchment and bound with a leather cover decorated with a geometric motif, exhibiting the first dated use of gold tooling on a manuscript binding. The verses are written in Maghrebi mabsūt script and the end of each verse is marked by a gold circle divided into eight uniform segments. Using large Maghrebi script, there are five to 10 lines to a page, with relatively few words to each line. There is lavish use of gold, and this Qur'an, as with other Qur'ans of this size, was likely intended for court use.
3202:
3222:
3241:
3264:
2717:
2032:
2023:
3178:
2538:, the love story of Bayad and Riyad, is one of the few remaining illustrated manuscripts dated to 13th century Almohad caliphate. Its use of miniatures displays a clear connection with previous illustrated tradition from the eastern Islamic world. However, it deviates in its depictions of the frontispiece, interior, and teaching scenes, which show similarities to scientific manuscripts from the central Islamic world, typically considered to have consisted of the Arabian peninsula, northeast modern Iran, and the Fertile Crescent. Depictions of architecture specific to the Almohad caliphate are also evident in several places in the manuscript.
2542:
3279:
2532:, leading to the introduction of paper for Qur'an manuscripts, illuminated doctrine books, and official documents. Most Qur'anic manuscripts were close to square-shaped, though other religious texts were typically vertically oriented. With the exception of a few large-scale Qur'ans, most were modestly sized, ranging from 11 centimenters to 22 centimeters on each side, with 19 to 27 lines of script each page. In contrast, large-sized Qur'ans were typically approximately 60 centimeters by 53 centimeters and had an average of five to nine lines of script to a page, typically in Maghrebi thuluth.
70:
3298:
3331:
3350:
2814:
7046:
1660:. Knowing they were outnumbered, the Almohad governors of the city refused to confront the Portuguese raiders, prompting the disgusted population of Seville to take matters into their own hands, raise a militia, and go out in the field by themselves. The result was a veritable massacre – the Portuguese men-at-arms easily mowed down the throng of poorly armed townsfolk. Thousands, perhaps as much as 20,000, were said to have been slain before the walls of Seville. A similar disaster befell a similar popular levy by
2501:. Separate sets of verses were denoted by various medallions, with distinctive designs for each set. For example, sets of five verses were ended with bud-like medallions while sets of ten were marked by circular medallions, all of which were typically painted in gold. Manuscripts attributed to this caliphate were characterized by interlacing geometric or recti-curvilinear illuminations, and abstract vegetal artwork and large medallions were often present in the margins and as thumbnails. Composite floral
2570:
8568:
3386:
1054:
2700:, but it is not known where exactly in the Iberian Peninsula it was made. As Palencia was outside the Almohad realm, it may have been made by Andalusi craftsman for a Christian patron. The lion, which served as a fountainhead, is sculpted in a highly stylized manner and its articulated tail is adjustable. Its surface is covered in incised decoration consisting of tapestry-like motifs, and a broad Kufic inscription on its side features well-wishes for its owner.
2379:
2633:
1487:
10369:
1760:
3316:
1213:
858:
1416:
3502:(1089–1164), who himself fled the persecutions of the Almohads, composed an elegy mourning the destruction of many Jewish communities throughout Spain and the Maghreb under the Almohads. Many Jews fled from territories ruled by the Almohads to Christian lands, and others, like the family of Maimonides, fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands. However, a few Jewish traders still working in North Africa are recorded.
2834:
2605:, where it remains today. The banner is richly designed and features blue Arabic inscriptions and white decorative patterns on a red background. The central motif features an eight-pointed star framed by a circle inside a larger square, with smaller motifs filling the bands of the frame and the corner spaces. This central design is surrounded on four sides by Arabic inscriptions in
1050:, where he successfully tracked down the Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf at a local mosque, and challenged the emir, and the leading scholars of the area, to a doctrinal debate. After the debate, the scholars concluded that Ibn Tumart's views were blasphemous and the man dangerous, and urged him to be put to death or imprisoned. But the emir decided merely to expel him from the city.
1156:) also had their representatives. Militarily, there was a strict hierarchy of units. The Hargha tribe coming first (although not strictly ethnic; it included many "honorary" or "adopted" tribesmen from other ethnicities, e.g. Abd al-Mu'min himself). This was followed by the men of Tinmel, then the other Masmuda tribes in order, and rounded off by the black fighters, the
1316:
whom he integrated into the
Almohad power structure and from whom he recruited some 40,000 into the army. They would later form the bodyguard of the caliph and his successors. In addition, Abd al-Mu'min relied on Arabs, the great Hilalian families that he had deported to Morocco, to further weaken the influence of the Masmuda sheikhs.
2915:, early Almohad architecture was much more restrained in its ornamentation, focusing its attention on overall architectural forms rather than on detailed surface decoration. In addition to continuing the integration of Moroccan and Andalusi artistic traditions, some currents in Almohad architecture may also reflect influences from
2656:, as "the largest and most beautiful chandelier in the Islamic world." The chandelier consists of a 12-sided copula on top of which is mounted a large cone crowned around its sides with nine levels of candlesticks. The visible surfaces of the chandelier are carved and pierced with intricate floral arabesque motifs as well as
1745:, emerged as the central figure of these rebellions, systematically dislodging Almohad garrisons through central Spain. In October 1228, with Spain practically all lost, al-Ma'mun abandoned Seville, taking what little remained of the Almohad army with him to Morocco. Ibn Hud immediately dispatched emissaries to distant
3084:(for which the enormous unfinished mosque of the Hassan Tower was also intended). While never finished, this project created the current outer walls of the historic center of Rabat, along with multiple gates such as Bab er-Rouah and the ceremonial main gate of the Kasbah of the Udayas. Al-Mansur also created the
1695:. But Capilla refused to hand them over, forcing the Castilians to lay a long and difficult siege. The brave defiance of little Capilla, and the spectacle of al-Bayyasi's shipping provisions to the Castilian besiegers, shocked Andalusians and shifted sentiment back towards the Almohad caliph. A popular
2358:, with whom the Almohads were already at odds. After the decline of Almohadism, Maliki Sunnism ultimately became the dominant official religious doctrine of the region. By contrast, the teachings of Ibn Rushd and other philosophers like him were far more influential for Jewish philosophers – including
1315:
Abd al-Mu'min spent the mid-1150s organizing the
Almohad state and arranging for power to be passed on through his family line. In 1154, he declared his son Muhammad as his heir. In order to neutralise the power of the Masmuda, he relied on his tribe of origin, the Kumiyas (from the central Maghreb),
2469:
was still used, albeit in a reworked form in Qur'an epigraphy, and was seen detailed in silver in some colophons. The
Maghrebi thuluth script, frequently written in gold, was used to give emphasis when standard writing, written in rounded Maghrebi mabsūt script, was considered insufficient. Maghrebi
2405:
As for the flags of the
Almohads, the main flag was white, and on one side was written during the reign of Ibn Tumart: "The one Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the Mahdi is the successor of Allah", and on the other side: "There is no god but Allah, and my success is only with Allah, and I
2278:
were also given a measure of authority at times. While not all
Almohad leaders were Zahirites, quite a few of them were not only adherents of the legal school but also well-versed in its tenets. Additionally, all Almohad leaders – both the religiously learned and the laymen – were hostile toward the
1854:
in 1230. Ibn Hud scrambled to move remaining arms and men to save threatened or besieged
Andalusian citadels, but with so many attacks at once, it was a hopeless endeavor. After Ibn Hud's death in 1238, some of the Andalusian cities, in a last-ditch effort to save themselves, offered themselves once
1341:
Abd al-Mu'min thus transformed the
Almohad movement from a Masmuda aristocracy to a Mu'minid dynastic state. While most of the Almohad elites accepted this new concentration of power, it nonetheless triggered an uprising by two of Ibn Tumart's half-brothers, 'Abd al-'Aziz and 'Isa. Shortly after Abd
1311:
in April 1153. Abd al-Mu'min nonetheless saw value in their military abilities. He persuaded them by various means – including taking some families as hostages to
Marrakesh and more generous actions like offering them material and land incentives – to move to present-day Morocco and join the Almohad
1655:
opportunistically ordered raids into
Andalusian territory that same year. With Almohad arms, men and cash dispatched to Morocco to help Caliph al-Adil impose himself in Marrakesh, there was little means to stop the sudden onslaught. In late 1225, with surprising ease, the Portuguese raiders reached
1199:
In early 1130, the
Almohads finally descended from the mountains for their first sizeable attack in the lowlands. It was a disaster for their opponents. The Almohads swept aside an Almoravid column that had come out to meet them before Aghmat, and then chased their remnant all the way to Marrakesh.
3512:
status. He allowed Jews to practice their religion openly in Marrakesh and even allowed a Christian church there as part of his alliance with Castile. In Iberia, Almohad rule collapsed in the 1200s and was succeeded by several "Taifa" kingdoms, which allowed Jews to practice their religion openly.
2895:
rather than stone. These two materials were relatively cheap, readily available at most sites, and already widely used in the preceding centuries. Almohad architects refined both the manufacturing process of these materials and their on-site assembly, making the execution of numerous and ambitious
1239:
After 1133, Abd al-Mu'min quickly expanded Almohad control across the Maghreb, while the embattled Almoravids retained their capital in Marrakesh. Various other tribes rallied to the Almohads or to the Almoravids as the war between them continued. Initially, Almohad operations were limited to the
3107:
The Almohad caliphs also constructed multiple country estates just outside the main cities where they resided, continuing a tradition that existed under the Almoravids. The best-known examples of these estates were centered around large water basins or reservoirs that sustained orchards of fruit
3007:
in the southern/southeastern wall) and the aisle running along the qibla wall itself were usually wider than the others and were highlighted with distinctive arches and greater decoration. This layout, already present in Almoravid mosques, is often referred to as the "T-plan" by art historians
2581:
The Almohads initially eschewed the production of luxury textiles and silks, but eventually they too engaged in this production. Almohad textiles, like earlier Almoravid examples, were often decorated with a grid of roundels filled with ornamental designs or Arabic epigraphy. However, textiles
1588:
has been characterized as the pebble that finally broke al-Andalus. It was the first internal coup among the Almohads. The Almohad clan, despite occasional disagreements, had always remained tightly knit and loyally behind dynastic precedence. Caliph al-Adil's murderous breach of dynastic and
1732:
renewed their raids deep into Muslim territory, basically unchecked. Feeling the Almohads had failed to protect them, popular uprisings took place throughout al-Andalus. City after city deposed their hapless Almohad governors and installed local strongmen in their place. A Murcian strongman,
1120:
For the first eight years, the Almohad rebellion was limited to a guerilla war along the peaks and ravines of the High Atlas. Their principal damage was in rendering insecure (or altogether impassable) the roads and mountain passes south of Marrakesh – threatening the route to all-important
2703:
Other surviving metalwork objects from the Almohad period include a series of braziers and lamps discovered in Córdoba and now kept at the Archeological Museum of Córdoba. One of them, a hexagonal brazier, features both incised and pierced decoration. Along with prominent decorative Kufic
1699:
broke out in Cordova – al-Bayyasi was killed and his head dispatched as a trophy to Marrakesh. But Caliph al-Adil did not rejoice in this victory for long – he was assassinated in Marrakesh in October 1227, by the partisans of Yahya, who was promptly acclaimed as the new Almohad caliph
1535:
for the young caliph, with power exercised by an oligarchy of elder family members, palace bureaucrats and leading nobles. The Almohad ministers were careful to negotiate a series of truces with the Christian kingdoms, which remained more-or-less in place for next fifteen years (the
2788:
motifs. In Seville, some Almohad-era houses have been excavated in various locations in the city, particularly on the site of the present-day cathedral. At least one of these excavations have revealed the remains of mural decoration featuring interlacing geometric decoration.
1676:. Trust in the Almohad leadership was severely shaken by these events – the disasters were promptly blamed on the distractions of Caliph al-Adil and the incompetence and cowardice of his lieutenants, the successes credited to non-Almohad local leaders who rallied defenses.
2433:, written by a Franciscan friar in the 14th century (well after the end of the Almohad period), describes the flag of Marrakesh as being red with a black-and-white checkerboard motif at its center. Some authors have assumed this flag to be the former flag of the Almohads.
2098:
Literary production continued despite the Almohad reforms's devastating effect on cultural life in their domain. Almohad universities continued the knowledge of preceding Andalusi scholars as well as ancient Greek and Roman writers; contemporary literary figures included
992:
cities, preaching and agitating, heading riotous attacks on wine-shops and on other manifestations of laxity. He laid the blame for the latitude on the ruling dynasty of the Almoravids, whom he accused of obscurantism and impiety. He also opposed their sponsorship of the
1906:. The history of their decline differs from that of the Almoravids, whom they had displaced. They were not assailed by a great religious movement, but lost territories, piecemeal, by the revolt of tribes and districts. Their most effective enemies were the Banu Marin (
1886:. Some of the captured citadels (e.g. Murcia, Jaen, Niebla) were reorganized as tributary vassals for a few more years, but most were annexed by the 1260s. Granada alone would remain independent for an additional 250 years, flourishing as the new center of al-Andalus.
1129:. Unable to send enough manpower through the narrow passes to dislodge the Almohad rebels from their easily defended mountain strong points, the Almoravid authorities reconciled themselves to setting up strongholds to confine them there (most famously the fortress of
1235:
Berber from Tagra (Algeria), and thus an alien among the Masmuda of southern Morocco, Abd al-Mu'min nonetheless saw off his principal rivals and hammered wavering tribes back to the fold. Three years after Ibn Tumart's death he was officially proclaimed "Caliph".
1144:("House of the Mahdi"), composed of Ibn Tumart's family. This was supplemented by two councils: an inner Council of Ten, the Mahdi's privy council, composed of his earliest and closest companions; and the consultative Council of Fifty, composed of the leading
2392:
Most historical records indicate that the Almohads were recognized for their use of white banners, which were supposed to evoke their "purity of purpose". This began a long tradition of using white as main dynastic color in what is now Morocco for the later
1271:
in 1144. Tashfin fled to Oran, which the Almohads then attacked and captured, and he died in March 1145 while trying to escape. The Almohads pursued the defeated Almoravid army west to Fez, which they captured in 1146 after a nine-month siege. They finally
2406:
entrust my affairs to Allah", and the white color continued with the rest of the caliphs, even if they adopted other colored flags, red, yellow and other colors. There is no doubt that these flags in their different colors delighted and pleased the people.
2448:, a founding figure of Andalusia. Infante has explained the design of its flag by indicating that green was the color of the Umayyads and white that of the Almohads, the caliphates which represented periods of "greatness and power" in this region.
1342:
al-Mu'min announced his heir, towards 1154–1155, they rebelled in Fez and then marched on Marrakesh, whose governor they killed. Abd al-Mu'min, who had been in Salé, returned to the city, defeated the rebels, and had everyone involved executed.
3497:
urged Jews to choose the superficial conversion over martyrdom and argued, "Muslims know very well that we do not mean what we say, and that what we say is only to escape the ruler's punishment and to satisfy him with this simple confession."
3030:
of Marrakesh was particularly influential and set a style that was repeated, with minor elaborations, in the following Marinid period. The most famous minarets of this time, however, are the minarets of the Kutubiyya Mosque (begun in 1147 by
6505:
2423:
slaves (which were the ordinary people of the country and the people of the markets)". By the end of the Almohad reign, dissident movements would adopt black in recognition of the Abbasid caliphate and in rejection of the Almohad authority.
2965:
in Rabat. These gates employed varying decorative motifs arranged in concentric semi-circles around the arch of the gate, all of which was in turn framed inside an outer rectangular band with other motifs. This style remained evident in
2415:(d. 1418) mentioned white flags in two places, the first being when he spoke about the Almohad flag in Tunisia, where he stated that: "It was a white flag called the victorious flag, and it was raised before their sultan when riding for
3221:
2410:
According to historian Amira Benninson, the caliphs usually left their capital Marrakesh for war in al-Andalus preceded by the white banner of the Almohads, the Quran of 'Uthman and Quran of Ibn Tumart. Egyptian historiographer
1263:. The tide turned more definitively in favour of the Almohads from 1144 onwards, when the Zenata tribes in what is now western Algeria joined the Almohad camp, along with some of the previously Almoravid-aligned leaders of the
1337:
or reciters of the Quran into a training school of the Almohad elite. They were no longer described as "memorisers" but as "guardians" who learned riding, swimming, archery, and received a general education of high standards.
1092:
tribes. Besides his own tribe, the Hargha, Ibn Tumart secured the adherence of the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura, and the Hazraja to the Almohad cause. Sometime around 1124, Ibn Tumart established his base at
5705:
3135:) in Granada, created in the late Almohad period and later remodeled by the Nasrids, stood next to an enormous pool on the outskirts of the city. A small ribat, consisting of a square hall covered by a sixteen-sided dome on
3240:
1220:
Ibn Tumart died shortly after, in August 1130. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse after such a devastating defeat and the death of their charismatic Mahdi, is likely due to the skills of his successor,
3201:
1395:
followed the fate of North Africa. Between 1146 and 1173, the Almohads gradually wrested control from the Almoravids over the Muslim principalities in Iberia. The Almohads transferred the capital of Muslim Iberia from
1204:(named after a large garden east of the city). The Almohads were thoroughly routed, with huge losses. Half their leadership was killed in action, and the survivors only just managed to scramble back to the mountains.
1767:
The departure of al-Ma'mun in 1228 marked the end of the Almohad era in Spain. Ibn Hud and the other local Andalusian strongmen were unable to stem the rising flood of Christian attacks, launched almost yearly by
10327:
3451:, where they were not just tolerated but allowed to practice their faith openly. Christians had also practiced their religion openly in Córdoba, and both Jews and Christians lived openly in Morocco as well.
3088:, a large royal citadel and palace complex to house the caliph's family and administration. The main public entrance of this kasbah was the ornamental gate of Bab Agnaou. In Seville, the Almohads built the
2660:
Arabic inscriptions. The chandelier is now the oldest surviving chandelier in the western Islamic world, and it likely served as a model for the later and nearly equally famous Marinid chandelier in the
6614:
Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224-1269): Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Ḥasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm
3159:
5187:
1065:
valley. He retreated to a nearby cave, and lived out an ascetic lifestyle, coming out only to preach his program of puritan reform, attracting greater and greater crowds. At length, towards the end of
1956:
1734:
10332:
3177:
1097:, a highly defensible position in the valley of the Nfis in the High Atlas. Tinmal would serve both as the spiritual center and military headquarters of the Almohad movement. It became their
1435:(Yaʻqūb I, ruled 1184–1199), were both able men. Initially their government drove many Jewish and Christian subjects to take refuge in the growing Christian states of Portugal, Castile, and
3112:("little sea") in Arabic sources, likely in reference to these artificial lakes. Small palaces or pleasure pavilions were built on the edge of the reservoirs. In Marrakesh, the present-day
2474:
region during the 12th to 14th centuries was characterized by elongated lines, stretched out curves, and the use of multiple colors for vocalizations, as derived from the people of Medina.
1323:
s ("nobles"). To appease the traditional Masmuda elites, he appointed some of them, along with theirs sons and descendants, to act as important advisers, deputies, and commanders under the
2287:
oversaw the banning of all religious books written by non-Zahirites; when Abu Yaqub's son Abu Yusuf took the throne, he ordered Ibn Maḍāʾ to undertake the actual burning of such books.
2754:
in Morocco. The tiles currently installed on the minaret are modern reproductions of the original decoration, but some of the original tiles were preserved in a collection kept at the
2505:
were also frequently used in decorating the margins and corners of the page. Color schemes focused on primarily using gold, white, and blue, with accentuating elements in red or pink.
9570:
2298:, their Zahirite-Ash'arism giving rise to a complicated blend of literalist jurisprudence and esoteric dogmatics. Some authors occasionally describe Almohads as heavily influenced by
5820:
Abd al-Mu'min, came from western Algeria, and, according to the chroniclers, he brought forty thousand of his countrymen with him to Morocco in order to reinforce his personal power.
1573:. With the help of his brothers, he quickly seized control of al-Andalus. His chief advisor, the shadowy Abu Zayd ibn Yujjan, tapped into his contacts in Marrakesh, and secured the
9373:
3396:
The Almohads had taken control of the Almoravid Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147. The Almohads rejected the mainstream Islamic doctrine that established the status of
3278:
836:
The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the
2348:
as his confidant. Ibn Tufayl in turn introduced Ibn Rush (Averroes) to the Almohad court, to whom Al-Mansur gave patronage and protection. Although Ibn Rushd (who was also an
3508:, a late Almohad pretender (ruled 1229–1232 in parts of Morocco), renounced much Almohad doctrine, including the identification of Ibn Tumart as the Mahdi, and the denial of
1319:
With his son appointed as his successor, Abd al-Mu'min placed his other children as governors of the provinces of the caliphate. His sons and descendants became known as the
9704:
844:, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western Maghreb.
6612:
3020:
of Almohad mosques also established the standard form and style of subsequent minarets in the region, with a square base and two-tiered shaft covered in polylobed arch and
1019:, Ibn Tumart set up camp in Mellala, in the outskirts of the city, where he received his first disciples – notably, al-Bashir (who would become his chief strategist) and
12094:
2780:
The Kutubiyya Mosque's minaret in Marrakesh originally had polychrome painted decoration around the windows and blind arches on its exterior façades, featuring a mix of
2620:. Recent studies have argued that the banner is of 14th century origin rather than of Almohad origin, due to its similarities with captured Marinid banners kept at the
2585:
One of the best-known textiles traditionally attributed to the Almohads is the "Las Navas de Tolosa Banner", so-called because it was once thought to be a spoil won by
2493:
for diacritical text and vocalizations also marked a departure from previous caliphates' calligraphic styles. Blue dots were used to indicate elif, orange dots denoted
1850:
The Andalusians were helpless before this onslaught. Ibn Hudd had attempted to check the Leonese advance early on, but most of his Andalusian army was destroyed at the
9583:
611:
597:
583:
569:
555:
541:
527:
513:
499:
485:
460:
446:
432:
418:
404:
390:
3127:, founded in 1171, were excavated and partly restored in the 1970s. A similar garden estate was also created in Rabat but has not been found by archaeologists. The
1069:
in late 1121, after a particularly moving sermon, reviewing his failure to persuade the Almoravids to reform by argument, Ibn Tumart 'revealed' himself as the true
3263:
4804:
4779:
2582:
produced by Almohad workshops used progressively less figural decoration than previous Almoravid textiles, in favour of interlacing geometric and vegetal motifs.
9578:
6222:
Adang (2005). "The Spread of Zahirism in al-Andalus in the Post-Caliphal Period: The evidence from the biographical dictionaries". In Günther, Sebastian (ed.).
10298:
6528:
Bennison, Amira K. (2014). "Drums, Banners and Baraka: Symbols of authority during the first century of Marīnid rule, 1250-1350". In Bennison, Amira K. (ed.).
10149:
6980:
Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam (2007). "Quranic inscriptions on the so-called 'Pennon of Las Navas de Tolosa' and three Marīnid banners". In Suleman, Fahmida (ed.).
1624:
11894:
2143:
1707:
The Andalusian branch of the Almohads refused to accept this turn of events. Al-Adil's brother, then in Seville, proclaimed himself the new Almohad caliph
1287:
along the coast of Ifriqiya, as fighting the Christian invaders here gave him a pretext for conquering the rest of the region. In August 1152, he captured
2689:
2624:
and to its similarities with Nasrid motifs. It remains uncertain whether it was crafted either in Fez under the Marinids or in Granada under the Nasrids.
1192:– followed by the archers, the conscripts, and the slaves. Ibn Tumart's closest companion and chief strategist, al-Bashir, took upon himself the role of "
12089:
9601:
7611:
Orihuela, Antonio (2021). "From the Private to the Public Space: Domestic and Urban Architecture of Islamic Granada". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).
1679:
But al-Adil's fortunes were briefly buoyed. In payment for Castilian assistance, al-Bayyasi had given Ferdinand III three strategic frontier fortresses:
1231:
or "occultation". This period likely gave Abd al-Mu'min time to secure his position as successor to the political leadership of the movement. Although a
2896:
construction projects possible. According to scholar Felix Arnold, during the Almohad period "construction became an industry on a scale not seen since
1961:
1851:
1200:
They laid siege to Marrakesh for forty days until, in April (or May) 1130, the Almoravids sallied from the city and crushed the Almohads in the bloody
7183:
Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998).
3297:
1561:, as the new Almohad caliph. But the rapid appointment upset other branches of the family, notably the brothers of the late al-Nasir, who governed in
1073:, a divinely guided judge and lawgiver, and was recognized as such by his audience. This was effectively a declaration of war on the Almoravid state.
9697:
8328:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Almohad Caliphate (see index)
1448:
6968:
9565:
9398:
3143:. Sunken gardens were also part of Almohad palace architecture. In some cases the gardens were divided symmetrically into four parts, much like a
1501:(1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the three Christian kings of
2993:) is the oldest surviving Almohad mosque (begun in 1142). Like earlier mosques in the region, Almohad mosques have interiors consisting of large
1603:, who took a handful of followers and decamped for the hills around Baeza. He set up a rebel camp and forged an alliance with the hitherto quiet
3054:
The Almohads were also prolific builders of fortifications and forts across their realm. They were responsible for building (or rebuilding) the
2672:
today. It is an example of figural bronze sculpture from al-Andalus that continues in the tradition of earlier objects such as the 11th-century
69:
2009:, in which the percentage of the population that had converted to Islam reached 90% and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared.
10751:
7265:
7189:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc. p. 26.
5777:
3070:, as well as many smaller forts and castles across Morocco and southern Spain and Portugal. In Rabat, Abd al-Mu'min built most of the current
2871:, establishing many of the forms and motifs that were refined in subsequent centuries. The main sites of Almohad architecture and art include
2598:
7138:
2953:
arches inside mosques also evolved into richer and more monumental forms in the great ceremonial stone gates of Almohad architecture such as
5268:
Lévi-Provençal, Évariste (1986) . "'Abd al- Mu'min". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
2465:
known today as "Maghrebi thuluth" as an official style used in manuscripts, coinage, documents, and architecture. However, the more angular
1015:
favored by Ibn Tumart. His antics and fiery preaching led fed-up authorities to move him along from town to town. After being expelled from
12104:
9690:
9090:
1619:
In 1225, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi's band of rebels, accompanied by a large Castilian army, descended from the hills, besieging cities such as
8994:
2401:
sultanates. Whether these white banners contained any specific motifs or inscriptions is not certain. Historian Ḥasan 'Ali Ḥasan writes:
2223:
which predominated in the region up to that point. Central to his philosophy, Ibn Tumart preached a fundamentalist or radical version of
5485:
Molins, Viguera; Jésus, Maria (2014). "Almohads". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
2668:
Another important piece, the so-called Monzón Lion, also dates from the Almohad period during the 12 or 13th century and is held in the
10291:
9895:
9520:
9393:
1470:, however, the Almohads governed their co-religionists in Iberia and central North Africa through lieutenants, their dominions outside
963:. He soon developed his own system, combining the doctrines of various masters. Ibn Tumart's main principle was a strict unitarianism (
973:
as being incompatible with His unity, and therefore a polytheistic idea. Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as
3470:
decreed that Jews must wear a dark blue garb, with very large sleeves and a grotesquely oversized hat; his son altered the colour to
1357:
was besieged soon after and surrendered in January 1160. The Normans there negotiated their withdrawal and were allowed to leave for
11887:
9413:
8353:
5077:
2508:
During the Almohad dynasty, the act of bookbinding itself took on great importance, with a notable instance of the Almohad caliph
2352:) saw rationalism and philosophy as complementary to religion and revelation, his views failed to convince the traditional Maliki
9403:
8613:
3080:
there), while Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur embarked on the construction of a vast new capital and citadel on its south side called
1439:. Ultimately they became less fanatical than the Almoravids, and Ya'qub al-Mansur was a highly accomplished man who wrote a good
5803:
5269:
2249:", which was adapted to "Almohads" in European writings. Ibn Tumart saw his movement as a revolutionary reform movement much as
8698:
6176:
3406:
resident of a Muslim country who was allowed to practice his religion on condition of submission to Muslim rule and payment of
2766:
inscription which is no longer present on the minaret today. These latter fragments are also the earliest surviving example of
5242:
5241:
Hopkins, J.F.P. (1986) . "Ibn Tūmart". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
12054:
11704:
11086:
10307:
10284:
8325:
8286:
8216:
8072:
8041:
7927:
7878:
7772:
7709:
7622:
7595:
6850:
6829:
6800:
6755:
6650:
6623:
6488:
6459:
6361:
6338:
6266:
6210:
6186:
6126:
6002:
5813:
5787:
5760:
5715:
5597:
5433:
5341:
5300:
5279:
5252:
5201:
5156:
5135:
5114:
5061:
4950:
3428:
3372:
2708:
resembling the decorative sawtooth-shaped merlons found along the tops of Moorish and Moroccan buildings of the same period.
2128:
12034:
10323:
10110:
8598:
1273:
11610:
6351:
1521:. The battle broke the Almohad advance, but the Christian powers remained too disorganized to profit from it immediately.
1061:
Ibn Tumart took refuge among his own people, the Hargha, in his home village of Igiliz (exact location uncertain), in the
1034:, where he briefly engaged the Maliki scholars of the city in debate. He even went so far as to assault the sister of the
12079:
12074:
11880:
9713:
6159:
2997:
halls divided by rows of arches that create a repetitive visual effect. However, the aisle or "nave" leading towards the
1984:
in Fes, Mahdī b. 'Īsā, was replaced under the Almohads by Abū l-Ḥasan b. 'Aṭiyya khaṭīb because he was fluent in Berber.
6640:
6106:
5583:
3330:
12084:
11756:
10756:
10358:
9310:
8705:
4808:
4783:
1077:
875:
6821:
5750:
3349:
12049:
12044:
10400:
9335:
9320:
9103:
8947:
8366:
8276:
8256:
8235:
8157:
8114:
8093:
8020:
7813:
7659:
7184:
6989:
6915:
6874:
6726:
6330:
6231:
6094:
6042:
5494:
4844:
2429:
2318:(which was likely edited by others after him), demonstrates a much clearer Ash'arite position on a number of issues.
897:
17:
8147:
7584:
Rėklaitytė, Ieva (2021). "The Rumor of Water: A Key Element of Moorish Granada". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).
6864:
6745:
1046:, because she was going about unveiled, after the manner of Berber women. After being expelled from Fez, he went to
12069:
12064:
12059:
9290:
8857:
3483:
3376:
2805:
and eightfold rosettes on engraved white lime mortar in a pattern that fits the hammam's geometric skylight holes.
2250:
2314:), identifying him with Mu'tazilites would be an exaggeration. She points out that another of his main texts, the
12099:
11983:
11382:
9550:
9453:
9418:
9408:
9255:
9230:
8987:
8666:
8553:
8502:
8031:
2104:
1137:, which was conquered by the Almohads in 1132), while exploring alternative routes through more easterly passes.
634:
10544:
7033:
La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée
9888:
9448:
8921:
8593:
8497:
7999:
1361:. Tripoli, which had rebelled against the Normans two years earlier, recognized Almohad authority right after.
1333:
or "Sons of the Almohads". Abd al-Mu'min also altered the Almohad structure set up by Ibn Tumart by making the
1164:, and divided into two factions: one for the early adherents, another for the late adherents, each headed by a
879:
7007:
2716:
2031:
2022:
1847:, into Christian hands in 1248. Ferdinand III of Castile entered Seville as a conqueror on December 22, 1248.
1843:
in 1248 (to Castile), culminating in the fall of the greatest of Andalusian cities, the ex-Almohad capital of
1636:
1408:, was erected in 1184. The Almohads also built a palace there called Al-Muwarak on the site of the modern-day
12039:
11820:
9494:
8776:
7806:
The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians created a culture of tolerance in medieval Spain
7082:
6793:
Love Localized and Science from Afar: "Arab Painting", Iberian Courtly Culture, and the Hadith Bayad wa Riyad
4270:
3558:
3140:
2590:
1899:
1825:
1558:
1514:
806:
302:
11943:
11815:
11699:
9330:
9325:
9315:
9108:
8736:
8644:
8389:
8346:
3420:
1384:
requested the assistance of an Almohad navy for his fight against the crusaders, which al-Mansur declined.
7960:
Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain
5857:
5050:
Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza; Wadad Kadi; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Devin J. Stewart (2013).
3016:, perpendicular to it, form a "T" shape), and became standard in mosques of the region for centuries. The
2748:, dating from the mid-12th century in the early Almohad period, as the earliest reliably-dated example of
1380:
eventually defeated both factions and reconquered Ifriqiya in 1187–1188. In 1189–1190, the Ayyubid sultan
1225:. Ibn Tumart's death was kept a secret for three years, a period which Almohad chroniclers described as a
12114:
11825:
10862:
10353:
10250:
9340:
9280:
8671:
8608:
6333:, p. 170. Volume 3 of Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012.
3100:
in Cordoba is believed to be an originally Almohad structure designed to defend the river and the city's
2758:. The same collection has also preserved fragments of the original tile decoration on the minaret of the
2645:
1981:
7900:
Forced Conversion in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam: Coercion and Faith in Premodern Iberia and Beyond
7745:
Forced Conversion in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam: Coercion and Faith in Premodern Iberia and Beyond
1632:
1140:
Ibn Tumart organized the Almohads as a commune, with a minutely detailed structure. At the core was the
12024:
10337:
10260:
10255:
10230:
10215:
9481:
9300:
8980:
2790:
2781:
2307:
2229:– referring to a strict monotheism or to the "oneness of God". This notion gave the movement its name:
825:. Much of the remaining territories of al-Andalus were lost in the ensuing decades, with the cities of
12003:
8056:
Les Benou Ghânya: Derniers Représentants de l'empire Almoravide et Leur Lutte Contre l'empire Almohade
3101:
1836:
1537:
1176:(treasurers), effectively the money-minters, tax-collectors, and bursars, then came the regular army (
12109:
11783:
10931:
10495:
10342:
10235:
10220:
10125:
9881:
9305:
9250:
9184:
9003:
8766:
8693:
8659:
8588:
6105:
Morillas, Consuelo López (2000), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),
5574:
3475:
3467:
3443:
s living under the Caliphate, while allowed fewer rights than Muslims, were still better off than in
3285:
3254:
3027:
2846:
2759:
2731:
2322:
2068:
2042:
2005:
within Almohad territory. After the Almohad period, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the
1547:
In early 1224, the youthful caliph died in an accident, without any heirs. The palace bureaucrats in
1432:
951:
Berber dynasty. Early in his life, Ibn Tumart went to Spain to pursue his studies, and thereafter to
1307:, reacted to the Almohad advance by gathering an army against them. The Almohads routed them in the
11741:
11716:
11566:
11225:
11220:
10347:
10318:
10245:
9904:
9611:
9194:
9082:
8741:
4712:
4576:
4557:
3600:
3594:
3552:
3315:
2594:
2574:
2558:
2550:
2200:
2066:
and Maliki commentaries. They sought to disseminate ibn Tumart's beliefs; he was the author of the
1777:
1604:
1528:
8033:
Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)
7834:
7130:
1312:
armies. These moves also had the corollary effect of advancing the Arabisation of future Morocco.
11808:
11689:
11230:
11183:
11126:
10825:
10769:
10517:
10265:
9637:
9260:
8867:
8822:
8676:
8567:
8339:
4754:
4544:
3576:
3534:
3466:
population in Morocco, both Jewish and Christian, to convert to Islam. In 1198, the Almohad emir
2985:
mosques are often considered the prototypes of later Moroccan and Andalusi mosques, although the
2586:
2541:
2516:. Books were most frequently bound in goatskin leather and decorated with polygonal interlacing,
2384:
1721:, allowing him to organize and dispatch the greater part of the Almohad army in Spain across the
1708:
1456:
868:
10007:
3439:, has argued that "tolerance was an inherent aspect of Andalusian society", and that the Jewish
3424:
2908:
2593:
in 1212. More recent studies have proposed that it was actually a spoil won some years later by
2524:. However, the Almohad dynasty also saw industrial advancements in the spread of paper mills in
1620:
1283:
In 1151, Abd al-Mu'min launched an expedition to the east. This may have been encouraged by the
11830:
11731:
11726:
11414:
11362:
11282:
11215:
11119:
11104:
10997:
10764:
10718:
10559:
10446:
10210:
9668:
9616:
9275:
8681:
8543:
4981:
2478:
1369:
702:
8319:
7963:
7895:
7740:
6863:
Partearroyo, Cristina (1992). "Almoravid and Almohad Textiles". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).
6353:
Islam in Global History: Volume One: From the Death of Prophet Muhammed to the First World War
5423:
5290:
5125:
4848:
2943:. In the Almohad period, this type of arch was further refined for decorative functions while
2616:: 10–12), and another horizontal inscription in the banner's upper part which praises God and
11761:
11721:
11534:
11409:
10473:
10463:
10422:
10393:
10154:
9652:
9588:
9555:
9471:
9345:
8807:
8756:
8751:
8688:
8523:
7854:
6476:
6447:
5146:
5104:
5051:
4696:
3570:
3540:
3474:, a change that may have influenced Catholic ordinances some time later. Those who converted
3063:
3048:
2864:
2535:
1769:
1701:
1652:
1574:
1296:
11649:
10002:
8246:
3432:
3212:
3150:
1773:
1680:
1648:
1644:
1611:
s had rallied behind Yahya, another son of al-Nasir, al-Adil paid little attention to them.
1409:
1397:
970:
11854:
11684:
11654:
11529:
11460:
11431:
11350:
10684:
10522:
10512:
10276:
9947:
9660:
9632:
9540:
9270:
9215:
8875:
8576:
8528:
8399:
6224:
Ideas, Images and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam
3479:
3459:
3071:
2986:
2932:
2868:
2854:
2838:
2662:
2253:
saw itself relative to the Christianity and Judaism which preceded it, with himself as its
1894:
In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in
1722:
1253:
1201:
423:
11634:
10368:
10025:
3234:
in Seville, with remains of palace structure behind it (partly occupied by later building)
2863:
period preceding it, the Almohad period is considered one of the most formative stages of
2302:. Scholar Madeline Fletcher argues that while one of Ibn Tumart's original teachings, the
8:
12029:
11546:
11426:
11392:
11294:
11114:
11109:
10921:
10640:
10576:
10451:
10436:
10200:
10181:
10130:
10121:
10075:
10037:
10013:
9647:
9624:
9560:
9350:
9146:
9029:
8847:
8832:
8627:
7870:
7704:, Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. First published online: 2010 First print edition:
4725:
3588:
3416:
3380:
3307:
3289:
3145:
3085:
2772:
tilework (a technique originating in al-Andalus) being used in an architectural context.
2621:
2310:
which might be construed as moderately Mu'tazilite (and which were criticized as such by
1541:
1227:
1193:
1126:
714:
576:
520:
11262:
11252:
8128:
7237:
Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269
2693:
1196:", enforcing doctrinal discipline among the Masmuda tribesmen, often with a heavy hand.
11659:
11639:
11622:
11573:
11438:
11247:
11198:
11131:
11049:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10936:
10906:
10798:
10696:
10564:
10539:
10225:
10176:
10139:
10134:
10096:
10084:
10043:
9959:
9935:
9771:
9606:
9489:
9466:
9443:
9438:
9295:
9220:
9074:
9050:
9037:
9021:
8940:
8795:
8771:
8761:
8719:
8639:
8603:
8374:
7941:
7786:
6642:
The Afterlife of al-Andalus: Muslim Iberia in Contemporary Arab and Hispanic Narratives
5578:
4880:
3505:
2284:
2062:
2006:
1903:
1879:
1684:
1510:
1502:
822:
814:
604:
562:
534:
506:
451:
172:
10079:
9682:
8187:
8065:
Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society
7741:"Medieval Jewish Perspectives on Almohad Persecutions: Memory, Repression, and Impact"
7652:
La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc
6668:
Monumental Austerity: The Meanings And Aesthetic Development Of Almohad Friday Mosques
6023:"The Preaching of the Almohads: Loyalty and Resistance across the Strait of Gibraltar"
5707:
L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698–1518)
5557:
5552:
3096:
which dates from 1220 to 1221 and remains a landmark of the city today. Likewise, the
1308:
590:
11978:
11923:
11768:
11664:
11600:
11595:
11524:
11421:
11136:
11059:
10901:
10830:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10603:
10554:
10167:
10144:
10089:
10019:
9997:
9964:
9918:
9855:
9795:
9777:
9545:
9240:
9189:
9131:
9121:
8914:
8812:
8746:
8451:
8301:
8282:
8252:
8231:
8212:
8175:
8153:
8134:
8110:
8089:
8068:
8037:
8016:
7995:
7945:
7933:
7923:
7874:
7809:
7790:
7778:
7768:
7705:
7655:
7618:
7591:
6985:
6955:
6911:
6870:
6846:
6825:
6796:
6751:
6722:
6646:
6619:
6553:
Islamic civilization in Morocco and Andalusia: The era of the Almoravids and Almohads
6484:
6455:
6357:
6334:
6262:
6227:
6206:
6182:
6122:
6090:
6038:
5998:
5809:
5783:
5756:
5711:
5593:
5500:
5490:
5429:
5337:
5296:
5275:
5248:
5197:
5152:
5131:
5110:
5057:
4963:
4946:
4921:
4840:
4836:
4518:
3546:
3192:
2990:
2967:
2860:
2653:
2441:
2394:
1781:
1742:
1673:
1498:
1460:
1284:
955:
to deepen them. In Baghdad, Ibn Tumart attached himself to the theological school of
802:
779:
732:
548:
478:
437:
395:
5333:
Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269)
3359:
2636:
The Monzón Lion, a bronze fountain from Al-Andalus dating from the 12th-13th century
2513:
2177:
1809:
1669:
1524:
Before his death in 1213, al-Nasir appointed his young ten-year-old son as the next
1474:
being treated as provinces. When Almohad emirs crossed the Straits it was to lead a
826:
731:
Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the
138:
11973:
11958:
11948:
11617:
11404:
11399:
11355:
11342:
11272:
11240:
11235:
11099:
11094:
11076:
11037:
10970:
10953:
10894:
10884:
10879:
10820:
10776:
10746:
10706:
10689:
10672:
10635:
10386:
10163:
10117:
10100:
9849:
9831:
9819:
9789:
9765:
9747:
9735:
9729:
9642:
9596:
9383:
9210:
9171:
9042:
8956:
8897:
8890:
8852:
8842:
8837:
8817:
8781:
8548:
8538:
8533:
8466:
8430:
7915:
7911:
7760:
7756:
6984:. Oxford University Press and the Institute for Ismaili Studies. pp. 239–270.
6947:
6817:
6671:
6389:
6310:
6114:
6082:
6076:
6030:
5566:
5049:
4911:
4872:
4525:
3724:
3564:
3528:
3499:
3444:
3120:
gardens both developed from such Almohad creations. In Seville, the remains of the
3059:
3032:
2978:
2826:
2818:
2745:
2509:
2291:
2159:
2002:
1952:
1940:
1932:
1692:
1643:
and, before the end of the year, al-Bayyasi had established himself in the city of
1570:
1364:
In the 1170s and 1180s, Almohad power in the eastern Maghreb was challenged by the
1222:
1020:
974:
763:
640:
409:
245:
164:
8278:
History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830
8191:
8106:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
6380:
Fletcher, Madeleine (1991). "The Almohad Tawhīd: Theology Which Relies on Logic".
6331:
Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate 1224–1269
6118:
6086:
3128:
2813:
1793:
11993:
11988:
11933:
11918:
11835:
11803:
11676:
11644:
11627:
11583:
11578:
11556:
11551:
11509:
11502:
11477:
11337:
11332:
11173:
11054:
10948:
10943:
10911:
10736:
10726:
10620:
10613:
10608:
10593:
10549:
10431:
10417:
10205:
10171:
9837:
9825:
9753:
9461:
9265:
9225:
9176:
9161:
9141:
9098:
9058:
9011:
8909:
8902:
8885:
8827:
8731:
8649:
8507:
8476:
8461:
8446:
8420:
8204:
8104:
8083:
8010:
7989:
7612:
7585:
6294:
5562:
5336:. Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill.
5331:
4732:
4244:
3976:
3582:
3436:
3355:
3228:
3121:
3097:
3040:
2462:
2398:
2341:
2238:
2147:
2047:
1936:
1911:
1867:
1813:
1805:
1729:
1640:
1628:
1491:
1440:
1428:
1377:
1373:
1260:
928:
841:
818:
775:
693:
673:
257:
45:
11257:
8124:
3139:, was built nearby at the same time and has been preserved today as a Christian
2512:
bringing in artisans for a celebration of the binding of a Qur'an imported from
801:
The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when
778:. Under Abd al-Mu'min (r. 1130–1163), they succeeded in overthrowing the ruling
11998:
11778:
11773:
11736:
11711:
11694:
11605:
11590:
11561:
11519:
11367:
11327:
11322:
11277:
11203:
11163:
11153:
11143:
10958:
10837:
10731:
10598:
10480:
10240:
9813:
9509:
9499:
9476:
9355:
9285:
9202:
8961:
7850:
6246:
6022:
5570:
4860:
3117:
3055:
2944:
2928:
2755:
2737:
2685:
2677:
2641:
2606:
2517:
2412:
2363:
2336:. This effectively provided a religious justification for philosophy and for a
2306:
s (a collection of sayings memorized by his followers), holds positions on the
2165:
2001:
from southern Iberia to the Christian north, which had an impact on the use of
1859:
1817:
1259:
The Almoravid ruler, Ali ibn Yusuf, died in 1143 and was succeeded by his son,
1130:
492:
7919:
7764:
7674:
6427:
6034:
2569:
1833:
1600:
1557:
Uthman ibn Jam'i, quickly engineered the election of his elderly grand-uncle,
12018:
11872:
11859:
11746:
11541:
11514:
11487:
11465:
11443:
11210:
11193:
11178:
11022:
10975:
10963:
10889:
10781:
10655:
10650:
10625:
10507:
9843:
9801:
9783:
9530:
9428:
9151:
9136:
8654:
8492:
8471:
8415:
8305:
8167:
7937:
7866:
7782:
6959:
6935:
6315:
6298:
6254:
5504:
4925:
4832:
3390:
3337:
3322:
3169:
3113:
3089:
2982:
2311:
2283:
school favored by the Almoravids. During the reign of Abu Yaqub, chief judge
2136:
2057:
1948:
1518:
1350:
1277:
1057:
Approximate locations of the main Masmuda tribes that adhered to the Almohads
1039:
956:
924:
810:
11287:
11267:
8179:
8138:
6719:
Remarques sur le decor des manuscrit religeux hispano-maghrebin du moyen-age
6393:
5026:
4876:
2520:, and stamping. The primary materials used for the pages were goat or sheep
11963:
11751:
11492:
11482:
11448:
11377:
11372:
11299:
11089:
11071:
11032:
11027:
11007:
11002:
10874:
10867:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10741:
10679:
10660:
10645:
10581:
9873:
9066:
5196:] (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 243.
3471:
3455:
3269:
3246:
3093:
3044:
3022:
2962:
2897:
2888:
2872:
2801:
during renovations in 2020. The decorations feature red ochre paintings of
2794:
2673:
2486:
2445:
2116:
2085:
1895:
1596:
1365:
1043:
1031:
740:
465:
7896:"The Intellectual Genealogy of Almohad Policy towards Christians and Jews"
6744:
Khemir, Sabiha (1992). "The Arts of the Book". In Dodds, Jerrilynn (ed.).
6591:
4916:
4899:
4861:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
3423:
under Almohad rule was a drastic change. Prior to Almohad rule during the
2940:
2299:
1345:
In March 1159, Abd al-Mu'min led a new campaign to the east. He conquered
1244:
mountains in the north. One of their early bases beyond the mountains was
11470:
11455:
11304:
11017:
10926:
10916:
10842:
10490:
10485:
10063:
9741:
6277:
4759:
3385:
2768:
2726:
2489:. While much of the script was written in black or brown ink, the use of
2416:
2344:, had also shown some favour towards philosophy and kept the philosopher
2337:
2220:
2168:
as a "sophisticated hybrid form of Islam that wove together strands from
1785:
1688:
1304:
1288:
1053:
7243:
7205:
7193:
7152:
7099:
6598:
Banners of Islam from the white Prophet's banner to the red Ottoman flag
2378:
2123:
and many more poets, philosophers, and scholars. The abolishment of the
1756:, albeit taking up for himself a quasi-caliphal title, 'al-Mutawwakil'.
1577:
and assassination of Abd al-Wahid I, and the expulsion of the al-Jami'i
1565:. The challenge was immediately raised by one of them, then governor in
11968:
11907:
11497:
11314:
11188:
11148:
11081:
9984:
9759:
8425:
8394:
8051:
7063:
6951:
6546:
6477:"The Red Tent in the Red City: The Caliphal Qubba in Almohad Marrakesh"
6448:"The Red Tent in the Red City: The Caliphal Qubba in Almohad Marrakesh"
5210:
4884:
3522:
3494:
3487:
3303:
3149:
garden. Examples of these have been found in several courtyards in the
2958:
2954:
2912:
2649:
2632:
2490:
2471:
2359:
2345:
2295:
2275:
2196:
2186:
2132:
2108:
1994:
1883:
1855:
again to the Almohads, but to no avail. The Almohads would not return.
1562:
1486:
1392:
1300:
1122:
1085:
960:
944:
940:
916:
882: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
758:
tribes, but the Almohad caliphate and its ruling dynasty, known as the
751:
736:
215:
187:
7397:
6721:. Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. p. 240-243.
6675:
5106:
North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present
3454:
The first Almohad ruler, Abd al-Mumin, allowed an initial seven-month
1759:
11387:
11158:
11042:
11012:
10793:
10667:
10458:
9930:
9861:
7478:
6258:
2994:
2876:
2822:
2785:
2529:
2482:
2437:
2367:
2120:
1915:
1910:) who founded the next dynasty. The last representative of the line,
1607:. Sensing his greater priority was Marrakesh, where recusant Almohad
1548:
1292:
1047:
1035:
1004:
783:
115:
83:
8972:
6903:
6529:
4898:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
2127:
status of religious minorities further stifled the once flourishing
1506:
1212:
857:
840:
from northern Morocco in 1215. The last representative of the line,
11953:
10788:
10571:
10529:
10468:
8331:
8226:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).
8012:
Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History
7502:
2924:
2802:
2697:
2617:
2112:
2100:
1998:
1840:
1738:
1717:
1696:
1589:
constitutional propriety marred his acceptability to other Almohad
1467:
1444:
1415:
1110:
989:
7295:
6906:. In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).
6253:, p. 142. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3.
2340:
intellectualism in Almohad religious thought. Al-Mansur's father,
1595:. One of the recusants was his cousin, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi ("the
1267:
tribe. This allowed them to defeat Tashfin decisively and capture
11938:
11903:
10701:
10630:
10586:
10441:
9717:
8362:
7409:
6178:ذخائر مخطوطات الخزانة الملكية بالمغرب: (Bibliothèque al-Hassania)
5194:
Survey of the news of the countries of the Far Maghreb 1-3 Part 1
4943:
La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique
3341:
3253:: an incomplete minaret intended for an enormous mosque begun by
3208:
3188:
3184:
3136:
3036:
3017:
2971:
2920:
2916:
2884:
2798:
2741:
2610:
2525:
2420:
2321:
Nonetheless, the Almohads, particularly from the reign of Caliph
2215:
1944:
1907:
1875:
1844:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1750:
1746:
1657:
1471:
1420:
1405:
1401:
1381:
1268:
1264:
1181:
1089:
1081:
1066:
1027:
1026:
In 1120, Ibn Tumart and his small band of followers proceeded to
985:
952:
948:
936:
932:
920:
837:
830:
791:
766:. Around 1121, Ibn Tumart was recognized by his followers as the
755:
744:
728:
147:
129:
10502:
5392:
5222:
3482:
who refused to convert to Islam are recorded. The treatment and
2573:
The "Las Navas de Tolosa banner", an Almohad banner captured by
2477:
Scribes and calligraphers of the Almohad period also started to
1276:
in 1147, after an eleven-month siege. The last Almoravid ruler,
10534:
10409:
9954:
8880:
7907:
7903:
7862:
7752:
7748:
7266:"Islamic 12th-century bathhouse uncovered in Seville tapas bar"
6982:
Word of God, Art of Man: The Quran and its Creative Expressions
6593:رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر
3398:
3165:
2949:
2750:
2705:
2669:
2602:
2521:
2502:
2498:
2329:
2280:
2265:
2225:
2210:
2191:
2173:
2169:
2124:
1988:
1829:
1821:
1784:. The next twenty years saw a massive advance in the Christian
1753:
1661:
1591:
1566:
1553:
1532:
1525:
1436:
1358:
1354:
1232:
1148:
s of the Masmuda tribes. The early preachers and missionaries (
1134:
1114:
1105:
1094:
1016:
1012:
1008:
994:
965:
795:
787:
771:
720:
226:
168:
99:
7421:
6869:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 105–113.
6479:. In Ekici, Didem; Blessing, Patricia; Baudez, Basile (eds.).
6450:. In Ekici, Didem; Blessing, Patricia; Baudez, Basile (eds.).
5938:
5752:
The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050
2833:
2440:
collective memory allowed more awareness of the colors of the
2332:
as a method of validating the more central Almohad concept of
2209:". This contrasted with the highly orthodox or traditionalist
2146:, there were 400 paper mills in Fes under the reign of Sultan
11168:
9942:
7555:
7553:
7514:
6822:
10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911-e-70
6161:
The Ideological Power of Some Almohad Illuminated Manuscripts
4982:"Almohad definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
3408:
3403:
3250:
3076:
3003:
2936:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2842:
2797:
dating back to the Almohad period were uncovered in a bar in
2763:
2721:
2657:
2546:
2494:
2466:
2354:
2326:
2205:
1712:
1475:
1346:
1084:, Ibn Tumart abandoned his cave in 1122 and went up into the
1070:
977:
in Muslim orthodoxy. His followers would become known as the
767:
361:
196:
182:
10306:
8209:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
7898:. In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Glazer-Eytan, Yonatan (eds.).
7743:. In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Glazer-Eytan, Yonatan (eds.).
7526:
7466:
7334:
7182:
6973:
Maravillas de la España medieval: Tesoro sagrado y monarquía
6777:
Les Enluminares de l'Epoque Almohade: Frontispices et Unwans
6548:الحضارة الإسلامية في المغرب والأندلس عصر المرابطين والموحدين
6531:
The Articulation of Power in Medieval Iberia and the Maghrib
6113:(1st ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59,
2164:
The Almohad ideology preached by Ibn Tumart is described by
7490:
7385:
7373:
7361:
7283:
6975:(in Spanish). Madrid: Junta de Castilla y León. p. 35.
6400:
6056:
5311:
3067:
2939:
and had also appeared in Andalusi architecture such as the
2681:
2349:
2261:
2181:
1902:
they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of
1665:
1585:
1578:
1245:
1062:
999:
655:
10378:
7631:
7565:
7550:
6904:"La bannière de Las Huelgas dite de "Las Navas de Tolosa""
6481:
Textile in Architecture: From the Middle Ages to Modernism
6452:
Textile in Architecture: From the Middle Ages to Modernism
6417:
6415:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5516:
5514:
5127:
Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam
5070:
3478:
since they were not regarded as sincere Muslims. Cases of
3074:
in 1150–1151 (after having destroyed an earlier Almoravid
2947:
continued to be standard elsewhere. The decoration around
1668:
that same year. But Christian raiders had been stopped at
7351:
7349:
5950:
5729:
5727:
5685:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5453:
5451:
5367:
5365:
5145:
Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (2013).
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
2362:, his contemporary – and Christian Latin scholars – like
1241:
1160:. Each unit had a strict internal hierarchy, headed by a
1103:(roughly 'place of retreat'), emulating the story of the
1023:(a Zenata Berber, who would later become his successor).
981:("Almohads"), meaning those who affirm the unity of God.
833:
falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively.
661:
646:
8225:
7835:
Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest
7715:
7538:
7249:
7211:
7199:
7158:
7105:
7069:
6883:
6812:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), "Almohad",
6697:
Untold Stories of Maghrebi Qur'ans (12th-14th centuries)
5974:
5962:
5916:
5914:
5428:. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. 1989. p. 592.
3108:
trees and other plants. Some of them are referred to as
9712:
7456:
7454:
6559:
6412:
5926:
5887:
5875:
5837:
5650:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5511:
5463:
5425:
The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107–108
5350:
5247:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 958–960.
5148:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
5053:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
2887:. In general, Almohad architecture was built mostly in
2135:
went east and many Jews moved to Castillian-controlled
74:
The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212
7346:
6814:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
6571:
5899:
5724:
5673:
5526:
5448:
5382:
5380:
5362:
5000:
1878:. After the great Christian advance of 1228–1248, the
1419:
The Almohads transferred the capital of Al-Andalus to
1088:, to organize the Almohad movement among the highland
8193:
Le livre de Mohammed ibn Toumert: Mahdi des Almohades
7164:
7111:
7083:"Qantara - Spout of a fountain in the form of a stag"
7008:"Qantara - Large chandelier of the Qarawīyyīn Mosque"
5911:
5274:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 78–80.
2481:
words and phrases in manuscripts for emphasis, using
2056:
The Almohads worked to suppress the influence of the
7451:
6600:] (in Arabic). Cairo: مكتبة مدبولي. p. 151.
5606:
3039:
of Seville (part of a Great Mosque begun in 1171 by
1531:. The Almohads passed through a period of effective
1455:" ("the Victorious") was earned by his victory over
1404:. They founded a great mosque there; its tower, the
1328:
1098:
997:
school of jurisprudence, which drew upon consensus (
988:
c. 1117, Ibn Tumart spent some time in various
770:, and shortly afterwards he established his base at
707:
664:
649:
52:
6645:. State University of New York Press. p. 175.
5377:
5186:السلاوي, أبي العباس شهاب الدين أحمد/الدرعي (2014).
1478:against the Christians and then return to Morocco.
1451:
and won back territory lost in 1189. His title of "
658:
652:
643:
12095:States and territories disestablished in the 1260s
8228:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
7845:
7843:
6908:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
5556:
5144:
1299:, fled by sea. The Arab tribes of the region, the
27:1121–1269 Berber empire in North Africa and Iberia
7887:
7654:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 70–71.
6936:"Arte, símbolo y emblemas en la España musulmana"
6910:(in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. p. 98.
5779:The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay
5329:
5289:Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C., eds. (2005).
5043:
3490:under Almohad rule was a drastic change as well.
3476:had to wear clothing that identified them as Jews
2903:Compared to the earlier Almoravid period and the
969:), which denied the independent existence of the
790:. They then extended their power over all of the
12016:
7734:
7732:
7730:
6750:. New York, N.Y.: MetPublications. p. 124.
5755:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 344–345.
4897:
2461:The Almohad dynasty embraced a style of cursive
1011:in their reasoning, an anathema to the stricter
794:by 1159. Al-Andalus followed, and all of Muslim
7840:
7668:
7331:, De Agostini, Novara, 1964, Vol. I pp. 152–153
6933:
6791:Robinson, Cynthia (2007). Contadini, A. (ed.).
5808:. Macmillan Reference USA. 2005. p. 4586.
2704:inscriptions, it has an architectural motif of
2684:) and the 10th-century Stag of Córdoba made in
1240:Atlas mountains. In 1139, they expanded to the
11902:
8248:Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages
7991:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
7833:Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego. "
7313:
6610:
6555:] (in Arabic). مكتبة الخانجي. p. 424.
5997:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 63–66.
5267:
2740:cites the white and green glazed tiles on the
2456:
959:, and came under the influence of the teacher
11888:
10394:
10292:
9889:
9698:
8988:
8347:
7727:
7447:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
6979:
6901:
5288:
4900:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
782:governing Morocco in 1147, when he conquered
11851:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
9903:
8245:Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998).
8152:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
6611:Buresi, Pascal; Aallaoui, Hicham El (2012).
6534:. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–216.
5749:Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975).
5330:Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012).
5292:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy
3601:Abu al-Ula (Abu Dabbus) Idris II 'al-Wathiq'
2269:
2090:
2077:
1971:
1918:, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269.
1387:
1216:Phases of the expansion of the Almohad state
813:by an alliance of the Christian forces from
687:
681:
37:
10061:
7893:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
6862:
6514:] (in Arabic). دار السلمى،. p. 43.
5782:. Princeton University Press. p. 183.
5484:
3153:, where former Almohad palaces once stood.
3047:" of Rabat (part of a huge mosque begun by
3035:but subsequently rebuilt before 1195), the
3008:(because the aisle running parallel to the
2599:Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Huelgas
2388:, depicted on the right under white banners
353:2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi)
345:2,300,000 km (890,000 sq mi)
12090:States and territories established in 1121
11895:
11881:
10401:
10387:
10299:
10285:
9896:
9882:
9705:
9691:
8995:
8981:
8354:
8340:
8244:
7583:
6966:
6474:
6445:
6299:"Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians"
6174:
6157:
6078:Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period
5881:
5748:
5584:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5469:
5151:. Princeton University Press. p. 34.
5056:. Princeton University Press. p. 34.
3493:Many of the conversions were superficial.
2153:
1889:
1207:
68:
9982:
8296:Popa, Marcel D.; Matei, Horia C. (1988).
8295:
8186:
7994:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7987:
7849:
7837:." MEAH, sección Hebreo 56 (2007), 33–51
7702:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
7131:"Qantara - Lion with an articulated tail"
6433:
6314:
5843:
5667:
5644:
5632:
5592:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 404–405.
5520:
5480:
5478:
5356:
5216:
5130:. Univ of California Press. p. 285.
5109:. University of Texas Press. p. 97.
4915:
4858:
3516:
3092:, a defensive tower on the shores of the
2730:tiles formerly around the minaret of the
2366:– who later promoted his commentaries on
2060:of fiqh, even publicly burning copies of
1882:was practically all that remained of old
1715:from Ferdinand III in return for 300,000
1248:, where Abd al-Mu"min founded a citadel (
898:Learn how and when to remove this message
10308:Categories: History of Algeria by period
8081:
8062:
7721:
7683:
7610:
7544:
7532:
7520:
7508:
7472:
7442:
7340:
7301:
7030:
6779:. Estudios Arabes e Islamicos. p. 72-74.
6638:
6577:
6565:
6527:
6483:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22.
6454:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22.
6421:
6406:
6379:
6293:
6104:
6062:
5956:
5944:
5932:
5905:
5893:
5733:
5691:
5679:
5539:
5457:
5398:
5371:
5317:
5228:
5189:الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى 1-3 ج1
5123:
5013:
4733:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'
3583:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'
3435:, a specialist in Iberian literature at
3384:
3366:
2832:
2812:
2715:
2711:
2631:
2568:
2540:
2377:
1976:'the western tongue'). For example, the
1858:With the departure of the Almohads, the
1758:
1614:
1485:
1414:
1211:
1052:
11675:
8298:Mica Enciclopedie de Istorie Universala
8265:
8211:. New York: Longman. pp. 196–266.
8203:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7803:
7738:
7649:
7496:
7460:
7438:
7436:
7415:
7403:
7391:
7379:
7367:
7314:Basset, Henri; Terrasse, Henri (1932).
7289:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7220:
6670:(PhD). Cornell University. p. 52.
6074:
6016:
6014:
5831:
5703:
5551:
5240:
5185:
4271:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'
3559:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'
2436:In modern times, Islamic al-Andalus in
2245:), meaning roughly "those who advocate
1987:As the Almohads rejected the status of
1951:was made to be delivered in Arabic and
1076:On the advice of one of his followers,
14:
12017:
8274:
8123:
8008:
7968:
7637:
7571:
7559:
7355:
7260:
7258:
7250:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014
7234:
7212:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014
7200:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014
7159:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014
7106:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014
7070:Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014
6787:
6785:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6743:
6665:
6523:
6521:
6503:
6375:
6373:
6329:Pascal Buresi and Hicham El Aallaoui,
5992:
5920:
5775:
5744:
5742:
5475:
5410:
5173:
5102:
3306:, the original public entrance to the
11876:
10382:
10280:
9916:
9877:
9686:
9002:
8976:
8335:
8230:(in French). Paris: Louvre éditions.
8145:
8102:
8029:
7484:
7427:
7170:
7117:
6971:. In Bango Torviso, Isidro G. (ed.).
6895:
6889:
6845:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh. pp. 227–228.
6739:
6737:
6735:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6544:
6436:, pp. 98, 101–102, 117, 132–133.
6349:
6221:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6020:
5980:
5968:
5615:
5545:
5386:
5234:
4731:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4695:
4649:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4595:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4421:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4131:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4025:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3852:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3373:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
2775:
2597:. The banner was then donated to the
2129:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
1735:Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami
915:The Almohad movement originated with
8361:
8326:Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain
8270:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
8166:
8149:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
7974:Frank and Leaman, 2003, pp. 137–138.
7962:, Princeton University Press, 2009,
7902:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 164.
7822:
7747:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 164.
7433:
7316:Sanctuaires et forteresses almohades
7217:
7186:The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque
7176:
6866:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
6747:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
6589:
6011:
5855:
5261:
3389:Almohad social pyramid according to
2931:, have their earliest precedents in
2264:, the state gave recognition to the
1741:dynasty that had once ruled the old
1443:style and protected the philosopher
880:adding citations to reliable sources
851:
750:The Almohad movement was founded by
12105:Historical transcontinental empires
9484:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zidan)
8268:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
8130:Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors
8050:
7255:
7024:
6856:
6782:
6764:
6695:Bongianino, Umberto (18 May 2021).
6518:
6468:
6370:
6226:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 297–346.
6158:Bongianino, Umberto (Feb 8, 2018).
6068:
5739:
4945:, pp. 101–102. Ed. Publibook 2004 (
2497:, and yellow semicircles to marked
2270:
2242:
2091:
2078:
2040:An 1183 manuscript of Ibn Tumart's
1972:
1914:, was reduced to the possession of
1871:
1737:, who claimed descendance from the
697:
688:
682:
677:
38:
24:
9955:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania
9456:(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik al-Ghazi)
7859:A Cultural History of Jewish Dress
7035:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
6969:"Botín de guerra y Tesoro sagrado"
6732:
6702:
6682:
6181:(in French). www.acr-edition.com.
6140:
5858:"Almohades en arabe al-Muwaḥḥidūn"
4859:Taagepera, Rein (September 1997).
3553:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 'al-Mustansir'
3012:wall and the aisle leading to the
2974:) and in later Moroccan gateways.
2927:). Some Almohad elements, such as
2609:script featuring Qur'anic verses (
1180:), then the religious corps – the
931:of southern Morocco. At the time,
762:, were founded after his death by
25:
12126:
9998:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate
8313:
8146:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992).
8085:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires
6934:Pavón Maldonado, Basilio (1985).
5027:"Almohads | Berber confederation"
5019:
4904:Journal of World-Systems Research
3288:(or Al-Mansuriyya Mosque) in the
3215:, built during the Almohad period
3195:, built during the Almohad period
2549:personally transcribed by Caliph
2430:Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms
2195:), and spiritual engagement with
10367:
9336:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir)
9321:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir)
8858:Jewellery of the Berber cultures
8566:
8320:Abd al-Mumin life among Masmudas
7952:
7797:
7643:
7604:
7577:
7322:
7307:
7123:
6967:Ruiz Souza, Juan Carlos (2001).
6512:Aspects of Maghrebi civilization
6504:العزيز, بنعبد الله، عبد (1957).
6203:Muḥammad and the Course of Islám
3377:Muslim persecution of Christians
3348:
3329:
3314:
3296:
3277:
3262:
3239:
3220:
3200:
3176:
3158:
2970:gateways (e.g. the main gate of
2837:The ceremonial main gate of the
2557:The penultimate Almohad caliph,
2030:
2021:
1490:Coin minted during the reign of
1481:
1427:The successors of Abd al-Mumin,
856:
805:(1199–1214) was defeated at the
798:was under Almohad rule by 1172.
639:
609:
595:
581:
567:
553:
539:
525:
511:
497:
483:
458:
444:
430:
416:
402:
388:
10226:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia
9256:Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq
8300:. Bucharest: Editura Politica.
8174:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill.
7141:from the original on 2021-04-15
7075:
7039:
7000:
6924:
6835:
6806:
6659:
6632:
6604:
6583:
6538:
6497:
6439:
6343:
6323:
6287:
6271:
6251:The Arabic Linguistic Tradition
6240:
6215:
6205:, p. 306. George Ronald, 1976.
6195:
6168:
5986:
5849:
5825:
5796:
5769:
5697:
5416:
5404:
5323:
5179:
5167:
5096:
4865:International Studies Quarterly
4577:Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq'
3427:, Jewish culture experienced a
2808:
2690:Archeological Museum of Córdoba
2105:Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya
1955:, or as the Andalusi historian
1728:That same year, Portuguese and
1647:. Sensing a power vacuum, both
1449:campaigned in southern Portugal
1431:(Yusuf I, ruled 1163–1184) and
1133:that protected the approach to
1080:, a prominent chieftain of the
1003:) and other sources beyond the
867:needs additional citations for
9374:Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey
9331:Muhammad ibn Ahmad (al-Wathiq)
8275:Julien, Charles André (1970).
8088:. Edinburgh University Press.
7894:Wasserstein, David J. (2020).
7680:. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
7678:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
7614:A Companion to Islamic Granada
7587:A Companion to Islamic Granada
7445:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912
7406:, pp. 319, 328, 338, 347.
6902:Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam (2014).
6350:Ahmed, Nazeer (10 July 2001).
5295:. Cambridge University Press.
5219:, pp. 87, 94, and others.
4956:
4932:
4891:
4852:
4822:
4797:
4772:
4545:Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'
3272:('Gate of the Winds') in Rabat
3051:in 1191 but never completed).
1709:Abd al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'
1569:, who declared himself Caliph
1353:leaders refused to surrender.
943:), were under the rule of the
13:
1:
9495:Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir
9404:Ali ibn Muhammad (Abu Hassun)
7700:M.J. Viguera, "Almohads". In
6282:Refutation of the Grammarians
6280:, Introduction to Ibn Mada's
6119:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004
6087:10.4159/harvard.9780674732810
5487:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
4765:
3211:of the Patio del Yeso of the
2591:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
2142:According to the research of
2012:
1900:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
1515:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
807:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
689:ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ
303:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
291:• Almoravids overthrown
105:
12055:Medieval history of Portugal
9619:(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman)
9316:Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz
7804:Menocal, María Rosa (2002).
6775:Barrucand, Marianne (2005).
6717:Barrucand, Marianne (1995).
6639:Civantos, Christina (2017).
6175:Sijelmassi, Mohamed (1987).
6111:The Literature of Al-Andalus
6075:Bulliet, Richard W. (1979).
5710:(in French). La Découverte.
5124:Arjomand, Said Amir (2022).
5078:"Almohads – Islamic Studies"
4829:Le Moyen Âge, XIe–XVe siècle
3577:Abu al-Ala Idris I al-Ma'mun
3541:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 'al-Mansur'
2845:), added to the fortress by
2627:
2325:onward, embraced the use of
2274:) school of thought, though
1749:to offer recognition to the
1599:"), the Almohad governor of
1497:In 1212, the Almohad Caliph
1327:s. They became known as the
927:tribal confederation of the
7:
12035:Medieval history of Algeria
10408:
9281:Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman
8281:. Routledge & K. Paul.
8103:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
8082:Bennison, Amira K. (2016).
8063:Bennison, Amira K. (2007).
8015:. Oxford University Press.
7855:"Bitter Bonnets and Badges"
7617:. Brill. pp. 421–424.
6816:, Oxford University Press,
5103:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015).
4748:
4726:Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'
4245:Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur'
3589:Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'
3026:motifs. The minaret of the
2762:, including fragments of a
2564:
2457:Calligraphy and manuscripts
2419:or for the movement of the
1926:
1788:– the old great Andalusian
1725:in 1228 to confront Yahya.
1544:in 1217 was an exception).
1329:
1295:. The last Hammadid ruler,
1099:
719:'those who profess the
708:
53:
10:
12131:
12080:13th century in al-Andalus
12075:12th century in al-Andalus
9638:Abd al-Hafid ibn al-Hassan
9085:(Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar)
7981:
7511:, pp. 309–10, 322–25.
6545:Ḥasan, ʻAlī Ḥasan (1980).
6475:Stockstill, Abbey (2023).
6446:Stockstill, Abbey (2023).
6029:, Brill, pp. 71–101,
4839:. p. 213, Ed. Breal 1994 (
4558:Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'
3989:Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman
3595:Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'
3370:
3049:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur
2852:
2323:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur
2157:
2074:Counterpart of the Muwatta
1993:, the Almohad conquest of
1943:. Under the Almohads, the
1921:
1711:. He promptly purchased a
1631:throughout the regions of
1559:Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'
910:
847:
314:• Marinid suzerainty
12085:Medieval history of Libya
11914:
11844:
11796:
11313:
10717:
10416:
10365:
10314:
10196:
10126:Principality of Catalonia
10071:
10060:
10056:
9993:
9981:
9977:
9926:
9915:
9911:
9725:
9633:Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hassan
9529:
9521:Muhammad al-Haj ad-Dila'i
9508:
9427:
9382:
9364:
9251:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq
9239:
9205:(Abd al-Wahid al-Makhluʿ)
9160:
9120:
9010:
8934:
8866:
8803:
8794:
8727:
8718:
8635:
8626:
8599:Prefectures and provinces
8584:
8575:
8564:
8516:
8485:
8439:
8408:
8382:
8373:
8322:: Encyclopædia Britannica
8266:Marçais, Georges (1954).
8261:– via Google Books.
8133:. Boston: Little, Brown.
8109:. Yale University Press.
7988:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
7920:10.1163/9789004416826_007
7765:10.1163/9789004416826_008
7650:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001).
7443:Deverdun, Gaston (1959).
7418:, pp. 201 and after.
7304:, pp. 276 and after.
6035:10.1163/9789004256644_004
5776:Laroui, Abdallah (2015).
5704:Meynier, Gilbert (2010).
4986:www.collinsdictionary.com
4689:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4264:Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid'
4237:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4031:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3677:
3675:
3468:Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur
2652:, commissioned by Caliph
2373:
1997:caused the emigration of
1433:Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur
1388:Expansion into al-Andalus
678:خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ
367:
357:
349:
341:
336:
332:
322:
312:
299:
289:
279:
275:
267:
263:
251:
241:• 1130–1163 (first)
239:
235:
225:
221:
209:
205:
195:
178:
160:
92:
79:
67:
62:
32:
12050:13th century in Ifriqiya
12045:12th century in Ifriqiya
9905:Spain in the Middle Ages
9671:(Muhammad ibn al-Hassan)
9627:(Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad)
9612:Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham
9584:Zin al-Abidin ibn Ismail
8172:History of the Almohades
7430:, pp. 10, 128, 183.
7031:Terrasse, Henri (1968).
6666:Streit, Jessica (2013).
6316:10.5356/orient1960.10.89
6021:Jones, Linda G. (2013),
5805:Encyclopedia of Religion
5401:, pp. 299–300, 306.
5231:, pp. 58 and after.
3447:. Many Jews migrated to
2382:Almohad soldiers in the
1778:Ferdinand III of Castile
1605:Ferdinand III of Castile
1349:by force when the local
984:After his return to the
683:دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ
253:• 1266–1269 (last)
12070:13th century in Morocco
12065:12th century in Morocco
12060:11th century in Morocco
10064:Feudal Christian realms
9591:(Muhammad ibn Abdallah)
9556:Abd al-Malik ibn Ismail
9261:Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr
9111:(al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim)
9104:Abu'l-Aysh ibn al-Qasim
9093:(al-Hasan ibn Muhammad)
8030:Baadj, Amar S. (2015).
7235:Salmon, Xavier (2018).
6590:عاصم, محمد رزق (2006).
6394:10.1163/156852791X00060
6356:. Xlibris Corporation.
5031:Encyclopedia Britannica
4968:www.merriam-webster.com
4964:"Definition of ALMOHAD"
4877:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
4755:List of Mahdi claimants
4713:Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir'
4586:Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi'
3992:Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub
3321:The Almohad minaret in
3193:Great Mosque of Seville
3043:), and the unfinished "
3001:(niche symbolizing the
2989:(later modified by the
2385:Cantigas de Santa Maria
2154:Theology and philosophy
1890:Collapse in the Maghreb
1828:in 1242 (to Portugal),
1808:in 1234 (to Portugal),
1792:fell in a grand sweep:
1683:, Salvatierra (the old
1529:Yusuf II "al-Mustansir"
1457:Alfonso VIII of Castile
1208:Caliphate and expansion
12100:1269 disestablishments
10211:Monarchs of al-Andalus
9579:Al-Mustadi' ibn Ismail
9449:Muhammad al-Mutawakkil
9356:Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman
9291:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II
8426:Barghawata Confederacy
8009:Arnold, Felix (2017).
7739:Verskin, Alan (2020).
7590:. Brill. p. 461.
6841:Blair, Sheila (2008).
6832:, retrieved 2021-05-04
6795:. Brill. pp. 104–114.
6507:مظاهر الحضارة المغربية
5993:Barton, Simon (2009).
5947:, pp. 83–84, 342.
5882:Magill & Aves 1998
5470:Magill & Aves 1998
5271:Encyclopaedia of Islam
5244:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4309:Abu Abd Allah Muhammad
4294:Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman
4004:Abu Muhammad Abd Allah
3986:Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman
3517:List of Almohad rulers
3480:mass martyrdom of Jews
3393:
3170:Great Mosque of Tinmal
2850:
2830:
2734:
2637:
2578:
2554:
2451:
2408:
2389:
1980:, or sermon-giver, of
1832:in 1243 (to Castile),
1812:in 1236 (to Castile),
1764:
1538:loss of Alcácer do Sal
1494:
1424:
1382:Salah ad-Din (Saladin)
1217:
1058:
324:• Disestablished
11821:Medieval great powers
9663:(Hassan ibn Muhammad)
9607:Suleiman ibn Muhammad
9597:Al-Yazid ibn Muhammad
9573:(Muhammad ibn Ismail)
9472:Abdallah al-Ghalib II
9399:Muhammad ibn Muhammad
9341:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad
8706:Western Sahara status
8486:European protectorate
8395:Kingdom of Mauretania
6618:. Brill. p. 76.
5082:Oxford Bibliographies
4917:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369
3388:
3367:Status of Non-Muslims
2836:
2816:
2719:
2712:Ceramics and tilework
2640:The French historian
2635:
2572:
2544:
2536:Hadith Bayāḍ wa Riyāḍ
2403:
2381:
2150:in the 12th century.
1816:in 1238 (to Aragon),
1804:in 1230 (to Aragon),
1770:Sancho II of Portugal
1762:
1653:Sancho II of Portugal
1615:Decline in al-Andalus
1489:
1418:
1297:Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz
1291:, the capital of the
1215:
1125:, the gateway of the
1056:
786:and declared himself
764:Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi
161:Common languages
12040:History of Gibraltar
11831:European colonialism
11816:Ancient great powers
10261:Monarchs of Valencia
10221:Monarchs of Asturias
10008:Caliphate of Córdoba
9948:Kingdom of the Suebi
9655:(Muhammad ibn Yusuf)
9271:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman
9197:(Yusuf al-Mustansir)
9099:Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim
9077:(Yahya ibn al-Qasim)
9053:(Yahya ibn Muhammad)
9024:(Idris ibn Abdallah)
8614:World Heritage Sites
8503:Spanish Protectorate
8400:Mauretania Tingitana
8199:. Alger: P. Fontana.
7914:. pp. 133–154.
7759:. pp. 155–172.
7523:, pp. 320, 324.
6284:, p. 6. Cairo, 1947.
5856:Larousse, Éditions.
4306:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman
4013:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman
3610:Almohad family tree
3425:Caliphate of Córdoba
3072:Kasbah of the Udayas
2987:Great Mosque of Taza
2933:Fatimid architecture
2869:Moorish architecture
2855:Almohad architecture
2839:Kasbah of the Udayas
2803:concave hexadecagons
2663:Great Mosque of Taza
2444:, chosen in 1918 by
2294:, the Almohads were
1982:al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque
1202:Battle of al-Buhayra
1117:in the 7th century.
1042:, in the streets of
1030:, stopping first in
876:improve this article
727:was a North African
424:Second Taifas period
11826:Modern great powers
10256:Monarchs of Navarre
10251:Monarchs of Majorca
10241:Monarchs of Granada
10236:Monarchs of Galicia
10231:Monarchs of Castile
10201:Visigothic monarchs
10182:Kingdom of Valencia
10150:Kingdom of Artajona
10131:Kingdom of Pamplona
10122:County of Barcelona
10076:Kingdom of Asturias
9643:Yusuf ibn al-Hassan
9602:Hisham ibn Muhammad
9561:Abdallah ibn Ismail
9311:Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali
9276:Abu Sa'id Uthman II
9147:Ibrahim ibn Tashfin
8498:French Protectorate
8058:. Paris: E. Leroux.
7871:Bloomsbury Academic
7640:, pp. 199–210.
7574:, pp. 239–240.
7562:, pp. 196–212.
7535:, pp. 325–326.
7499:, pp. 220–225.
7475:, pp. 312–323.
7394:, pp. 243–244.
7382:, pp. 232–234.
7370:, pp. 228–231.
7343:, pp. 195–196.
7292:, pp. 258–260.
7135:www.qantara-med.org
7087:www.qantara-med.org
7012:www.qantara-med.org
6892:, pp. 326–327.
6843:Islamic Calligraphy
6409:, pp. 258–262.
6065:, pp. 173–174.
6027:Spanning the Strait
5983:, pp. 146–149.
5971:, pp. 121–146.
5320:, pp. 67, 339.
3381:Persecution of Jews
3308:Kasbah of Marrakesh
3290:Kasbah of Marrakesh
3284:The minaret of the
3131:(originally called
3086:Kasbah of Marrakesh
2692:). It was found in
2622:Cathedral of Toledo
2577:in the 13th century
2559:Abu Hafs al-Murtada
2260:In terms of Muslim
1999:Andalusi Christians
1939:, was important in
1935:, specifically the
1874:) rose to power in
1824:in 1238 (to Leon),
1800:in 1230 (to Leon),
1763:Almohads after 1212
1702:Yahya "al-Mu'tasim"
1542:Kingdom of Portugal
1499:Muhammad 'al-Nasir'
1447:. In 1190–1191, he
1330:abna' al-muwahhidin
1194:political commissar
1127:trans-Saharan trade
577:Kingdom of Portugal
521:Third Taifas period
281:• Established
12115:Former theocracies
10216:Monarchs of Aragon
10177:Kingdom of Majorca
10140:Kingdom of Viguera
10135:Kingdom of Navarre
10097:Kingdom of Castile
10085:Kingdom of Galicia
10044:Emirate of Granada
10003:Emirate of Córdoba
9960:Duchy of Cantabria
9936:Visigothic Kingdom
9648:Muhammad ibn Arafa
9490:Al-Walid ibn Zidan
9467:Abu Faris Abdallah
9444:Abdallah al-Ghalib
9439:Mohammed al-Shaykh
9419:Ahmad ibn Muhammad
9414:Muhammad ibn Ahmad
9409:Ahmad ibn Muhammad
9394:Muhammad ibn Yahya
9346:Abdallah ibn Ahmad
9296:Abu Bakr ibn Faris
9045:(Ali ibn Muhammad)
9038:Muhammad ibn Idris
8777:Telecommunications
7873:. pp. 47–48.
5995:A History of Spain
5834:, pp. 273–274
4697:Yahya 'al'Mutasim'
4297:Abu Zakariya Yahya
4283:Abu Ibrahim Ishaq
4001:Abu Ali al-Hussein
3995:Abu Ibrahim Ismail
3571:Yahya 'al-Mutasim'
3535:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I
3462:most of the urban
3433:María Rosa Menocal
3415:The treatment and
3394:
3213:Alcázar of Seville
3151:Alcázar of Seville
3094:Guadalquivir River
2851:
2831:
2776:Painted decoration
2735:
2638:
2579:
2555:
2390:
2144:Muhammad al-Manuni
2063:Muwatta Imam Malik
2007:Emirate of Granada
1968:al-lisān al-gharbī
1957:Ibn Ṣāḥib aṣ-Ṣalāt
1880:Emirate of Granada
1774:Alfonso IX of León
1765:
1743:taifa of Saragossa
1685:Order of Calatrava
1681:Baños de la Encina
1649:Alfonso IX of León
1495:
1425:
1410:Alcázar of Seville
1274:captured Marrakesh
1218:
1059:
919:, a member of the
605:Emirate of Granada
563:Kingdom of Majorca
535:Kingdom of Castile
507:Kingdom of Tlemcen
452:Khurasanid dynasty
12025:Almohad Caliphate
12012:
12011:
11870:
11869:
11792:
11791:
11757:Polish–Lithuanian
10932:Gurjara-Pratihara
10376:
10375:
10274:
10273:
10192:
10191:
10168:Kingdom of Aragon
10145:Kingdom of Najera
10111:Kingdom of Toledo
10090:County of Castile
10052:
10051:
10032:Almohad Caliphate
10020:Almoravid Emirate
9973:
9972:
9965:Duchy of Vasconia
9919:Early Middle Ages
9871:
9870:
9714:Islamic dynasties
9680:
9679:
9541:Al-Rashid ibn Ali
9387:(1471–1549, 1554)
9365:Idrisid interlude
9216:Yahya al-Mu'tasim
9211:Abdallah al-ʿAdil
9190:Muhammad al-Nasir
9179:(Abu Yaqub Yusuf)
9132:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
9122:Almoravid dynasty
9061:(Yahya ibn Yahya)
9032:(Idris ibn Idris)
9004:Rulers of Morocco
8970:
8969:
8930:
8929:
8790:
8789:
8714:
8713:
8645:Foreign relations
8622:
8621:
8562:
8561:
8288:978-0-7100-6614-5
8218:978-0-582-49515-9
8074:978-1-134-09650-3
8043:978-90-04-29857-6
7929:978-90-04-41681-9
7880:978-1-84520-513-3
7808:. Little, Brown.
7774:978-90-04-41681-9
7710:978-90-04-17678-2
7624:978-90-04-42581-1
7597:978-90-04-42581-1
7239:. Paris: LienArt.
6851:978-1-4744-6447-5
6830:978-0-19-530991-1
6801:978-90-474-2237-2
6757:978-0-87099-636-8
6652:978-1-4384-6671-2
6625:978-90-04-23971-5
6490:978-1-000-90044-6
6461:978-1-000-90044-6
6363:978-1-4628-3130-2
6339:978-90-04-23333-1
6267:978-0-415-15757-5
6211:978-0-85398-060-5
6188:978-2-86770-025-5
6128:978-0-521-47159-6
6004:978-0-230-20012-8
5959:, pp. 87–88.
5815:978-0-02-865981-7
5789:978-1-4008-6998-5
5762:978-0-521-20981-6
5717:978-2-7071-5231-2
5694:, pp. 79–80.
5647:, pp. 92–93.
5599:978-90-04-11211-7
5435:978-90-04-09082-8
5343:978-90-04-23333-1
5302:978-0-521-52069-0
5281:978-90-04-16121-4
5254:978-90-04-16121-4
5203:978-2-7451-5495-8
5158:978-0-691-13484-0
5137:978-0-520-38759-1
5116:978-0-292-76190-2
5063:978-0-691-13484-0
4951:978-2-7483-0644-6
4837:Patrick Boucheron
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4532:Abu Muhammad Said
4519:Muhammad al-Nasir
4300:Abu al-Hassan Ali
4267:Abu Zayd Muhammad
4261:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
4251:Abu al-Ula Idris
4010:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
3983:Abu al-Hassan Ali
3977:Abu Yaqub Yusuf I
3547:Muhammad al-Nasir
3227:Reservoir of the
3133:al-Qaṣr as-Sayyid
2957:in Marrakesh and
2849:in the late 1190s
2688:(now kept at the
2654:Muhammad al-Nasir
2308:attributes of God
1782:James I of Aragon
1466:From the time of
1461:Battle of Alarcos
1172:); then came the
971:attributes of God
908:
907:
900:
803:Muhammad al-Nasir
780:Almoravid dynasty
754:among the Berber
733:Iberian Peninsula
718:
706:
629:Almohad Caliphate
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
549:Kingdom of Aragon
479:Marinid Sultanate
471:
470:
438:Kingdom of Africa
396:Almoravid dynasty
211:• 1121–1130
34:Almohad Caliphate
18:Almohad caliphate
16:(Redirected from
12122:
12110:Former countries
11897:
11890:
11883:
11874:
11873:
11673:
11672:
11338:Austro-Hungarian
11038:Chagatai Khanate
10403:
10396:
10389:
10380:
10379:
10371:
10301:
10294:
10287:
10278:
10277:
10246:Monarchs of León
10164:County of Aragon
10158:
10118:Catalan counties
10101:Crown of Castile
10058:
10057:
9979:
9978:
9913:
9912:
9898:
9891:
9884:
9875:
9874:
9707:
9700:
9693:
9684:
9683:
9672:
9664:
9656:
9628:
9620:
9592:
9574:
9551:Ahmad ibn Ismail
9485:
9482:Abd al-Malik II
9457:
9384:Wattasid dynasty
9351:Uthman ibn Ahmad
9231:Said al-Muʿtadid
9206:
9198:
9180:
9112:
9094:
9086:
9078:
9070:
9062:
9054:
9046:
9033:
9025:
8997:
8990:
8983:
8974:
8973:
8950:
8943:
8891:Hassaniya Arabic
8801:
8800:
8725:
8724:
8667:Sûreté Nationale
8633:
8632:
8582:
8581:
8570:
8554:2011–12 protests
8431:Kingdom of Nekor
8380:
8379:
8356:
8349:
8342:
8333:
8332:
8309:
8292:
8271:
8262:
8241:
8222:
8205:Kennedy, Hugh N.
8200:
8198:
8188:Goldziher, Ignác
8183:
8163:
8142:
8120:
8099:
8078:
8059:
8047:
8026:
8005:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7912:Brill Publishers
7891:
7885:
7884:
7847:
7838:
7831:
7820:
7819:
7801:
7795:
7794:
7757:Brill Publishers
7736:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7698:
7681:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7557:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7449:
7448:
7440:
7431:
7425:
7419:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7318:. Paris: Larose.
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7262:
7253:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7232:
7215:
7209:
7203:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7004:
6998:
6995:
6976:
6963:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6860:
6854:
6839:
6833:
6810:
6804:
6789:
6780:
6773:
6762:
6761:
6741:
6730:
6715:
6700:
6693:
6680:
6679:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6615:("Appointments")
6608:
6602:
6601:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6525:
6516:
6515:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6377:
6368:
6367:
6347:
6341:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6295:Nakamura, Kojiro
6291:
6285:
6275:
6269:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6219:
6213:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6155:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6100:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6018:
6009:
6008:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5746:
5737:
5731:
5722:
5721:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5619:
5613:
5604:
5603:
5579:Heinrichs, W. P.
5560:
5553:Marçais, Georges
5549:
5543:
5537:
5524:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5482:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5375:
5369:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5285:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5141:
5120:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5023:
5017:
5011:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4960:
4954:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4856:
4850:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4807:. Archived from
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4782:. Archived from
4776:
4526:Abdallah al-Adil
3616:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3565:Abdallah al-Adil
3500:Abraham Ibn Ezra
3445:Christian Europe
3352:
3333:
3318:
3300:
3281:
3266:
3255:Ya'qub al-Mansur
3243:
3224:
3204:
3180:
3162:
3041:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf
2945:horseshoe arches
2941:Aljaferia palace
2935:in Ifriqiya and
2929:polylobed arches
2847:Ya'qub al-Mansur
2819:Kutubiyya Mosque
2746:Kutubiyya Mosque
2686:Madinat al-Zahra
2678:Cathedral Museum
2342:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf
2292:Islamic theology
2273:
2272:
2244:
2189:social actions (
2160:Almohad doctrine
2094:
2093:
2081:
2080:
2069:Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab
2043:Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab
2034:
2025:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1941:Almohad doctrine
1933:Berber languages
1898:, and after the
1873:
1852:battle of Alange
1656:the environs of
1571:Abdallah al-Adil
1332:
1285:Norman conquests
1102:
975:anthropomorphism
903:
896:
892:
889:
883:
860:
852:
760:Mu'minid dynasty
713:
711:
701:
699:
691:
690:
685:
684:
679:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
638:
613:
612:
599:
598:
585:
584:
571:
570:
557:
556:
543:
542:
529:
528:
515:
514:
501:
500:
493:Hafsid Sultanate
487:
486:
475:
474:
462:
461:
448:
447:
434:
433:
420:
419:
410:Hammadid kingdom
406:
405:
392:
391:
385:
384:
369:
368:
191:
165:Berber languages
153:
144:
135:
121:
112:
110:
107:
88:
72:
57:
56:
49:
41:
40:
30:
29:
21:
12130:
12129:
12125:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12120:
12119:
12015:
12014:
12013:
12008:
11910:
11901:
11871:
11866:
11855:American Empire
11840:
11836:African empires
11788:
11671:
11363:Central African
11309:
11127:Romano-Germanic
10713:
10447:Middle Assyrian
10420:
10412:
10407:
10377:
10372:
10363:
10310:
10305:
10275:
10270:
10266:Military orders
10206:Suebic monarchs
10188:
10172:Crown of Aragon
10152:
10080:Kingdom of León
10067:
10048:
9989:
9969:
9922:
9907:
9902:
9872:
9867:
9721:
9711:
9681:
9676:
9670:
9662:
9654:
9626:
9618:
9590:
9572:
9533:
9525:
9513:
9504:
9483:
9462:Ahmad al-Mansur
9455:
9454:Abd al-Malik I
9431:
9423:
9386:
9378:
9366:
9360:
9306:Tashfin ibn Ali
9301:Ibrahim ibn Ali
9266:Abu Thabit Amir
9243:
9241:Marinid dynasty
9235:
9226:Abd al-Wahid II
9221:Idris al-Ma'mun
9204:
9203:Abd al-Wahid I
9196:
9185:Yaqub al-Mansur
9178:
9164:
9162:Almohad dynasty
9156:
9142:Tashfin ibn Ali
9124:
9116:
9110:
9092:
9084:
9076:
9068:
9060:
9052:
9044:
9031:
9023:
9014:
9012:Idrisid dynasty
9006:
9001:
8971:
8966:
8953:
8946:
8939:
8926:
8910:Moroccan people
8886:Moroccan Arabic
8862:
8786:
8732:Bank Al-Maghrib
8710:
8618:
8571:
8558:
8512:
8508:Operation Torch
8481:
8435:
8421:Idrisid dynasty
8404:
8369:
8360:
8316:
8289:
8259:
8238:
8219:
8196:
8160:
8117:
8096:
8075:
8044:
8023:
8002:
7984:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7957:
7953:
7930:
7892:
7888:
7881:
7851:Silverman, Eric
7848:
7841:
7832:
7823:
7816:
7802:
7798:
7775:
7737:
7728:
7720:
7716:
7699:
7684:
7675:"Islamic world"
7673:
7669:
7662:
7648:
7644:
7636:
7632:
7625:
7609:
7605:
7598:
7582:
7578:
7570:
7566:
7558:
7551:
7543:
7539:
7531:
7527:
7519:
7515:
7507:
7503:
7495:
7491:
7483:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7459:
7452:
7441:
7434:
7426:
7422:
7414:
7410:
7402:
7398:
7390:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7366:
7362:
7354:
7347:
7339:
7335:
7327:
7323:
7312:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7275:
7273:
7264:
7263:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7233:
7218:
7210:
7206:
7198:
7194:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7157:
7153:
7144:
7142:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7116:
7112:
7104:
7100:
7091:
7089:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7068:
7064:
7055:
7053:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7029:
7025:
7016:
7014:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6992:
6929:
6925:
6918:
6900:
6896:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6861:
6857:
6840:
6836:
6811:
6807:
6790:
6783:
6774:
6765:
6758:
6742:
6733:
6716:
6703:
6694:
6683:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6637:
6633:
6626:
6609:
6605:
6588:
6584:
6576:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6543:
6539:
6526:
6519:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6473:
6469:
6462:
6444:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6413:
6405:
6401:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6348:
6344:
6328:
6324:
6292:
6288:
6276:
6272:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6220:
6216:
6201:H. M. Balyuzi,
6200:
6196:
6189:
6173:
6169:
6156:
6141:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6097:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5991:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5943:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5867:
5865:
5862:www.larousse.fr
5854:
5850:
5842:
5838:
5830:
5826:
5816:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5747:
5740:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5666:
5651:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5622:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5571:Bosworth, C. E.
5550:
5546:
5538:
5527:
5519:
5512:
5497:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5449:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5303:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5159:
5138:
5117:
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5048:
5044:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5012:
5001:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4896:
4892:
4857:
4853:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4789:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4751:
4735:
4728:
4715:
4699:
4579:
4560:
4547:
4528:
4521:
4303:Abu Yusuf Yaqub
4284:
4273:
4252:
4247:
3998:Abu Said Uthman
3979:
3727:
3519:
3506:Idris al-Ma'mun
3437:Yale University
3383:
3369:
3362:
3356:Calahorra Tower
3353:
3344:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3282:
3273:
3267:
3258:
3244:
3235:
3225:
3216:
3205:
3196:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3098:Calahorra Tower
2859:Along with the
2857:
2811:
2778:
2724:inscription on
2714:
2646:al-Qarawiyyin's
2630:
2567:
2463:Maghrebi script
2459:
2454:
2442:Andalusian flag
2376:
2199:notions of the
2162:
2156:
2148:Yaqub al-Mansur
2092:تلخيص صحيح مسلم
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:Maghrebi script
2037:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2015:
1966:described it: "
1959:
1937:Shilha language
1929:
1924:
1912:Idris al-Wathiq
1892:
1641:Vega de Granada
1617:
1492:Abu Yaqub Yusuf
1484:
1429:Abu Yaqub Yusuf
1390:
1378:Yaqub al-Mansur
1309:Battle of Sétif
1261:Tashfin ibn Ali
1210:
929:Atlas Mountains
913:
904:
893:
887:
884:
873:
861:
850:
842:Idris al-Wathiq
776:Atlas Mountains
698:ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ
642:
633:
632:
610:
596:
591:Kingdom of León
582:
568:
554:
540:
526:
512:
498:
484:
459:
445:
431:
417:
403:
389:
325:
315:
305:
292:
282:
258:Idris al-Wathiq
254:
242:
212:
185:
156:
151:
150:
142:
141:
133:
132:
125:In Al-Andalus:
119:
118:
108:
103:
102:
86:
75:
58:
51:
50:
43:
39:ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12128:
12118:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11915:
11912:
11911:
11900:
11899:
11892:
11885:
11877:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11864:
11863:
11862:
11857:
11848:
11846:
11842:
11841:
11839:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11812:
11811:
11800:
11798:
11794:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11787:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11765:
11764:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11708:
11707:
11702:
11692:
11687:
11681:
11679:
11670:
11669:
11668:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11637:
11632:
11631:
11630:
11620:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11593:
11588:
11587:
11586:
11581:
11571:
11570:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11539:
11538:
11537:
11532:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11506:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11475:
11474:
11473:
11468:
11458:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11446:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11429:
11419:
11418:
11417:
11412:
11402:
11397:
11396:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11365:
11360:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11319:
11317:
11311:
11310:
11308:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11291:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11250:
11245:
11244:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11208:
11207:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11140:
11139:
11134:
11124:
11123:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11068:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11047:
11046:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10994:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10941:
10940:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10898:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10877:
10872:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10835:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10818:
10817:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10791:
10786:
10785:
10784:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10767:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10723:
10721:
10719:Post-classical
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10710:
10709:
10699:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10687:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10617:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10584:
10574:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10520:
10518:Middle Kingdom
10515:
10505:
10500:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10474:Neo-Babylonian
10471:
10466:
10464:Old Babylonian
10456:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10439:
10434:
10428:
10426:
10414:
10413:
10406:
10405:
10398:
10391:
10383:
10374:
10373:
10366:
10364:
10362:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10321:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10304:
10303:
10296:
10289:
10281:
10272:
10271:
10269:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10197:
10194:
10193:
10190:
10189:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10179:
10161:
10160:
10159:
10147:
10142:
10128:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10094:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10054:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10046:
10041:
10034:
10029:
10022:
10017:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9994:
9991:
9990:
9975:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9909:
9908:
9901:
9900:
9893:
9886:
9878:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9865:
9859:
9853:
9847:
9846:(1666–present)
9841:
9835:
9829:
9823:
9817:
9811:
9805:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9775:
9769:
9763:
9757:
9751:
9745:
9739:
9733:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9710:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9687:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9666:
9658:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9622:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9568:
9566:Ali ibn Ismail
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9546:Ismail ibn Ali
9543:
9537:
9535:
9534:(1666–present)
9527:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9517:
9515:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9500:Ahmad al-Abbas
9497:
9492:
9487:
9479:
9477:Zidan al-Nasir
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9435:
9433:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9390:
9388:
9380:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9370:
9368:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9326:Musa ibn Faris
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9286:Abu Inan Faris
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9247:
9245:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9200:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9174:
9168:
9166:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9128:
9126:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9114:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9088:
9080:
9072:
9069:(Ali ibn Umar)
9064:
9056:
9048:
9040:
9035:
9027:
9018:
9016:
9008:
9007:
9000:
8999:
8992:
8985:
8977:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8952:
8951:
8944:
8936:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8924:
8922:Western Sahara
8919:
8918:
8917:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8872:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8804:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8767:Western Sahara
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8694:Prime Minister
8691:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8647:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8611:
8609:Western Sahara
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8585:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8386:
8384:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8359:
8358:
8351:
8344:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8323:
8315:
8314:External links
8312:
8311:
8310:
8293:
8287:
8272:
8263:
8257:
8242:
8236:
8223:
8217:
8201:
8184:
8168:Dozy, Reinhart
8164:
8158:
8143:
8121:
8115:
8100:
8094:
8079:
8073:
8060:
8048:
8042:
8027:
8021:
8006:
8000:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7967:
7951:
7928:
7886:
7879:
7839:
7821:
7814:
7796:
7773:
7726:
7724:, p. 171.
7714:
7682:
7667:
7660:
7642:
7630:
7623:
7603:
7596:
7576:
7564:
7549:
7547:, p. 326.
7537:
7525:
7513:
7501:
7489:
7487:, p. 121.
7477:
7465:
7450:
7432:
7420:
7408:
7396:
7384:
7372:
7360:
7358:, p. 196.
7345:
7333:
7321:
7306:
7294:
7282:
7254:
7252:, p. 327.
7242:
7216:
7214:, p. 332.
7204:
7202:, p. 329.
7192:
7175:
7173:, p. 274.
7163:
7161:, p. 383.
7151:
7122:
7120:, p. 270.
7110:
7108:, p. 390.
7098:
7074:
7072:, p. 334.
7062:
7051:www.i24news.tv
7038:
7023:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6990:
6977:
6964:
6942:(in Spanish).
6923:
6916:
6894:
6882:
6875:
6855:
6834:
6805:
6781:
6763:
6756:
6731:
6701:
6681:
6658:
6651:
6631:
6624:
6603:
6582:
6570:
6568:, p. 101.
6558:
6537:
6517:
6496:
6489:
6467:
6460:
6438:
6434:Abun-Nasr 1987
6426:
6424:, p. 261.
6411:
6399:
6369:
6362:
6342:
6322:
6286:
6270:
6247:Kees Versteegh
6239:
6232:
6214:
6194:
6187:
6167:
6139:
6127:
6095:
6081:. De Gruyter.
6067:
6055:
6043:
6010:
6003:
5985:
5973:
5961:
5949:
5937:
5935:, p. 285.
5925:
5923:, p. 109.
5910:
5898:
5896:, p. 354.
5886:
5874:
5848:
5844:Abun-Nasr 1987
5836:
5824:
5814:
5795:
5788:
5768:
5761:
5738:
5723:
5716:
5696:
5684:
5672:
5668:Abun-Nasr 1987
5649:
5645:Abun-Nasr 1987
5637:
5633:Abun-Nasr 1987
5620:
5618:, p. 121.
5605:
5598:
5575:van Donzel, E.
5563:Bearman, P. J.
5544:
5525:
5521:Abun-Nasr 1987
5510:
5495:
5474:
5462:
5447:
5434:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5376:
5361:
5357:Abun-Nasr 1987
5349:
5342:
5322:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5301:
5280:
5260:
5253:
5233:
5221:
5217:Abun-Nasr 1987
5209:
5202:
5178:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5142:
5136:
5115:
5095:
5069:
5062:
5042:
5018:
5016:, p. 246.
4999:
4997:
4996:
4955:
4931:
4890:
4871:(3): 475–504.
4851:
4821:
4796:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:Abu Imran Musa
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3515:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3157:
2853:Main article:
2810:
2807:
2777:
2774:
2738:Jonathan Bloom
2713:
2710:
2642:Henri Terrasse
2629:
2626:
2566:
2563:
2545:A copy of the
2470:mabsūt of the
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2413:Al-Qalqashandi
2375:
2372:
2364:Thomas Aquinas
2166:Amira Bennison
2158:Main article:
2155:
2152:
2084:Compendium of
2039:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2011:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1891:
1888:
1860:Nasrid dynasty
1839:(to Castile),
1687:fortress near
1616:
1613:
1483:
1480:
1389:
1386:
1280:, was killed.
1209:
1206:
912:
909:
906:
905:
888:September 2020
864:
862:
855:
849:
846:
725:Almohad Empire
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
607:
601:
600:
593:
587:
586:
579:
573:
572:
565:
559:
558:
551:
545:
544:
537:
531:
530:
523:
517:
516:
509:
503:
502:
495:
489:
488:
481:
472:
469:
468:
463:
455:
454:
449:
441:
440:
435:
427:
426:
421:
413:
412:
407:
399:
398:
393:
381:
380:
375:
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
339:
338:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
306:
300:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
252:
249:
248:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
180:
176:
175:
162:
158:
157:
155:
154:
145:
136:
123:
122:
113:
96:
94:
90:
89:
81:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
60:
59:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12127:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11916:
11913:
11909:
11905:
11898:
11893:
11891:
11886:
11884:
11879:
11878:
11875:
11861:
11860:Soviet empire
11858:
11856:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11849:
11847:
11845:Miscellaneous
11843:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11810:
11807:
11806:
11805:
11802:
11801:
11799:
11795:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11763:
11760:
11759:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11682:
11680:
11678:
11674:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11642:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11598:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11575:
11572:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11540:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11479:
11476:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11444:German Empire
11442:
11441:
11440:
11437:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11424:
11423:
11420:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11407:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11370:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11348:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11320:
11318:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11209:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11185:
11184:Turco-Persian
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11092:
11091:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11051:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11025:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10969:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10945:
10942:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10924:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10882:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10836:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10823:
10822:
10819:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10778:
10775:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10720:
10716:
10708:
10705:
10704:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10678:
10674:
10671:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10510:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10483:
10482:
10479:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10461:
10460:
10457:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10404:
10399:
10397:
10392:
10390:
10385:
10384:
10381:
10370:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10313:
10309:
10302:
10297:
10295:
10290:
10288:
10283:
10282:
10279:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10198:
10195:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10162:
10156:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10136:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10116:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10082:
10081:
10077:
10074:
10073:
10070:
10066:
10065:
10059:
10055:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10027:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10015:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9992:
9987:
9986:
9980:
9976:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9944:
9941:
9937:
9934:
9933:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9925:
9921:
9920:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9899:
9894:
9892:
9887:
9885:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9848:
9845:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9833:
9830:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9806:
9803:
9800:
9797:
9794:
9791:
9788:
9785:
9782:
9779:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9767:
9764:
9761:
9758:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9746:
9743:
9740:
9737:
9734:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9724:
9719:
9715:
9708:
9703:
9701:
9696:
9694:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9673:
9667:
9665:
9659:
9657:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9623:
9621:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9589:Muhammad III
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9536:
9532:
9531:Alawi dynasty
9528:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9511:
9507:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9430:
9429:Saadi dynasty
9426:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9363:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9201:
9199:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9175:
9173:
9172:Abd al-Mu'min
9170:
9169:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9152:Ishaq ibn Ali
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9137:Ali ibn Yusuf
9135:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9113:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9079:
9073:
9071:
9065:
9063:
9057:
9055:
9049:
9047:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9028:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8993:
8991:
8986:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8975:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8945:
8942:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8923:
8920:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8707:
8704:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8655:Alawi dynasty
8653:
8652:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8569:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8515:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8493:Treaty of Fez
8491:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8416:Berber Revolt
8414:
8413:
8411:
8409:Early Islamic
8407:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8357:
8352:
8350:
8345:
8343:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8327:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8294:
8290:
8284:
8280:
8279:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8260:
8258:9781579580414
8254:
8251:. Routledge.
8250:
8249:
8243:
8239:
8237:9782350314907
8233:
8229:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8159:0-87099-637-1
8155:
8151:
8150:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8125:Coppée, Henry
8122:
8118:
8116:9780300218701
8112:
8108:
8107:
8101:
8097:
8095:9780748646821
8091:
8087:
8086:
8080:
8076:
8070:
8067:. Routledge.
8066:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8039:
8035:
8034:
8028:
8024:
8022:9780190624552
8018:
8014:
8013:
8007:
8003:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7971:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7882:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7836:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7817:
7815:0-316-56688-8
7811:
7807:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7723:
7722:Bennison 2016
7718:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7679:
7676:
7671:
7663:
7661:2-7475-2388-8
7657:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7634:
7626:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7607:
7599:
7593:
7589:
7588:
7580:
7573:
7568:
7561:
7556:
7554:
7546:
7545:Bennison 2016
7541:
7534:
7533:Bennison 2016
7529:
7522:
7521:Bennison 2016
7517:
7510:
7509:Bennison 2016
7505:
7498:
7493:
7486:
7481:
7474:
7473:Bennison 2016
7469:
7462:
7457:
7455:
7446:
7439:
7437:
7429:
7424:
7417:
7412:
7405:
7400:
7393:
7388:
7381:
7376:
7369:
7364:
7357:
7352:
7350:
7342:
7341:Bennison 2016
7337:
7330:
7325:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7302:Bennison 2016
7298:
7291:
7286:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7251:
7246:
7238:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7213:
7208:
7201:
7196:
7188:
7187:
7179:
7172:
7167:
7160:
7155:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7119:
7114:
7107:
7102:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7071:
7066:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7034:
7027:
7013:
7009:
7003:
6993:
6991:9780199591497
6987:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6919:
6917:9782350314907
6913:
6909:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6878:
6876:0-87099-637-1
6872:
6868:
6867:
6859:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6728:
6727:2-7355-0241-4
6724:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6635:
6627:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6607:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6586:
6580:, p. 88.
6579:
6578:Bennison 2007
6574:
6567:
6566:Bennison 2016
6562:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6541:
6533:
6532:
6524:
6522:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6500:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6463:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6423:
6422:Bennison 2016
6418:
6416:
6408:
6407:Bennison 2016
6403:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6376:
6374:
6365:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6346:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6235:
6233:90-04-14325-4
6229:
6225:
6218:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6190:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6162:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6096:9780674732803
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6071:
6064:
6063:Bennison 2016
6059:
6046:
6044:9789004256644
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6015:
6006:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5965:
5958:
5957:Bennison 2016
5953:
5946:
5945:Bennison 2016
5941:
5934:
5933:Arjomand 2022
5929:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5908:, p. 83.
5907:
5906:Bennison 2016
5902:
5895:
5894:Bennison 2016
5890:
5883:
5878:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5846:, p. 94.
5845:
5840:
5833:
5828:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5745:
5743:
5736:, p. 82.
5735:
5734:Bennison 2016
5730:
5728:
5719:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5700:
5693:
5692:Bennison 2016
5688:
5682:, p. 79.
5681:
5680:Bennison 2016
5676:
5670:, p. 93.
5669:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5646:
5641:
5635:, p. 91.
5634:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5567:Bianquis, Th.
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5542:, p. 71.
5541:
5540:Bennison 2016
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5523:, p. 90.
5522:
5517:
5515:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5496:9789004269606
5492:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5471:
5466:
5460:, p. 70.
5459:
5458:Bennison 2016
5454:
5452:
5437:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5419:
5413:, p. 100
5412:
5407:
5400:
5399:Bennison 2016
5395:
5389:, p. 51.
5388:
5383:
5381:
5374:, p. 67.
5373:
5372:Bennison 2016
5368:
5366:
5359:, p. 89.
5358:
5353:
5345:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5319:
5318:Bennison 2016
5314:
5304:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5237:
5230:
5229:Bennison 2016
5225:
5218:
5213:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5176:, p. 108
5175:
5170:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5099:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5015:
5014:Bennison 2016
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4845:2-85394-732-7
4842:
4838:
4834:
4833:Michel Kaplan
4830:
4825:
4811:on 2016-06-11
4810:
4806:
4800:
4786:on 2016-06-11
4785:
4781:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4714:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4623:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4578:
4559:
4546:
4527:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4399:
4397:
4383:
4371:
4355:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4272:
4255:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4095:
4093:
4079:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:Abu Hafs Umar
3978:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3776:
3774:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3726:
3725:Abd al-Mu'min
3710:
3708:
3660:
3658:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3529:Abd al-Mu'min
3527:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3391:Ibn al-Qattan
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:Torre del Oro
3332:
3327:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:Kasbah Mosque
3280:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:, the former
3186:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:Alcázar Genil
3126:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:Torre del Oro
3087:
3083:
3082:Ribat al-Fath
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:Abd al-Mu'min
3029:
3028:Kasbah Mosque
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2827:Abd al-Mu'min
2825:, founded by
2824:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2760:Kasbah Mosque
2757:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2732:Kasbah Mosque
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:(kept at the
2675:
2671:
2670:Louvre Museum
2666:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:bronze grand
2647:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:Ferdinand III
2592:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2575:Ferdinand III
2571:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:Abd al-Mu'min
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:Islamic judge
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2263:
2262:jurisprudence
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2058:Maliki school
2049:
2046:written in a
2045:
2044:
2033:
2024:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:اللسان الغربي
1969:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:Friday prayer
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:, led by the
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1519:Sierra Morena
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1482:Holding years
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:Banu Khurasan
1348:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1278:Ishaq ibn Ali
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:Abd al-Mu'min
1214:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1109:(journey) of
1108:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:Ali ibn Yusuf
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:Abd al-Mu'min
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
982:
980:
979:al-Muwaḥḥidūn
976:
972:
968:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
902:
899:
891:
881:
877:
871:
870:
865:This section
863:
859:
854:
853:
845:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:Sierra Morena
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
716:
710:
709:al-Muwaḥḥidūn
704:
695:
675:
669:
636:
630:
608:
606:
603:
602:
594:
592:
589:
588:
580:
578:
575:
574:
566:
564:
561:
560:
552:
550:
547:
546:
538:
536:
533:
532:
524:
522:
519:
518:
510:
508:
505:
504:
496:
494:
491:
490:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
467:
464:
457:
456:
453:
450:
443:
442:
439:
436:
429:
428:
425:
422:
415:
414:
411:
408:
401:
400:
397:
394:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
327:
321:
317:
311:
307:
304:
298:
294:
288:
284:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
256:
250:
247:
246:Abd al-Mu'min
244:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
217:
214:
208:
204:
200:
198:
194:
189:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
149:
146:
140:
137:
131:
128:
127:
126:
117:
114:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
85:
82:
78:
71:
66:
61:
55:
54:al-Muwaḥḥidūn
47:
31:
19:
11964:Banu Sumadih
11928:
11904:Royal houses
11611:Contemporary
11461:Indo-Persian
11449:Nazi Germany
11393:Contemporary
11295:Vijayanagara
11194:Great Seljuk
11105:Thessalonica
11064:
11033:Golden Horde
10673:Carthaginian
10452:Neo-Assyrian
10437:Neo-Sumerian
10105:Castile-León
10104:
10062:
10036:
10031:
10026:Second Taifa
10024:
10012:
9983:
9917:
9807:
9669:Muhammad VI
9617:Muhammad IV
9571:Muhammad II
8868:Demographics
8823:Coat of arms
8808:Architecture
8677:Human rights
8456:
8297:
8277:
8267:
8247:
8227:
8208:
8192:
8171:
8148:
8129:
8105:
8084:
8064:
8055:
8032:
8011:
7990:
7970:
7964:pp. 121–122.
7959:
7958:Ross Brann,
7954:
7899:
7889:
7858:
7805:
7799:
7744:
7717:
7701:
7677:
7670:
7651:
7645:
7633:
7613:
7606:
7586:
7579:
7567:
7540:
7528:
7516:
7504:
7497:Marçais 1954
7492:
7480:
7468:
7461:Marçais 1954
7444:
7423:
7416:Marçais 1954
7411:
7404:Marçais 1954
7399:
7392:Marçais 1954
7387:
7380:Marçais 1954
7375:
7368:Marçais 1954
7363:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7315:
7309:
7297:
7290:Marçais 1954
7285:
7274:. Retrieved
7272:. 2021-02-18
7270:The Guardian
7269:
7245:
7236:
7207:
7195:
7185:
7178:
7166:
7154:
7143:. Retrieved
7134:
7125:
7113:
7101:
7090:. Retrieved
7086:
7077:
7065:
7054:. Retrieved
7050:
7041:
7032:
7026:
7015:. Retrieved
7011:
7002:
6981:
6972:
6943:
6939:
6926:
6907:
6897:
6885:
6865:
6858:
6842:
6837:
6813:
6808:
6792:
6776:
6746:
6718:
6696:
6667:
6661:
6641:
6634:
6613:
6606:
6597:
6592:
6585:
6573:
6561:
6552:
6547:
6540:
6530:
6511:
6506:
6499:
6480:
6470:
6451:
6441:
6429:
6402:
6385:
6381:
6352:
6345:
6325:
6306:
6302:
6289:
6281:
6273:
6250:
6242:
6223:
6217:
6202:
6197:
6177:
6170:
6160:
6132:, retrieved
6110:
6101:
6077:
6070:
6058:
6048:, retrieved
6026:
5994:
5988:
5976:
5964:
5952:
5940:
5928:
5901:
5889:
5884:, p. 5.
5877:
5866:. Retrieved
5861:
5851:
5839:
5832:السلاوي 2014
5827:
5819:
5804:
5798:
5778:
5771:
5751:
5706:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5640:
5589:
5582:
5547:
5486:
5472:, p. 4.
5465:
5439:. Retrieved
5424:
5418:
5406:
5394:
5352:
5332:
5325:
5313:
5291:
5270:
5263:
5243:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5193:
5188:
5181:
5169:
5147:
5126:
5105:
5098:
5086:. Retrieved
5084:. 6 Jan 2020
5081:
5072:
5052:
5045:
5034:. Retrieved
5030:
5021:
4989:. Retrieved
4985:
4971:. Retrieved
4967:
4958:
4942:
4934:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4828:
4824:
4813:. Retrieved
4809:the original
4799:
4788:. Retrieved
4784:the original
4774:
4253:
4007:Abu Musa Isa
3509:
3504:
3492:
3463:
3456:grace period
3453:
3448:
3440:
3414:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3257:in the 1190s
3247:Hassan Tower
3229:
3144:
3132:
3122:
3109:
3106:
3081:
3075:
3058:of Cordoba,
3053:
3045:Hassan Tower
3023:darj wa ktaf
3021:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2977:The Almohad
2976:
2963:Bab er-Rouah
2948:
2902:
2889:rammed earth
2858:
2809:Architecture
2784:and vegetal
2779:
2767:
2749:
2736:
2725:
2720:Fragment of
2702:
2674:Pisa Griffin
2667:
2639:
2611:
2587:Alfonso VIII
2584:
2580:
2556:
2553:, circa 1266
2534:
2507:
2487:lapis lazuli
2476:
2467:Kufic script
2460:
2446:Blas Infante
2435:
2428:
2426:
2409:
2404:
2391:
2383:
2353:
2333:
2320:
2315:
2312:Ibn Taimiyya
2303:
2290:In terms of
2289:
2259:
2257:and leader.
2254:
2246:
2243:المُوَحِّدون
2234:
2230:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2190:
2180:
2163:
2141:
2117:ibn al-Abbar
2097:
2086:Sahih Muslim
2083:
2079:محاذي الموطأ
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2041:
1989:
1986:
1977:
1967:
1930:
1893:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1766:
1727:
1716:
1706:
1678:
1618:
1608:
1590:
1583:
1552:
1546:
1523:
1496:
1465:
1452:
1426:
1391:
1366:Banu Ghaniya
1363:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1282:
1258:
1256:circa 1142.
1254:Great Mosque
1249:
1238:
1226:
1219:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1119:
1104:
1100:dar al-hijra
1078:Omar Hintati
1075:
1060:
1025:
998:
983:
978:
964:
914:
894:
885:
874:Please help
869:verification
866:
835:
800:
759:
749:
741:North Africa
724:
721:unity of God
628:
626:
466:Banu Ghaniya
378:Succeeded by
377:
372:
124:
11199:Khwarezmian
11132:Carolingian
10937:Rashtrakuta
10641:Shaishunaga
10540:Hellenistic
10523:New Kingdom
10513:Old Kingdom
10153: [
10038:Third Taifa
10014:First Taifa
9864:(1837–1969)
9858:(1711–1835)
9856:Karamanlids
9852:(1705–1957)
9840:(1549–1659)
9834:(1472–1554)
9828:(1269–1465)
9822:(1235–1556)
9816:(1229–1574)
9810:(1147–1269)
9804:(1059–1158)
9802:Khurasanids
9798:(1040–1147)
9792:(1008–1152)
9772:Sulaymanids
9742:Muhallabids
9653:Muhammad V
9514:(1659–1663)
9432:(1549–1659)
9367:(1465–1471)
9244:(1244–1465)
9165:(1121–1269)
9125:(1040–1147)
8682:LGBT rights
8594:Earthquakes
8544:Mohammed VI
8052:Bel, Alfred
7638:Arnold 2017
7572:Arnold 2017
7560:Arnold 2017
7356:Arnold 2017
6952:10261/26606
6388:: 110–127.
6278:Shawqi Daif
5921:Julien 1970
5864:(in French)
5411:Julien 1970
5174:Julien 1970
4941:P. Buresi,
4939:(in French)
4760:Mahdist War
3631:Ali al-Kumi
3597:, 1248–1266
3579:, 1229–1232
3484:persecution
3417:persecution
2791:Decorations
2769:cuerda seca
2756:Badi Palace
2727:cuerda seca
2417:Eid prayers
2338:rationalist
2300:Mu'tazilism
2251:early Islam
2221:Sunni Islam
2082:), and the
1960: [
1931:The use of
1786:reconquista
1689:Ciudad Real
1376:commander.
1305:Banu Sulaym
939:and Spain (
373:Preceded by
152:(1163–1248)
143:(1162–1163)
134:(1147–1162)
120:(1147–1269)
109: 1124
87:(from 1147)
12030:Caliphates
12019:Categories
11979:Dhulnunids
11974:Banu Wazir
11969:Banu Tujib
11959:Banu Sabur
11908:Al-Andalus
11769:Portuguese
11650:Revival Le
11640:Vietnamese
11283:Later Tran
11253:Vietnamese
11149:Singhasari
11137:Holy Roman
10761:Bulgarian
10697:Satavahana
10668:Phoenician
10604:Achaemenid
10565:Indo-Greek
10545:Macedonian
10459:Babylonian
9988:(711-1492)
9985:Al-Andalus
9796:Almoravids
9786:(973–1148)
9762:(790–1066)
9732:(710–1019)
9661:Hassan II
9075:Yahya III
8833:Literature
8757:Casablanca
8752:Investment
8689:Parliament
8524:Mohammed V
8452:Almoravids
8390:Prehistory
8001:0521337674
7485:Bloom 2020
7428:Bloom 2020
7276:2021-02-18
7171:Dodds 1992
7145:2021-02-21
7118:Dodds 1992
7092:2021-02-21
7056:2020-09-11
7017:2021-02-21
6946:(2): 448.
6940:Al-Qantara
6930:See also:
6890:Dodds 1992
6699:(Lecture).
6676:1813/34025
6309:: 89–113.
6164:(Lecture).
6134:2023-02-17
6107:"Language"
6050:2023-02-13
5981:Baadj 2015
5969:Baadj 2015
5868:2021-08-20
5616:Bloom 2020
5441:2019-02-01
5387:Baadj 2015
5036:2021-05-05
4991:2021-01-09
4973:2021-01-09
4910:(2): 222.
4815:2013-02-21
4790:2013-02-21
4766:References
4285:'al-Tahir'
3523:Ibn Tumart
3495:Maimonides
3488:Christians
3458:. Then he
3449:al-Andalus
3429:Golden Age
3404:Non-Muslim
3371:See also:
3304:Bab Agnaou
3230:al-Buḥayra
3207:The south
3123:al-Buḥayra
3110:al-Buḥayra
3102:old bridge
3056:city walls
2959:Bab Oudaia
2955:Bab Agnaou
2913:al-Andalus
2911:period in
2650:chandelier
2644:described
2551:al-Murtada
2491:polychromy
2479:illuminate
2472:al-Andalus
2438:Andalusian
2360:Maimonides
2346:Ibn Tufayl
2296:Ash'arites
2276:Shafi'ites
2235:Muwaḥḥidūn
2133:Maimonides
2109:ibn Tufayl
2013:Literature
1995:al-Andalus
1884:al-Andalus
1575:deposition
1563:al-Andalus
1393:Al-Andalus
1301:Banu Hilal
1142:Ahl ad-dār
1123:Sijilmassa
1086:High Atlas
961:al-Ghazali
957:al-Ash'ari
945:Almoravids
941:al-Andalus
935:, western
917:Ibn Tumart
752:Ibn Tumart
737:Al-Andalus
723:') or
216:Ibn Tumart
188:Almohadism
11949:Banu Hayy
11924:Almoravid
11762:Couronian
11400:Ethiopian
11388:Manchukuo
11343:Brazilian
11189:Ghaznavid
11159:Srivijaya
11110:Trebizond
11095:Byzantine
11077:North Sea
11072:Norwegian
11060:Almoravid
11043:Ilkhanate
11013:Majapahit
10986:Muromachi
10895:Solomonic
10880:Ethiopian
10794:Caliphate
10727:Aragonese
10555:Ptolemaic
10333:Hammadids
9931:Visigoths
9862:Senussids
9850:Husaynids
9832:Wattasids
9820:Zayyanids
9790:Hammadids
9780:(909–973)
9774:(814–922)
9768:(800–909)
9766:Aghlabids
9756:(788–985)
9750:(777–909)
9748:Rustamids
9744:(771–793)
9738:(757–976)
9736:Midrarids
9625:Hassan I
9512:interlude
9195:Yusuf II
9109:Hasan II
9083:Yahya IV
9059:Yahya II
9030:Idris II
9015:(788–974)
8876:Languages
8737:Companies
8577:Geography
8529:Hassan II
8467:Wattasids
8306:895214574
8036:. Brill.
7946:211665760
7938:0169-8834
7791:211666012
7783:0169-8834
7047:"i24NEWS"
6960:0211-3589
6259:Routledge
5588:Volume X:
5505:1873-9830
5489:. Brill.
4926:1076-156X
4805:"Qantara"
4780:"Qantara"
4567:Abu Ishaq
4258:Abu Yahya
3603:1266–1269
3591:1242–1248
3585:1232–1242
3573:1227–1229
3567:1224–1227
3555:1213–1224
3549:1199–1213
3543:1184–1199
3537:1163–1184
3531:1130–1163
3525:1121–1130
3270:Bab Ruwah
3141:hermitage
3137:squinches
2995:hypostyle
2979:Kutubiyya
2877:Marrakesh
2861:Almoravid
2823:Marrakesh
2786:arabesque
2782:geometric
2628:Metalwork
2530:Marrakesh
2518:goffering
2483:gold leaf
2368:Aristotle
2330:reasoning
2285:Ibn Maḍāʾ
2187:Ghazalian
2172:science,
2121:ibn Amira
1916:Marrakesh
1864:Banū Naṣr
1718:maravedis
1549:Marrakesh
1453:al-Manṣūr
1293:Hammadids
1131:Tasghîmût
1048:Marrakesh
1036:Almoravid
990:Ifriqiyan
784:Marrakesh
703:romanized
350:1200 est.
342:1150 est.
179:Religion
173:Mozarabic
116:Marrakesh
84:Caliphate
63:1121–1269
11994:Muzaymid
11989:Mundirid
11954:Banu Hud
11742:Japanese
11705:Scottish
11685:American
11677:Colonial
11606:Imperial
11574:Moroccan
11510:Japanese
11488:Afsharid
11347:Burmese
11333:Austrian
11288:Later Le
11263:Early Le
11248:Venetian
11174:Tiwanaku
11087:Hellenic
11050:Moroccan
10981:Kamakura
10971:Japanese
10954:Saffarid
10907:Georgian
10821:Chalukya
10799:Rashidun
10789:Calakmul
10757:Bruneian
10636:Haryanka
10614:Sasanian
10609:Parthian
10560:Bactrian
10550:Seleucid
10530:Goguryeo
10508:Egyptian
10442:Assyrian
10432:Akkadian
10423:Colonies
10343:Zayyanid
10328:Umayyads
10324:Medieval
9844:'Alawids
9826:Marinids
9808:Almohads
9778:Fatimids
9760:Ifranids
9754:Idrisids
9730:Salihids
9177:Yusuf I
9091:Hasan I
9051:Yahya I
9022:Idris I
8957:Category
8915:diaspora
8848:Religion
8672:Military
8628:Politics
8462:Marinids
8457:Almohads
8447:Idrisids
8367:articles
8207:(1996).
8190:(1903).
8180:13648381
8170:(1881).
8139:13304630
8127:(1881).
8054:(1903).
7867:New York
7853:(2013).
7139:Archived
6297:(1974).
6261:, 1997.
6255:New York
6102:Cited in
5581:(eds.).
5555:(2000).
4749:See also
4706:Zakariya
4589:Abu Zayd
4564:Abu Zayd
4541:Abu Said
4535:Abu Musa
3973:Muhammad
3018:minarets
2991:Marinids
2925:Ifriqiya
2909:Caliphal
2900:times."
2865:Moroccan
2698:Palencia
2618:Muhammad
2565:Textiles
2395:Marinids
2304:murshida
2281:Malikite
2213:school (
2113:ibn Zuhr
2101:Averroes
1927:Language
1908:Marinids
1841:Alicante
1814:Valencia
1790:citadels
1739:Banu Hud
1697:uprising
1662:Murcians
1468:Yusuf II
1463:(1195).
1445:Averroes
1370:Qaraqush
1252:) and a
1188:and the
1182:muezzins
1174:sakkakin
1162:mohtasib
1111:Muhammad
1013:Zahirism
838:Marinids
358:Currency
11984:Harunid
11944:Baktrid
11939:Amirids
11934:Abbadid
11929:Almohad
11919:Umayyad
11809:largest
11804:Empires
11784:Swedish
11779:Spanish
11774:Russian
11737:Italian
11712:Chinese
11700:English
11695:British
11690:Belgian
11665:Vietnam
11655:Tay son
11601:Tsarist
11596:Russian
11591:Ottoman
11557:Dzungar
11552:Khoshut
11525:Mexican
11520:Maratha
11503:Pahlavi
11483:Safavid
11478:Iranian
11405:Haitian
11368:Chinese
11328:Ashanti
11300:Wagadou
11226:Eastern
11221:Western
11204:Timurid
11164:Tibetan
11154:Songhai
11144:Serbian
11065:Almohad
11055:Idrisid
10959:Samanid
10949:Tahirid
10944:Iranian
10922:Kannauj
10902:Genoese
10838:Chinese
10831:Eastern
10826:Western
10814:Fatimid
10809:Abbasid
10804:Umayyad
10777:Burmese
10737:Ayyubid
10732:Angevin
10702:Xianbei
10690:Eastern
10685:Western
10631:Magadha
10594:Iranian
10587:Xiongnu
10572:Hittite
10481:Chinese
10469:Kassite
10418:Ancient
10410:Empires
10354:Ottoman
10348:Marinid
10338:Almohad
10319:Ancient
9838:Sa'dids
9814:Hafsids
9718:Maghreb
9067:Ali II
8941:Outline
8818:Cuisine
8796:Culture
8772:Tourism
8762:Tangier
8720:Economy
8640:Cabinet
8604:Regions
8477:'Alawis
8383:Ancient
8375:History
8363:Morocco
7982:Sources
7329:Le muse
4885:2600793
4583:Abu Ali
4538:Ibrahim
4254:the Old
3360:Cordoba
3342:Seville
3232:gardens
3209:portico
3191:of the
3189:minaret
3185:Giralda
3168:of the
3060:Seville
3037:Giralda
2972:Chellah
2968:Marinid
2921:Tunisia
2917:Algeria
2885:Seville
2829:in 1147
2799:Seville
2744:of the
2742:minaret
2706:merlons
2696:, near
2589:at the
2526:Seville
2514:Cordoba
2503:finials
2499:shaddah
2421:makhzen
2399:Saadian
2327:logical
2216:maddhab
2178:Shafi'i
2003:Romance
1922:Culture
1904:Castile
1876:Granada
1872:بنو نصر
1845:Seville
1837:in 1246
1810:Cordova
1802:Majorca
1798:Badajoz
1751:Abbasid
1747:Baghdad
1730:Leonese
1723:straits
1693:Capilla
1674:Requena
1670:Cáceres
1658:Seville
1645:Cordova
1637:Cordova
1627:. They
1625:Andújar
1592:sheikhs
1540:to the
1533:regency
1517:in the
1513:at the
1511:Navarre
1503:Castile
1472:Morocco
1459:in the
1421:Seville
1406:Giralda
1402:Seville
1398:Córdoba
1374:Ayyubid
1368:and by
1269:Tlemcen
1170:amzwaru
1090:Masmuda
1082:Hintata
1067:Ramadan
1028:Morocco
986:Maghreb
953:Baghdad
949:Sanhaja
937:Algeria
933:Morocco
925:Amazigh
921:Masmuda
911:Origins
848:History
831:Seville
827:Córdoba
823:Navarre
815:Castile
809:in the
792:Maghreb
774:in the
756:Masmuda
745:Maghreb
717:
705::
301:•
268:History
148:Seville
139:Córdoba
130:Seville
93:Capital
11999:Nasrid
11747:Mongol
11732:German
11727:French
11717:Danish
11660:Dainam
11635:Tongan
11623:Somali
11618:Sokoto
11584:'Alawi
11562:Kalmyk
11542:Mongol
11535:Second
11515:Korean
11466:Mughal
11456:Indian
11439:German
11432:Second
11422:French
11415:Second
11351:Second
11323:Afghan
11315:Modern
11241:Kyrgyz
11236:Uighur
11231:Second
11211:Turkic
11179:Toltec
11115:Epirus
11100:Nicaea
11023:Mongol
10976:Yamato
10912:Huetar
10770:Second
10707:Rouran
10656:Shunga
10651:Maurya
10626:Kushan
10599:Median
10577:Hunnic
10535:Harsha
10359:Modern
9784:Zirids
9720:region
9510:Dila'i
9043:Ali I
8962:Portal
8903:French
8898:Berber
8881:Arabic
8813:Cinema
8747:Health
8742:Energy
8589:Cities
8517:Modern
8472:Saadis
8440:Empire
8365:
8304:
8285:
8255:
8234:
8215:
8178:
8156:
8137:
8113:
8092:
8071:
8040:
8019:
7998:
7944:
7936:
7926:
7908:Boston
7904:Leiden
7877:
7863:London
7812:
7789:
7781:
7771:
7753:Boston
7749:Leiden
7712:, 2014
7708:
7658:
7621:
7594:
6988:
6958:
6914:
6873:
6849:
6828:
6799:
6754:
6725:
6649:
6622:
6487:
6458:
6360:
6337:
6303:Orient
6265:
6230:
6209:
6185:
6125:
6093:
6041:
6001:
5812:
5786:
5759:
5714:
5596:
5577:&
5558:"Tāzā"
5503:
5493:
5432:
5340:
5299:
5278:
5251:
5200:
5155:
5134:
5113:
5088:11 Feb
5060:
4949:
4924:
4883:
4843:
4835:&
4831:, par
3510:dhimmi
3472:yellow
3464:dhimmi
3460:forced
3441:dhimmi
3399:dhimmi
3379:, and
3166:Mihrab
3125:garden
3118:Menara
3066:, and
3014:mihrab
2999:mihrab
2983:Tinmal
2950:mihrab
2905:Taifas
2795:hammam
2751:zellij
2694:Monzón
2607:Naskhi
2603:Burgos
2547:Qur'an
2522:vellum
2374:Emblem
2334:tawhid
2316:'aqida
2266:Zahiri
2247:tawhid
2239:Arabic
2226:tawhid
2211:Maliki
2174:Zahiri
2170:Hadith
2137:Toledo
2125:dhimmi
2072:, the
1990:Dhimma
1978:khaṭīb
1953:Berber
1945:khuṭba
1868:Arabic
1830:Murcia
1826:Silves
1822:Huelva
1818:Niebla
1794:Mérida
1754:Caliph
1691:) and
1629:raided
1609:sheikh
1597:Baezan
1567:Murcia
1526:caliph
1507:Aragón
1441:Arabic
1437:Aragon
1359:Sicily
1355:Mahdia
1335:huffaz
1325:sayyid
1321:sayyid
1289:Béjaïa
1265:Masufa
1233:Zenata
1228:ghayba
1186:hafidh
1184:, the
1166:mizwar
1154:huffāẓ
1150:ṭalaba
1146:sheikh
1135:Aghmat
1115:Medina
1113:'s to
1095:Tinmel
1017:Bejaia
1009:Sunnah
1005:Qur'an
995:Maliki
966:tawhid
819:Aragon
796:Iberia
788:caliph
772:Tinmel
739:) and
729:Berber
694:Arabic
674:Arabic
271:
231:
227:Caliph
201:
169:Arabic
111:–1147)
100:Tinmel
80:Status
46:Arabic
42:
12004:Qasid
11797:Lists
11752:Omani
11722:Dutch
11628:Isaaq
11579:Saadi
11547:Oirat
11530:First
11498:Qajar
11427:First
11410:First
11383:China
11356:Third
11216:First
11169:Tikal
11120:Morea
11090:Roman
11008:Latin
11003:Khmer
10998:Kanem
10964:Buyid
10890:Zagwe
10885:Aksum
10875:Chola
10782:First
10765:First
10752:Bornu
10747:Benin
10742:Aztec
10680:Roman
10661:Gupta
10646:Nanda
10582:White
10157:]
9943:Suebi
8948:Index
8853:Sport
8843:Music
8838:Media
8782:Trade
8549:2000s
8539:1990s
8534:1970s
8197:(PDF)
7942:S2CID
7787:S2CID
6596:[
6551:[
6510:[
6382:Numen
5561:. In
5192:[
4881:JSTOR
3409:jizya
3251:Rabat
3146:riyad
3114:Agdal
3077:ribat
3010:qibla
3004:qibla
2937:Egypt
2898:Roman
2893:brick
2881:Rabat
2843:Rabat
2793:of a
2764:Kufic
2722:Kufic
2658:Kufic
2612:Surah
2495:hamza
2355:ulema
2271:ظاهري
2255:mahdi
2219:) of
2206:mahdi
2197:Shi'i
2192:hisba
1964:]
1713:truce
1584:This
1554:wazir
1476:jihad
1372:, an
1347:Tunis
1250:ribat
1158:ʻabīd
1106:hijra
1071:Mahdi
1038:emir
923:, an
768:Mahdi
743:(the
692:from
362:Dinar
197:Mahdi
183:Islam
11567:Bogd
11493:Zand
11471:Sikh
11378:Qing
11373:Ming
11305:Wari
11273:Tran
11258:Dinh
11028:Yuan
11018:Mali
10927:Pala
10917:Inca
10868:Yuan
10858:Song
10853:Liao
10848:Tang
10621:Kush
10503:Dʿmt
10124:) →
8828:Flag
8699:list
8660:list
8650:King
8302:OCLC
8283:ISBN
8253:ISBN
8232:ISBN
8213:ISBN
8176:OCLC
8154:ISBN
8135:OCLC
8111:ISBN
8090:ISBN
8069:ISBN
8038:ISBN
8017:ISBN
7996:ISBN
7934:ISSN
7924:ISBN
7906:and
7875:ISBN
7865:and
7810:ISBN
7779:ISSN
7769:ISBN
7751:and
7706:ISBN
7656:ISBN
7619:ISBN
7592:ISBN
6986:ISBN
6956:ISSN
6912:ISBN
6871:ISBN
6847:ISBN
6826:ISBN
6797:ISBN
6752:ISBN
6723:ISBN
6647:ISBN
6620:ISBN
6485:ISBN
6456:ISBN
6358:ISBN
6335:ISBN
6263:ISBN
6228:ISBN
6207:ISBN
6183:ISBN
6123:ISBN
6091:ISBN
6039:ISBN
5999:ISBN
5810:ISBN
5784:ISBN
5757:ISBN
5712:ISBN
5594:ISBN
5501:ISSN
5491:ISBN
5430:ISBN
5338:ISBN
5297:ISBN
5276:ISBN
5249:ISBN
5198:ISBN
5153:ISBN
5132:ISBN
5111:ISBN
5090:2020
5058:ISBN
4947:ISBN
4922:ISSN
4841:ISBN
4736:(10)
4729:(11)
4703:Musa
4580:(13)
4561:(12)
3561:1224
3421:Jews
3402:, a
3336:The
3323:Safi
3116:and
3068:Taza
2981:and
2961:and
2919:and
2891:and
2883:and
2867:and
2841:(in
2817:The
2682:Pisa
2528:and
2485:and
2427:The
2397:and
2203:and
2201:imam
2182:fiqh
2176:and
1834:Jaén
1806:Beja
1796:and
1780:and
1672:and
1666:Aspe
1651:and
1639:and
1633:Jaén
1623:and
1621:Jaén
1601:Jaén
1586:coup
1579:clan
1509:and
1303:and
1246:Taza
1190:hizb
1178:jund
1168:(or
1152:and
1063:Sous
1007:and
1000:ijma
947:, a
829:and
821:and
715:lit.
627:The
337:Area
328:1269
318:1248
308:1212
295:1147
285:1121
11906:of
11645:Mac
11082:Oyo
10991:Edo
10863:Jīn
10843:Sui
10496:Jin
10491:Han
10486:Qin
9716:in
7916:doi
7761:doi
6948:hdl
6818:doi
6672:hdl
6390:doi
6311:doi
6115:doi
6083:doi
6031:doi
5590:T–U
4912:doi
4873:doi
4716:(5)
4709:Ali
4700:(8)
4548:(9)
4529:(7)
4522:(4)
4274:(6)
4248:(3)
3980:(2)
3728:(1)
3486:of
3419:of
3358:in
3340:in
3249:in
3183:La
3064:Fes
2907:or
2873:Fes
2821:in
2680:of
2601:in
2452:Art
2095:).
1970:" (
1947:at
1896:Fez
1866:",
1664:at
1400:to
1242:Rif
1044:Fez
1032:Fez
878:by
747:).
686:or
680:or
635:IPA
12021::
11278:Ho
11268:Ly
10170:→
10166:→
10155:eu
10133:→
10107:)
10099:→
10078:→
7940:.
7932:.
7922:.
7910::
7869::
7861:.
7857:.
7842:^
7824:^
7785:.
7777:.
7767:.
7755::
7729:^
7685:^
7552:^
7453:^
7435:^
7348:^
7268:.
7257:^
7219:^
7137:.
7133:.
7085:.
7049:.
7010:.
6954:.
6944:10
6938:.
6824:,
6784:^
6766:^
6734:^
6704:^
6684:^
6520:^
6414:^
6386:38
6384:.
6372:^
6307:10
6305:.
6301:.
6257::
6249:,
6142:^
6121:,
6109:,
6089:.
6037:,
6025:,
6013:^
5913:^
5860:.
5818:.
5741:^
5726:^
5652:^
5623:^
5608:^
5586:.
5573:;
5569:;
5565:;
5528:^
5513:^
5499:.
5477:^
5450:^
5379:^
5364:^
5080:.
5029:.
5002:^
4984:.
4966:.
4920:.
4908:12
4906:.
4902:.
4879:.
4869:41
4867:.
4863:.
3431:.
3412:.
3375:,
3104:.
3062:,
2879:,
2875:,
2665:.
2614:61
2370:.
2241::
2231:al
2185:,
2139:.
2131:;
2119:,
2115:,
2111:,
2107:,
2103:,
1962:ar
1870::
1862:("
1776:,
1772:,
1704:.
1635:,
1581:.
1505:,
1412:.
817:,
712:,
700:,
696::
676::
672:;
637::
171:,
167:,
106:c.
11896:e
11889:t
11882:v
10425:)
10421:(
10402:e
10395:t
10388:v
10350:)
10326:(
10300:e
10293:t
10286:v
10120:(
10103:(
9897:e
9890:t
9883:v
9706:e
9699:t
9692:v
8996:e
8989:t
8982:v
8355:e
8348:t
8341:v
8308:.
8291:.
8240:.
8221:.
8182:.
8162:.
8141:.
8119:.
8098:.
8077:.
8046:.
8025:.
8004:.
7948:.
7918::
7883:.
7818:.
7793:.
7763::
7664:.
7627:.
7600:.
7463:.
7279:.
7148:.
7095:.
7059:.
7020:.
6994:.
6962:.
6950::
6920:.
6879:.
6853:.
6820::
6803:.
6760:.
6729:.
6678:.
6674::
6655:.
6628:.
6493:.
6464:.
6396:.
6392::
6366:.
6319:.
6313::
6236:.
6191:.
6117::
6099:.
6085::
6033::
6007:.
5871:.
5792:.
5765:.
5720:.
5602:.
5507:.
5444:.
5346:.
5305:.
5284:.
5257:.
5206:.
5161:.
5140:.
5119:.
5092:.
5066:.
5039:.
4994:.
4976:.
4953:)
4928:.
4914::
4887:.
4875::
4847:)
4818:.
4793:.
2923:(
2268:(
2237:(
2233:-
2089:(
2076:(
2050:.
1820:-
1423:.
901:)
895:(
890:)
886:(
872:.
735:(
668:/
665:d
662:æ
659:h
656:ə
653:m
650:l
647:æ
644:ˈ
641:/
631:(
190:)
186:(
104:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.