148:
599:
515:, to which he gives an interpretation that no sane mind could admit, and thus begins the demonstration of our Romance identity through history – with a falsification of history. (...) that which surprises and saddens concerning these creations is not their error itself, since this can be explained and at times justified through the circumstances of the period, but rather the error of our assessment of them nowadays, the haughtiness and self-satisfaction with which they are defended by the Romanian
752:, it was natural that they would turn towards "the people". And as defenders of the originality of language and literature, it was also the people (...) and history (...) that they needed to take inspiration from. Eminescu resembles the old school of criticism in this respect as well. (...) Instead, Mr. Maiorescu was neither a Romanticist, nor a democrat, and neither did he fight as much (...) for maintaining originality in language and literature: as such, Mr. Maiorescu did not look into the
1547:
75:
1604:
2733:
359:" in order to pay for our painters and musicians, the Academy and Atheneum members, and the literary and scientific awards wherever they are handed out. And we do not have, at the very least, the gratitude to produce a single artistic work that would for a moment raise his spirits and make him forget his daily misery.
546:
in the writing of history, as well as intensified research; Maiorescu, who served as
Minister of Education in several late-19th century cabinets, supported the creation of new opportunities in the field (including the granting of scholarships, especially in areas that had previously been neglected –
354:
The only true social class is the
Romanian peasant, and his reality is suffering. His sighs are caused by the fantasies of the upper classes, for it is out of his daily sweat, that the material means to support this fictitious structure we call Romanian culture are taken. And we force him to hand
257:, rapidly adopting forms while disregarding the need to select and adapt them to the Romanian context – and thus "lacked a foundation". Maiorescu argued that, while it seemed Romania possessed all the institutions of a modern nation, all were, in fact, shallow elements of fashion:
748:. Being Romanticists, they took inspiration from the people's literature, which contains Romanticist elements, and from the past, as all Romanticists did; that is why the Romanticist Eminescu resembles the old school of criticism in this respect. Being
464:-origin ones, and would discard those Slavic words that have grown only too deep roots in our language for us to be able to remove them. Both the starting point and its development are equally wrong, and originate yet again with the empty
314:(founded in 1875) was dubbed as useless since it had no class to represent. Also, socialism was thought to be the product of an advanced society in Western Europe, and argued to have yet no reason of existence in Romania, where the
993:
3073:
261:
Before we had any village teachers, we created village schools, and before we had any professors, we opened universities, and we falsified public instruction. Before we had a culture outside of the schools, we created the
666:). It ceased to exist around 1916, after becoming engulfed in the conflict over Romania's participation in World War I; leading Junimists (Carp first and foremost) had supported continuing Romania's alliance with the
169:. Soon afterwards, it became common that they would meet each Sunday in order to discuss the problems of the day and review the newest literary works. Also, there were annual lectures on broad themes, such as
341:
s purposes were actually connected with gradual modernization that was meant to lead to a
Romanian culture and society able to sustain a dialogue with their European counterparts. Unlike the mainstream
690:), which partly shared the group's weariness in the face of rapid development, but relied instead on distinguishing and increasing the role of peasants as the root of Romanian culture. The populist
298:
Moreover, Maiorescu argued that
Romania only had an appearance of a complex modern society, and in fact harbored only two social classes: peasants, which comprised up to 90% of Romanians, and the
2102:
460:
words from the language, replacing these with Latin ones, but, using this pretext, most of our writers would, without selection, use new Latin and French words even where we have our own
507:
were entirely exterminated by the Romans, and there was thus no mixing of these two peoples. In order to prove such an unnatural hypothesis, our historian relies on a dubious passage in
97:, five enthusiastic young people who had just returned from their studies abroad created in Iaşi a society which wanted to stimulate the cultural life in the city. They chose the name "
430:
There is but a single purpose for speaking and writing: sharing thought. The faster and more accurately thought is shared, the better the language. One of the living sources for the
2410:
519:
as if true acts of science, the blindness that provides for a failure to see that building a
Romanian national awareness cannot rely on a basis that would enclose a lie.
613:
1870, unknown architect. The house was demolished at the end of the 1950s or in the early 1960s, and now in that place is a playground behind the Eva apartment building
2320:
1950:
62:. The foremost personality and mentor of the society was Maiorescu, who, through the means of scientific papers and essays, helped establish the basis of the modern
2978:
2405:
2284:
266:
and cultural associations, and we despised the spirit of the literary societies. Before we had even a shade of original scientific activity, we created the
1585:
346:, which sought to best represent landowners, the politically active Junimists opposed excessive reliance on agriculture, and could even champion a peasant
1669:
2107:
1115:
449:
At the same time, Maiorescu exercised influence through his attack on what he viewed as excessive innovative trends in writing and speaking
Romanian:
3344:
2299:
1664:
1458:
648:
representatives moved to the Party's forefront in the first years of the 20th century – both Carp and
Maiorescu led the Conservatives in the 1910s.
636:
This roughly coincided with the partial transformation of prominent
Junimists into politicians, after leaders such as Maiorescu and Carp joined the
2087:
2082:
1634:
1563:
124:
1674:
987:
2662:
2254:
2112:
3354:
1468:
2532:
2208:
1915:
1649:
1639:
1410:
3168:
1044:
2624:
2400:
2325:
1971:
1689:
1078:
3364:
1945:
1532:
574:) notoriously opposed the prevalent anti-Jewish sentiment of the political establishment (while the initially Junimist intellectuals
2471:
2461:
2178:
2097:
2006:
2001:
1578:
3339:
2751:
2335:
2188:
1644:
1035:
637:
343:
3048:
2988:
2963:
2567:
2537:
2425:
2330:
2183:
2072:
1930:
1874:
1709:
1654:
528:
311:
283:
1940:
1935:
2787:
2766:
2350:
1624:
83:
2173:
1996:
1629:
1594:
2907:
2557:
2122:
2092:
2042:
1986:
1780:
1659:
1571:
1426:
1142:
804:
s literature, arguing that many
Junimists had not reached their own goals (for example, he rejected Carp's criticism of
3313:
3133:
3119:
3018:
2802:
2655:
2345:
2294:
2137:
2057:
1759:
1619:
181:(1875). Their audience was formed of the Iaşi intellectuals, students, lawyers, professors, government officials, etc.
3013:
744:
and traditional, for the old critics have been
Romanticists and defenders of the originality of Romanian language and
3003:
2973:
2917:
2592:
2587:
2385:
2274:
1729:
658:
1593:
3154:
3043:
2927:
2902:
2792:
2481:
2476:
2456:
2451:
2238:
2142:
1879:
1699:
1318:
1015:
2037:
2922:
2132:
1835:
1071:
20:
2968:
2887:
2797:
2582:
2527:
2446:
2168:
1694:
1432:
1417:
1363:
3033:
2761:
2712:
2648:
2486:
2355:
1976:
1894:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1295:
765:
213:– and many other important cultural personalities, it occupied the central spot of cultural life in Romania.
3126:
1925:
66:. Junimea was the most influential intellectual and political association from Romania in the 19th century.
2756:
2375:
2233:
2213:
1920:
1463:
725:
327:
456:
have come to be a real literary affliction with . The starting point has been with the tendency to remove
3359:
3277:
2502:
2380:
2365:
2360:
2218:
2203:
1527:
1340:
1125:
403:, and Maiorescu repeatedly argued for a common version of the rendition of words in Romanian, favoring a
227:
3349:
790:
had created a bridge between peasants and boyars, Călinescu criticised Maiorescu's strict commitment to
282:
departments, and we falsified the idea of an Academy. Before we had any notable artists, we created the
147:
3112:
2897:
2552:
2522:
2228:
2127:
2062:
2047:
1991:
1810:
1800:
1551:
1373:
1368:
1064:
756:
current, and treated with a certain disdain or, in any case, with indifference the traditional current.
605:
House on Strada Mercur (known today as Strada Arthur Verona), where the meetings of Junimea were held,
408:
136:
322:
saw socialism in the context of Romania as an "exotic plant", and Maiorescu engaged in a polemic with
3193:
3038:
2998:
2932:
2912:
2771:
2370:
2279:
2158:
2117:
1889:
1830:
1820:
1775:
1754:
1749:
1714:
1684:
1206:
291:
547:
amounting to the creation of one of the most influential Romanian generation of historians, that of
2993:
2983:
2420:
2289:
2269:
2077:
2067:
1884:
1290:
805:
773:
532:
981:
960:("The History of Romanian Literature. Compendium"), Editura Minerva, 1983 (Chapter XII, "Junimea")
3298:
3246:
3224:
2958:
2562:
2198:
2011:
1489:
1211:
998:("The Evolution of Selective Attitudes – The Differences Between the Old School of Criticism and
971:
749:
622:
556:
423:
231:
995:
Evoluţia spiritului critic – Deosebirile dintre vechea şcoală critică moldovenească şi "Junimea"
821:
202:
3083:
3023:
2937:
2859:
2577:
2430:
2395:
2390:
2340:
2259:
2016:
1795:
1137:
566:
never imposed a single view on the matter, some of its prominent figures (Maiorescu, Carp, and
465:
404:
234:(Moldavia and Wallachia) were allowed to engage in trade with other countries than those under
2882:
2547:
2542:
2517:
2052:
2032:
1840:
1815:
1790:
1785:
1522:
1448:
1009:
792:
508:
411:. Maiorescu entered a polemic with the main advocates of a spelling that was reflecting pure
197:
Between 1874 and 1885, when the society was frequented by the Romanian literature classics –
191:
89:
977:
691:
3303:
3256:
3053:
2695:
2671:
2597:
2512:
2466:
2223:
2193:
2163:
1899:
1394:
477:
132:
3219:
1152:
8:
2849:
2629:
797:
640:. Initially a separate wing with a moderately conservative political agenda (and, as the
598:
512:
481:
186:
116:
3078:
953:
769:
3272:
2854:
1719:
1679:
1307:
1300:
1201:
1103:
817:
571:
373:
206:
1147:
2844:
2839:
2572:
1704:
1494:
1453:
1358:
1130:
1120:
1095:
1087:
732:, had kept a separate voice the literary society itself, and had more in common with
461:
400:
389:
377:
263:
120:
123:), while Titu Maiorescu was the only one born in a family of city elite, his father
3334:
3234:
2834:
2507:
1504:
1404:
1378:
1242:
1227:
1108:
1030:
457:
385:
267:
63:
35:
3282:
2812:
2705:
2619:
1344:
1332:
663:
662:), and the issue of ethnic Romanians in Transylvania (a region which was part of
644:, "Constitutional Party", an independent political group between 1891 and 1907),
552:
279:
254:
238:
rule and with this came a great opening toward the European economy and culture (
109:
55:
42:
in 1863, through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by
2892:
1825:
3229:
3028:
2942:
2304:
1724:
1285:
1237:
1232:
1005:
963:
813:
715:
667:
651:
Its cultural interests moved to historical research, philosophy (the theory of
602:
516:
241:
235:
198:
59:
43:
480:
for condoning excesses (especially in the problematic theses connected to the
468:
of theory, to which the real language of the people has never attached itself.
3328:
3241:
3214:
2722:
2415:
1195:
1049:
698:
s conservatism was the result of a conjectural alliance between low and high
579:
548:
536:
104:
It is notable that four of the founders were part of the Romanian elite, the
47:
1170:
812:"), but looked favorably upon the major figures connected with the society (
670:, and clashed over the issue with pro-French and anti-Austrian politicians.
190:. It was to become one of the most important publications in the history of
1845:
1336:
1328:
829:
587:
583:
500:
442:
etc., is the increasing speed of ideas and the need for a speedier sharing.
419:
368:
The cultural life in Romania was since the 1830s influenced by France, and
334:
210:
51:
655:), as well as the two greatest political problems – the peasant question (
3308:
3175:
3147:
2807:
2700:
1966:
1805:
825:
721:
706:
489:
381:
315:
303:
275:
499:. In his tendency to prove that we are un-corrupted descendants of the
119:, Carp and Pogor were sons of boyars, and Iacob Negruzzi was the son of
3251:
3161:
3008:
2717:
2640:
2264:
778:
683:
652:
575:
543:
435:
307:
155:, the headquarters of Junimea; nowadays, The Romanian Literature Museum
74:
2685:
1499:
1484:
1014:("Against the Contemporary Direction in Romanian Culture", 1868) and
711:
618:
606:
453:
439:
415:
407:
over the several versions in circulation after the discarding of the
271:
94:
1056:
163:
s founding, in 1864, when members gathered to hear a translation of
3140:
2690:
2602:
1175:
912:
Deosebirile dintre vechea şcoală critică moldovenească şi "Junimea"
699:
625:
professorship, Titu Maiorescu contributed to the creation of a new
299:
287:
113:
2732:
1603:
1598:
1267:
504:
431:
323:
165:
128:
32:
152:
39:
356:
388:
into local literature. As a regular visitor of the Iaşi club,
290:
schools; before we had a single valuable play, we founded the
194:
and added a new, modern vision to the whole Romanian culture.
1324:
1047:("The Romanian Intellectuals and the 'Jewish Question'"), in
1041:(an essay on Junimist attitudes and more recent developments)
745:
702:
495:
412:
347:
105:
1273:
306:, and presented Romanian society as one still fundamentally
184:
In 1867 Junimea started publishing its own literary review,
1045:
Ovidiu Morar, "Intelectualii români şi 'chestia evreiască'"
1031:"Vasile Pogor" House at the Iaşi Romanian Literature Museum
786:("The History of Romanian Literature"). While arguing that
294:, and we devalued and falsified all these forms of culture.
245:). However, the Junimists argued, through their theory of "
1278:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
876:
874:
253:) that Romanian culture and society were merely imitating
682:
The first major review of Junimism came with the rise of
131:
and a representative of the Wallachian government to the
1020:("The New Direction in Romanian Poetry and Prose", 1872)
286:; before we had a single worthy painter, we created the
1038:
Paradigms of "Junimea" in Education for a Civic Society
871:
2979:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
2406:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
2285:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
1163:
849:
847:
845:
392:
was one of the few literary figures to represent both
221:
633:
ceased to dominate the intellectual life of Romania.
992:("An 1848 Generation Junimist: Vasile Alecsandri");
897:(in Romanian). Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică.
673:
101:", a slightly antiquated Romanian word for "Youth".
986:("Selective Attitudes in Romanian Culture"), 1908:
842:
399:The society also encouraged an accurate use of the
384:– while also advocating and ultimately introducing
159:The earliest literary gathering was one year after
127:having been a professor at the National College in
527:(and especially Carp) entered a polemic with the
503:, Maior maintains, in the fourth paragraph, that
3326:
1675:Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania
1011:În contra direcţiei de astăzi în cultura română
728:, as a tradition which, if partly blended into
720:". He invested in the image of low boyars, the
989:Un junimist patruzecioptist: Vasile Alecsandri
2656:
1635:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
1579:
1072:
2533:Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania
2088:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)
2083:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)
1650:Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
1640:Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania
939:Compendiu, XII. Filologi, istorici, filozofi
933:
931:
906:
904:
2401:National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party
2326:Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania
1690:Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party
434:law of peoples, aside from the elements of
333:While this criticism was indeed similar to
142:
2663:
2649:
1586:
1572:
1079:
1065:
824:etc.) and secondary Junimists such as the
494:The History of the Romanian Beginnings in
93:), and after the moving of the capital to
1533:Romanian-language schools in Transnistria
928:
901:
318:made up a small part of the population –
3345:Political parties disestablished in 1916
2670:
2457:Union of Patriots/National Popular Party
1670:Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars
736:than Maiorescu's moderate conservatism:
597:
396:and its French-influenced predecessors.
302:. He denied the existence of a Romanian
146:
73:
1411:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române
1017:Direcţia nouă în poezia şi proza română
760:The officially sanctioned criticism of
3327:
2989:National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)
2538:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
1665:Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs
1655:Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
800:, as signs of rigidity. He downplayed
593:
542:The society encouraged a move towards
355:out the very last measure of himself "
2788:Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia
2767:Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia
2644:
2351:General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania
2209:National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu
1858:
1567:
1086:
1060:
983:Spiritul critic în cultura românească
958:Istoria literaturii române. Compendiu
892:
418:rather than the spoken language, the
84:unification of Moldavia and Wallachia
3355:Defunct political parties in Romania
3169:Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații
535:over the latter's version of Dacian
78:Collective portrait of Junimea, 1883
2908:Alliance for the Union of Romanians
2558:National Liberal Ecologist Alliance
2103:Social Democratic Party of Bukovina
2093:Romanian Socialist Democratic Party
2043:Democratic National Salvation Front
1987:National Democratic Christian Party
1781:Alliance for the Union of Romanians
1710:Renewing Romania's European Project
970:, Oxford History of Modern Europe,
13:
3314:Unification of Moldova and Romania
3120:Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine
2803:Union of Transylvania with Romania
2752:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan
1916:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
1459:Linguistic parallels with Albanian
14:
3376:
3365:1916 disestablishments in Romania
3004:National-Christian Defense League
2588:Social Democratic Pole of Romania
2275:National-Christian Defense League
1464:Slavic superstratum and adstratum
1036:Carmen-Maria Mecu, Nicolae Mecu,
1024:
3155:Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire
3044:Everything For the Country Party
2903:National Identity Bloc in Europe
2793:Union of Bessarabia with Romania
2731:
2452:Ecologist Union of Romania Party
2189:Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere
2123:Social Protection People's Party
2113:Social Democratic Workers' Party
1946:National Liberal Party–Tătărescu
1630:Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania
1602:
1546:
1545:
3049:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu
3014:National Liberal Party-Brătianu
2923:Romanian Socialist Party (2003)
2184:Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu
2133:Socialist Party of Transylvania
2073:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu
1941:National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu
1936:National Liberal Party–Brătianu
3340:1863 establishments in Romania
2798:Union of Bukovina with Romania
2583:Romanian Democratic Convention
2528:Democratic Group of the Centre
2386:Jewish National People's Party
2007:Progressive Conservative Party
1433:Academy of Sciences of Moldova
1427:Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc
1364:Romanian transitional alphabet
924:Compendiu, XII. Titu Maiorescu
916:
886:
859:
659:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
617:In 1885, the society moved to
484:). In the words of Maiorescu:
380:, accommodating a new wave of
82:In 1863, four years after the
1:
3134:Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români
3034:Romanian National Unity Party
2762:Wallachian Revolution of 1848
2472:Party of Young Free Democrats
2462:National Reconstruction Party
2356:Group of Transylvanian Saxons
2239:Transylvanian Peasants' Party
2038:Communist Party (Nepeceriști)
1977:Conservative-Democratic Party
1895:Romanian National Unity Party
1735:Social Liberal Humanist Party
1469:Influence on Slavic languages
947:
766:Socialist Republic of Romania
705:against a Liberal-encouraged
610:
69:
2964:Democratic Nationalist Party
2757:Moldavian Revolution of 1848
2482:Republican Party (1990–1993)
2477:Republican Party (1993–2004)
2336:Democratic Union of the Roma
1921:Free and Independent Faction
1875:Democratic Nationalist Party
1645:Cultural Union of Ruthenians
476:heavily criticized Romanian
363:
328:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
21:Societatea Academică Junimea
7:
3278:Re-latinization of Romanian
2969:Bessarabian Peasants' Party
2503:Alliance for Romanian Unity
2381:Jewish Democratic Committee
2331:Cultural Union of Albanians
2169:Bessarabian Peasants' Party
1859:
1528:Romanian language in Serbia
867:Un junimist patruzecioptist
10:
3381:
2553:Justice and Truth Alliance
2523:Christian Liberal Alliance
2179:Democratic Peasants' Party
2063:Party of Social Solidarity
2048:Democratic Party of Labour
2002:People's Party (2005–2006)
1992:National Renaissance Front
1625:Association of Macedonians
1388:Institutions and movements
1374:Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
1369:Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
1189:Dialects/related languages
895:Din Bucureștii de Altădată
784:Istoria literaturii române
409:Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
137:1848 Wallachian Revolution
112:was the brother-in-law of
18:
3291:
3265:
3207:
3194:Bessarabia, Romanian land
3185:
3104:
3097:
3066:
3039:Socialist Party of Labour
2999:National Fascist Movement
2951:
2933:Alliance for the Homeland
2913:Romanian Nationhood Party
2875:
2868:
2827:
2780:
2747:
2740:
2729:
2678:
2625:List of political parties
2615:
2568:People's Democratic Front
2495:
2487:Transylvania–Banat League
2439:
2313:
2280:National Fascist Movement
2247:
2234:Socialist Peasants' Party
2174:Democratic Agrarian Party
2151:
2118:Socialist Party of Labour
2025:
1997:People's Party (1918–1938
1959:
1908:
1890:National Union from Banat
1867:
1854:
1831:Romanian Nationhood Party
1821:National Rebirth Alliance
1776:Alliance for the Homeland
1768:
1715:Romanian Nationhood Party
1612:
1541:
1515:
1477:
1441:
1418:Dicționarul Limbii Române
1387:
1351:
1316:
1220:
1188:
1094:
810:little and unprofessional
726:1848 Moldavian revolution
268:Romanian Academic Society
251:Teoria Formelor Fără Fond
222:"Forms without substance"
216:
16:Romanian literary society
3019:National Socialist Party
2994:Romanian Communist Party
2984:National Romanian Fascio
2426:Ukrainian Workers' Party
2421:Ukrainian National Party
2366:Hungarian People's Union
2361:Hungarian People's Party
2321:Autonomous Swabian Party
2295:National Socialist Party
2290:National Romanian Fascio
2270:National Christian Party
2204:National Peasants' Party
2098:Romanian Socialist Party
2078:Romanian Communist Party
2058:National Salvation Front
1836:Romanian Socialist Party
1660:Democratic Turkish Union
968:Rumania : 1866–1947
835:
806:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
772:, in his late work, the
709:, one reflected in the "
533:Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu
171:Psychological Researches
143:The literary association
19:Not to be confused with
3299:Anti-Romanian sentiment
3247:Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen
3225:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
2959:Romanian National Party
2918:Social Democratic Party
2898:People's Movement Party
2593:Social Democratic Union
2229:Radical Peasants' Party
2199:National Agrarian Party
2138:Socialist Workers Party
2108:Social Democratic Party
2012:Romanian National Party
1801:People's Movement Party
1760:Union of the Ukrainians
1730:Social Democratic Party
1620:Association of Italians
1296:traditional month names
1164:Argots and speech forms
972:Oxford University Press
642:Partidul Constituţional
623:University of Bucharest
424:August Treboniu Laurian
247:Forms Without Substance
232:Danubian Principalities
3024:Crusade of Romanianism
2974:Democratic Union Party
2938:Romanian Village Party
2928:National Liberal Party
2860:Ferdinand I of Romania
2578:Right Romania Alliance
2563:National Union PSD+PUR
2431:Union of Romanian Jews
2411:People's Council Party
2260:Crusade of Romanianism
2143:United Socialist Party
1931:National Liberal Party
1926:Liberal Union–Brătianu
1880:Democratic Union Party
1796:Nation People Together
1700:National Liberal Party
893:Potra, George (1981).
758:
614:
523:Using the same logic,
521:
470:
447:
405:phonetic transcription
376:influence, especially
372:brought a new wave of
361:
335:political conservatism
312:National Liberal Party
296:
156:
79:
3127:Deșteaptă-te, române!
3113:Cântă cucu-n Bucovina
2883:Greater Romania Party
2548:Hungarian German Bloc
2543:Green Ecologist Party
2518:Centre Right Alliance
2346:German People's Party
2068:Peasant Workers' Bloc
2033:Banat Socialist Party
1841:The Right Alternative
1816:Greater Romania Party
1786:Greater Romania Party
1523:Romanian Language Day
1291:longest Romanian word
768:found its voice with
738:
629:generation. However,
601:
486:
451:
428:
352:
259:
150:
90:United Principalities
77:
3304:Bessarabian question
3257:Corneliu Vadim Tudor
3054:United Romania Party
2888:New Generation Party
2672:Romanian nationalism
2598:Social Liberal Union
2513:Centre Left Alliance
2467:Party of Free Change
2219:Peasants' Party–Lupu
2194:League Against Usury
2164:Agrarian Union Party
1982:Constitutional Party
1900:United Romania Party
1395:Transylvanian School
1286:Lexis and vocabulary
478:Romantic nationalism
228:Treaty of Adrianople
133:Frankfurt Parliament
2850:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
2630:Politics of Romania
2447:Ecological Movement
1695:League of Albanians
1131:Republic of Moldova
798:Arthur Schopenhauer
621:, and, through his
594:Moving to Bucharest
482:origin of Romanians
350:. Maiorescu wrote:
192:Romanian literature
187:Convorbiri Literare
117:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
3360:Kingdom of Romania
3273:Aromanian question
2855:Carol I of Romania
2713:National communism
1972:Conservative Party
1769:Extraparliamentary
1745:Union of Croatians
1740:Union of Armenians
1720:Save Romania Union
1680:Force of the Right
1478:Speech communities
1319:historic evolution
1053:, 6(639)/June 2005
978:Garabet Ibrăileanu
793:art for art's sake
740:The old school is
692:Garabet Ibrăileanu
638:Conservative Party
615:
586:became well-known
572:Ion Luca Caragiale
344:Conservative Party
284:Music Conservatory
207:Ion Luca Caragiale
157:
80:
3322:
3321:
3220:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3203:
3202:
3084:Cîntarea României
3062:
3061:
2869:Political parties
2845:Michael the Brave
2840:Stephen the Great
2823:
2822:
2772:Bridge of Flowers
2638:
2637:
2611:
2610:
2573:Red Quadrilateral
2376:Italian Community
2224:Ploughmen's Front
2017:Vlad Țepeș League
1705:Party of the Roma
1595:Political parties
1561:
1560:
1454:Balkan sprachbund
1198:(Romanian itself)
1184:
1183:
1088:Romanian language
796:and the ideas of
684:Romanian populism
511:and a passage in
401:Romanian language
390:Vasile Alecsandri
378:German philosophy
264:Romanian Atheneum
173:(1868 and 1869),
121:Costache Negruzzi
3372:
3102:
3101:
3079:Cenaclul Flacăra
2873:
2872:
2835:Vlad the Impaler
2745:
2744:
2735:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2641:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1548:
1442:Language contact
1405:Romanian Academy
1379:Romanian Braille
1207:Megleno-Romanian
1161:
1160:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1057:
954:George Călinescu
941:
935:
926:
920:
914:
908:
899:
898:
890:
884:
882:Direcţia nouă...
878:
869:
863:
857:
851:
770:George Călinescu
612:
529:National-Liberal
492:(...) wrote his
292:National Theatre
280:natural sciences
64:Romanian culture
36:literary society
3380:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3350:Culture in Iași
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3287:
3283:Romanianization
3261:
3199:
3181:
3098:Popular culture
3093:
3058:
2947:
2864:
2819:
2813:Greater Romania
2776:
2736:
2727:
2706:Neo-Legionarism
2674:
2669:
2639:
2634:
2620:Portal:Politics
2607:
2508:Alliance PSD+PC
2491:
2435:
2371:Hungarian Union
2314:Ethnic minority
2309:
2300:Romanian Action
2243:
2214:Peasants' Party
2159:Agrarian League
2147:
2128:Socialist Party
2021:
1955:
1904:
1863:
1860:
1850:
1811:Ecologist Party
1764:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1562:
1557:
1537:
1511:
1473:
1437:
1383:
1359:Modern alphabet
1347:
1345:Modern Romanian
1341:Re-latinization
1333:Common Romanian
1325:Classical Latin
1312:
1216:
1180:
1159:
1090:
1085:
1027:
950:
945:
944:
936:
929:
921:
917:
909:
902:
891:
887:
879:
872:
864:
860:
852:
843:
838:
808:and others as "
782:of his earlier
680:
664:Austria-Hungary
596:
553:Dimitrie Onciul
544:professionalism
366:
255:Western culture
224:
219:
151:Pogor House in
145:
110:Theodor Rosetti
72:
56:Theodor Rosetti
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3292:Related topics
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3230:Mihai Eminescu
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Romanian Front
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2943:S.O.S. Romania
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2305:Romanian Front
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
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2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:National Party
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:Union of Serbs
1752:
1750:Union of Poles
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1725:S.O.S. Romania
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Hellenic Union
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1323:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1212:Istro-Romanian
1209:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1025:External links
1023:
1022:
1021:
1006:Titu Maiorescu
1003:
975:
964:Keith Hitchins
961:
949:
946:
943:
942:
927:
915:
900:
885:
870:
858:
840:
839:
837:
834:
724:agents of the
679:
672:
668:Central Powers
603:Titu Maiorescu
595:
592:
517:intelligentsia
365:
362:
276:archaeological
242:Westernization
223:
220:
218:
215:
199:Mihai Eminescu
175:Man and Nature
144:
141:
125:Ioan Maiorescu
71:
68:
60:Iacob Negruzzi
44:Titu Maiorescu
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3377:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
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3333:
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3330:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Nicolae Iorga
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Ion Antonescu
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:Organizations
3065:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
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2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
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2929:
2926:
2924:
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2916:
2914:
2911:
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2901:
2899:
2896:
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2880:
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2871:
2867:
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2833:
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2826:
2814:
2811:
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2809:
2806:
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2799:
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2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2723:Protochronism
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
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2654:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2631:
2628:
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2623:
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2618:
2617:
2614:
2604:
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2500:
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2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Swabian Group
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
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2258:
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2250:
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2240:
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2227:
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2222:
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2217:
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2210:
2207:
2205:
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2200:
2197:
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2119:
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2109:
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1951:Radical Party
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65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Petre P. Carp
45:
41:
37:
34:
30:
29:
22:
3208:Nationalists
3088:
2893:Noua Dreaptă
2781:Unifications
2396:Magyar Party
2391:Jewish Party
2341:German Party
2255:Citizen Bloc
1981:
1960:Conservative
1846:Volt Romania
1826:Noua Dreaptă
1550:
1505:Timok Vlachs
1425:
1416:
1409:
1399:
1352:Written form
1337:Old Romanian
1329:Vulgar Latin
1143:Transylvania
1048:
1037:
1016:
1010:
999:
994:
988:
982:
967:
957:
938:
923:
918:
911:
910:Ibrăileanu,
894:
888:
881:
866:
865:Ibrăileanu,
861:
855:În contra...
854:
830:Vasile Conta
828:philosopher
809:
801:
791:
787:
783:
777:
761:
759:
753:
741:
739:
733:
729:
710:
695:
694:argued that
687:
681:
678:s guidelines
675:
656:
650:
645:
641:
635:
630:
626:
616:
584:Ioan Slavici
567:
563:
561:
541:
524:
522:
493:
487:
473:
471:
452:
448:
443:
429:
398:
393:
369:
367:
353:
338:
332:
319:
297:
272:philological
260:
250:
246:
239:
225:
211:Ioan Slavici
196:
185:
183:
178:
174:
170:
164:
160:
158:
103:
98:
87:
81:
52:Vasile Pogor
27:
26:
25:
3309:Moldovenism
3176:Trei culori
3148:Hora Unirii
2808:Great Union
2701:Legionarism
2696:Irredentism
2053:Labor Party
1967:Civic Force
1868:Nationalist
1806:PRO Romania
1791:Green Party
1317:Periods of
1301:profanities
1221:Linguistics
1096:Subdialects
937:Călinescu,
922:Călinescu,
880:Maiorescu,
853:Maiorescu,
826:materialist
764:during the
722:Romanticist
707:bourgeoisie
588:antisemites
557:Ioan Bogdan
490:Petru Maior
382:Romanticism
316:proletariat
308:patriarchal
304:bourgeoisie
203:Ion Creangă
179:The Germans
135:during the
38:founded in
3329:Categories
3252:Horia Sima
3162:Pui de lei
3009:Iron Guard
2718:Poporanism
2265:Iron Guard
1171:Gumuțeasca
948:References
779:Compendium
776:-inspired
754:Poporanist
742:Poporanist
734:Poporanism
718:generation
688:Poporanism
653:Positivism
576:A. C. Cuza
570:associate
531:historian
454:Neologisms
436:physiology
226:After the
177:(1873) or
70:Beginnings
2686:Dacianism
2496:Alliances
2248:Far-right
2026:Left-wing
1500:Moldovans
1485:Romanians
1449:Substrata
1308:Phonology
1202:Aromanian
1153:Maramureș
1104:Wallachia
818:Caragiale
774:Communist
750:democrats
712:pessimism
700:Moldavian
619:Bucharest
607:Bucharest
562:Although
509:Eutropius
488:In 1812,
466:formalism
440:ethnicity
416:etymology
364:Influence
300:landlords
95:Bucharest
3266:Policies
3141:Drum bun
2691:Dacology
2679:Ideology
2603:USR PLUS
2152:Agrarian
1552:Category
1495:diaspora
1272:Former:
1176:Totoiana
1126:Bukovina
1121:Moldavia
814:Eminescu
802:Junimea'
716:Eminescu
696:Junimea'
676:Junimea'
657:see the
627:Junimist
432:euphonic
339:Junimea'
326:thinker
288:fine art
161:Junimea'
114:Domnitor
33:Romanian
3335:Junimea
3186:Phrases
3089:Junimea
2876:Current
2828:Figures
1909:Liberal
1861:Defunct
1599:Romania
1400:Junimea
1243:numbers
1228:Grammar
1148:Crișana
1116:Dobruja
1109:Oltenia
1000:Junimea
822:Creangă
788:Junimea
762:Junimea
730:Junimea
714:of the
646:Junimea
631:Junimea
568:Junimea
564:Junimea
525:Junimea
505:Dacians
474:Junimea
462:Romance
394:Junimea
386:Realism
370:Junimea
324:Marxist
320:Junimea
270:, with
236:Ottoman
166:Macbeth
129:Craiova
108:class (
99:Junimea
28:Junimea
2952:Former
2741:Events
1516:Others
1490:origin
974:, 1994
746:spirit
703:boyars
582:, and
555:, and
513:Julian
501:Romans
458:Slavic
374:German
357:obolus
310:. The
217:Theory
31:was a
3235:Doina
3105:Songs
3074:ASTRA
2440:Other
1238:verbs
1233:nouns
1138:Banat
836:Notes
496:Dacia
413:Latin
348:ethos
106:boyar
88:see:
240:see
153:Iași
58:and
40:Iași
1597:in
590:).
559:).
249:" (
3331::
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1339:→
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980:,
966:,
956:,
930:^
903:^
873:^
844:^
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438:,
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337:,
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278:,
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