20:
68:
322:"The spectre of desertification in North Africa, couched in ideology and language concerning deforestation and desertification disturbingly similar to that used years ago, continues to drive inappropriate environmental projects today" One, among many others that remain to be examined, is the green dam. "This has had a very low rate of tree survival and is considered an ecological failure"
244:
organization, control, financing, and protection of the forest heritage. After evaluating the achievements of this period, gaps were gradually overcome and improvements were made by diversifying restoration activities, such as opening tracks and protecting against soil erosion, and introducing new species such as
Cypress, Acacia, and Atriplex.•
307:
argues that the Green Dam
Project is based on the false premise created by "French colonial administrators, scientists and settlers which utilised a negative vision of Maghrebi pastoralists as deforesters and desertifiers of the former granary of Rome to justify and facilitate many of their actions."
338:
In addition to combating desertification, the
Algerian Government has presented this initiative as a fight against poverty, through the protection of natural resources, adaptation to climate change, integrated rural development and the promotion of the forestry economy for the benefit of sustainable
334:
A Government meeting chaired by Prime
Minister Abdelaziz Djerad adopted a draft executive decree on the creation of a coordination body in charge of reviving the Green Dam and fighting desertification and is conceived as a catalyst in the development, implementation and assessment. The draft decree,
318:
She suggests that "Its (the colonial narrative) persistence defies convincing evidence that most of North been desertified by burning and overgrazing, for the region was probably forested during the last 3 000 years. Far from being questioned" - the colonial environmental narrative appears to be the
147:
Counter arguments suggest that blaming the indigenous inhabitants for the degradation and subsequent desertification of the landscape, in spite of a lack of evidence that this was the cause, was a
Colonial trope to suggest that the original population were incapable of managing their own land and to
143:
At the turn of the nineteenth century, concern over deforestation was limited to a few disparate voices, and it was dealt with in a handful of laws that were rarely enforced. However, this environmental perspective soon joined forces with political, social, and cultural biases against pastoralism to
100:
The risk of desertification threatens arid and semi-arid regions throughout the world. Population growth, urbanization, an increase in cultivated land areas, overgrazing, and deforestation adding to the effects of climate change exacerbate the issues. Alfa grass cover has decreased while the quality
315:"This colonial environmental narrative became entrenched in many official publications such as histories and botanical treatises, as well as agricultural and forestry manuals written during the colonial period" This "laid the foundation for much subsequent education, research, policy and practice".
239:
Between 1970 and 1979, seven Groups of the
National Service (GNS) were formed. Following an evaluation of the GNS from 1979 to 1982, which aimed to address problems in the forestry sector, groups of forestry (GF) were established within the GNS. During this period, the emphasis was on reforestation
286:
The use of this practice (tree planting) as a key approach to stop the encroachment of sand on dryland where trees do not naturally grow, and where shrubs or grass are the native and natural land, needs to be reviewed since woody vegetation encroachment could affect the functioning of this fragile
418:
Salemkour.N, Benchouk. K, Nouasria.D, Chefrour.A, Hamou.K,Amechkouh.A, and
Belhamra. m. (2013): Effets de la miseen repos sur les caractéristiques floristiques et pastorales desparcours steppiquesde la région de Laghouat (Algérie). Jour-nal Algérien des Régions Arides, Numéro Spécial, 12: 103-114
414:
Mostephaoui. T, Merdas. S, Sakaa. B, Hanafi. M. T, and Be-nazzouz. M. T. (2013): Cartographie des risques d'érosion hy-drique par l'application de l'Equation universelle de pertes ensol à l'aide d'un Système d'Information Géographique dans lebassin versant d'El Hamel (Boussaâda). Journal Algérien
107:
Of the 238 million hectares that make up the total land area of
Algeria, 200 million are natural deserts, 20 million represent the steppe regions threatened by desertification, and 12 million are mountainous areas threatened by water erosion. 7 million hectares of the 20 steppe regions are highly
330:
Becoming aware of the threat to the green dam, the
General Directorate of Forests (DGF) is currently planning to reforest more than 1.2 million ha in the region, under the latest rural renewal policy, by introducing new principles related to sustainable development, fighting desertification, and
261:
The study, titled "Monitoring the
Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Green Dam in Djelfa Province, Algeria," examined changes in land degradation and desertification (LDD) and their impact on Moudjbara plantations from 1972 to 2019. Using freely available data such as Landsat imagery and geographic
342:
Speaking at Echaab daily forum about environmental challenges on the occasion of the World Day to Combat Desertification (WDCD- 17 June), the Minister of Environment and Renewable Energy, Fatima Zohra Zerouati, affirmed that the increasing danger of desertification required new scientific and
243:
Between 1982 and 1990, an inter-ministerial agreement was established to facilitate cooperation between the project owner (such as the State Secretary of Forests) and the project implementer (the High Commission of National Service). Their respective roles were clearly defined with regards to
108:
susceptible to desertification and require a short-term intervention. Several natural factors, like a decrease in rainfall, high thermal amplitude, and dry winds, combined with anthropogenic factors like, cultivation, mechanization, over-grazing, and deforestation accelerate desertification.
311:
By claiming that what the French "encountered when they arrived in Algeria was an environment ruined by centuries of burning and overgrazing by the local Algerians, a justification for curtailing local actions was created" and that "Founded on historical inaccuracies, and environmental
139:
in the colonies and during the French Revolution, early conservationists sincerely believed that Mediterranean pastoralism posed a real and severe ecological threat. They blamed pastoralists for deforestation and its perceived environmental and social consequences.
312:
misunderstandings and exaggerations, the environmental narrative was constructed early in the nineteenth century, primarily in Algeria, and included all of the Maghreb", effectively a misdiagnosis of the problem, has led to the wrong conclusions as to the cure.
247:
From 1990 to 1993, the Department of Defense withdrew from the Green Dam project, leaving the National Forestry Agency to oversee its implementation. From 1994 to 2000, the government revitalized the Green Dam project by launching a new program in November
257:
In 2021, a scientific study published its findings on the Algerian Green Dam, which highlighted several reasons for its deterioration. The study concluded that current planning to restore the Green Dam should diversify approaches to address these issues.
118:, set up the Green Dam Project. The objective was to establish a 'barrier' of forest spanning the country from east to west in order to halt desertification. The project was halted after his death, but subsequently, the project was relaunched in 1971.
290:
Moving away from the singular tree planting focus to diversifying desertification control methods and adopting the application of dune stabilization methods (including mechanical, chemical and biological methods) is effective in reducing sand and dust
167:"Vast, mountainous, woody, and lightly populated, Algeria offered terrain favourable to guerrilla warfare." In attempts to tackle the issue of forest cover being used by guerrillas French forces bombed and used napalm to reduce the cover available.
134:
As early as 1866, French settlers were complaining to the French Government about arson by indigenous Algerians opposed to French rule This perspective was fed by a wider background drawing on both enlightenment thought as well as evidence of
683:
Belhouadjeb, Fathi Abdellatif; Boumakhleb, Abdallah; Toaiba, Abdelhalim; Doghbage, Abdelghafour; Habib, Benbader; Boukerker, Hassen; Murgueitio, Enrique; Soufan, Walid; Almadani, Mohamad Isam; Daoudi, Belkacem; Khadoumi, Amar (2022-06-20).
346:
The launch of the National Reforestation Plan in 2000 has given the forestry sector a new lease of life with a vision that incorporates the productive aspect of reforestation, the industrial aspect, and the recreational aspect.
272:
These factors have destroyed much of the reforestation. The study predicted that, should the degradation continue at the same rate, the green dam project will disappear during the next few decades, in the analyzed region.
422:
Kherief Nacereddine.S, Nouasria.D, Salemkour.N, Benchouk. K,and Belhamra.M. (2013): La mise en repos: une technique degestion des parcours steppiques). Journal Algérien des Ré-gions Arides, Numéro Spécial, 12: 115-123
101:
of the grasslands itself is becoming increasingly degraded. According to the UNCCD, recurring droughts and human activities, mainly overgrazing, are the two main driving factors of desertification (Le Houérou, 1996 ).
162:
As in previous wars, the guerrillas were almost exclusively based in the mountains of northern Algeria, where the forest and scrub cover were well-suited to guerrilla warfare. Colonel Gilles Martin describes
448:
S. E. Nicholson, C. J. Tucker and M. B. Ba, 'Desertification, drought, and surface vegetation: an example from the west African sahel', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79 (1998), pp. 815-29.
184:
Algeria experienced a record heat wave in June 2003, with temperatures over 40°C for 20 consecutive days that resulted in an estimated 40 deaths. Such events are projected to increase in a warming climate."
75:
The green barrier is located in the pre-Saharan area in Algeria. It stretches between the Moroccan border in the West to the Tunisian border in the East, covering a total distance of approximately 1000 km.
335:
presented by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, provides for the creation of a permanent mechanism responsible for the preparation, implementation and ongoing monitoring of this operation.
83:
of 300 mm in the North and 200 mm in the South of Algeria. The project's objective is to recover the extent of the already existing forest to stop the sand expansion. Two types of vegetation were planted:
1204:"Occupied Surface-State Bands in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>sp</mml:mi></mml:math>Gaps of Au(112), Au(110), and Au(100) Faces"
193:
Contemporary research has demonstrated that the Sahara is not expanding, as is still frequently believed, but that it expands and contracts based almost entirely on rainfall.
442:
Bensaid, S. (2005). Bilan critique du barrage vert en AlgĂ©rie.SĂ©cheresse, 6: 247-255. URL http://www.dgf.gov.dz/index.php?rubrique=actualite§ion=dix (13 October 2014)
181:
According to PreventionWeb, Algeria ranks 18 of 184 of the most exposed countries to drought. An estimated 3,763,800 (about 10%) of its population is exposed to droughts.
283:
The authorities should care about what people want and what nature needs. The focus only on tree planting often does not serve the livelihood demands of the local people.
104:
To mitigate this risk, the Algerian authorities developed the Green Dam Project as a massive reforestation program aiming to safeguard and develop the pre-Saharan areas.
262:
information systems, the study found that while the Green Dam project was effective for a few years, pine plantations underwent significant deterioration afterwards.
236:
From 1970 to 1982, soil restoration and protection groups (SRPG) were formed and assigned to the military regions in a way to cover the entire area of the Green Dam.
204:
The main objective of the Green Dam is to combat desertification. After a few years of implementation, the program developed into a multi-sector project, including:
294:
The implementation of sustainable grazing management practices, such as "grazing exclusion", is necessary to enable the natural recovery of the degraded steppes.
178:"Although Algeria has experienced a gradual decline in rainfall since 1975, the frequency of floods has increased, which has led to increased costs and damages.
196:
Other studies have found that the causes are more complex and that the climate context of North Africa was very similar some 3000 years ago to that of today.
960:
455:
A.C. Millington and K. Pye, eds, Environmental change in drylands: biogeographical and geomorphological perspectives (New York, Wiley, 1994), pp. 177-98.
804:
1470:
426:
Direction Générale des Forêts (DGF). (2004): Rapport nationalde l'Algérie sur la mise en oeuvre de la Convention de LueContre la Désertification
445:
C. J. Tucker H. E. Dregne and W. W. Newcomb, 'Expansion and contraction of the Sahara desert from 1980 to 1990', Science 253 (1991), pp. 299-301
1380:
581:"Mapping potential desertification-prone areas in North-Eastern Algeria using logistic regression model, GIS, and remote sensing techniques"
1443:
1354:
400:
432:
Verón, S. R., Paruelo, J. M., & Oesterheld, M. (2006). Assessing desertification. Journal of Arid Environments, 66(4), 751–763.
331:
climate change adaptation. Having learnt lessons from former programs, the DGF has barred plantations with monospecific stands.
287:
ecosystems. Scientific research has demonstrated that natural recovery is much more effective in restoring degraded arid steppes
319:
dominant postcolonial environmental history. It is particularly strong in policies, and projects concerning desertification"
1504:
377:
805:
https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/559490/Williams_georgetown_0076D_12355.pdf?sequence=1
276:
For effective control of LDD in Algeria, the study concluded that, in order to move the project forward successfully:
151:
Human factors such as poor agricultural practices are still cited as primary causes of forest fires and deforestation
818:"Desert 'wastes' of the Maghreb: desertification narratives in French colonial environmental history of North Africa"
478:"Assessing land use change and moving sand transport in the western Hodna basin (central Algerian steppe ecosystems)"
403:
305:
Desert 'wastes' of the Maghreb: desertification narratives in French colonial environmental history of North Africa
159:
Similarly, the bombing of forests during the French colonial area has also been cited as a cause of deforestation.
1485:
354:
was still planning a restoration effort that is to last several years and involve an investment of $ 128 million.
1499:
429:
Le Houérou, H. N. (1996): Climate change, drought and desertification. Journal of Arid Environments, 34: 133–185
280:
The institutional approach has to be reviewed and science has to play a more important role in guiding policies.
686:"The Forage Plantation Program between Desertification Mitigation and Livestock Feeding: An Economic Analysis"
914:"The influence of soil, hydrology, vegetation and climate on desertification in El-Bayadh region (Algeria)"
1480:
726:
476:
Merdas, Saifi; Boulghobra, Nouar; Mostephaoui, Tewfik; Belhamra, Mohamed; Fadlaoui, Haroun (2019-07-12).
265:
The degradation was attributed to forest clearing, livestock overgrazing, and the proliferation of the
393:
363:
136:
80:
28:
1314:
452:
J.-L. Ballais, 'Aeolian activity, desertification and the "green dam" in the Ziban Range, Algeria',
1514:
1509:
369:
32:
240:
and infrastructure development. The reforestation efforts were carried out using the Aleppo pine.•
645:
1156:
115:
873:"Analysis of forest fires causes and their motivations in northern Algeria: the Delphi method"
298:
1301:
984:
351:
1105:
925:
829:
763:
657:
592:
528:
Benhizia, Ramzi; Kouba, Yacine; Szabó, György; Négyesi, Gábor; Ata, Behnam (January 2021).
111:
With the rapid degradation of Alfa grass steppe, the need for action became more pressing
8:
1157:"A tale of two deserts: Contrasting desertification histories on Rome's desert frontiers"
1109:
929:
833:
767:
661:
596:
64:
The project has progressed and evolved through the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and into the 2000s.
1184:
1137:
1074:
853:
787:
621:
580:
507:
266:
1243:"Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Green Dam in Djelfa Province, Algeria"
872:
751:
530:"Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Green Dam in Djelfa Province, Algeria"
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Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Green Dam in Djelfa Province, Algeria
1293:
752:"Legal Geographies of Catastrophe: Forests, Fires, and Property in Colonial Algeria"
385:
164:
1415:
1294:"Aeolian Activity, Desertification and the 'Green Dam' in the Ziban Range, Algeria"
1264:
1254:
1241:
Benhizia, Ramzi; Kouba, Yacine; Szabó, György; Négyesi, Gábor; Ata, Behnam (2021).
1215:
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technical mechanisms to revive the Green Dam and fight against desertification.
54:
43:
27:
This article is about the Algerian initiative. For the initiative in Africa, see
1203:
1029:
1219:
1009:
913:
817:
727:"Green Dam in Algeria - Ambassador report - Our Actions - Tunza Eco Generation"
604:
1172:
1010:"Chapter 3 : Desertification — Special Report on Climate Change and Land"
871:
Meddour-Sahar, O.; Meddour, R.; Leone, V.; Lovreglio, R.; Derridj, A. (2013).
841:
19:
1493:
1429:
1408:"Reforestation in Algeria: History, current practice and future perspectives"
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58:
1475:
1381:"Desertification: Algeria to revive Green Dam with new technical mechanisms"
1420:
1407:
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630:
299:
The entire approach of the Green Dam Project has been called into question.
232:
The program of the Green Dam has been implemented in four distinct stages:
889:
702:
685:
1092:
Tucker, Compton J.; Dregne, Harold E.; Newcomb, Wilbur W. (1991-07-19).
304:
1269:
1259:
1242:
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556:
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The process of deforestation and desertification has disputed origins.
1444:"Government approves creation of body in charge of reviving Green Dam"
1355:"Government approves creation of body in charge of reviving Green Dam"
961:"Algerians Reject French Colonial Report, Demand Apology From Macron"
1406:
Merdas, Saifi; Mostephaoui, Tewfik; Belhamra, Mohamed (2017-07-01).
682:
475:
1094:"Expansion and Contraction of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1990"
870:
388:, a 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor of India
175:
Yet another cause, often cited more recently, is climate change.
50:
912:
Belaroui, Karima; Djediai, Houria; Megdad, Hanane (2014-03-21).
67:
1471:
The Green Dam in Algeria as a Tool to combat desertification
79:
The barrier's width ranges from approximately 20 km between
223:
improvement of accessibility to desertification prone areas
57:, specifically to prevent the northward advancement of the
1405:
1240:
527:
1201:
579:
Mihi, Ali; Ghazela, Rabeh; wissal, Daoud (August 2022).
380:, a Chinese anti-desertification program started in 1978
208:
Protection and enhancement of existing forest re-sources
1202:
Heimann, P.; Miosga, H.; Neddermeyer, H. (1979-03-19).
523:
521:
911:
217:
Fight against sand encroachment and for dune fixation
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domestic development as the basis of food security.
1091:
518:
1486:The Green Dam – 7.5 million acres of reforestation
578:
401:The Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel
1491:
220:Resource mobilization in surface and groundwater
53:in the 1960s to plant millions of trees to stop
415:desRégions Arides, Numéro Spécial, 12: 131-147
211:Recovery of missing forest stand• Reforestation
646:"Climate change, drought and desertification"
214:Development of agricultural and pastoral land
1030:"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"
121:
154:
1055:"Desertification: Time for an Assessment?"
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148:justify the goals of the Colonia project.
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88:, which grows easily in this region, and
16:Ecological engineering project in Algeria
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18:
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144:create a forceful anti-pastoral lobby.
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877:IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry
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644:Le Houérou, Henry N. (October 1996).
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165:War in Algeria: The French Experience
1034:climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org
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471:
469:
467:
49:) refers to a project initiated in
31:. For the initiative in China, see
13:
1329:"Algerie Presse Service (Algiers)"
396:, a historic inland customs border
378:Three-North Shelter Forest Program
14:
1526:
1465:
464:
227:
188:
170:
71:Location of the Algeria Green Dam
918:Desalination and Water Treatment
816:Davis, Diana K. (October 2004).
776:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2013.00020.x
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386:The Great Green Wall of Aravalli
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1155:Barker, Graeme (January 2002).
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725:UNEP, Samsung Engineering and.
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114:The late President of Algeria,
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637:
572:
438:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.01.021
303:Diana K. Davis in her article
267:pine caterpillar processionary
1:
1296:. John Wiley & Sons: 177.
495:10.26650/forestist.2019.19005
458:
404:International tree foundation
199:
1292:Ballais, Jean-Louis (1994).
1118:10.1126/science.253.5017.299
938:10.1080/19443994.2013.782571
650:Journal of Arid Environments
585:Environmental Earth Sciences
7:
985:"Climate change in Algeria"
750:Sivak, Henry (2013-10-01).
357:
129:
10:
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1220:10.1103/physrevlett.42.801
959:Sait, Farid (2021-02-04).
605:10.1007/s12665-022-10513-7
95:
26:
1505:Infrastructure in Algeria
1173:10.1080/00438240120107495
842:10.1191/1474474004eu313oa
364:Great Green Wall (Africa)
137:environmental degradation
122:Causes of desertification
29:Great Green Wall (Africa)
1481:The Green Dam in Algeria
731:tunza.eco-generation.org
394:The Great Hedge of India
370:Great Green Wall (China)
155:The War for Independence
33:Great Green Wall (China)
1208:Physical Review Letters
1500:Environment of Algeria
1421:10.21750/refor.3.10.34
1309:Cite journal requires
670:10.1006/jare.1996.0099
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24:
1448:Algeria Press Service
1385:Algeria Press Service
1359:Algeria Press Service
1053:Helldén, Ulf (1991).
352:government of Algeria
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924:(10–12): 2144–2150.
890:10.3832/ifor0098-006
822:Cultural Geographies
703:10.3390/land11060948
1110:1991Sci...253..299T
930:2014DWatT..52.2144B
834:2004CuGeo..11..359D
768:2013GeoRv.103..556S
756:Geographical Review
662:1996JArEn..34..133L
597:2022EES....81..385M
253:Problems, criticism
1260:10.3390/su13147953
547:10.3390/su13147953
326:Restorative action
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40:Algerian Green Dam
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23:Algeria relief map
1161:World Archaeology
1104:(5017): 299–300.
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