Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș

1874: 818: 1169:, Tzigara and other Romanian ethnographers first took into consideration the establishment of a permanent ethnographic collection. Like other Romanian intellectuals, Tzigara preserved his special interest in handicrafts, which, art conservator Isabelle Longuet argues, were "elevated to the status of 'national art' " in the belief that the peasantry represented "an authentic 'Romanianness' ". In similar terms, ethologist Ioana Popescu notes: " collections were to become the argument and the source of inspiration for the national ideology and creation." His project came after a similar attempt on the part of art collector 2286: 254: 1861:. The third part highlighted his own research of Transylvanian folk art, and spoke about Romania's Queen Elisabeth as a collector of folk art from Sibiu area. Tzigara preserved these principles during the rest of his professional life, and the themes of his conferencing resurface in his old age memoirs. These too shed light on Carol I's architectural role, and express approval for Lecomte de Nouÿ's since-criticized methods of conservation (including the decision to the tear down and rebuild Curtea de Argeș Cathedral). They also return to Smigelschi's murals, criticizing his depiction of saints in 499: 1986:. Carp's reply to Tzigara's proposition is recorded as: "Such a thing is of no interest to me; it is nonsense, and at this moment counts as weakness." Maiorescu's deteriorating relationship with Carp was also a factor: Carp flatly refused to attend any meeting where Maiorescu was present, and alienated the other two by stating that King Ferdinand should be deposed. Maiorescu himself explained that it was a question of principle: "Tzigara has been proposing this to me, but I did not wish to. If orders me to go, let him send in armed soldiers to take me." 1155: 1903:. Tzigara's international and scholarly activities suffered from the conflict, which began in summer 1914—even though Romania remained neutral until mid-1916. His purported father, Carol I, died in September 1914. According to his Archbishop Netzhammer, Tzigara was deeply affected by the event: "Like a child, he loosened his suffering, deploring in front of me this terrible and unexpected loss". By then, however, Tzigara had befriended Ferdinand I, the new king, and was an admirer of Ferdinand's wife, 1603: 2450:

insults a result of which Iorga resigned from the position of university rector." Iorga was however in a position to limit his rival's access to academia when, in 1931, he became Carol II's Prime Minister. His legislative proposal, limiting the number of academic positions an individual could hold, was probably aimed specifically at Tzigara and other personal enemies (as Lucian Nastasă writes, Iorga was himself collecting some five monthly salaries from his work with the state).

2592: 42: 2086:, Tzigara-Samurcaș's activities were receiving coverage in the community of the Iași refugees, and came to embody the collaborationist in the collective mind. In January 1918, while the Iași authorities were considering a way out of the war, Tzigara handed in his resignation to the Germans. As noted by his subordinate Filitti, he had been enraged that the German regime would not intervene in his favor during a dispute he had with the "kike colonel" 1186:(and which he intended to name "Museum of the Romanian People"), serving as its Director for the next forty years. This project received support from Education Minister Haret and, on the other side of politics, from Haret's predecessor Maiorescu. The institution was later known as "Museum of Ethnography and National Art" or "Carol I Museum of Ethnography and National Art". Its original quarters were the abandoned National Mint building on 2947:. The following year, his pension was suspended, although, in 1950, he was elected to the International Committee of the History of Art. His chief activity, from 1948 to 1952, was the writing of his memoirs. The National Museum was reopened in 1951 as a "National Museum of Folk Art", under new management. Marginalization aggravated Tzigara's illnesses, and, as reported by museologist George Vlad, he died on April 30, 1952 at 2892:. As he put it, Tzigara-Samurcaș "has collaborated with Wilhelm II and with Mackensen's occupation troops, and he likewise collaborated with the invasive Hitlerite imperialism. He should not be allowed to continue, neither in public life nor in culture." In July 1946, as a former member of the Romanian–German Association, he was stripped of his voting rights in the 1297: 1236:, he bought, disassembled and transported back to Bucharest the "Antonie Mogoș House", considered a masterpiece of Romanian woodcarving and the museum's centerpiece. It is the first-ever such relocation in the history of Romanian museums. His photographic collection was expanded by an entire series on Oltenian carpets, which helps in their specific 2174:, the Board took a vote to ban Tzigara-Samurcaș; the result was indecisive, and Tzigara preserved his chair. Atanasiu however took the vote as evidence that Tzigara had lost his support, and requested a decision from higher authorities. As Boia notes, this was a political miscalculation: the anti-Germanophile lobby had been defeated in 2733:. Tzigara announced this change with a final editorial piece, which read: "Satisfied to have insured the magazine's future, we announce at this moment that we are placing our directorial office in the hands of a new generation, which is led by Professor I. E. Torouțiu, who with his valuable and sizable published works, appreciating 2066:

was competently met. The same is noted by Ornea, who cautions: "the nude fact of his, all things considered, willing collaboration with the German occupier, is still a litigious issue". The Police chief was also critical of his more docile colleagues: as recorded in Marghiloman's diary, Tzigara was present at the October 1917

1907:. He found that Ferdinand was "gentle", "jocular" and usually self-effacing, "in all things the opposite of his uncle" Carol I. In Queen Marie, the art historian recognized a political woman, more active in public affairs than Carol's Elisabeth. Tzigara also shared Marie's artistic taste, including her passion for the work of 2687:

beyond the threshold of professionalism: "if, under previous directions, the magazine steered away from its stated mission , the deviance was at least made in an honorable direction, that is to say in the direction of history writing; the scientific seriousness of its two former directors had made it

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and asked Tzigara to intervene on his colleagues' behalf. On one occasion, as a result of Bianu's plea, Tzigara sent in his policemen to prevent German soldiers from stealing the Academy's firewood reserves. Boia argues that the main objective of Tzigara's term, "the security of people and property",

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condenses criticism of Tzigara-Samurcaș's intense networking: " is no savant, not even when it comes to art, but he knew what our public longs for: smoke and mirrors. The popularization of science, the hosting of some exhibits, a number of sensational polemics, and that's his reputation established.

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and later events with a profound transformation of Romania. However, Tzigara suggested, these efforts did not yet find a suitable answer in the artistic field, that is the birth of a specifically Romanian art phenomenon and the proper conservation of artistic legacies: he deplored the destruction of

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The creation of a separate University of Bucharest Art History Department for Tzigara was a project which split the academic and political world. At the core of such disputes was Nicolae Iorga, from the History Department, who argued that his own courses also covered art, and who consequently became

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membership, primarily from Academy member Iorga. He was eventually elected a corresponding member in 1938, when Iorga's influence was being challenged by his younger peers. The same year, he was pensioned from his positions at Cernăuți University and the Foundation. In 1939, he dedicated himself to

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sent a letter to Atanasiu, asking him to desist frustrating Tzigara "in his attributions without legal decision", adding: "Especially at this moment in time, we find it necessary that peace and harmony be restored for University to function properly." These and other moral defeats prompted Atanasiu

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From 1918, Tzigara was allowed to inhabit a new villa, built especially for him as the museum director on Filantropiei (1 Mai) Boulevard 4, where he would spend the following three decades. He was also omitted from an early purge of University Germanophiles, but, on November 29, 1919, was subjected

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retook his throne. It was alleged that Iorga, a supporter of the new king, asked for Tzigara to be removed from the royal Foundation, but that Carol had stated not being willing to sack "my own uncle." A dispute between the two men broke out during the same month, with Tzigara proffering "personal

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and Professor of Aesthetics and Art History at the National School of Fine Arts. As Tzigara later acknowledged, his introduction to royalty came through a relationship with the Kremnitzes. This period saw the start of Tzigara's close relationship with Carol, whom the art historian later called "my

486:, from 1866." Like Boia, Ornea notes that Tzigara's close relationship with the king, the king's repeated interventions on his behalf "every time got stuck", and his contacts with the Kremnitzes (including Mite, Carol's alleged mistress) were some additional clues to a royal bloodline. Historian 1950:

collection, which had been looted and brought to Bucharest. He made special efforts to preserve this collection and made sure that it was not scattered. Twenty years later, he took pride in noting: "I was the first to take the items from the Székely Museum into my care, and I have given them the

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Congress on Art Conservation (1906), where he presented a report on the efforts to preserve Romanian monuments. Also in 1906, Tzigara-Samurcaș attended the 8th International Congress of Art History. Once familiarized with the artistic fashions of the day, Tzigara reported to the National Liberal

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still had the audacity to select himself such august subjects, with the pretext of 'gaining many new friends for the beautiful country' of Romania, of which yet he himself knew so little!" Tzigara was upset to receive a copy of Wolbe's 1937 work on Ferdinand, which, he claimed, entirely ignored

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called his institution "splendid", finding it partly responsible for a "distinct revival" in peasant crafts. He described the museum as "a revelation of the artistic endowment of the Roumanian peasant." French archivist François de Vaux de Foletier visited his museum in 1934, later writing, in

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career. While his political adversaries later alleged that Tzigara had been granted the appointment through German pressures, he himself claimed that Carp and Kostaki had asked him to become involved. Also according to Tzigara, his appointment resolved a practical issue, since his legitimate

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Tzigara's contribution as an art historian has received mixed evaluations. According to Lucian Nastasă, his 1911 course at the Bucharest University was the first professional approach to the subject, after the "somewhat organized" attempts on Odobescu's part. Writing in 1920, art historian

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reported in 1909: " national art museum, although important sums were spent on it, is at the early stage of its beginnings. Only two years ago did more systematic work begin for its endowment and presently, its national significance recognized, the state granted it a yearly sum of 14,000

3023:", who lacked a global approach to folk art research. Dumitru Hîncu, writing in 2007, noted that, once "a first-rate cultural figure", Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș "no longer says a great deal for your average present-day reader". The art historian's figure inspired literary critic 2578:'s decision to ban the volume in its Romanian edition (the censoring left Wolbe indifferent, a fact noted in one of his letters to Tzigara). Tzigara's rival Iorga, probably incited by this controversy and by his own work with Wolbe, gave the book a positive review in his journal 2048:

Tzigara-Samurcaș nonetheless had a complex relationship with his German supervisors. He refused to cooperate with them on several occasions, objecting to the creation of a German Institute within the University, and being strongly opposed to the Central Powers' interventions on

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criticizes Ornea's verdict, noting that it relies on questionable sources, and argues that, far from embracing this legend, Tzigara spoke "with evident pride" about his Tzigara roots. According to historian Lucian Nastasă, Docea effectively "disproved" the rumor of Alexandru

2567:, the German biographer of Romanian kings, who had been sent to him by Carol II. Tzigara also reviewed Wolbe's texts, including his work on Queen Elisabeth (a "weak" study, in Tzigara's opinion), and described the visiting writer as an unreliable amateur: "that pensioned ex- 1678:

and others, but eventually settled for a design proposed to them by the Romanian native Ghica-Budești. The Neo-Brâncovenesc features of the building, researchers note, where themselves an attempt to highlight the return to a peasant model. This formed part of a greater

2041:, where they both paid their respects to Carol I's tomb. Tzigara was also a personal guest at the imperial table, and Wilhelm had several long conversations with him in private. At the end of their encounter, Tzigara received from the emperor's hand a diamond-and-ruby 1356:. The Aman Museum appointed him director, and, under his leadership, opened its doors to the public for the very first time. Also in 1908, he published the museum catalog. Described by art historian Petre Oprea as "interesting", it featured Aman's biographical sketch. 2599:

The Carol I Museum increased in size throughout the interwar, organized several exhibits, and, in 1931, inaugurated its Ethnographic Section at the new Kiseleff location. In parallel, Tzigara popularized Romanian handicrafts abroad with his new French-language tract,

2119:: " understood next to nothing from the reality of the wartime political phenomenon." The end of the war signified a slump in Tzigara's career. His attempt to resume speeches at the Foundation was interrupted by hecklers. His imperial tie pin, Boia notes, became a " 2896:. As manager of the Foundation, Dumitru Coman denounced Tzigara, who was still serving as chairman, for libelous claims, as well as for breaching the law on unionization. From August 1946, Tzigara was the subject of a formal investigation, and finally replaced by 2904:

only kept him as honorary director of the museum, effectively stripping him of his responsibilities. At that stage, plans were being examined for the disestablishment of the Peasant Art Section at the Museum, but Tzigara obtained support from Communist-Party man

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Tzigara's fieldwork also focused specifically on increasing the museum's ethnographic collection. Particularly active in Oltenia, he was, as Ioana Popescu notes, "more attracted by decorated, colorful objects, used at celebration time." During one such trip to

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According to Lucian Boia, Tzigara's work with the Germans in World War I continues to be perceived as a stain on his career, and was as such omitted from official histories which deal with the period. This, Boia notes, happened especially during the latter,

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contrarily notes that Tzigara may have been spreading the story around, and concludes: "This legend is naturally hard to verify but, in any case, it is a possible one, since Tzigara-Samurcaș was born in 1872 and Carol I was present on our throne, as

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in such manner as to provide peasant children with an artistic education, citing reasons moral and economical. Tzigara was involved in controversies marking the celebration of Carol I's 40th year on the throne, when he spoke out against politician

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at the Foundation, even though this legal requirement did not address books published abroad. By 1936, Iorga was pretending not to see his rivals, including Tzigara, at public functions where they appeared together. This was noted by linguist

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During much of that year, after some campaigning to obtain state funds, the art historian considered proposals for the Ethnography Museum's headquarters, also housed on Kiseleff. He and his colleagues looked into international proposals, from

3148:. The rest, preserved by the Fine Arts School, were donated to the Museum of the Romanian Peasant in 2000. A Tzigara-Samurcaș Foundation was created with the goal of preserving folklore and handicrafts. Its projects include the revival of 651:, the latter of whom ensured Tzigara's employment as custodian for the National Museum of Antiquities. He was a critic of the museum's underdevelopment under Tocilescu's management, and wrote that the disorganized collection comprised an 1942:. For a while, he was also co-opted on the leadership committee of the Romanian Writers' Society, but lost his seat there in 1915 (probably owing to his presence among the minority of Germanophile writers). In 1916, he witnessed the 3174:

Tzigara's son, Sandu Tzigara-Samurcaș (born on October 18, 1903), had trained as a jurist and worked at the Foundation as a legal adviser. The husband of poet Adrienne Prunkul, Sandu was especially known for his 1943 poetry volume

2331:, but made the speaker himself very nervous: Tzigara thought his own text bland and his voice ill-adapted for the medium, but took pains to improve them in later broadcasts. In March 1929, Tzigara was a first judge at the original 2074:, as the "nippers". In December of the same year, Caragiale enraged Tzigara by going over his head: the poet used German connections to obtain Police guards at an official function, after Tzigara had refused to grant his request. 1268: 1475:, who was introduced there by Tzigara, with whom he remained good friends. Netzhammer was impressed with its ethnographic collection: "Nowhere can one acquire a better eye for Romanian folk art than in this establishment." 1746:

In 1914, Tzigara was appointed Director of the Carol I Foundation. At around the same time, he began a new series of conferences in Austria-Hungary, lecturing on art for the benefit of Romanians in Transylvania and

1288:, that Tăslăuanu's work with ASTRA permanent exhibits was far more advanced than his when it came to storage and display, but noted that the ASTRA collections were not yet rich enough to validate the "museum" name. 2679:", Tzigara claimed to defend Eminescu's image from the book's impiety, although the details had been largely picked up from Kremnitz's own memoirs, as published by Tzigara himself. Lovinescu offered his replies in 2147:("Memoirs"). Athanasiu was the first who suggested holding Tzigara accountable for his wartime behavior, and, in his University report, alluded to the possibility of sacking both him and the Germanophile biologist 2190:

to present his resignation, which came with his final protest that Minister Borcea had snubbed University during the "Tzigara-Samurcaș affair". In later years, Tzigara took his main accusers, Iorga and journalist

1702:). Despite the approval, and the ceremonial placement of a foundation stone, construction was remarkably slow or under-financed, and Tzigara, who came to resent Ghica-Budești, did not live to see its completion. 1319:, becoming both a Fellow of the Romanian Royal Society of Geography and the Architects' Society. Tzigara also served as representative of the Romanian curators in European colloquiums: the Public Art Congress of 1467:: "he arranged the Romanian pavilions, making known for the first time in history the artistic creations of our people. In all exhibits he registered successes". A prestigious visitor of the National Museum was 3112:

contends, are largely without literary value. Ornea also criticized the two editors, Ioan and Florica Șerb, for only including some citations from Tzigara's contemporaries as notes, instead of a more complete

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As noted by literary critic Dumitru Hîncu, the art historian's wartime conduct was never censured by the interwar governments. In early 1921, he was indirectly involved in Ferdinand's project to redesign the

3104:("Writings on Romanian Art", 1987). The first installment of Tzigara-Samurcaș's memoirs was first published in 1999, ten years after the Revolution, by Grai și Suflet imprint. Later volumes saw print with 2547:. Teodorescu-Braniște also claimed that, after trying to make his activities under occupation forgotten by the public, including by shaving off his "splendid beard", Tzigara was now brazenly pro-German. 1496: 5232:"György József a mezőgazdasági kamarák csődjéről mondott beszédet a kamarában. A magyar gazdát kirekesztik a kamarákból. — A megyei kamarák feleslegesek, csak a tartományinak volna létjogosultsága, in 2070:

gala organized by Mackensen (October 1917), but was irritated to find himself in the company of junior bureaucrats who were well liked by the Germans. He referred to this category, which included poet

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writes, it "passed through the most humiliating of its stages". Its collections were moved to a new location, and, in 1978, merged into the Village Museum. The Kiseleff building was assigned to the "

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competed with each other for the Archeology Chair, and this created a dispute over whether art historians could not lecture in archeology (Murnu eventually won the contest, despite being exposed for

1649:. Although widely rumored to have taken up the offer, Nastasă writes, Tzigara was probably never a Freemason. Also in 1911, he was briefly President of a newly created professional association, the 1594:

for his break with tradition, and even suggested that Brâncuși's works be hidden away from the public eye. Such reactions made Brâncuși decide to leave Romania and begin his international career.

632:, took Alexandru and his three sisters into his home at Icoanei Street 174. He later bequeathed Alexandru his letters to and from Eminescu, which archivists see as having great documentary value. 3272: 1284:. And maybe in a few years those who are running it, so diligently, will manage to turn it into an institution of great importance for our national art." The next year, Tzigara himself wrote, in 1013:("To Titu Maiorescu as Homage, February 15, 1900"). Maiorescu's diaries display his interest in Tzigara's private life, and claim that the scholar was by then lover of the widowed and much older 2210:, for this job. He was again received into Queen Marie's circle, who allegedly told him: "Iorga is jealous that he sees you coming over to visit with us." Tzigara was still an art columnist for 2098:

of Marghiloman reassigned him to the position of Police chief. This posting, made legitimate by King Ferdinand's royal decree, Tzigara kept until November 14, 1918—that is, three days after the

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November 30] 1916, the art historian took over as Police chief in occupied Bucharest. This proved to be a highly controversial decision, the consequences of which would harm Tzigara's

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credo in art: "By using the everlasting heritage of our beautiful folk art in different fields, we will be easily able to get rid of the foreign influences that pervaded Romanian households."

944:. Moving out of the Samurcaș home, Alexandru lived with his wife, his mother, and his sisters, first at a house on Știrbei Vodă Street, and, from 1904, at a villa on Intrarea Nordului—outside 1107:'s political column were especially "rich" in information, and mentioned that Tzigara and Teohari Antonescu were debating, through the journal, about the characteristics of fortified houses ( 1683:

effort undertaken, with Carol I's approval and the involvement of Neo-Brâncovenesc architects, throughout northern and central Bucharest, with the erecting of many new public buildings: the

2979:. He had lost his public profile, and the international community was left uninformed of his death: in 1955, an invitation to the 18th Art History Congress was mistakenly addressed to him. 6581:

Leonidas Rados, "Personalități ale Universității din Iași. 'Supliciile' profesorului Orest Tafrali la Universitatea din Iași: o poveste despre vanitate și incompatibilități culturale", in

2771:. At that point in life, he was pleased with the status and popularity of museology in Greater Romania; in 1937, he had claimed: "all the country is presently a museum". His hostility to 462:

gives some credit to this piece of oral history, and notes that Tzigara, like the Kremnitzes, had "an unusually tight relationship" with the royal family. According to literary historian

1966:, they appointed Tzigara-Samurcaș a custodian of the Crown and Royal Domains, tasked with preventing acts of vandalism on the occupiers' part. He stayed behind in Bucharest and met with 1220:

journal stated: " reorganized and turned into a true national institution. The Museum's rich collections are owed to Mr. Tzigara-Samurcaș's industriousness." In 2010, folk art reviewer

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was by then a thing of the past, since, it was argued, Greater Romania's peasant society seemed threatened by modern urbanization. In the late 1930s, this judgment prompted sociologist

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Alexandru's mother and Carol's alleged mistress was Elena Samurcaș, married to Toma Tzigara. Research into his maternal genealogy led the art historian to conclude that he was of noble

2207: 5857: 1036:, Transylvania. For a while, Iorga and Bogdan were both interested in obtaining Tzigara a better employment at the University of Bucharest, but their efforts were made useless by the 794:(in some cases, the only surviving images of since-demolished buildings) and copies of maps. The images of local life are considered of particular importance, since they document the 1413:, but suggested that a similar project would be redundant at home, arguing that peasant society in Romania was only too visible around Bucharest. He was much more impressed with the 3052:

Tzigara-Samurcaș's Museum building was only finished after his death, later in the 1950s. By the time of its completion, however, the building's purpose had changed, and, historian

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to questioning by Rector Atanasiu, Iorga and the Board of Professors. As he later recalled, his defense tactic was to recall that, back in 1906, Iorga himself was seen as a radical

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cabinet, in which capacity he revisited the ASTRA Museum and awarded it a 50,000 lei grant from the state. The period also witnessed his first private visits to the Transylvanian

2254:. His main home in Bucharest was a large villa on Kogălniceanu Street, where he was living with his family. Despite his confirmation at the university, which saw defeating rival 635:

The young man's first contacts with history and folk art came by means of his extended family, which collected and preserved documents and art objects. After graduating from the

2829:'s contract and, in 1941, hired architect Gheorghe Ionescu to finalize the Museum's construction. Late in the same year, he was one of the Romanian scholars who welcomed German 2463:

and the ASTRA Society, he returned to the field of public activism with controversial lectures on the biology of the Romanian nation, which sometimes included overt advocacy of

1668: 1655: 6783: 2783:, located a short distance away from Tzigara's own building site. A final moment of preeminence in Tzigara's career occurred during World War II. Initially, with war looming, 2708:, who, during one event at Peleș, took Tzigara by the arm and "crossed path over and over again", provoking his irritation. Tzigara met significant opposition in his bid for 2419: 716:. Tzigara-Samurcaș returned to his home country and, following a dispute with Tocilescu, gave up his position at the Antiquities Museum. He later specialized in museology in 6858: 2222:

from bankruptcy, but only catered to a niche audience. He was thus unable to steer the magazine back into the cultural mainstream, its previous dominance replicated by the

1382: 643:, he enlisted at the University of Bucharest Faculty of Letters, Historical Section. It was here that the young man was acquainted with his first mentors: writer-collector 1842: 3684: 2916:. Tzigara attended the clandestine meetings of the Eminescu Association, a cultural club which doubled as an anti-communist network. Formed through the efforts of critic 6848: 5725: 3203:

painter and, after the 1989 Revolution, had her retrospective exhibition at the Museum of the Romanian Peasant. Maria, Tzigara's other daughter, was a violinist for the

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and folk expressions, especially when it came to Romanian handicrafts. He attempted to underscore this legacy in preparing for the Romanian folk art exhibit, opened in

803: 752:, who emerged as the victor, the competition was rigged in his own favor, even though Tzigara "had the good sense to come prepared." From 1899, he was librarian of the 5410: 2262:. He was also ousted from the Fine Arts School over his Germanophilia. As recounted by Pușcariu, in 1925 Tzigara managed to take charge of the Romanian art exhibit in 2007: 1947: 1427: 1333: 1066:. Iosif became his employee at the Foundation, but, according to historian Nicolae Rauș, was mistreated by Tzigara, who resented his political engagement with the non- 6115: 3338: 2523: 1221: 2633: 5573: 1245: 890:

Described by Lucian Nastasă as a case of social climbing, Tzigara's marriage to Maria (1900) brought him into the high circles of aristocracy: Maria, born into the

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also suggested that, with Nicolae Iorga's reviews, Tzigara's "intelligent articles" were the only ones in the Romanian press to properly educate the public taste.

2399: 1999: 1572:("The National Museum Bucharest"). Between 1909 and 1912, he also redacted Carol I's 17 volumes of memoirs, working from scattered notebooks. As an art critic for 5275: 5166: 1586: 1142: 6358:

Adriana Șotropa, "Entre l'héritage rodinien et la Sécession munichoise: tendances symbolistes dans la sculpture roumaine au début du XXe siècle", pp. 21–28.

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to have valid contributions in areas other than literature." In reaction to claims of irreverence, he derided his adversary's artistic expertise as being about "

2115:". Zigu Ornea finds this expression of resentment especially problematic, since, he argued, it meant that Tzigara placed Germanopilia above the establishment of 3009: 2637: 6843: 6838: 6833: 2948: 2641: 1776: 91: 3096:, when World War I was presented as a moment of anti-German "unanimity". However, the period also brought occasional homages, such as a 1978 symposium at the 822: 753: 341: 6285: 2102:

reshuffled Romania's commitments. During the interval, with only 220 forces under his command, he was powerless to deal with the growing protest movement of

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The ASTRA conference contained Tzigara' artistic credo: he believed that art was an objective reflection of social and cultural development, identifying the

539:: the art historian's paternal line made him a relative of the Kretzulescu, Rallet, Bengescu and Crețeanu boyar families. His maternal great-grandfather was 3342: 1316: 2395: 1939: 1468: 2580: 2402:, Tzigara confronted Tican Rumano at the Exposition, and physically attacked him. Tzigara also attended the 13th International Congress of Art History in 6497: 6435: 5954: 3517: 3105: 2940: 2834: 2780: 2087: 1814: 742: 409: 5612: 4129: 2874:

tribune, featured Tzigara's name on a list of "national betrayal", which also included Germanophile or fascist intellectuals. He could still publish in

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at the Carol I Foundation, supporting a students' elective course on sculpture and painting, became one of the better-known student summer activities.

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Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș was alleged to be Carol I's illegitimate son, a rumor fueled by his closeness to court. He was himself the father of artist

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regions. He was also interested in the collection of Transylvanian Romanian artifacts, added to the Bucharest Museum collection. Initially, he was in

6638: 6193: 5017: 3133: 1845:. The second part of Tzigara's Hermannstadt conference focused on the Romanian school of oil painting. He paid homage to its traditionalist founder, 1046: 930: 5906:"O nouă listă de miniștri, subsecretari de stat și secretari generali nedemni de a fi alegători sau aleși. Fondatorii asociaței româno–germane", in 1912: 1771:

newspaper, the parson was being "unpatriotic" to even discuss the deal; the same source noted that Tzigara also wanted to acquire a stone church in

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president, who probably still resented for his 1906 comments. The debates prolonged themselves over the following years. In 1909, Tzigara-Samurcaș,

1091:, and, according to Maiorescu's own pronouncement, Tzigara's work was a main asset. Around 1907, Tzigara's writings were also regularly featured in 6823: 5738:

Aurelia Diaconescu, "Prasnelele – podoabe ale costumului popular barbatesc din zona Calimanilor, existente în colecțiile etnografice mureșene", in

2810: 2351: 1312: 1120: 520: 2151:. Ornea finds that, in those years, Athanasiu and Tzigara's traditional foe Nicolae Iorga were waging "a veritable war against Tzigara-Samurcaș". 6514: 5363: 4898:, "In bazarul naționalismului integral... Odată cu tifosul exantematic a apărut și d. Tzigara-Samurcaș. Lipsește numai ocupațiunea germană!", in 3081: 3029: 2764: 2255: 1854: 1051: 1006: 73: 3179:("The Latter-day Reaping"). He published a number of volumes in either Romanian or French, appearing into the 1970s. His Bucharest salon braved 4794: 2936: 2025:

As recorded by Archbishop Netzhammer, Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș was open and cooperative in his relationship with the new authorities and the

1983: 1197:(the latter chapter also took over the religious objects kept at the National Museum of Antiquities). An additional exhibit was to include the 790:, a collection which grew in size over the following decades. It includes images of European monuments and works of art, as well as samples of 487: 5270: 5161: 5078: 1982:. All three refused to openly associate with Mackensen's military rule, but a puppet civilian administration was set up under Carp's disciple 1028:, where Tzigara unofficially represented the royal court. Tzigara was the couple's godfather at an Orthodox marriage service held outside the 802:

of Romania's landscape. Mostly anonymous works, they most likely include some of Tzigara's own photographs. A few of them were inventoried by

440:

March 23] 1872, though some records have "March 1". His exact place of birth was a since-demolished house on Scaune Street, downtown

5754: 4277: 3192: 2617: 2564: 1553: 420: 6592: 3512: 2358:

pleaded with him to donate these to the reestablished Military Museum. Romanian cabinets appointed Tzigara a national representative at the

1735:. He motivated this initiative by stating that his skill was needed for documenting the war and creating its archive. Tzigara served in the 17: 6853: 4133: 779:

signature. Tzigara's recollections speak with enthusiasm about Elisabeth's works, as well as about the king's dislike for her interests in

6611: 5043: 4491: 4375: 2563:

magazine, that it featured "very interesting galleries of Romanian ethnography". Beginning 1933, Tzigara was several times interviewed by

1182:

1906 marked the start of Tzigara's chief work as an ethnographer. That year, he founded the "Museum of Ethnography and National Art", now

6873: 5521:

Anemari Monica Negru, "Jurnalista Aida Vrioni și scrierile ei păstrate la Arhivele Naționale", in Simona Lazăr, Mihaela Bărbieru (eds.),

4017: 1759:, where he was invited by ASTRA to speak about the 50 years of development in Romanian art. He created controversy when he purchased the 970: 6376: 5958: 2717:("From the Life of King Carol I. Contemporary Testimonials and Never-before Published Documents"), called "splendid" by Lucian Nastasă. 5219: 5806: 2624:("Paradoxes of Artistic Life"). Another work, grouping his articles in defense of the Museum's construction, was published in 1936 as 1841:. The conference included ample praise of Carol I as a patron of conservation, and nods in the direction of Carol's French architect, 1352:

festivities. Around 1908, he was also involved in the process of cataloging and preserving the body of works left by Romanian painter

6818: 6683: 5548: 4207: 6634: 5758: 477:

Reporter Ioan Massoff confessed that he once asked Tzigara about this rumor, but that this was regarded as a "faux-pas". Researcher

6868: 6256: 5445: 3483: 3049:

speculation and an urban legend about the existence of 20 lei coins from the 1860s, which are supposedly extremely valuable items.

2492: 6863: 6828: 6175: 4302: 2359: 1472: 1426:

In 1911 (or 1912), Tzigara eventually became a Substitute Professor of Art History at the University of Bucharest, attending the

1193:

As manager, Tzigara-Samurcaș ordered the collection into two distinct sections, dedicated respectively to ethnography-proper and

2699:

In 1932, Tzigara's quarrel with Tafrali became a legal case. Tzigara argued that Tafrali was obligated to deposit a copy of his

6668: 5698: 2996:

also rated "Tzigara-Samurcash" as one of Romania's "best-known modern writers" in the field of archeology or ancient art, with

2109:

Romania's sudden return to Francophilia had also brought Marghiloman's downfall, described by Tzigara as an anti-Conservative "

1440: 1041: 692: 155: 6101: 3857: 3144:. A selection of these works was displayed in 2011, during a special Museum of the Romanian Peasant exhibit, sponsored by the 1190:(where Tzigara and his family lived between 1906 and 1912), but plans were being made for a new, more adequate museum palace. 6698: 6540: 6522: 6411: 5530: 5349: 899: 628:, introduced him to high society circles, and regarded him as a son. Ioan, a career diplomat and personal friend of the poet 620:. A while after Toma Tzigara's death, he was adopted by his childless uncle Ioan Alecu Samurcaș (he officially took the name 321: 6029: 3080:. It was officially inaugurated in 1993. Although sometimes described as Tzigara's successor, Bernea, helped by ethnologist 2951:. This is recorded in some sources as April 1, which would have made him a few days short of turning 80; however, memoirist 1403: 6768: 2784: 2318: 2010:

in spring 1917. Tzigara personally intervened in the selection of other bureaucrats. In February 1917, he brought writer

1784: 384: 4590: 2037:, who was visiting the occupied half of Romania. Reportedly the only Romanian in attendance, he followed Wilhelm to the 1962:(Germans and their allies). In November 1916, shortly before King Ferdinand and the pro-Entente government retreated to 1626:(which has to do with a shared taste for national art)." While in Rome, Tzigara was reputedly offered membership in the 1459: 6878: 6803: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6361:

Ioana Vlasiu, "Réflexions sur les arts décoratifs et la décoration en Roumanie au début du XXe siècle", pp. 49–54.

3069: 2488: 1931: 1707: 4350:

Ioan Opriș, "Note și discuții. Legăturile dintre doi istorici transilvăneni: Constantin Moisil și Iulian Marțian", in

3076:

created, on National Museum grounds, a Museum of the Romanian Peasant, which he placed under the direction of painter

2426: 1873: 6738: 6602: 6566: 6460: 6443: 6068: 5792: 5492: 5311: 3097: 2468: 2050: 1892: 3100:(introducing him as "one of our century's great art historians"), as well as the publication of Tzigara's collected 2740:

s role in the movement to renew the Romanian literary language, will know how to carry on the ever-lasting flame of

2309:, making his debut in radio programming. Reportedly, his request of creating a special Romanian section on Berlin's 817: 363:, Tzigara-Samurcaș irritated Romanian public opinion by accepting to serve in a puppet administration set up by the 6793: 6733: 6688: 6678: 1175: 895: 532: 6508: 5021: 2629: 6798: 6723: 6663: 6530: 3180: 2067: 1970:, head of the occupation forces. As a result of this encounter, the Germans asked Tzigara to discuss an offer of 1736: 652: 3761: 2955:

was present for his eightieth birthday, and read him biographical fragments as an homage. Tzigara was buried at

2861: 2797:

In summer 1940, during a period when Carol II was trying to calm tensions between Romania and Germany, Tzigara,

2235:

remarked that Tzigara, though a man of "biting wit", was no match for the recently deceased Maiorescu, and that

1214:. Tzigara's subsequent work as a collector and folk art historian received much appreciation. A 1914 article in 6713: 6693: 6290: 5484: 5303: 2893: 2321:

broadcast in history, with an art lecture specifically written for this purpose. This, Tzigara recalled, was a

1760: 1183: 1159: 738: 349: 6813: 6743: 6673: 3093: 1990: 1908: 1838: 1684: 1607: 1272: 1166: 841:

and notions of national specificity. According to art historian Ioana Vlasiu, Tzigara and painter-researcher

437: 95: 2968: 2455: 2135: 986: 6763: 6718: 6708: 6368:. Sa contribution au développement de l'art roumain dans la première moitié du XXe siècle", pp. 73–81. 2927:

was the start of several new problems for the aging scholar: many of his belongings were taken away during

2846: 2616:("Odobescu's Unpublished Texts") and an edition of Odobescu' 1895 suicide note. In 1935, he and journalist 2306: 2279: 1650: 859:

school of decorators and architects. The interest in decorative works was a special focus of his visits to

125: 6482:

Isabelle Longuet, "Le musée du Paysan roumain. Présentation d'une culture ou proposition de société?", in

5781:»Auch im Krieg schweigen die Musen nicht«: die Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Institute im Zweiten Weltkrieg 5190: 4895: 3379:

George Vlad, "Panoramic. Urme memoriale din Bucureștiul de altădată. Casele lui Al. Tzigara-Samurcaș", in

3088:

project, which is described by various commentators as a radical break with the interwar National Museum.

2528: 2270:. With the diplomatic recognition of Greater Romania came new opportunity, and, in 1926, Tzigara left for 2083: 2038: 1716: 656: 6728: 4321: 4157: 4110: 3145: 2475:

of peasant art, purported to have been strongly resistant to foreign influence, placed Romanians in the "

2340: 1810: 876: 574: 173: 2453:

At around the same time, Tzigara became a contributor to the official literary and scientific magazine,

1799:

old Bucharest townhouses and their replacement with Westernized villas; he commended the restoration of

6788: 6703: 6403: 4320:

Georgeta Stoica, ["A Landmark on the European Map: the Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum", in the

2928: 2814: 2495:

of 1935 by highlighting the special connection between Romania, on one hand, and, on the other France,

2371: 2091: 2030: 1891:

Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, Tzigara-Samurcaș was involved in establishing an embryonic

868: 6386: 5816: 5280: 5171: 5086: 5051: 4499: 4383: 4025: 2584:, calling the government measure "regrettable", and receiving further criticism from Tzigara, through 2185:, who could not be expected to grant Atanasiu a victory. In the end, Education Minister and zoologist 367:. Although his conduct was considered benign by the legitimate government, it drew him accusations of 5784: 2179: 2095: 1673: 1513: 1446: 764: 636: 2394:. This enraged the art historian, who believed himself the victim of a prank by Romanian expatriate 1938:

lobby within the University of Bucharest, at the same junior level as another substitute professor,

1224:

wrote that Tzigara's activity "impacted on everything that this Museum ever meant in the history of

3718: 2871: 2822: 2103: 1692: 1591: 962: 775:". For a while, he was her private secretary, helping her fulfill her literary ambitions under the 617: 6381: 6140:"Cronică, recenzii, informații. Manifestări muzeale dedicate Zilei internaționale a muzeelor", in 5648: 5327: 4001: 3033:, about the decline of Romanian aristocracy. A more unusual trace of his activity is preserved in 3014: 2826: 2227: 1517: 1216: 1059: 6808: 6607: 6465:

Constanțiu Dinulescu, "Generalul Radu R. Rosetti — organizator al Muzeului Militar Național", in

6111: 2575: 2344: 2199: 1858: 1276: 1025: 791: 325: 151: 1134:

s decline in readership. Tzigara also published his articles in Iorga's traditionalist magazine

726:

and working for city museums, before returning to Germany, where he studied with the preeminent

722: 348:. Tzigara achieved fame in 1906 as founder of the "National Museum", nucleus of the present-day 6510:"Suveranii" universităților românești. Mecanisme de selecție și promovare a elitei intelectuale 2511:

services to be more relaxing, but less organized, than their German counterpart). By 1936, his

2290: 2285: 2182: 2099: 1955: 1943: 1740: 1646: 1637: 1631: 1463:. Overall, his mission was to introduce Romanian art to an international audience, as noted by 1033: 925:. This marriage was reportedly arranged by the Kremnitzes, the couple having as their best men- 640: 624:

years later, in 1899); he was also helped with his education by the Kremnitzes, who taught him

458:

Carol I, the future King of Romania, to whom he was especially close in later years. Historian

6532:

Intimitatea amfiteatrelor. Ipostaze din viața privată a universitarilor "literari" (1864-1948)

2125:" for those accusing Tzigara of treason. Such accusations were given ample exposure in Rector 759: 6261: 6034: 5963: 5776: 5596: 5578: 4282: 3689: 3488: 3406: 2913: 2472: 2434: 2275: 2242:

In 1923, Tzigara-Samurcaș was the Inspector General of Museums, under the National Liberals'

2203: 2175: 1975: 1361: 1203: 544: 528: 471: 329: 6351: 2935:, while he himself was taken to court by some of his former employees. In 1948, he was also 2659:, Tzigara also entered a polemic with a younger Maiorescu disciple, the critic and novelist 2243: 1818: 1805: 253: 6658: 6653: 3019:

rated both Tzigara, Iorga and Oprescu as authors of "ethnological essayistics and cultural

2910: 2328: 2058: 1967: 1877: 1732: 1698: 1340: 1071: 913:

fortune. Through her mother Coralia, Maria Tzigara-Cantacuzino was additionally related to

747: 688: 664: 548: 414: 5862: 5591: 5525:, p. 39. Bucharest: Editura Institutului Național pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, 2022. 4922:

V. Liveanu, "Note și însemnări. Cu privire la evenimentele din 26(13) decembrie 1918", in

3397: 463: 8: 6448: 6295: 6180: 6162:

Boia, p. 328; Ciupală, pp. 137, 139, 140; Nastasă (2007), pp. 37, 91, 103; (2010), p. 230

6060: 5703: 5450: 4138: 3351: 3065: 2993: 2866: 2792:

Ex-ante International Convention Project for the Protection of Monuments and Works of Art

2569: 2555: 2551: 2446: 2258:

during a mid-1923 assessment (and again in 1927), Tzigara found it impossible to achieve

1834: 1724: 1611: 1296: 1124: 1087: 994: 941: 780: 389: 6416: 5985:

Iordan Datcu, "Valori locale, valori naționale. Un memorialist – Constantin Beldie", in

3188: 3024: 2460: 2162: 1826: 1311:

During those years, Tzigara was also an inspector and evaluator of works collected from

1241: 1187: 1136: 1096: 945: 855: 737:

Back in Romania, Tzigara unsuccessfully applied for the Archeology Chair created at the

547:. Also of boyar rank, Alexandru's Samurcaș ancestors had a history on both sides of the 379:, but compensated for this mishap with other achievements: he was a delegate to several 6773: 5322: 3200: 3129: 3114: 3108:. These works have raised interest for their historical and biographical content, but, 3038: 2997: 2972: 2906: 2854: 2609: 2484: 2480: 2011: 1904: 1846: 1795: 1271:, was in the process of creating its own permanent exhibit of folk architecture, later 1237: 1225: 1029: 935: 891: 787: 727: 644: 498: 345: 333: 181: 6571: 5523:

Frontiere și contacte: fenomene locale, regionale și globale. Vol. 2: Studii culturale

2897: 2806: 2232: 1623: 1494:. Later, Tzigara contributed biographical and critical entries in the 1907 edition of 660: 6598: 6562: 6536: 6518: 6484: 6456: 6439: 6407: 6064: 5888: 5788: 5639: 5553: 5526: 5488: 5345: 5307: 5195: 4055: 3204: 2952: 2924: 2883: 2768: 2705: 2696:", and defended his narrative as a sample of respect for Eminescu's life and legacy. 2430: 1775:, which, despite being built by the Romanian Petru Brudu, showed influences from the 1764: 1720: 1369: 1365: 1240:. In 1905, he also curated for print an album of "the best routes" to take in Gorj's 973:. The art historian was one of the young scholars fascinated with the personality of 768: 648: 606: 560: 402: 270: 185: 130: 117:

Al. Tzigara, Tzigara-Sumurcaș, Tzigara-Samurcash, Tzigara-Samurkasch, Țigara-Samurcaș

6195:

List of Euroart approved projects. Window II – Market orientated cultural activities

2730: 2111: 1850: 1478:

In support of his activities, Tzigara published a succession of art books. In 1906,

1360:

Tzigara's main adversary. The proposal of expanding University was also defeated in

1154: 872: 169: 6218:

C. D. Zeletin, "Scriitori români de expresie franceză. Sandu Tzigara-Samurcaș", in

5419:, Issue 344, September 2010. For the full context of Vaux de Foletier's visit, see 5342:

Capcanele ideologiei. Opțiuni politice ale etnicilor germani în România interbelică

5026: 4487: 4212: 3723: 2989: 2709: 2544: 2062: 1971: 1800: 1199: 1170: 731: 704: 668: 540: 394: 368: 307: 228: 165: 6274:

Nastasă (2003), pp. 51, 109; (2007), pp. 162–163; (2010), pp. 90–91, 244, 331, 390

2959:, with a small ceremony attended by family and a few of his intellectual friends: 1896: 1521: 1252:, he became engaged in a dispute with Antonescu over the architecture of Oltenian 953: 786:

In order to support his lectures at the Fine Arts School, Tzigara began gathering

6591:

Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Sur l'aristocratie roumaine de l'entre-deux-guerres", in

6472: 6424: 4799: 4051: 3212: 2837:

on his visit to Bucharest. In 1942, he was tasked by Romania's military dictator

2830: 2772: 2756: 2660: 2355: 2314: 2305:

Again touring Germany with a series of conferences (1926), Tzigara also spoke at

2191: 2171: 2167: 2116: 2018:

and appointing him head of division. Reportedly, he did the same for philosopher

2003: 1994: 1900: 1881: 1664: 1618: 1533: 1483: 1451: 1410: 998: 990: 903: 834: 811: 712: 625: 552: 511: 401:

years were spent in obscurity, owing to his ideological incompatibility with the

380: 376: 337: 311: 6618:, Issue 2/1909, pp. 59–69 (digitized by the Transsylvanica Online Library). 6499:

Intelectualii și promovarea socială (pentru o morfologie a câmpului universitar)

5716: 3149: 3073: 3042: 2745: 2645: 2591: 2278:. Also that year, a mortally ill King Ferdinand made him a Grand Officer of the 2214:, and, in 1921, became its new editor in chief. According to ASTRA's newspaper, 2148: 6629: 5406: 5001:

Drăgan-George Basarabă, "Marea Unire și identitatea heraldică a Banatului", in

4586: 3853: 3757: 3606: 3162: 3085: 3057: 3053: 3005: 2976: 2956: 2932: 2849:. Also then, he returned to research with a book about the carpets and rugs of 2802: 2776: 2336: 2294: 2267: 2121: 2071: 2034: 2019: 1959: 1927: 1862: 1791: 1755:, informing locals about Romanian folk art. One other such event took place in 1680: 1642: 1602: 1407: 1104: 1063: 974: 910: 842: 795: 772: 629: 588: 371:

from within academia, and aggravated his long-standing conflict with historian

364: 232: 177: 106: 3215:). Sandu, who died on April 23, 1987, was buried at Samurcășești Monastery in 3191:. He had two sisters, of whom Ana had become, in 1935, the wife of folklorist 2675:

herald. Joining in with other conservatives who accused Lovinescu of being a "

1024:

society: the wedding between Nicolae Iorga and Ecaterina, daughter of scholar

6647: 6400:"Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial 3983: 3899:

Nastasă (2003), pp. 53–54, 109; (2007), pp. 162–163; (2010), pp. 90, 168, 347

3061: 2939:, and had to renounce his Filantropiei villa. He moved in with his daughter, 2917: 2838: 2760: 2668: 2664: 2445:

Tzigara's position was threatened in June 1930, when Ferdinand's deposed son

2422: 2310: 2026: 1979: 1415: 1345: 1014: 922: 799: 684: 570: 449: 372: 3216: 2683:, accusing Tzigara of "literary incompetence", and deploring the decline of 2057:, a fellow scholar and disillusioned Germanophile, who complained about the 2053:

grounds. In late 1916 and early 1917, he was in intense correspondence with

1504:("The Aman Museum Catalog") of 1908 was followed the same year by the essay 1420: 470:"; museologist Hunor Boér also calls Tzigara "an illegitimate member of the 6200: 5807:"Cronici. Idei, oameni, fapte. În cinstea d-lui profesor Ernst Gamillscheg" 5763: 5415: 4595: 4109:

Ioana Popescu, "A Fragile Collection - The Memory of Glass Plates", in the

3862: 3766: 3685:"Al. Tzigara-Samurcaș – Din amintirile primului vorbitor la Radio românesc" 3208: 3167: 3153: 3077: 3046: 3020: 3001: 2845:, but the building works were cut short by the reversal of fortunes on the 2825:. In parallel, Tzigara managed to gather political support for terminating 2540: 2500: 2418:. His efforts won international recognition, and the French state, through 2350:

Tzigara's personal collection was increased in the mid 1920s, when General

2332: 2298: 2156: 2126: 1935: 1772: 1728: 1373: 1353: 1328: 1300: 1281: 1207: 672: 592: 556: 398: 353: 6330:

Irina Stoica, "Amprente ale spiritualității. Mănăstirea Samurcășești", in

4156:

Narcis Dorin Ion, "Urban Memory: Museums of the Romanian Capital", in the

3207:, married into the Berindei family (and thus became related to historians 3064:

Museum", which later became the Communist Party Museum. Shortly after the

1540:("The Museum of the Romanian People"). The next year, he followed up with 921:, the Boldurs and the Costakis, as well as to Zulnia, mother of historian 6395: 5325:, "Supraviețuiri din mysterele dionysiace la ereticii din Basarabia", in 5295: 4043: 3273:"Între Orient și Occident – Arhiva de imagine Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș" 2901: 2882:

and its historic legacy. Such contributions were panned by the communist

2818: 2767:, asking him to provide modern bronze ornaments that seemed to replicate 2676: 2508: 2476: 2186: 1923: 1627: 1581: 1336: 1233: 1179:, and an even earlier textile art archive, endorsed by Maiorescu (1875). 1116: 850: 846: 783:

or philosophy, and discuss Carol's enduring affection for Mite Kremnitz.

707: 531:(1599). The Samurcaș family had aristocratic blood, being related to the 459: 444:. This was to be his childhood home, making him neighbors with physician 375:. Tzigara was prevented from advancing in his university career over the 360: 299: 5938: 5923: 5908: 5893: 5811: 5617: 4900: 4059: 2888: 2550:

In the 1920s and '30s, Tzigara was host to several foreign researchers.

2517: 2491:

and its "Romanian–German Cultural Institute". Tzigara still saluted the

1919:(whom, in 1903, he had called them "innovators of Romanian sculpture"). 833:

The young scholar was at the time also interested in the development of

393:

magazine, and, shortly before retirement, a corresponding member of the

41: 6106: 5372: 3109: 2879: 2842: 2798: 2713:

completing his homage to the memory of Carol I, on his 100th birthday:

2693: 2536: 2054: 2015: 1688: 1645:, and included various perks and a promise that he would soon become a 1377: 1349: 1253: 1194: 1050:

newspaper, headed at the time by Maiorescu; the following year, he and

838: 516: 478: 467: 220: 146: 5368:"Imagini și identitate națională: piese pentru dosarul unei dezbateri" 2755:

Tzigara was focusing his research on establishing connections between

2143:("Forced Confessions", 1920), and later by his posthumously published 1934:, Tzigara was opposed to any move against Germany. He represented the 5574:"Glose la o fotografie: E. Lovinescu ...victimă a mitului eminescian" 3184: 2725:

Also in 1939, Tzigara-Samurcaș resigned from his editorial office at

2715:

Din viața regelui Carol I. Mărturii contemporane și documente inedite

2403: 2363: 2335:

beauty pageant, in a panel which also included Vaida-Voevod, writers

2223: 1885: 1830: 1712: 1491: 1264: 926: 845:

were in part responsible for fusing local folk art and international

583: 536: 441: 303: 224: 69: 902:), was also the widow of Grigore G. Sturdza (son of the more famous 578: 6554: 3479: 3037:, the name of a fictional place in the writings of Bukovina native 2464: 2411: 2323: 2271: 2247: 2133:("National Ravings", 1919), answered to in detail by Tzigara's own 918: 454: 236: 1320: 314:

leader and pioneer radio broadcaster. Tzigara was a member of the

3136:. In May 2010, they were inventoried and published, in print and 2850: 2496: 2415: 2375: 2042: 2006:. Kostaki's administration also included Litzica, who was puppet 1423:, which reportedly became the template for his Bucharest museum. 1399: 1395: 1324: 1211: 1112: 860: 316: 295: 209: 4173:

Tăslăuanu, p. 60. On the other proposed names, see Vlasiu, p. 51

1963: 6389: 5819: 5283: 5174: 5089: 5054: 4502: 4386: 4337:

Gheorghe Nichifor, "Alexandru Ștefulescu – istoricul (II)", in

4028: 3611: 2944: 2649: 2459:, and again toured the country with lectures on folk art. With 2407: 2383: 2379: 2317:

in early 1927. On November 1, 1928, he provided the first-ever

2263: 2259: 2251: 2166:). On Iorga and Atanasiu's proposal, but against the advice of 1455: 1431: 1391: 1387: 864: 700: 597: 565: 524: 507: 2628:("Romanian Museography"). In November of that year, he was in 2410:, and organized the Romanian pavilion at an Art Conference in 1705:

Tzigara's scientific work for 1913, when he also attended the

1044:. Before 1903, Tzigara became a literary and art columnist at 3199:

until her death in 1967, she established her reputation as a

3196: 2367: 2014:

into his Police apparatus, obtaining his release from German

1974:

with the senior Conservative Party Germanophiles: Maiorescu,

1849:, and to Aman, before summarizing the later contributions of 1783:

asked for the church to be granted special protection by the

1756: 1752: 1748: 1435: 1123:

centered their contributions here on the scientific study of

914: 717: 696: 602: 5875:

Cornel Crăciun, "Arta plastică românească în anul 1944", in

1653:. Tzigara's honors for 1912 included the Romanian Kingdom's 1508:("The Present-day Meaning of Archeology") and the monograph 5217:"Cum face țara de râs în străinătate Tzigara-Samurcaș", in 2543:, noting that new contributors included extremists such as 2515:

was engaged in a polemic with left-wing newspapers such as

2504: 1557: 452:. A popular rumor has Alexandru as the illegitimate son of 340:. Close to the royal family, he also served as head of the 2077: 1641:). The offer, Tzigara later claimed, was made by sculptor 763:". Received into royal circles, he was a confidant of the 587:

Alecu Samurcaș, was a linguist, known for his work in the

6116:"MȚR e mai mult decât un muzeu: e o instituție culturală" 5549:"Povestea polului lui Carol, o monedă de 100.000 de euro" 4540: 4538: 4208:"Meteorologie și etnografie în București, acum 99 de ani" 3137: 2752:

as a "living carcass", pleading with Tzigara to bury it.

2744:

ideas". The resignation came some two years after writer

1001:

etc. His work was featured, along with texts by other 50

595:

that Tzigara-Samurcaș fashioned for himself, showing the

306:

and cultural journalist, also known as local champion of

6475:, "Memorii, Corespondență, Însemnări. Jurnal (VII)", in 6421:

Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent

6317:"445 de ani de la nașterea lui William Shakespeare", in 2841:

with creating a monumental National Heroes' Cemetery in

2604:("Romanian Carpets"). Other contributions, published by 2479:" cluster—an idea rejected in its day by anthropologist 1597: 352:, but was also involved in arranging and preserving the 6479:, Vol. IV, Issues 5–6, May–June 1993, pp. 621–629. 6122:, Issue 827, January 2006. See also Longuet, pp. 146sqq 3560:

Hunor Boér, "Könyvtár a Székely Nemzeti Múzeumban", in

3121:

also published another volume of Tzigara's memoirs, as

2663:. At the root of this debate stood Lovinescu's book on 2574:

specific criticism; he also approved of Prime Minister

1291: 957:

period, Tzigara-Samurcaș also began a cooperation with

6432:

Femeia în societatea românească a secolului al XIX-lea

5921:"Rechizitoriul contra prof. Al. Tzigara-Samurcaș", in 4703:, Vol. III, Issue 19, May 1931, p. 2; Dinulescu, p. 96 4535: 6784:

Politicians of the National Socialist Party (Romania)

6547:

Petre Oprea, "Pictorul Jean Steriadi, muzeograf", in

6455:. Manchester, New Hampshire: Ayer Publishing, 1971. 5891:, "Despre o revistă și un personagiu de cultură", in 5879:, Vol. V, Issues 9–10, September–October 1994, p. 944 5446:"Istorie și istorii: o biografie a regelui Ferdinand" 3953:

Nastasă (2003), p. 71; (2007), p. 323; (2010), p. 168

3841:

Nastasă (2007), pp. 162–163. See also Filitti, p. 625

3008:. Contrarily, a later assessment made by ethnologist 2817:

government, replacing it with an openly fascist, pro-

2386:. The former event was embroiled in controversy when 1958:

ended abruptly in southern Romania's invasion by the

806:, and some were published, in Tzigara's lifetime, by 6859:

Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War

6352:

Revue Roumaine d'Histoire de l'Art. Série Beaux-arts

5858:"Comunism - Artiști și ziariști în febra epurărilor" 3986:, D. Manoileanu, "Inceputurile presei sportive", in 3908:

Nastasă (2003), pp. 54, 71; (2010), pp. 90, 168, 331

2809:

and other academics greeted a Nazi visitor, scholar

1490:("Historical Preservation in Romania") saw print in 1267:

community of Transylvania, whose cultural body, the

837:, which he wanted to reflect the local tradition of 6779:

Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians

6385:, Issue 9/1914, pp. 265–268 (digitized by the 6283:"Expoziție feminină la Muzeul Țăranului Român", in 5085:, Issues 10-11/1924, pp. 387–388 (digitized by the 1103:journal commented that Tzigara's art chronicle and 6849:Grand Officers of the Order of the Star of Romania 3219:as "the last of the Samurcaș family descendants". 2239:could never hope to replicate its one-time glory. 2029:. In September 1917, the Romanian scholar greeted 1580:, Tzigara became one of those who opposed the new 591:. The meeting of two branches was recorded in the 502:Combined arms of the Tzigara and Samurcaș families 6639:Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism 6467:Oltenia. Studii și Comunicări. Arheologie–Istorie 5836:"România nu are bani nici măcar să scrie istoria" 3134:Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism 2390:newspaper unwittingly Germanized his surname, as 2266:by outmaneuvering his scholarly rivals Iorga and 2194:, to court, in what became two celebrity trials. 2022:, who became his Carol I Foundation subordinate. 1926:circle, who desired a Romanian alliance with the 1825:; lastly, he expressed support for the "healthy" 1127:, but their presence nevertheless coincided with 1017:, with whom Maiorescu himself had had an affair. 6645: 5127: 5125: 3926:Nastasă (2003), pp. 151–152; (2007), pp. 173–174 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 2289:Tzigara-Samurcaș (third from the right, between 1868: 1634:, to whom many of Romanian colleagues belonged ( 1482:("Public Art") appeared in Bucharest, while the 5594:, "Breviar. Despre Livia Maiorescu-Dymsza", in 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 2720: 2487:". In 1933, he was briefly affiliated with the 2483:, who contrarily believed that Romanians were " 2370:, and organizer of the folk art exhibit at the 871:impressed him greatly, as did the workshops of 436:Tzigara-Samurcaș was born on April 4 [ 6630:Museum of the Romanian Peasant (official page) 6502:. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Nereamia Napocae, 2003. 5300:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania 4891: 4889: 4887: 4750: 4748: 4458:Boia, pp. 108, 327, 353; Nastasă (2007), p. 36 4278:"Skansen și muzeele etnografice din București" 4024:, Issues 21-22/1907, p. 382 (digitized by the 2729:, which was taken over by writer and linguist 1590:group: in 1910, he chided the modern sculptor 6844:Corresponding members of the Romanian Academy 6839:Academic staff of the University of Bucharest 6834:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni 6561:, Vol. I. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1998. 6230: 6228: 5669: 5667: 5661:Boia, p. 356. See also Nastasă (2007), p. 510 5613:"Adevăruri de altădată: Reacție la o critică" 5437: 5435: 5433: 5244: 5242: 5122: 4952: 4950: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 3999:Nicolae Rauș, "Șt. O. Iosif bibliotecar", in 3584: 3582: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3125:("An Octogenarian's Lifelong Combat", 2007). 2900:on December 11. The pro-communist cabinet of 2878:, returning in November 1944 with a study on 2327:activity to please Radio Romania's president 1528:("Art in Romania"), comprising his collected 1140:, where he discussed the art exhibits of the 961:, the literary society representing Romanian 741:, but lost; according to scholar and diarist 6214: 6212: 6210: 5344:, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2015, p. 188. 4480: 4478: 4476: 4199: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 3970: 3968: 3710: 3708: 3413: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 2943:, in an apartment bloc on Dărniciei Street, 2354:left him a trove of military items—in 1927, 2274:, taking over the art history department at 1946:, which saw him appointed as curator of the 1020:Tzigara attended, in 1901, a major event in 810:or other Romanian scientific magazines. His 757:most generous protector" and "the sovereign 581:to spy for the Austrians. Another ancestor, 6488:, Issue 21, October 1993, pp. 143–149. 5565: 5563: 5540: 5538: 4884: 4745: 4607: 4605: 4579: 4577: 4544:Nastasă (2007), pp. 102–103; (2010), p. 230 4406: 4404: 4294: 4292: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4152: 4150: 4148: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3597:Nastasă (2007), p. 162; (2010), pp. 89, 331 3572: 3570: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 2499:and the Francophone countries. He spoke on 1809:style, but criticized those who introduced 1622:Clever, deft, he had made his way into the 1263:The developments raised interest among the 1149: 1074:. Iosif ultimately resigned in April 1913. 1011:Lui Titu Maiorescu omagiu, XV februarie MCM 320:literary society, holding positions at the 6225: 5664: 5430: 5239: 4947: 4498:, Issue 11/1920, p. 860 (digitized by the 4254: 4244: 4242: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3579: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 2763:in 1939. He wrote to his fellow custodian 1497:Allgemeines Lexicon der bildenden Künstler 808:Buletinul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice 6594:The New Europe College Yearbook 1996-1997 6289:, February 19, 2009; Florian Băiculescu, 6207: 5815:, Issue 9/1941, p. 500 (digitized by the 5740:Marisia – Anuarul Muzeului Județean Mureș 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5279:, Issue 3/1939, p. 103 (digitized by the 5050:, Issue 2/1929, p. 158 (digitized by the 4683: 4681: 4473: 4382:, Issue 5/1910, p. 376 (digitized by the 4303:"Etnografia românească în epoca de piață" 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4096: 3965: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3705: 3386: 3228: 1731:, Tzigara volunteered for service in the 1380:by Tzigara, in articles for the magazine 1173:, founder of the private folk art museum 683:From 1893, the young graduate was in the 431: 5959:"Destinul unui rezistent: Pavel Chihaia" 5652:, Vol. X, Issue 38, September 1967, p. 3 5560: 5535: 5170:, Issue 3/1927, p. 33 (digitized by the 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4729: 4727: 4635:"Képzőművészet. Pusztuló műemlékek", in 4602: 4574: 4401: 4289: 4176: 4145: 4089: 4087: 4085: 3567: 3183:and, in the 1950s, hosted poets such as 3084:, merged the scientific function into a 2813:. After 1940, Romania ousted Carol II's 2667:and her affair with Eminescu, seen as a 2590: 2535:had been remade into a "magazine of the 2284: 1872: 1601: 1524:). In 1909, he authored the album-study 1295: 1158:"Antonie Mogoș House", preserved in the 1153: 816: 678: 497: 344:, where he set up a large collection of 332:. During his youth, he was secretary to 294:; April 4, 1872 – April 30, 1952) was a 6824:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church 6549:Revista Muzeelor și Monumentelor. Muzee 6469:, Vol. XIV, 2002–2003, pp. 96–101. 6142:Revista Muzeelor și Monumentelor. Muzee 5481:Seven Hundred Years of Oriental Carpets 4767:Boia, p. 327; Ornea (1998), pp. 390–393 4754:"A Székely Nemzeti Múzeum vendége", in 4039: 4037: 3874: 3872: 3627: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3495: 3381:Revista Muzeelor și Monumentelor. Muzee 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3282: 3094:nationalist stage of Romanian communism 2078:Collaborationism scandal and late 1920s 1085:, rather than through their main venue 271:[alekˈsandrut͡siˈɡarasamurˈkaʃ] 14: 6646: 5483:, p. 233. Berkeley & Los Angeles: 5457: 5411:"Impresiile unui oaspete francez (II)" 4678: 4219: 4134:"'Vila cu clopoței are noi prieteni' " 3786: 3556: 3554: 2701:Monuments byzantins de Curtea de Argeș 2092:separate peace with the Central Powers 1119:notes, Tzigara-Samurcaș and architect 829:1904 (photograph by Alexandru Antoniu) 156:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 5421:"Impresiile unui oaspete francez (I)" 4824: 4724: 4082: 3615:, Vol. II, Issue 3, March 1965, p. 12 1598:1910s projects and ASTRA conferencing 1568:(Art History and Its Significance"), 1548:("Romanian Folk Art"); in 1911, with 1506:Ce se înțelege prin arheologia de azi 909:), and as such inherited part of the 269: 6535:. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Limes, 2010. 5149:Boia, p. 356; Nastasă (2007), p. 297 4797:, "Întâlniri cu Titu Maiorescu", in 4034: 3917:Nastasă (2010), pp. 90, 111, 346-347 3869: 3533: 3484:"Mărturisirile lui Tzigara-Samurcaș" 3358: 3161:folk music events, sponsored by the 2608:in 1934, include an introduction to 2527:. Involved with both of the latter, 1944:Romanian incursion into Transylvania 1767:from the local parson. According to 1292:Aman Museum and Bucharest University 1054:were putting out a travel yearbook, 985:critical elite which also comprised 6854:Recipients of the Order of St. Sava 6578:. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1978. 6551:, Issues 9–10/1979, pp. 80–85. 6257:"Nichita Stănescu – Debutul poetic" 6222:, Vol. 29, Issue 5, May 1991, p. 10 4354:, Vols. XXIV–XXV, 1987–1988, p. 749 4005:, Vol. VI, Issue 11, May 1963, p. 4 3551: 3530:Boia, p. 327; Nastasă (2010), p. 89 3041:. A comment left by Tzigara in his 2794:, which was never put into motion. 2785:Chief of the Romanian General Staff 2636:and of the local benefactor, Baron 2425:, presented Tzigara with a gift of 1719:. That year, as Romania joined the 1536:, together with another monograph, 929:two influential political figures: 514:descent: his supposed ancestor was 24: 6874:20th-century Romanian male writers 6635:Alexandru-Tzigara Samurcaș Archive 3132:ended up as a special fund of the 2937:stripped of his Academy membership 2231:. In his private notes, ASTRA man 2094:followed: in March–April, the new 1951:utmost consideration ever since." 1743:(Carol I's designated successor). 1095:, now edited by Maiorescu's pupil 771:, whom he called "the animator of 419:, and father in law of folklorist 25: 6890: 6623: 6585:, Vol. IX, 2017, pp. 97–120. 3823:(1914), pp. 265–266; Boia, p. 327 3345:Arhiva Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș 3142:Arhiva Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș 3098:National Museum of Art of Romania 2640:. Tzigara and cultural historian 2489:Romanian National Socialist Party 1794:process, the proclamation of the 1510:Biserica din Filipeștii de Pădure 1444:. He lectured on folk art at the 1441:Esposizione internazionale d'arte 671:, alongside a scale model of the 569:Constantin Samurcaș took part in 387:'s staff, the editor in chief of 6819:Romanian people of Greek descent 6684:20th-century Romanian historians 6324: 6311: 6308:Nastasă (2010), pp. 91, 327, 390 6302: 6277: 6268: 6246: 6237: 6187: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6134: 6125: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6057:Austriaca 54: Gregor von Rezzori 6041: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5992: 5979: 5970: 5945: 5936:"Ultima oră. Știri diverse", in 5930: 5915: 5900: 5882: 5869: 5847: 5825: 5797: 5770: 5745: 5732: 5710: 5685: 5676: 5655: 5633: 5624: 5603: 5585: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5473: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5354: 5334: 5331:, Issues 11-12/1930, pp. 116–118 5316: 5289: 5260: 5251: 5226: 5211: 5202: 5180: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5069: 5060: 5033: 5008: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4938: 4929: 4916: 4907: 4376:"Însemnări. Muzeul Asociațiunii" 2894:legislative election of November 2790:tasked Tzigara with drafting an 1717:Curtea de Argeș Cathedral Church 1617:A 1917 diary entry by historian 1566:Istoria artei și însemnătatea ei 1473:Catholic Archbishop of Bucharest 882: 616:Alexandru was baptized into the 252: 40: 6869:Romanian people of World War II 6055:", in Jacques Lajarrige (ed.), 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4815: 4806: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4761: 4736: 4715: 4706: 4693: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4629: 4614: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4461: 4452: 4449:Nastasă (2007), pp. 37, 310–311 4443: 4434: 4425: 4413: 4392: 4366: 4357: 4344: 4331: 4314: 4167: 4120: 4073: 4064: 4008: 3993: 3977: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3881: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3814: 3805: 3773: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3696: 3618: 3600: 3591: 3513:"La curtea iubirilor reprimate" 3068:of 1989 toppled communism, the 1659:medal for services to culture. 1564:("Romania's Special Exhibit"), 1542:Discuțiuni în jurul arheologiei 1081:popularized its causes through 977:, the cultural critic and main 601:of Zotos Tzigaras, alongside a 543:, a government minister of the 466:, Tzigara's royal descent was " 6864:Romanian people of World War I 6829:University of Bucharest alumni 6204:site; retrieved March 19, 2011 5485:University of California Press 5304:University of Pittsburgh Press 5302:, pp. 33–34, 169. Pittsburgh: 4699:"Muzeul Militar Național", in 4440:Nastasă (2007), pp. 36–37, 323 4079:Longuet, p. 144; Vlasiu, p. 51 3736:Nastasă (2010), pp. 89–90, 347 3524: 3195:. Settled with her husband in 3102:Scrieri despre arta românească 2923:The official establishment of 1895:, alongside fellow historians 1715:, includes a monograph on the 1544:("Debates on Archeology") and 1184:Museum of the Romanian Peasant 1160:Museum of the Romanian Peasant 1115:region. As literary historian 1099:. At the time, Transylvania's 853:, thus paving the way for the 655:, copies of frescoes from the 350:Museum of the Romanian Peasant 13: 1: 6669:Archaeologists from Bucharest 6390:Transsylvanica Online Library 6364:Ruxandra Juvara, "La société 6340: 6153:Șotropa, p. 28; Vlasiu, p. 54 5820:Transsylvanica Online Library 5284:Transsylvanica Online Library 5175:Transsylvanica Online Library 5090:Transsylvanica Online Library 5055:Transsylvanica Online Library 5044:"Mișcarea culturală. Reviste" 4503:Transsylvanica Online Library 4387:Transsylvanica Online Library 4050:, Vol. II, p. 11. Bucharest: 4029:Transsylvanica Online Library 3588:Rădulescu (2000), pp. 343–344 2864:deposed Antonescu, the daily 2644:also left a monograph on the 1869:World War I and Germanophilia 1570:Muzeul național din București 1348:, accused of mismanaging the 1339:about the need to reform the 1273:ASTRA National Museum Complex 1165:Around 1901, inspired by the 1040:adversary in government, the 826: 383:, the first-ever lecturer on 47: 6699:Photographers from Bucharest 6184:, Issue 179, April July 2003 6100:Radu Bercea, Ioana Popescu, 5191:"Miss România are 80 de ani" 5005:, Vol. IV, 2021, pp. 174–175 4422:(1914), p. 266; Oprea, p. 80 2721:World War II and final years 2398:; as reported by journalist 2280:Order of the Star of Romania 1777:Central European Renaissance 1386:). The same year, he was in 1034:Belgerei (Șcheii Brașovului) 693:Ludwig Maximilian University 426: 322:National School of Fine Arts 126:Order of the Star of Romania 7: 6030:"Profesorul Alexandru Dima" 5512:Nastasă (2010), pp. 442–443 5427:, Issue 343, September 2010 5271:"Stilul clădirilor publice" 4492:"Arta țărănească la Români" 4322:Romanian Cultural Institute 4158:Romanian Cultural Institute 4111:Romanian Cultural Institute 3962:Nastasă (2007), pp. 321–323 3935:Nastasă (2003), pp. 151–152 3146:Romanian Cultural Institute 3123:Lupta vieții unui octogenar 2853:, which notably stated his 2632:as an honored guest of the 2622:Paradoxele vieții artistice 2341:Nicolae Constantin Batzaria 1727:, and although spared from 1460:Museum für angewandte Kunst 965:, and sympathized with the 877:Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran 823:Carol I Academic Foundation 754:Carol I Academic Foundation 710:. He received his diploma, 703:with a dissertation on the 551:, in Wallachia and in then- 342:Carol I Academic Foundation 174:Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran 10: 6895: 6769:Romanian writers in French 6299:, Issue 463, February 2009 6176:"Să poftească tot poporul" 6110:, Issue 754, August 2004; 5785:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 4924:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 4339:Litua. Studii și Cercetări 3944:Nastasă (2003), pp. 39, 71 3858:"Amintirile unui arhitect" 3400:, "Breviar. Ioan Massoff, 2969:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 2925:Romania's communist regime 2920:, it disappeared in 1948. 2876:Revista Fundațiilor Regale 2870:, which was at the time a 2815:National Renaissance Front 2456:Revista Fundațiilor Regale 2429:. He was also awarded the 2372:International Peace Bureau 2347:and other public figures. 1562:Sonderaustellung Rumäniens 1550:Casa românească de la Roma 1307:("In the Artist's Studio") 1058:, with contributions from 987:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 720:, hearing lectures at the 687:, where he studied at the 613:) and a stylized eyebrow. 263:Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș 96:Romanian People's Republic 34:Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș 18:Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaş 6879:Burials at Bellu Cemetery 6804:Romanian radio presenters 6759:Romanian magazine editors 6754:Romanian literary critics 6749:Romanian male biographers 5942:, December 11, 1946, p. 4 5897:, November 14, 1944, p. 2 5767:, Issue 347, October 1999 5376:, Issue 816, October 2005 5223:, December 17, 1929, p. 6 5079:"Raportul general. Muzee" 5022:"1921. Culise regale (V)" 4896:Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște 4758:, November 20, 1936, p. 2 3990:, February 25, 1956, p. 3 2982: 2648:, Carol I's residence in 2529:Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște 2208:József Sebestyén Keöpeczi 2096:national unity government 2084:Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște 2039:Curtea de Argeș Cathedral 1989:On December 13 [ 1922:Unlike Ferdinand and his 1865:as highly inappropriate. 1761:Romanian Eastern Catholic 1651:Romanian Writers' Society 1488:Denkmalpflege in Rumänien 1447:Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin 981:leader, and joined a new 637:Matei Basarab High School 573:, but later, fleeing the 403:Romanian communist regime 251: 246: 242: 216: 204: 196: 191: 161: 145: 140: 136: 121: 113: 102: 80: 55: 39: 32: 6739:20th-century biographers 6612:"Muzeul 'Asociațiunii' " 6355:, Vol. XLIV, 2007. See: 5783:, pp. 75-76. Göttingen: 5729:, February 3, 1937, p. 1 3745:Rădulescu (2000), p. 344 3624:Rădulescu (2000), p. 350 3222: 2872:Romanian Communist Party 2823:National Legionary State 2595:Tzigara-Samurcaș in 1936 2440: 2082:According to journalist 1956:subsequent confrontation 1948:Sezekely National Museum 1833:and criticized muralist 1773:Fildu de Sus (Felsőfüld) 1708:Tentoonstelling De Vrouw 1538:Muzeul neamului românesc 1150:National Museum creation 963:traditional conservatism 900:Foreign Affairs Minister 618:Romanian Orthodox Church 6794:Romanian civil servants 6734:Romanian male essayists 6689:Romanian art collectors 6679:Romanian art historians 6513:, Vol. I. Cluj-Napoca: 6387:Babeș-Bolyai University 6047:Andrei Corbea-Hoișie, " 5927:, August 21, 1946, p. 3 5817:Babeș-Bolyai University 5742:, Vol. XXX, 2013, p. 61 5281:Babeș-Bolyai University 5172:Babeș-Bolyai University 5087:Babeș-Bolyai University 5052:Babeș-Bolyai University 4500:Babeș-Bolyai University 4384:Babeș-Bolyai University 4341:, Vol. XI, 2006, p. 240 4276:Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, 4026:Babeș-Bolyai University 4018:"Cărți, reviste, ziare" 3866:, Issue 216, April 2008 3779:Boia, p. 327. See also 3770:, Issue 265, March 2009 3609:, "Salon parizian", in 3355:, Issue 519, April 2010 3205:Romanian Film Orchestra 2781:National Village Museum 2634:Szekely National Museum 2471:theory had it that the 2345:Alexandrina Cantacuzino 2204:Transylvanian Hungarian 2200:coat of arms of Romania 1932:union with Transylvania 1863:national Romanian dress 1859:Jean Alexandru Steriadi 1502:Catalogul Muzeului Aman 1398:, where he visited the 1305:În atelierul artistului 869:South Kensington Museum 448:and his wife, the poet 326:University of Bucharest 267:Romanian pronunciation: 200:19th and 20th centuries 152:University of Bucharest 74:Principality of Romania 6799:Romanian police chiefs 6724:20th-century essayists 6664:Romanian ethnographers 6377:"Al. Tzigara-Samurcaș" 6334:, Issue 45/2005, p. 11 6321:, April 23, 2009, p. 1 6234:Nastasă (2010), p. 327 5998:Nastasă (2010), p. 470 5976:Nastasă (2007), p. 511 5695:Cassian Maria Spiridon 5673:Nastasă (2010), p. 409 5257:Nastasă (2007), p. 524 5248:Nastasă (2010), p. 371 5110:Nastasă (2010), p. 390 5101:Nastasă (2010), p. 244 4965:Boia, pp. 354, 355–356 4904:, April 10, 1936, p. 3 4854:Boia, pp. 175–176, 328 4803:, December 1995, p. 51 4639:, July 23, 1913, p. 15 4599:, Issue 227, June 2008 4562:Nastasă (2007), p. 134 4553:Nastasă (2007), p. 525 3811:Nastasă (2007), p. 372 3521:, Issue 41/2004, p. 12 2931:, others were sold in 2626:Muzeografie românească 2614:Ineditele lui Odobescu 2596: 2400:Ignasi Ribera i Rovira 2302: 2291:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod 2183:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod 2100:Armistice with Germany 2051:Bucharest Royal Palace 2002:, could not speak any 1888: 1741:Crown Prince Ferdinand 1723:coalition against the 1638:Freemasonry in Romania 1632:Grand Orient de France 1614: 1308: 1162: 1042:National Liberal Party 830: 804:Editura Casa Școalelor 503: 432:Origins and early life 330:University of Cernăuți 46:Tzigara, photographed 6714:Romanian museologists 6694:Conservator-restorers 6559:Junimea și junimismul 6255:Alexandru Condeescu, 6144:, Issue 4/1978, p. 95 6007:Nastasă (2007), p. 36 5912:, July 20, 1946, p. 3 5777:Frank-Rutger Hausmann 5682:Nastasă (2007), p. 88 5646:. Argheziana IV", in 5600:, Issue 47/1969, p. 5 5236:, June 18, 1930, p. 2 4926:, Issue 1/1958, p. 97 4611:Nastasă (2007), p. 91 4571:Longuet, pp. 144, 146 4410:Nastasă (2007), p. 37 4352:Acta Musei Napocensis 4142:, Issue 319, May 2006 3719:"Moartea lui Carol I" 3702:Nastasă (2010), p. 90 3576:Nastasă (2010), p. 89 3564:, Issue 4/1998, p. 24 3410:, Issue 24/1985, p. 7 3402:Între viață și teatru 3383:, Issue 6/1976, p. 91 3027:in writing his novel 2963:colleague Mehedinți, 2914:Constantin Ion Parhon 2827:Nicolae Ghica-Budești 2612:'s posthumous texts, 2594: 2473:geometric abstraction 2435:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 2288: 2008:Minister of Education 1998:predecessor, General 1976:Alexandru Marghiloman 1876: 1843:André Lecomte du Nouÿ 1605: 1546:Rumänische Volkskunst 1532:essays and edited by 1518:Nicolae Ghica-Budești 1299: 1244:, as put together by 1157: 1060:Ștefan Octavian Iosif 896:Alexandru Cantacuzino 820: 792:Romanian architecture 767:and cultural patron, 679:Early academic career 545:United Principalities 529:San Giorgio dei Greci 501: 472:House of Hohenzollern 128:, Grand Officer class 6814:Romanian eugenicists 6744:Romanian biographers 6674:Romanian art critics 6597:, pp. 339–365. 6174:Speranța Rădulescu, 6079:Longuet, pp. 146–147 5989:, Issue 9/1987, p. 4 5841:Săptămâna Financiară 5444:Alexandru Florescu, 4785:Ornea (1998), p. 393 4776:Ornea (1998), p. 391 4701:Ilustrațiunea Română 4675:(1914), pp. 267, 268 4470:(1914), pp. 266, 268 4363:Tăslăuanu, pp. 60–61 4308:Săptămâna Financiară 3974:Ornea (1998), p. 122 3181:communist censorship 3128:A large part of his 3072:Minister of Culture 2949:Filantropia Hospital 2642:Nicolae N. Condeescu 2420:Bucharest Ambassador 2392:von Tzigara-Samurcaș 2360:Universal Exposition 2329:Constantin Angelescu 1968:August von Mackensen 1878:August von Mackensen 1837:for his work on the 1757:Hermannstadt (Sibiu) 1733:Romanian Land Forces 1699:History of Bucharest 1647:Masonic Grand Master 1610:, with paintings by 1516:", co-authored with 1514:Filipeștii de Pădure 1246:Alexandru Ștefulescu 1072:Romanian nationalism 723:École des Beaux-Arts 689:University of Berlin 665:Pietroasele Treasure 559:. Active during the 549:Southern Carpathians 92:Filantropia Hospital 6764:Romanian memoirists 6719:Romanian columnists 6709:Romanian librarians 6449:Charles Upson Clark 6366:Tinerimea artistică 6296:Observator Cultural 6181:Observator Cultural 6061:University of Rouen 6051:—ein Gedächtnisort 5721:Convorbiri Literare 5704:Convorbiri Literare 5451:Convorbiri Literare 5276:Societatea de Mâine 5199:, February 29, 2009 5167:Societatea de Mâine 5003:Heraldica Moldaviae 4663:(1914), pp. 267–268 4651:(1914), pp. 266–267 4591:"Tot despe Carol I" 4139:Observator Cultural 3352:Observator Cultural 3130:photographic plates 3066:Romanian Revolution 2994:Charles Upson Clark 2657:Convorbiri Literare 2606:Convorbiri Literare 2556:Charles Upson Clark 2552:Columbia University 2513:Convorbiri Literare 2493:Brussels World Fair 2313:was granted by the 2276:Cernăuți University 2212:Convorbiri Literare 1884:troops in occupied 1835:Octavian Smigelschi 1725:Kingdom of Bulgaria 1612:Octavian Smigelschi 1592:Constantin Brâncuși 1587:Tinerimea Artistică 1383:Noua Revistă Română 1286:Convorbiri Literare 1143:Tinerimea Artistică 1129:Convorbiri Literare 1093:Convorbiri Literare 1088:Convorbiri Literare 1077:During the period, 995:Mihail Dragomirescu 942:Constantin C. Arion 788:photographic plates 575:1821 rural uprising 468:Pulcinella's secret 390:Convorbiri Literare 346:photographic plates 205:School or tradition 141:Academic background 6729:Romanian essayists 6608:Octavian Tăslăuanu 6243:Călinescu, p. 1032 6198:, at the Romanian 6112:Vintilă Mihăilescu 5759:"Ce se păstrează?" 5699:"Eminescu la 1939" 5557:, October 30, 2010 5119:Rados, pp. 115–116 4935:Boia, pp. 328, 353 4863:Boia, pp. 176, 328 4514:Juvara, pp. 78, 81 4206:Alexandru Barnea, 3727:, October 20, 2006 3717:Alexandru Barnea, 3201:post-Impressionist 3115:critical apparatus 3039:Gregor von Rezzori 3035:Tzigara-Samurkasch 3010:Romulus Vulcănescu 2998:Alexandru Lapedatu 2973:Daniel Danielopolu 2860:Shortly after the 2855:ethnic nationalist 2638:Béla Szentkereszty 2610:Alexandru Odobescu 2597: 2576:Gheorghe Tătărescu 2481:Henric Sanielevici 2396:Mihai Tican Rumano 2303: 2244:Ion I. C. Brătianu 2218:, Tzigara rescued 2141:Mărturisiri silite 2131:Rătăciri naționale 2012:I. A. Bassarabescu 1940:Constantin Litzica 1909:Romanian Symbolist 1905:Marie of Edinburgh 1889: 1847:Nicolae Grigorescu 1615: 1584:tendencies of the 1560:"); in 1912, with 1469:Raymund Netzhammer 1341:educational system 1334:Education Minister 1309: 1277:Octavian Tăslăuanu 1163: 1056:Anuarul Turiștilor 1030:Kingdom of Romania 971:Conservative Party 892:Cantacuzino family 831: 739:University of Iași 645:Alexandru Odobescu 579:Kronstadt (Brașov) 504: 288:Tzigara-Samurkasch 182:Alexandru Odobescu 6789:Romanian nobility 6704:Romanian curators 6541:978-973-726-469-5 6523:978-973-726-278-3 6436:Editura Meridiane 6412:978-973-50-2635-6 5955:Gheorghe Grigurcu 5863:Jurnalul Național 5844:, August 17, 2007 5640:Alexandru Rosetti 5592:Șerban Cioculescu 5554:Evenimentul Zilei 5531:978-606-9053-14-0 5503:Călinescu, p. 996 5350:978-606-543-631-2 5269:Grigore Bugarin, 5196:Evenimentul Zilei 5162:"Cronică măruntă" 4974:Boia, pp. 354–355 4956:Boia, pp. 353–354 4881:Boia, pp. 203–204 4523:Juvara, pp. 78–79 4431:Oprea, pp. 80, 85 4216:, October 6, 2006 3878:Vlasiu, pp. 51–52 3398:Șerban Cioculescu 3106:Editura Meridiane 2953:Constantin Beldie 2941:Ana Tzigara Berza 2835:Ernst Gamillscheg 2706:Alexandru Rosetti 2431:Order of St. Sava 2343:, woman activist 2202:, recommending a 2104:Romanian Railways 2088:Mauriciu Brociner 2061:pressures on the 2000:Alexandru Mustață 1721:Second Balkan War 1685:Palace of Justice 1428:Great Art Exhibit 1370:Grigore Tocilescu 1364:by Lahovary, the 1275:. ASTRA activist 1125:Romanian folk art 812:image projections 769:Elisabeth of Wied 743:Teohari Antonescu 663:, items from the 649:Grigore Tocilescu 647:and archeologist 571:Eterist agitation 561:Age of Revolution 495:s royal descent. 464:Șerban Cioculescu 410:Ana Tzigara-Berza 284:Tzigara-Samurcash 260: 259: 186:Grigore Tocilescu 131:Order of St. Sava 27:Romanian academic 16:(Redirected from 6886: 6590: 6583:Archiva Moldaviæ 6529: 6507: 6496: 6491:Lucian Nastasă, 6477:Revista Istorică 6417:George Călinescu 6375: 6349: 6335: 6328: 6322: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6300: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6266: 6262:România Literară 6254: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6223: 6216: 6205: 6191: 6185: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6123: 6114:, Maria Bercea, 6102:"Scandal la MȚR" 6099: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6071: 6059:, p. 17. Rouen: 6045: 6039: 6035:România Literară 6027: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6008: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5990: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5964:România Literară 5953: 5949: 5943: 5934: 5928: 5919: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5886: 5880: 5877:Revista Istorică 5873: 5867: 5866:, April 12, 2006 5855: 5851: 5845: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5774: 5768: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5714: 5708: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5621:, April 13, 2010 5611: 5607: 5601: 5597:România Literară 5589: 5583: 5579:România Literară 5571: 5567: 5558: 5546: 5542: 5533: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5455: 5443: 5439: 5428: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5338: 5332: 5328:Viața Românească 5320: 5314: 5293: 5287: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5215: 5209: 5208:Dinulescu, p. 97 5206: 5200: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5140:Pușcariu, p. 721 5138: 5132: 5129: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5066:Pușcariu, p. 443 5064: 5058: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5027:Ziarul Financiar 5016: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4893: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4822: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4600: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4488:Gheorghe Oprescu 4486: 4482: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4335: 4329: 4318: 4312: 4311:, April 28, 2006 4300: 4296: 4287: 4283:România Literară 4275: 4271: 4252: 4246: 4217: 4213:Ziarul Financiar 4205: 4201: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4154: 4143: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4107: 4094: 4091: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4048:Scriitori români 4041: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3867: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3728: 3724:Ziarul Financiar 3716: 3712: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3690:România Literară 3682: 3678: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3577: 3574: 3565: 3558: 3549: 3546: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3510: 3506: 3493: 3489:România Literară 3478: 3474: 3411: 3407:România Literară 3395: 3384: 3377: 3356: 3339:Mihai Plămădeală 3337: 3333: 3280: 3279:, March 19, 2011 3271: 3267: 3189:Nichita Stănescu 3119:Editura Vitruviu 3045:book has fueled 3025:George Călinescu 3018: 2990:Gheorghe Oprescu 2862:August 1944 Coup 2773:open-air museums 2739: 2710:Romanian Academy 2561:Monde et Voyages 2545:Nicolae Crevedia 2461:Simion Mehedinți 2427:Sèvres porcelain 2301:(March 17, 1929) 2297:) as a judge of 2228:Viața Românească 2063:Romanian Academy 2027:German community 1930:for the sake of 1917:Friedrich Storck 1882:Austro-Hungarian 1827:Neo-Brâncovenesc 1803:in its original 1801:Horezu Monastery 1677: 1512:("The Church of 1411:open-air museums 1317:Diocese of Buzău 1242:Vâlcan Mountains 1226:Romanian culture 1222:Mihai Plămădeală 1206:, attesting the 1200:Tropaeum Traiani 1171:Nicolae Minovici 1167:Paris World Fair 1133: 1097:Simion Mehedinți 946:Cișmigiu Gardens 939: 856:Neo-Brâncovenesc 828: 751: 732:Wilhelm von Bode 669:Precolumbian art 657:Cathedral Church 622:Tzigara-Samurcaș 541:Grigore Bengescu 494: 491:Tzigara-Samurcaș 446:Wilhelm Kremnitz 418: 369:collaborationism 308:art conservation 280:Tzigara-Sumurcaș 274:; also known as 273: 268: 256: 229:art conservation 166:Wilhelm von Bode 114:Other names 87: 65: 63: 49: 44: 30: 29: 21: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6644: 6643: 6626: 6621: 6588: 6572:Sextil Pușcariu 6527: 6505: 6494: 6473:Ioan C. Filitti 6453:United Roumania 6425:Editura Minerva 6373: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6329: 6325: 6319:Flacăra Iașului 6316: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6265:, Issue 14/2005 6252: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6226: 6217: 6208: 6192: 6188: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6139: 6135: 6131:Boia, pp. 16–17 6130: 6126: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6088:Longuet, p. 147 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6046: 6042: 6038:, Issue 39/2005 6025: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967:, Issue 41/2001 5951: 5950: 5946: 5935: 5931: 5920: 5916: 5905: 5901: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5856:Cristina Diac, 5853: 5852: 5848: 5834:Edward Pastia, 5831: 5830: 5826: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5775: 5771: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5733: 5715: 5711: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5590: 5586: 5582:, Issue 49/2002 5572:Gabriela Omăt, 5569: 5568: 5561: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5478: 5474: 5470:Longuet, p. 146 5469: 5458: 5441: 5440: 5431: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5340:Mihai A. Panu, 5339: 5335: 5321: 5317: 5294: 5290: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5231: 5227: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5189:Ana Zidărescu, 5186: 5185: 5181: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5030:, March 9, 2007 5018:G. T. Kirileanu 5014: 5013: 5009: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4913:Filitti, p. 627 4912: 4908: 4894: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4800:Magazin Istoric 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712:Ciupală, p. 100 4711: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4532:Filitti, p. 625 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4484: 4483: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4332: 4328:, Issue 24/2004 4326:Plural Magazine 4319: 4315: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4286:, Issue 36/2009 4273: 4272: 4255: 4247: 4220: 4203: 4202: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164:, Issue 32/2008 4162:Plural Magazine 4155: 4146: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4117:, Issue 21/2004 4115:Plural Magazine 4108: 4097: 4093:Longuet, p. 144 4092: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4052:Editura Minerva 4042: 4035: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3998: 3994: 3988:Sportul Popular 3982: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693:, Issue 42/2007 3683:Dumitru Hîncu, 3680: 3679: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3508: 3507: 3496: 3476: 3475: 3414: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3359: 3335: 3334: 3283: 3269: 3268: 3229: 3225: 3213:Mihnea Berindei 3177:Culesul de apoi 3070:Salvation Front 3012: 2985: 2929:nationalization 2911:Presidium Chief 2898:Nicolae Bănescu 2831:Romance studies 2807:Ion Sân-Giorgiu 2757:prehistoric art 2737: 2723: 2661:Eugen Lovinescu 2630:Sfântu Gheorghe 2581:Neamul Românesc 2570:Gymnasiallehrer 2539:" and tool for 2443: 2356:Radu R. Rosetti 2315:Weimar Republic 2233:Sextil Pușcariu 2192:Stelian Popescu 2172:Dimitrie Onciul 2168:Ion Cantacuzino 2117:Greater Romania 2080: 1901:Radu R. Rosetti 1893:Military Museum 1871: 1839:Sibiu Cathedral 1785:Hungarian state 1753:Lugosch (Lugoj) 1671: 1665:Heino Schmieden 1619:Ioan C. Filitti 1608:Sibiu Cathedral 1600: 1526:Arta în România 1484:German-language 1452:Austria-Hungary 1327:(1905) and the 1294: 1265:ethnic Romanian 1152: 1131: 999:P. P. Negulescu 991:Pompiliu Eliade 969:nucleus of the 933: 931:Lupu C. Kostaki 888: 835:decorative arts 745: 713:magna cum laude 705:Baroque painter 681: 667:, and works of 661:Curtea de Argeș 639:and taking his 492: 434: 429: 412: 377:interwar period 338:King of Romania 328:and lastly the 312:Romanian Police 298:art historian, 292:Țigara-Samurcaș 266: 154: 129: 98: 89: 85: 76: 67: 61: 59: 51: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6892: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6809:Radio pioneers 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6642: 6641: 6632: 6625: 6624:External links 6622: 6620: 6619: 6605: 6586: 6579: 6569: 6552: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6525: 6503: 6489: 6480: 6470: 6463: 6446: 6430:Alin Ciupală, 6428: 6414: 6393: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6359: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6323: 6310: 6301: 6286:Cronica Română 6276: 6267: 6245: 6236: 6224: 6206: 6186: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6133: 6124: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6040: 6028:Iordan Datcu, 6018: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5978: 5969: 5944: 5929: 5914: 5899: 5881: 5868: 5846: 5824: 5796: 5769: 5744: 5731: 5709: 5707:, January 2004 5684: 5675: 5663: 5654: 5632: 5623: 5602: 5584: 5559: 5534: 5514: 5505: 5496: 5479:Kurt Erdmann, 5472: 5456: 5454:, January 2005 5429: 5407:Andrei Pippidi 5396: 5387: 5378: 5353: 5333: 5323:H. Sanielevici 5315: 5288: 5259: 5250: 5238: 5225: 5210: 5201: 5179: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5068: 5059: 5032: 5007: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4946: 4937: 4928: 4915: 4906: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4744: 4735: 4723: 4721:Șotropa, p. 21 4714: 4705: 4692: 4690:(1914), p. 268 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4628: 4613: 4601: 4587:Andrei Pippidi 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4472: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4391: 4365: 4356: 4343: 4330: 4313: 4301:Miron Manega, 4288: 4253: 4251:(1914), p. 266 4218: 4175: 4166: 4144: 4130:Adina Dinițoiu 4119: 4095: 4081: 4072: 4070:Șotropa, p. 28 4063: 4033: 4007: 3992: 3976: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3854:Andrei Pippidi 3843: 3834: 3832:Ciupală, p. 98 3825: 3813: 3804: 3802:(1914), p. 265 3785: 3783:(1914), p. 265 3772: 3758:Andrei Pippidi 3747: 3738: 3729: 3704: 3695: 3626: 3617: 3607:Barbu Brezianu 3599: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3550: 3532: 3523: 3511:Vasile Docea, 3494: 3492:, Issue 3/2000 3412: 3385: 3357: 3281: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3163:European Union 3086:conceptual art 3054:Andrei Pippidi 3006:Abgar Baltazar 2984: 2981: 2977:Gala Galaction 2957:Bellu Cemetery 2933:public auction 2867:România Liberă 2811:Herbert Cysarz 2803:Grigore Antipa 2788:Florea Țenescu 2779:to create the 2777:Dimitrie Gusti 2748:had described 2731:I. E. Torouțiu 2722: 2719: 2602:Tapis Roumains 2524:Cuvântul Liber 2507:(he found the 2442: 2439: 2378:Conference in 2352:Alexandru Tell 2337:Liviu Rebreanu 2295:Liviu Rebreanu 2268:Henri Focillon 2180:Prime Minister 2122:corpus delicti 2079: 2076: 2072:Luca Caragiale 2068:Athénée Palace 2035:German Emperor 2020:Mircea Florian 1960:Central Powers 1870: 1867: 1851:Ștefan Luchian 1811:Gothic revival 1792:Westernization 1737:4th Army Corps 1693:Geology Museum 1681:urban planning 1643:Ettore Ferrari 1624:Brătianu house 1599: 1596: 1554:Romanian House 1313:Secu Monastery 1293: 1290: 1151: 1148: 1121:Aurel Zagoritz 1105:Aurel Popovici 1064:Ludovic Mrazek 975:Titu Maiorescu 911:Sturdza family 887: 881: 873:Eugène Grasset 843:Abgar Baltazar 821:Palace of the 796:Westernization 760:par excellence 680: 677: 653:Egyptian mummy 630:Mihai Eminescu 589:Greek language 533:boyar nobility 521:Zotos Tzigaras 433: 430: 428: 425: 365:Central Powers 258: 257: 249: 248: 244: 243: 240: 239: 233:art of Romania 218: 217:Main interests 214: 213: 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 178:Titu Maiorescu 170:Eugène Grasset 163: 159: 158: 149: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 133: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 107:Bellu Cemetery 104: 100: 99: 90: 88:(aged 80) 84:April 30, 1952 82: 78: 77: 68: 57: 53: 52: 45: 37: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6891: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603:973-98624-4-6 6600: 6596: 6595: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567:973-21-0561-5 6564: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6528:(in Romanian) 6526: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6515:Editura Limes 6512: 6511: 6506:(in Romanian) 6504: 6501: 6500: 6495:(in Romanian) 6493: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6462: 6461:0-405-02741-9 6458: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:973-33-0481-6 6441: 6437: 6434:. Bucharest: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6423:. Bucharest: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6402:. Bucharest: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6374:(in Romanian) 6372: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6346: 6345: 6333: 6327: 6320: 6314: 6305: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6280: 6271: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253:(in Romanian) 6249: 6240: 6231: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172:(in Romanian) 6168: 6159: 6150: 6143: 6137: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098:(in Romanian) 6094: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6069:2-87775-340-9 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026:(in Romanian) 6022: 6016:Clark, p. 301 6013: 6004: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5973: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5952:(in Romanian) 5948: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854:(in Romanian) 5850: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832:(in Romanian) 5828: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5804:(in Romanian) 5800: 5794: 5793:3-525-35181-X 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752:(in Romanian) 5748: 5741: 5735: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692:(in Romanian) 5688: 5679: 5670: 5668: 5658: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5630:Rados, p. 117 5627: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5610:(in Romanian) 5606: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570:(in Romanian) 5566: 5564: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5547:Dan Arsenie, 5545:(in Romanian) 5541: 5539: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5509: 5500: 5494: 5493:0-520-01816-8 5490: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442:(in Romanian) 5438: 5436: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5404:(in Romanian) 5400: 5394:Clark, p. 310 5391: 5385:Clark, p. 262 5382: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5364:Ioan Stanomir 5361:(in Romanian) 5357: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5312:0-8229-4172-4 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267:(in Romanian) 5263: 5254: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5205: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187:(in Romanian) 5183: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5163: 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Romanian) 4295: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274:(in Romanian) 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204:(in Romanian) 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127:(in Romanian) 4123: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015:(in Romanian) 4011: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3984:Mihu Dragomir 3980: 3971: 3969: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851:(in Romanian) 3847: 3838: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755:(in Romanian) 3751: 3742: 3733: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3715:(in Romanian) 3711: 3709: 3699: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681:(in Romanian) 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 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editor of 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531:alleged that 2530: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:Mediterranean 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423:Gabriel Puaux 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319:Radio Romania 2316: 2312: 2311:Museum Island 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256:Orest Tafrali 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1980:Petre P. Carp 1977: 1973: 1972:collaboration 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897:Vasile Pârvan 1894: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855:Arthur Verona 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:Gheorghe Balș 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346:Ioan Lahovary 1342: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:ASTRA Society 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1210:'s rule over 1209: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1188:Kiseleff Road 1185: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1176:Casa Minovici 1172: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Alceu Urechia 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1015:Mite Kremnitz 1012: 1008: 1007:Editura Socec 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 954:fin de siècle 949: 947: 943: 937: 932: 928: 924: 923:Nicolae Iorga 920: 916: 912: 908: 906: 901: 897: 894:(daughter of 893: 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 824: 819: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:modernization 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 765:Queen Consort 762: 761: 755: 749: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 724: 719: 715: 714: 709: 706: 702: 698: 695:, taking his 694: 690: 686: 685:German Empire 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:Baccalaureate 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599: 594: 590: 586: 585: 580: 577:, settled in 576: 572: 568: 567: 563:, Wallachian 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 519: 518: 513: 509: 500: 496: 489: 485: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456: 451: 450:Mite Kremnitz 447: 443: 439: 424: 422: 416: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 391: 386: 385:Radio Romania 382: 378: 374: 373:Nicolae Iorga 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 264: 255: 250: 245: 241: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 219: 215: 212: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192:Academic work 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164: 160: 157: 153: 150: 148: 144: 139: 135: 132: 127: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 103:Resting place 101: 97: 94:, Bucharest, 93: 83: 79: 75: 71: 66:April 4, 1872 58: 54: 43: 38: 31: 19: 6616:Transilvania 6615: 6593: 6582: 6575: 6558: 6548: 6531: 6509: 6498: 6483: 6476: 6466: 6452: 6431: 6420: 6399: 6380: 6365: 6350: 6331: 6326: 6318: 6313: 6304: 6294: 6284: 6279: 6270: 6260: 6248: 6239: 6219: 6201:Culture 2000 6199: 6194: 6189: 6179: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6141: 6136: 6127: 6119: 6105: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6056: 6052: 6049:Maghrebinien 6048: 6043: 6033: 6021: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5986: 5981: 5972: 5962: 5947: 5937: 5932: 5922: 5917: 5907: 5902: 5892: 5889:Ion Călugăru 5884: 5876: 5871: 5861: 5849: 5839: 5827: 5810: 5799: 5780: 5772: 5762: 5747: 5739: 5734: 5724: 5720: 5719:, "Breviar. 5717:Vlaicu Bârna 5712: 5702: 5687: 5678: 5657: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5626: 5616: 5605: 5595: 5587: 5577: 5552: 5522: 5517: 5508: 5499: 5480: 5475: 5449: 5425:Dilema Veche 5424: 5416:Dilema Veche 5414: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5371: 5356: 5341: 5336: 5326: 5318: 5299: 5291: 5274: 5262: 5253: 5234:Keleti Ujság 5233: 5228: 5218: 5213: 5204: 5194: 5182: 5165: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5131:Boia, p. 356 5115: 5106: 5097: 5083:Transilvania 5082: 5071: 5062: 5048:Transilvania 5047: 5035: 5025: 5010: 5002: 4997: 4992:Boia, p. 355 4988: 4983:Boia, p. 354 4979: 4970: 4961: 4944:Boia, p. 353 4940: 4931: 4923: 4918: 4909: 4899: 4877: 4872:Boia, p. 203 4868: 4859: 4850: 4845:Boia, p. 328 4821:Boia, p. 350 4817: 4812:Boia, p. 166 4808: 4798: 4795:Ion S. Floru 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4756:Keleti Ujság 4755: 4742:Boia, p. 104 4738: 4733:Boia, p. 108 4717: 4708: 4700: 4695: 4687: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4596:Dilema Veche 4594: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4496:Transilvania 4495: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4394: 4380:Transilvania 4379: 4368: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4338: 4333: 4325: 4316: 4306: 4281: 4248: 4211: 4169: 4161: 4137: 4122: 4114: 4075: 4066: 4047: 4021: 4010: 4000: 3995: 3987: 3979: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3863:Dilema Veche 3861: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3799: 3780: 3775: 3767:Dilema Veche 3765: 3762:"Casa Macca" 3750: 3741: 3732: 3722: 3698: 3688: 3620: 3610: 3602: 3593: 3561: 3548:Boia, p. 327 3526: 3516: 3487: 3405: 3401: 3380: 3350: 3344: 3276: 3176: 3173: 3168:Culture 2000 3166: 3158: 3152: 3150:Ocna Șugatag 3141: 3127: 3122: 3101: 3090: 3078:Horia Bernea 3074:Andrei Pleșu 3051: 3047:cyberculture 3043:Peleș Castle 3034: 3028: 3021:microhistory 3002:George Murnu 2986: 2971:, physician 2967:philosopher 2964: 2960: 2922: 2887: 2884:Ion Călugăru 2875: 2865: 2859: 2821:regime, the 2796: 2791: 2754: 2749: 2746:Vlaicu Bârna 2741: 2734: 2726: 2724: 2714: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2677:pornographer 2672: 2656: 2654: 2646:Peleș Castle 2625: 2621: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2585: 2579: 2568: 2560: 2549: 2541:Nazi Germany 2532: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2501:Radio France 2454: 2452: 2444: 2391: 2388:Las Noticias 2387: 2349: 2333:Miss Romania 2322: 2307:Radio Berlin 2304: 2299:Miss Romania 2241: 2236: 2226: 2219: 2216:Transilvania 2215: 2211: 2196: 2160: 2153: 2149:Victor Babeș 2144: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2127:Ion Atanasiu 2120: 2110: 2108: 2081: 2047: 2024: 1988: 1984:Lupu Kostaki 1953: 1936:Germanophile 1921: 1913:Oscar Späthe 1890: 1813:elements at 1806:Brâncovenesc 1804: 1796:1881 Kingdom 1789: 1780: 1768: 1765:Turea (Türe) 1745: 1729:conscription 1706: 1704: 1696: 1661: 1656:Bene Merenti 1654: 1635: 1616: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1487: 1480:Arta publică 1479: 1477: 1464: 1458: 1445: 1439: 1425: 1414: 1381: 1374:George Murnu 1358: 1354:Theodor Aman 1329:Braunschweig 1310: 1304: 1301:Theodor Aman 1285: 1262: 1257: 1249: 1230: 1215: 1208:Roman Empire 1198: 1192: 1181: 1174: 1164: 1141: 1135: 1128: 1108: 1100: 1092: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1067: 1055: 1045: 1037: 1021: 1019: 1010: 1002: 982: 978: 966: 958: 952: 950: 904: 889: 883: 854: 832: 807: 785: 777:Carmen Sylva 776: 773:Romanian art 758: 736: 728:Brunswickian 721: 711: 682: 673:Eiffel Tower 634: 621: 615: 610: 596: 593:coat of arms 582: 564: 557:Transylvania 523:, buried in 515: 505: 488:Vasile Docea 483: 476: 453: 435: 407: 399:World War II 388: 358: 354:Theodor Aman 315: 300:ethnographer 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 262: 261: 208: 86:(1952-04-30) 6659:1952 deaths 6654:1872 births 6589:(in French) 6396:Lucian Boia 6348:(in French) 6053:ex negativo 5755:Tita Chiper 5644:Cartea Albă 5296:Maria Bucur 4044:Tudor Vianu 3193:Marcu Berza 3140:format, as 3013: [ 2975:and writer 2902:Petru Groza 2694:Easter eggs 2618:Aida Vrioni 2565:Eugen Wolbe 2509:Francophone 2477:Alpine race 2187:Ioan Borcea 2163:Sămănătorul 2157:Francophobe 2112:coup d'état 2059:German Army 1924:Francophile 1672: [ 1669:Louis Blanc 1628:Freemasonry 1582:primitivist 1337:Spiru Haret 1254:blockhouses 1234:Gorj County 1137:Sămănătorul 1117:Tudor Vianu 1026:Ioan Bogdan 951:During the 934: [ 851:Art Nouveau 847:primitivism 839:handicrafts 746: [ 708:Simon Vouet 512:Italo-Greek 460:Lucian Boia 421:Marcu Berza 413: [ 397:. His post- 381:world fairs 361:World War I 304:museologist 276:Al. Tzigara 109:, Bucharest 6648:Categories 6382:Luceafărul 6341:References 6120:Revista 22 6107:Revista 22 5649:Luceafărul 5373:Revista 22 4688:Luceafărul 4673:Luceafărul 4661:Luceafărul 4649:Luceafărul 4621:Luceafărul 4468:Luceafărul 4420:Luceafărul 4249:Luceafărul 4002:Luceafărul 3821:Luceafărul 3800:Luceafărul 3781:Luceafărul 3217:Ciorogârla 3159:Ethnophone 3110:Zigu Ornea 2961:Convorbiri 2880:Dacian art 2843:Carol Park 2799:Ion Nistor 2750:Convorbiri 2727:Convorbiri 2690:Convorbiri 2685:Convorbiri 2586:Convorbiri 2554:professor 2537:Iron Guard 2533:Convorbiri 2237:Convorbiri 2220:Convorbiri 2176:Parliament 2055:Ioan Bianu 2031:Wilhelm II 2016:internment 1911:sculptors 1880:reviewing 1763:church in 1689:CEC Palace 1578:Convorbiri 1530:Convorbiri 1465:Luceafărul 1421:Djurgården 1378:plagiarism 1362:Parliament 1350:Carol Park 1250:Convorbiri 1217:Luceafărul 1195:sacred art 927:godfathers 517:Spatharios 479:Zigu Ornea 356:art fund. 221:ethography 162:Influences 147:Alma mater 62:1872-04-04 6774:Junimists 6637:, at the 6438:, 2003. 6406:, 2010. 6404:Humanitas 5787:, 2001. 5487:, 1970. 3562:Művelődés 3185:Ion Barbu 2909:and from 2469:racialist 2404:Stockholm 2364:Barcelona 2224:left-wing 2129:'s essay 2106:workers. 1886:Bucharest 1831:Ion Mincu 1829:style of 1713:Amsterdam 1711:event in 1492:Karlsruhe 1454:, at the 1146:society. 1005:, in the 1003:Junimists 917:lines of 898:, former 781:spiritism 584:Postelnic 537:Wallachia 442:Bucharest 427:Biography 247:Signature 225:museology 70:Bucharest 6555:Z. Ornea 6517:, 2007. 6063:, 2003. 5939:Adevărul 5924:Adevărul 5909:Adevărul 5894:Scînteia 5812:Gândirea 5618:Adevărul 5306:, 2002. 5220:Viitorul 4901:Adevărul 4637:Az Ujság 4623:(1914), 4054:, 1970. 3887:Vlasiu, 3480:Z. Ornea 3157:and the 2965:Junimist 2889:Scînteia 2742:Junimist 2681:Adevărul 2673:Junimist 2620:put out 2518:Adevărul 2503:and the 2465:eugenics 2447:Carol II 2412:Helsinki 2324:pro bono 2272:Bukovina 2248:spa town 2136:pro domo 1995:interwar 1819:Bistrița 1781:Az Ujság 1769:Az Ujság 1739:, under 1434:and, in 1416:Nordiska 1315:and the 1238:taxonomy 1070:side of 1068:Junimist 1022:Junimist 983:Junimist 967:Junimist 919:Moldavia 905:Beizadea 730:curator 691:and the 607:Romanian 553:Austrian 484:Domnitor 455:Domnitor 296:Romanian 237:eugenics 6576:Memorii 6485:Terrain 6427:, 1986. 6332:Magazin 6291:"La zi" 5642:, "Din 4060:7431692 4022:Răvașul 3518:Tribuna 3277:Cultura 2851:Oltenia 2833:expert 2735:Junimea 2497:Belgium 2433:by the 2416:Finland 2145:Memorii 2043:tie pin 1928:Entente 1815:Tismana 1534:Minerva 1450:and in 1400:Skansen 1396:Denmark 1325:Belgium 1212:Dobruja 1204:metopes 1113:Oltenia 1111:) from 1101:Răvașul 1079:Junimea 1038:Junimea 1009:volume 979:Junimea 959:Junimea 907:Grigore 884:Junimea 861:England 555:-ruled 395:Academy 359:During 334:Carol I 317:Junimea 210:Junimea 6601: 6565: 6539: 6521: 6459: 6442: 6410: 6220:Ateneu 6067: 5791: 5764:Dilema 5723:", in 5529: 5491: 5348: 5310: 4625:passim 4058: 3889:passim 3612:Ramuri 3404:", in 3062:Stalin 2983:Legacy 2945:Rahova 2650:Sinaia 2467:. His 2408:Sweden 2384:Greece 2380:Athens 2376:Balkan 2264:Geneva 2260:tenure 2252:Sovata 2004:German 1823:Arnota 1695:etc. ( 1691:, the 1687:, the 1552:("The 1486:study 1471:, the 1456:Vienna 1438:, the 1432:Berlin 1408:Lyngby 1404:Bygdøy 1392:Norway 1388:Sweden 1366:Senate 865:France 701:Munich 626:German 598:spatha 566:Vornic 525:Venice 336:, the 324:, the 122:Awards 6614:, in 6379:, in 6293:, in 6259:, in 6178:, in 6118:, in 6104:, in 6032:, in 5987:Argeș 5961:, in 5860:, in 5838:, in 5809:, in 5761:, in 5726:Rampa 5701:, in 5615:, in 5576:, in 5551:, in 5448:, in 5423:, in 5413:, in 5370:, in 5273:, in 5193:, in 5164:, in 5081:, in 5046:, in 5042:S V, 5024:, in 4593:, in 4494:, in 4378:, in 4305:, in 4280:, in 4210:, in 4136:, in 4020:, in 3860:, in 3764:, in 3721:, in 3687:, in 3515:, in 3486:, in 3349:, in 3275:, in 3223:Notes 3197:Italy 3058:Lenin 3017:] 2738:' 2441:1930s 2368:Spain 1749:Banat 1676:] 1574:Epoca 1436:Italy 1321:Liège 1256:, or 1248:. At 1132:' 1083:Epoca 1047:Epoca 1032:, in 938:] 915:boyar 886:debut 867:—the 849:with 750:] 718:Paris 697:Ph.D. 611:samur 603:sable 508:Greek 493:' 417:] 6599:ISBN 6563:ISBN 6537:ISBN 6519:ISBN 6457:ISBN 6440:ISBN 6408:ISBN 6065:ISBN 5789:ISBN 5527:ISBN 5489:ISBN 5346:ISBN 5308:ISBN 4056:OCLC 3211:and 3187:and 3154:hore 3004:and 2819:Axis 2671:and 2521:and 2339:and 2293:and 2170:and 2161:see 2090:. 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Knowledge

Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș

Index