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Tanzanians who favored this change. Of the 75 percent who supported the current system, 55 percent were in favor of some sort of reform. Justice
Nyalali pointed to 20 specific laws that were in need of revision in order to comply with the requirements of a multi-party system. Mwinyi supported their recommendation and the CCM Extraordinary National Party Conference ratified changes through constitutional amendments in February 1992. Not all 20 of these laws were revised, including the controversial Preventative Detention Act that was leftover from colonial times.
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2004:
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554:. This included upgrading worker housing, repairing old machines, and replanting farmland. They claimed their projects would create 1,400 jobs and would generate $ 42 million in foreign exchange money. In reality, they had diverted the funds outside of the country through the purchase of fake machines and parts. It was later uncovered that high-ranking politicians had covered for them, including the Minister for Home Affairs,
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liberal policies. It became so endemic that some donors froze aid in 1994 in response. During
Tanazania's multi-party election in 1995, the opposition parties used the people's resentments towards the ongoing corruption as political fuel. The CCM candidate Benjamin Mkapa was also able to use corruption in his favor, as he was viewed as untainted by any of the corruption scandals that marred the Mwinyi administration.
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587:, Mwinyi advocated for tough, comprehensive sanctions to be carried out against South Africa. He also called for Western nations to assist "frontline states" in dealing with any destabilization attempts made by the South African government against those who oppose them. He said that practicing these measures concurrently would help to dismantle apartheid. He called the
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request was not possible, he asked instead for a minimum of ten years to pay off loans, but said that 20 to 25 years was a more ideal range. He predicted that by this time, the country's economy would be recovered and they would be in a position to repay their debts without it hurting them. In the same interview, he also asked aid donors for lower interest rates.
33:
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plan and agreed to reschedule
Tanzania's debt payments. They agreed to do so for a period of five years, requiring that Tanzania pay only 2.5% of their debts in the meantime. In an interview, Mwinyi urged donor countries to use Canada as an example and write off Tanzania's debts all together. If this
541:
During the years of Julius
Nyerere's presidency, corruption was viewed as a sort of oppression that undermined Tanzania's egalitarian values. But, reports of corruption increased along with the state's economic influence. During Mwinyi's presidency, corrupt practices worsened under his economically
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Mwinyi claimed that his negotiations with the IMF were on behalf of the people: for example, he agreed to the Fund's request that he decrease the number of public institutions, but only when doing so was necessary and could be done gradually. Furthermore, he declined their recommendation to freeze
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retired in
October 1985 and picked Ali Hassan Mwinyi to be his successor. Nyerere remained chairman of the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), until 1990, which would later cause tensions between the government and the party regarding economic reform ideology. When the transition of power took
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claimed he would punish the company, but was demoted to
Minister of Youth and Culture before he could take action. He criticized Mwinyi's administration for tolerating high levels of corruption and being complicit about anti-corruption enforcement. He was then removed from the cabinet, and later
532:
to lead a commission to gauge the amount of popular support for the current single-party system. This commission submitted their report to the
President in 1992, recommending that the government transition into a multi-party system. They made this recommendation for 21 percent of the 36,299
469:
Early in this political transition, many believed that Mwinyi was unlikely to deviate from
Nyerere's policies since he was viewed as a loyal supporter of his predecessor. He and his followers called for economic and political reform to liberalize the market and review traditional socialist
389:. It was during his second term that multi-party politics were introduced under pressure for reform from foreign and domestic sources. Often referred to as Mzee Rukhsa ("everything goes"), he pushed for liberalization of morals, beliefs, values (without breaking the law), and the economy.
516:. In 1989, President Mwinyi began the second phase of his reform program by continuing to liberalise trade and exchange rates and expanding reforms to include reforms in the banking system, agricultural marketing, the parastatal sector, government administration, the civil service and
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place, Tanzania's economy was in the midst of a slump. From 1974 to 1984, the GDP was growing at an average of 2.6% per year while the population was increasing at a faster rate of 3.4% each year. Rural incomes and urban wages had both fallen by the early 1980s, despite
Tanzania's
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The following year, Mwinyi negotiated
Tanzania's first structural adjustment facility (SAF) with the IMF, followed by subsequent agreements in 1988 and again in 1990. In addition to these developments, the World Bank provided structural adjustment credits for reforms in the
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in domestic economic reforms, believing it would cause instability and conflict with their socialist values. Also, Tanzania's relationship with the IMF had been strained since Nyerere's government failed to meet the loan conditions from a 1980 financial package agreement.
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were also quite supportive of new policies. During his first address to Tanzania's Parliament in 1986, he promised to resume negotiations with the IMF and World Bank, assuming that any resulting agreement would be beneficial to the citizens of Tanzania.
413:. Mwinyi then attended Mikindani Dole Secondary School in Dole, Zanzibar West Region. From 1945 to 1964 he worked successively as a tutor, teacher, and head teacher at various schools before deciding to enter national politics.
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laws. Furthermore, the currency was overpriced, basic goods were scarce, and the country had over three billion dollars of foreign debt. Agricultural production was low, and the general opinion was that Nyerere's
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Brothers and businessmen V.G. Chavda and P.G. Chavda received a $ 3.5 million loan from a debt conversion program (DCP) in 1993. They promised to use these funds to revamp rundown plantations in the
457:
of major production, the forced re-villagization of the rural population into communal farms, and the banning of any opposition parties. Nyerere's supporters were opposed to involving the
591:
administration's hesitance to enact tougher sanctions a "stumbling block", and expressed his hope that future U.S. leaders would take more action against South Africa's regime.
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Heilman, Bruce; Laurean Ndumbaro (June 2002). "Corruption, Politics, and Societal Values in Tanzania: An Evaluation of the Mkapa Administration's Anti-Corruption Efforts".
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ideologies. He surrounded himself with reformists, even replacing three cabinet members and other ministers who were opposed to change. The prime minister at the time,
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428:. He did not leave England until 1962, being appointed principal of Zanzibar Teaching Training College in Zanzibar West Region, upon his return.
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In early 1995, the well-known company Mohamed Enterprises was accused of allegedly distributing food that was unfit for consumption.
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to receive a $ 78 million standby loan, which was Tanzania's first foreign loan in over six years. Bilateral donors approved this
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in 1960, with whom he had six sons and six daughters. In retirement, he stayed out of the limelight and continued to live in
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National Examinations Council of Tanzania: Form Two National Assessment (FTNA) 2023 Results: S0922 – Mwinyi Secondary School
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National Examinations Council of Tanzania: ACSEE 2023 Examination Results: S0740 Ali Hassan Mwinyi Islamic Secondary School
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Ali Hassan Mwinyi Elite Schools (AHMES), which has a nursery and primary school in Dar es Salaam and a secondary school in
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In 1991, the first stages of the transition towards multipartyism began when Mwinyi appointed Chief Justice
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through correspondence (1950–1954) and then studied for a teaching diploma at the Institute of Education at
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The Onset of Regime Transition from Single to Multiparty Politics: A Case Study of Tanzania
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Is Tanzania an emerging economy? A report for the OECD project "Emerging Africa"
1053:"Pluralist democracy and the transformation of democratic attitudes in Tanzania"
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Ex-Tanzanian president Mwinyi, who launched country's free market, dead at 98
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358:(8 May 1925 – 29 February 2024) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the
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1993:
1968:
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976:. Vol. 2019 (December 2007 online ed.). A & C Black
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at Mzena hospital in Dar es Salaam, on 29 February 2024, at the age of 98.
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In November 2023, Mwinyi was hospitalized for a chest illness. He died of
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from 1985 to 1995. Previous posts included Minister for Home Affairs and
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Tanzania Mourns the Passing of Former President Ali Hassan Mwinyi at 98
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1300:"Ali Hassan Mwinyi: 'Mr Permission' – the man who opened up Tanzania"
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1406:"Tanzanian ex-president and Egyptian academic win King Faisal Prize"
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During Mwinyi's terms, Tanzania took the first steps to reverse the
2003:
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1303:
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Novicki, Margaret A. "Interview with President Ali Hassan Mwinyi."
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pay raises within the government and to cut free public services.
1096:, edited by Michael L. LaBlanc, vol. 1, Gale, 1992, pp. 176–180.
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1031:. Vol. 7460. August 1986. p. 35 – via The Gale.
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and got his primary education at Mangapwani Primary School in
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Dar es Salaam: histories from an emerging African metropolis
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Tanzania's former president Ali Hassan Mwinyi dies aged 98
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1722:
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In a 1989 interview when asked about his views regarding
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1330:"Tanzania's second President Hassan Mwinyi dies aged 98"
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Mwinyi was born on 8 May 1925 in the village of Kivure,
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1217:
Hyden, Göran. "Top-down democratization in Tanzania."
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became a candidate for one of the opposition parties,
1356:"Tanzania's former President Ali Hassan Mwinyi dies"
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Agreements with international financial institutions
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777:Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, one of the major roads in
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385:. He relaxed import restrictions and encouraged
370:. He also was chairman of the ruling party, the
1953:
1009:. Cape Town: Penguin Random House South Africa.
1432:"Why OUT awarded Mzee Ruksa a honorary degree"
792:Ali Hassan Mwinyi Islamic Secondary School in
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1939:
1842:
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864:
687:of Saudi Arabia for Service to Islam in 2022.
401:, where he was also raised. He then moved to
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1462:"Former President Mwinyi conferred with PhD"
1197:Arne Bigsten; Anders Danielsson (May 1999).
1148:(PhD). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.
1007:Operation Lock and the War on Rhino Poaching
450:socialist policies had failed economically.
1535:, National Examinations Council of Tanzania
1092:Bianco, David. "Mwinyi, Ali Hassan 1925–."
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487:In 1986, Mwinyi made an agreement with the
61:5 November 1985 – 23 November 1995
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926:Heads of States and Governments Since 1945
865:Brennan, James R.; Burton, Andrew (2007).
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198:30 January 1984 – 5 November 1985
156:30 January 1984 – 24 October 1985
31:
1522:National Examinations Council of Tanzania
960:
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871:. African Books Collective. p. 252.
655:Order of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere
1074:Addison, Tony. "Adjusting to the IMF?."
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558:. They were able to evade prosecution.
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1442:from the original on 28 September 2013
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892:Cowen, Michael; Laakso, Liisa (2002).
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1336:from the original on 29 February 2024
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923:Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014).
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609:Mzee Rukhsa: The Journey of My Life
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474:, along with the finance minister
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1362:from the original on 1 March 2024
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943:from the original on 1 March 2024
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2299:Ideology and Publicity Secretary
2002:
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1545:AHMES Secondary School: About Us
1358:. TRT Afrika. 29 February 2024.
1332:. Africanews. 29 February 2024.
837:The International Who's Who 2004
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418:General Certificate of Education
416:Concurrently, Mwinyi earned his
186:First Vice President of Tanzania
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1204:(Report). OECD. pp. 13–14.
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1027:"Tanzania; the end of ujamaa".
895:Multi-party elections in Africa
714:The Open University of Tanzania
364:the United Republic of Tanzania
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16:Tanzanian statesman (1925–2024)
2489:Interior ministers of Tanzania
2479:Deaths from cancer in Tanzania
1098:Gale Virtual Reference Library
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1:
1468:. 2 June 2013. Archived from
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1094:Contemporary Black Biography
989:UK public library membership
834:Europa Publications (2003).
764:
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2519:Vice-presidents of Tanzania
2469:Alumni of Durham University
1955:Vice-presidents of Tanzania
1051:Killian, Bernadeta (2001).
798:Mwinyi Secondary School in
783:Ali Hassan Mwinyi Stadium,
742:The East African University
459:International Monetary Fund
453:Such policies included the
344:Open University of Tanzania
10:
2535:
1644:Vice President of Tanzania
1111:. Accessed 4 October 2018.
967:"Mwinyi, Ndugu Ali Hassan"
929:. Routledge. p. 742.
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607:. He released his memoir,
599:Ali Hassan Mwinyi married
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2157:Vice Chairmen (mainland)
1569:Party political offices
1558:Offices and distinctions
2484:Deaths from lung cancer
1278:10.4314/ajps.v7i1.27322
595:Personal life and death
2509:Presidents of Zanzibar
2504:Presidents of Tanzania
2330:Political Affairs and
2275:Organisation Secretary
1858:Presidents of Zanzibar
1762:Presidents of Tanzania
762:in Business Management
2367:Economic Affairs and
1617:President of Tanzania
1583:National Chairman of
1221:10.4 (1999): 142–155.
1142:Vener, J. I. (1996).
144:President of Zanzibar
104:Second Vice President
49:President of Tanzania
1654:Joseph Sinde Warioba
1219:Journal of Democracy
1107:1 March 2024 at the
1005:Hanks, John (2015).
760:Doctor of Philosophy
524:Multi-party politics
411:Zanzibar West Region
267:Tanganyika Territory
94:First Vice President
2214:Secretaries General
2108:Chama Cha Mapinduzi
1585:Chama Cha Mapinduzi
1472:on 12 November 2014
562:Mohamed Enterprises
546:1993 Chavda scandal
372:Chama Cha Mapinduzi
2412:Arusha Declaration
1637:Mwinyi Aboud Jumbe
1602:Political offices
622:Honours and awards
579:Views on apartheid
387:private enterprise
211:2nd Vice President
2514:Tanzanian Muslims
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2369:Finance Secretary
2116:National Chairmen
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1670:Ali Hassan Mwinyi
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1651:Succeeded by
1624:Succeeded by
1592:Succeeded by
1466:in2eastafrica.net
1438:. 24 March 2012.
987:(Subscription or
936:978-1-134-26490-2
878:978-9987-449-70-5
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732:Doctor of Letters
685:King Faisal Prize
676:
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514:financial sectors
422:Durham University
356:Ali Hassan Mwinyi
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179:Idris Abdul Wakil
108:Idris Abdul Wakil
25:Ali Hassan Mwinyi
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1306:. 2 March 2024.
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2015:
2013:
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1799:
1797:Jakaya Kikwete
1794:
1792:Benjamin Mkapa
1789:
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1782:Julius Nyerere
1778:
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1627:Benjamin Mkapa
1625:
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1610:Julius Nyerere
1608:
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1599:
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1595:Benjamin Mkapa
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1577:Julius Nyerere
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1561:
1560:
1549:
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1397:
1395:, The Exchange
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563:
560:
547:
544:
538:
535:
525:
522:
518:social sectors
484:
481:
472:Joseph Warioba
438:Julius Nyerere
433:
430:
426:United Kingdom
394:
391:
383:Julius Nyerere
368:Vice President
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
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334:
329:12 (including
327:
323:
322:
311:
305:
304:
302:
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297:
292:
288:
287:
281:(aged 98)
275:
271:
270:
269:(now Tanzania)
251:
247:
246:
242:
241:
238:
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236:Joseph Warioba
234:
228:
227:
224:
218:
217:
212:
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206:Julius Nyerere
204:
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189:
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176:
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136:Benjamin Mkapa
133:
127:
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124:Julius Nyerere
121:
115:
114:
97:Joseph Warioba
91:
88:Vice President
83:
82:
72:Joseph Warioba
69:
67:Prime Minister
63:
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37:Mwinyi in 2009
36:
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2020:
2017:
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2014:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1992:
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1802:John Magufuli
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1185:Africa Report
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1071:
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1029:The Economist
1023:
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909:0-85255-843-0
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839:
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819:
807:
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797:
795:
794:Tabora Region
791:
790:
788:
786:
782:
780:
779:Dar es Salaam
776:
775:
761:
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605:Dar es Salaam
602:
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276:
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109:
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99:John Malecela
95:
92:
89:
84:
81:
77:
76:John Malecela
73:
70:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2261:Bashiru Ally
2127:
1978:
1894:A. A. Karume
1879:A. H. Mwinyi
1878:
1807:Samia Suluhu
1786:
1707:
1695:from Commons
1690:
1669:
1642:
1615:
1582:
1540:
1528:
1513:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1465:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1409:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1294:
1269:
1265:
1218:
1192:
1184:
1144:
1097:
1093:
1075:
1056:
1028:
1006:
978:. Retrieved
971:
945:. Retrieved
925:
918:
900:James Currey
894:
887:
867:
860:
836:
800:Pwani Region
613:
608:
598:
582:
573:NCCR-Mageuzi
565:
552:Tanga Region
549:
540:
527:
506:agricultural
502:
498:
486:
476:Cleopa Msuya
468:
452:
443:minimum wage
435:
415:
399:Pwani Region
396:
381:policies of
376:
355:
354:
279:(2024-02-29)
232:Succeeded by
214:
193:
174:Succeeded by
151:
131:Succeeded by
112:Salmin Amour
103:
101:Cleopa Msuya
93:
80:Cleopa Msuya
56:
18:
2464:2024 deaths
2459:1925 births
1508:, Soccerway
1495:The Citizen
1476:12 November
1416:25 December
1366:29 February
1340:29 February
1272:(1): 1–19.
947:29 February
616:lung cancer
611:, in 2021.
601:Siti Mwinyi
307:Siti Mwinyi
226:Aboud Jumbe
222:Preceded by
167:Aboud Jumbe
162:Preceded by
119:Preceded by
2453:Categories
2348:J. Makamba
2281:Aisha Juma
2246:Y. Makamba
1648:1984–1985
1621:1985–1995
1589:1990–1996
1446:7 February
991:required.)
814:References
699:University
537:Corruption
510:industrial
463:World Bank
461:(IMF) and
436:President
432:Presidency
407:Mangapwani
393:Early life
339:Alma mater
286:, Tanzania
260:8 May 1925
256:1925-05-08
2336:Secretary
2012:Second VP
1904:H. Mwinyi
1869:A. Karume
1436:IPP Media
1410:Arab News
1383:, Reuters
1154:974915525
973:Who's Who
842:Routledge
789:Schools:
585:apartheid
493:austerity
379:socialist
203:President
194:In office
152:In office
57:In office
2316:Polepole
2266:Chongolo
2164:Malecela
2143:Magufuli
1989:Malecela
1962:First VP
1440:Archived
1360:Archived
1334:Archived
1308:Archived
1304:BBC News
1286:23495555
1105:Archived
1057:ProQuest
941:Archived
806:Bagamoyo
727:Tanzania
668:Tanzania
639:Country
403:Zanzibar
326:Children
142:3rd
47:2nd
2405:Related
2396:Hawassi
2386:Nchemba
2358:Lubinga
2241:Mangula
2231:Kolimba
2174:Mangula
2138:Kikwete
2123:Nyerere
1984:Warioba
1314:1 March
980:28 July
702:Country
627:Honours
424:in the
331:Hussein
320:
312:
2427:Ujamaa
2391:Meghji
2376:Kigoda
2353:Migiro
2311:Nnauye
2290:Silima
2285:Khatib
2256:Kinana
2251:Mukama
2226:Kawawa
2221:Msekwa
2205:Mwinyi
2195:Karume
2169:Msekwa
2148:Suluhu
2128:Mwinyi
2065:Mpango
2060:Suluhu
2019:Kawawa
1979:Mwinyi
1969:Karume
1284:
1152:
933:
906:
875:
848:
785:Tabora
772:Legacy
752:
724:
705:Degree
679:Awards
665:
589:Reagan
512:, and
448:Ujamaa
301:Spouse
263:Kivure
215:Vacant
2343:Membe
2321:Shaka
2200:Shein
2190:Amour
2133:Mkapa
2055:Bilal
2050:Shein
2029:Amour
2024:Wakil
1994:Msuya
1974:Jumbe
1899:Shein
1889:Amour
1884:Wakil
1874:Jumbe
1692:Media
1282:JSTOR
1202:(PDF)
765:2013
755:Kenya
736:2012
708:Year
672:2011
642:Year
635:Order
314:(
310:
2422:TANU
2381:Aziz
2236:Gama
2045:Juma
1709:Data
1478:2014
1448:2013
1418:2022
1368:2024
1342:2024
1316:2024
1150:OCLC
982:2021
949:2024
931:ISBN
904:ISBN
873:ISBN
846:ISBN
274:Died
250:Born
2417:ASP
1274:doi
489:IMF
362:of
295:CCM
2455::
2333:IR
1520:,
1493:,
1464:.
1434:.
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1288:.
1276::
1270:7
1156:.
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984:.
951:.
912:.
881:.
854:.
333:)
258:)
254:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
