501:
1497:. Pântea believed the massacre to have been incidental, not deliberate. Using Cantacuzino as his messenger, asked Antonescu to punish the guilty parties and allow Jewish deportees back in Odessa. Pântea reports that Cantacuzino shared his belief that the massacre was going to weigh heavily on "the entire country", and that "an objective inquiry" was needed; he writes that Antonescu threatened to shoot him for disobedience, but that he changed his mind, and even that he lived to regret his order for massacre. Cantacuzino continued to intervene with Antonescu on other matters, such as when she obtained the naturalization of Pavel Chasovnikov, an Odesan surgeon.
1151:
932:
1435:, on whose behalf Alexandrina Cantacuzino had intervened in the past. As noted by Cheșchebec, Alecu's killing "apparently is not related to Cantacuzino's show of support for the legionary regime". Her decision to join the Iron Guard was motivated, according to Bucur, by "sheer opportunism or because hoped to carve out a leading, powerful role in such a dynamic movement", and most likely not by fear of reprisals. Signs of this rapprochement are recorded in the Guard's newspapers: in 1940,
821:, SONFR negotiated its collaboration with the secular wing of the women's movement. Cantacuzino herself became a member of the nation-wide Association for the Civil and Political Emancipation of Romanian Women (AECPFR), and unsuccessfully tried to absorb the smaller League for Women's Rights and Duties (LDDF) into SONFR. In June 1919, she was also elected honorary president of the female section within the "Cross Brotherhood", founded by right-wing nationalist
603:, who believed in fulfilling a "historic mission of the upper classes", focusing on assisting "the socially disadvantaged as a way of serving the country and the nation." The same is noted by Pruteanu, who also records her claim that Romanian nobility lived "outside the murderous luxury that surrounds us." Pruteanu believes that Cantacuzino was "confused", with "a fractured identity", forever oscillating between "conformism and rebellion."
1067:. One of the GFR's main goals, cemented in its charter, was "an active propaganda work, oral as well as written, among the feminine masses"; another one was the setting up of Initiative Committees for female representation. However, the GFR remained highly centralized, and no clear criterion for admitting or rejecting membership was ever recorded in its statutes. Political scientist Alexandra Petrescu finds that the GFR, a "
793:
secure in the knowledge that
Grigore Cantacuzino was in favor with the Germans. Such claims are also found in the diaries of Pia Alimănișteanu (Brătianu's daughter and Sabina's niece), who additionally writes that "Didina" enjoyed "hunting with the hounds and running with the hare". These views were met with opprobrium upon publishing: Sabina's work was dismissed as a libelous sample of Brătianu's "monopoly on patriotism".
740:, Alexandrina became a member of the Red Cross "Ladies' Committee", working to provide humanitarian assistance for the prisoners-of-war in Romania and abroad. Her political attitudes at the time remain a mystery, with the exception of her belief that "a new world shall rise from the bloodied humanity"—not as an endorsement of political revolution, but as a trust in the ethnic Romanian capacity for work and rejuvenation.
639:
870:
intellectuals "aimed to appease fears of the destructive potential of feminist 'individualism', offering the 'acceptable' and 'nationally authentic' face of
Romanian feminism." Their publicity efforts were fruitless, since: "despite ideological differences, all feminists aimed to alter the traditional family order. This common feature blurred the differences between various strands of feminism."
1398:. The Iron Guard accepted Alecu, but mistrusted Alexandrina, seeing her as a dangerous internationalist. In a 1937 letter (recovered and published in 2005), General Cantacuzino-Grănicerul threatens Alexandrina to stop intervening between him, Alecu, and Codreanu, accusing her of having "filled our Orthodox schools with kikes" and of "preach an entente with the enemies of the people."
31:
1247:
only feminist to have let herself be seduced by authoritarianism." The AECPFR and other organizations repudiated
Cantacuzino, declaring themselves for emancipation within the format of liberal democracy. Occasionally, Cantacuzino herself still showed interest in the development of democratic societies: a guest of the Friends of America society on
710:. King and government followed the Army retreat into Moldavia, where they remained besieged until 1918. The invasion further divided the Cantacuzino family, between those who aligned themselves with the German regime in Bucharest, and those who, as loyalists, fought against the Germans in Moldavia. The Zamora Castle was requisitioned by the
588:, especially those concerning Catholicism, but mostly with a tactical goal in mind. Moreover, one might mention here the organizers' intent to make use, as it did, of the Church-controlled, nation-wide, infrastructure: the priests as instruments for propaganda and the influence, not just moral, of the leading Orthodox hierarchs."
1251:, 1932, she lectured about "Different Aspects of American Life and Culture". Although no longer serving as ICW Vice President in 1936, she was made Convener of its Fine and Applied Arts Committee, as well as delegate to the Joint Conference of the International Council of Women and the International Council of Women in
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since 1933, and became the Guard's second-in-command from 1937. From 1935, Alexandrina's youngest son, Alexandru "Alecu" Cantacuzino, a former member of the diplomatic corps, was also attracted into this political venture. He wrote tracts disseminating the Iron Guard's ideology, focusing on praise of
527:
The central core of SONFR was a group of high-society ladies, including
Alexandrina Cantacuzino and, among others, Zoe Râmniceanu, Elena Odobescu, Anastasia Filipescu, Maria Glagoveanu, Sultana Miclescu and Zetta Manu. As indicated by the name, SONFR was situated on the conservative right of Romanian
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of the age, claiming that village children were abandoning "the great reservoir of family life" so as to "quickly become Mr. and Mrs. this-and-that". In contrast with the AECPFR, Cantacuzino and the CNFR represented a "national reformist" side of the feminist current. As Cheșchebec notes, such women
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Sabina
Cantacuzino, Brătianu's sister and an in-law of Alexandrina's, observed her recovery from the side. In her memoirs, published in 1937, she accuses Alexandrina of staging "an advertisement". In her view, the SONFR leader making "a public show" of her compassion toward Romanian soldiers, while
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On several occasions, Cantacuzino stood up to the German authorities and protected SONFR's interests, usually with significant success. SONFR was involved in smuggling recovering
Romanian soldiers back into the Moldavian free zone. The hospital she managed was eventually evicted by the Germans, and
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Upon her mother's death in 1881, the five-year-old
Alexandrina was raised by her aunt, Eliza Ghica, and formally adopted by Eliza's husband, Vladimir M. Ghica. With Ghica money, she was able to pursue studies abroad, in France. In or around 1899, after Eliza Ghica's death, Alexandrina Pallady-Ghica
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tinged
Cantacuzino's writings from an early stage: in the early 1920s, she opined that "foreign-ism" was one of the factors working against female emancipation, having "dragged the tender soul that is womanhood out of her home and to purposeless partying." However, her stated internationalism was
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Researchers are divided when it comes to evaluating the actual appeal of
Cantacuzino's nationalist feminism. Bucur writes that "most feminists, like Alexandrina Cantacuzino, were also aggressive, even jingoistic nationalists". Contrarily, Petrescu notes: "Alexandrina Cantacuzino is the interwar's
796:
The
Conservative Party was in disarray, losing its members in droves. Marghiloman held on to the unpopular "Conservative" title (later "Conservative-Progressive"), while Grigore Cantacuzino advised in favor of reforming it as a "Constitutional Party", or merging it into Averescu's more successful
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and Premier Brătianu agreed to join the war against the Central Powers. This had the effect of silencing Germanophile dissidence. Alexandrina volunteered for work as a nurse. In August 1916, she became manager of the No. 113 Hospital, set up at the SONFR Institute in Bucharest with funds from the
1084:, Bucharest, on April 28 of that year. This resulted in a minor victory: a new law was passed in August 1929, allowing most professional women and all war widows to vote and participate in council elections. Her notoriety was reflected in other areas. She was the first-ever woman Officer of the
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Alexandrina returned to work at the hospital. She decided to hold a banquet there in honor of Alexandru D. Sturdza and other defectors from the loyalist Romanian Army. The affair ended in a brawl between the party guests and the inmates-patients they ran into. In late 1917, with the fall of its
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inauguration, where she spoke about SONFR's contribution to the "eternal remembrance" of World War I heroes; she also called to memory the "Glorious Reign" of King Ferdinand as a "Symbol of the Fatherland" and "the Soul among Souls". According to Bucur, the speech can be read as a jibe at both
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Although a nationalist at home, Cantacuzino was soon involved in the international women's movement, often as a Romanian representative. It was part of her power-sharing deal with Botez that she should deal with the external affairs of CNFR. In 1923, she was the LDDF's delegate to the Congress
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SONFR's more formal mission was to combat "foreign religious propaganda" and "the foreign educational establishments", which it described as sources of corruption for young Romanian women. According to historian Alin Ciupală, these goals should be seen as reflecting the "borderline intolerant"
1343:, in 1939. She was not a GFR appointee, but rather an old AECPFR combatant. For her part, Cantacuzino still held diplomatic assignments at the League of Nations, this time representing the Romanian government. She was tasked with improving the livelihoods of children and women affected by the
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The GFR, unlike all other feminist groups, banned women from enlisting in party politics, but encouraged them to run in municipal elections as they pleased. According to Petrescu, this demand should be contrasted with the GFR's structure and goals, which, she argues, are those of an informal
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For Cantacuzino, Romanian Orthodoxy was "the blessed shield of the Romanian nation", with priests and women holding complementary positions as defenders of traditional life. At SONFR, where she still invested most of her efforts, she tackled generic Orthodox causes, such as taking sides with
729:. Together with Marghiloman and others, he stood up to the Germans when it came to providing for civilian needs, such as when he procured firewood for the Bucharest populace. Reportedly, he also took a mediating position between Marghiloman, who remained respectful of King Ferdinand, and
1166:. In the realm of feminism, Cantacuzino rose to the position of CNFR President. This followed the protest resignation of Calypso Botez, part of an anti-Cantacuzino schism inside the CNFR. Also in 1930, Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino died, leaving Alexandrina a widow. She never remarried.
1314:. Additionally, she and the GFR envisaged state bonuses for "eugenic" marriages between full-blooded Romanian youths. Meanwhile, her connections in the international feminist movement became alarmed by the growth of antisemitic violence. In a December 1933 letter to Cantacuzino,
1410:, where, unbeknown to his family, he was shot dead by the guards (September 22, 1939). Around October, rumors spread that Alexandrina and her other sons were also about to be interned; the authorities eventually decided to monitor Alexandrina by placing her under house arrest.
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himself, with its vision of Latin women as equal combatants in a corporatist revolution. This switch in allegiance was occurring just as the Little Entente of Women began fading into insignificance. Cantacuzino was vehemently opposed to the other delegates, including Greece's
1229:. In 1933, she spoke in front of GFR members about the corporatist "reconstruction" of Romania, drafting out her own project for senatorial "corporatist elections" by men- and women-electors. The immediate effect of such interventions was the creation of a GFR youth wing,
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signified the end of "doll-like women", of "women as eternal children", of "women as objects of pleasure"; a woman's new "gospel" was to be written among "morality in public life". While advocating the emergence of a "mother-citizen" generation, she deplored the rapid
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in 1927, and again in 1933, as well as IAWSEC rapporteur to the same international body (1926, 1928, 1933). Drifting apart from both the LDDF and AECPFR, who accused her of using feminism to advance her own "internationalist" goals, Cantacuzino presided upon
789:, she also urged Marghiloman to stay indoors, because the Entente's military mission and the general populace wished to avoid him. As a tribute to her patriotic actions, Cantacuzino was elected SONFR president in 1918; she would lead the Society until 1938.
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seemed to agree with most of Cantacuzino's authoritarian-and-corporatist ideals, including women's suffrage with overall disenfranchisement, and even female conscription. Transformed by King Carol's decrees into a corporatist chamber, and controlled by the
769:. In Bucharest, the Marghiloman Conservatives created their own Legislative Commission, with the aim of achieving peace and reconciliation; Grigore Cantacuzino was among its members, but failed to win appointment in the subsequent Marghiloman Cabinet.
913:, Cantacuzino embarked on "a two-decade struggle to become the custodian of the public remembrance of the war." The way Cantacuzino saw it, the reburial of bones was an essentially female-and-Orthodox task, since women were traditionally experts in
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Cantacuzino immersed herself in the struggle for electoral emancipation, lobbying for women's right to vote and run in elections for urban and rural citizens' councils. To this goal, she created in 1929 an Association of Romanian Women
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association. She took up similar activities at SONFR, where she lectured about the Orthodox and nationalist ethos, attracting into Society ranks many female members of the middle classes, as well as new arrivals from the province of
1401:
Before the close of 1938, King Carol's police forces clamped down on the Iron Guard, and killed Codreanu in custody. Alexandrina was placed under surveillance, suspected of having helped the outlawed movement, while her GFR and
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position of Romanian Orthodoxy, but not particularly conclusive at that: "We believe that SONFR's would-be alliance with the Church determined the adoption by the Ladies' Society leadership of ideas circulated by some Orthodox
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Cantacuzino was co-opted among the official Romanian representatives to the League of Nations (uninterruptedly, from 1929 to 1938), primarily as adviser on women and child protection. Meanwhile, together with art historian
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signaled a sudden victory for the Entente Powers, and instantly brought the fall of Marghiloman's administration. Alexandrina Cantacuzino, who witnessed the events, mediated between the disgraced Marghiloman and General
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women's traditional roles as mothers and wives", being entirely apolitical. However, the Society was soon involved in a number of adjacent projects, such as disseminating propaganda among the Romanians of
305:
framework, losing the support of liberal women, but also building connections with fascist politicians. Cantacuzino's policies within the Association of Romanian Women were mirrored in the legislation of
1750:
524:, SONFR). While she is most often credited as a founding member, the Society might have existed under a different name as early as 1893, with Ecaterina Cantacuzino, Gheorghe's wife, as its president.
2849:
Valentin Săndulescu, "Sacralised Politics in Action: the February 1937 Burial of the Romanian Legionary Leaders Ion Moța and Vasile Marin", in Matthew Feldman, Marius Turda, Tudor Georgescu (eds.),
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political party. Cantacuzino voiced her ideas in the GFR and CNFR petitions of December 1930 and March 1932, while also asking that representatives of women's organizations be assigned seats in the
1504:, which had resulted in Antonescu's arrest and the denunciation of Romania's Nazi alliance. Historian Ion Constantin claims that she committed suicide, "to avoid the torment of detention under the
599:; Cantacuzino herself was less clearly affiliated with this current, although she did describe herself a "feminist". As noted by gender historian Roxana Cheșchebec, Cantacuzino was primarily an
752:, who was being pressured into handing in the church administration to Mariu Theodorian-Carada, a Catholic. Such shows of dissent almost led to Alexandrina's own imprisonment in a German camp.
568:), and 22 public libraries. Some of its funds went directly into purchasing land for Romanian peasant communities in Transylvania and elsewhere, with schools being built as far afield as
2937:
829:. In 1921, aiming to create an all-Romanian feminist representative body, she was made Vice President of the newly formed National Council of Romanian Women, CNFR; the President was
3510:
2024:
1177:, which probably impressed Cantacuzino during her visit to Rome, had widened the fault line in the Romanian feminist movement. Cantacuzino was won over by the fascist critique of
1470:, Cantacuzino celebrated "the holy hour" as the definitive end of "Jewish democracy", and envisaged a redemption of Europe under fascist rule. The Antonescu regime soon enforced
1235:
801:. The brothers' "Cantacuzino Conservative" group became a virtually independent faction, sometimes in rebellion against Marghiloman's orders, and sympathetic to the breakaway
392:
The marriage produced four children in all, but Alexandrina was the only one to survive infancy. From an affair with a Maria Stamatiade, Theodor Pallady had a son, the future
2558:
1114:, she set up a Union of Intellectuals at a formal gala in 1926. This circle was a local affiliate of Europe's Federation of Intellectual Unions, whose founders included
492:
with the goal of establishing her blood relations with various noble families. Signs of her family wealth included one of Bucharest's first privately owned automobiles.
1531:, and finally reassigned to them in 2004, it was later sold to other private owners. The Ciocănești manor, confiscated from Gheorghe Cantacuzino, was classified as a
1322:
spirit in your country. Is this true? It would really be a deplorable if spirit were to win over a Latin country that is so sane, and so very close to our hearts."
485:
The Cantacuzinos stated claim to a princely title, which, although rendered useless under Romanian law, allowed Alexandrina to style herself "Princess Cantacuzino".
706:(her assistant managers were Elena Odobescu and Elena Perticari). By the end of the year, however, the Romanian Army was on the retreat everywhere, with the Germans
3029:
687:, were closely associated with Germanophilia. In September 1914, they were bought from him by a German consortium, and became the mouthpieces of German propaganda.
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vacation home, but not before being thoroughly devastated by the local trade unions. It was also nationalized in 1949, but continued to be looted after that date.
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origins, had been highly influential in the political affairs of Moldavia and Wallachia. Her father-in-law was the magistrate, Conservative policymaker and former
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1310:, she proposed the introduction of legislation banning all "foreigners" and minorities from marrying Romanian state employees, as well as 10-year reviews for all
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Alexandrina and Grigore had three sons, all of them born between 1900 and 1905, before both parents resumed their public careers. In 1910, Alexandrina joined a
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Under the provisions of a law which allowed some women to run in local elections, Cantacuzino served on the Bucharest Financial Commission in 1927, and was a
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as Orthodoxy's "brothers". Under her management, SONFR heralded a number of initiatives, including the creation of schools, hospitals, and workers' canteens.
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There were already signs that a rift was occurring between King Carol and the fascist feminists. In September 1938, Cantacuzino was a guest of honor at the
905:
Following its involvement in the work to recover and honor the remains of soldiers killed in battle, SONFR found itself locked in a bitter rivalry with the
614:. According to contemporary sources, he owed his appointment exclusively to "the Nawab", who was at the time performing his last official function, that of
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between the Guard and Antonescu, which was won by the latter, Cantacuzino endured an Antonescu supporter. By June, Antonescu had agreed to participate in
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560:, who offered his full support. With such sources of revenue, supplemented by bank loans and private donations, SONFR established two girls' schools, 17
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Although SONFR was sponsored by "the Nawab" and other mainline Conservatives, such ideological positions resonated with the National Liberal program of
1710:
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across the land. According to Alexandra Petrescu, the legislation introduced at the time was remarkably similar with the Cantacuzino project of 1937.
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in the 1920s and 1930s. A leader of the National Council of Romanian Women and the Association of Romanian Women, she served as Vice President of the
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1508:". Roxana Cheșchebec, however, records her death cause as "old age". She was survived by Gheorghe Cantacuzino, who pursued a career in archeology,
1437:
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1374:, a rival, largely underground, fascist movement. Other members of the Cantacuzino clan were enthusiastic supporters. A distant relative, General
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1055:". She was dividing her time between Bucharest and Zamora Castle, where, in August 1928, her eldest son Gheorghe Grigore married Zoe Greceanu.
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Cheșchebec (2006), pp. 89-90 (see also Călinescu, pg. 702), hyphenates the word "Princess" when used in reference to Alexandrina Cantacuzino.
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upper-class: her father, Lieutenant Colonel Theodor Pallady (1847/1853–1916), an aristocrat from the eastern region (and former state) of
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Beginning with the deaths of King Ferdinand and Brătianu, Romania went through a political power shift: in 1930, the junior king,
1071:" order, mimicked the "masculine hierarchy" of traditional political parties, effectively subverting the democratizing process of
909:("Heroes' Cult") organization, although Cantacuzino served on the leadership boards of both organizations. According to historian
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1181:, and, while still a feminist, began voicing support for an alternative to Romania's own liberal regime. Cantacuzino envisaged a
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1126:, and whose stated mission was finding a solution to "the vital crisis of the continent". One of its members was journalist
1003:(ICW), and, as such became Romania's best-known feminist. She was one of the European delegates to ICW's 1925 Conference in
809:, and, contrary to the moderate Conservatives, wanted the party to represent, as before 1914, the interests of landowners.
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Cantacuzino (front row, third from right) and other SONFR delegates at a Bucharest rally for women's suffrage, March 1932
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1983:
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Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries
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968:, MAF), or "Women of the Small Nations", it aligned Romanian feminist organizations with like-minded sororities from
500:
366:). Her birth date is known to have been 20 September 1876, but other sources mistakenly credit it as 1877 or 1881.
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1218:
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According to historian Marian Pruteanu, Alexandrina was "an avid collector of decorations and titles", who studied
385:, and the heiress of a large estate. Through Pallady's mother, Alexandrina descended from another boyar house, the
370:
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Cantacuzino was not an uncritical affiliate of Antonescu's policies, as she showed during her October 1941 visit
1445:'s interview with Cantacuzino, where she described the political role of women in the National Legionary regime.
1387:", eugenics, race, and sexuality. In 1936, he was one of the Guard's volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, on the
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105:
1367:, Cantacuzino publicly complained that her goal of achieving women's suffrage had turned into a bitter victory.
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833:, of SONFR fame. Around 1923, she was one of the conservative proponents of women's suffrage, criticizing the
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2760:"Cécile Brunschvicg, femme, féministe, juive, face aux défis de l’intégration et de la neutralité religieuse"
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The final stage of Cantacuzino's career covers saw her collateral involvement in the political upheavals of
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wing of SONFR resigned in 1934, after Cantacuzino refused to testify, under oath, that she was not a covert
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services. On such grounds, SONFR secured a virtual monopoly over the projects to honor those fallen in the
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325:'s government in early 1941. Having earlier reported to the League of Nations on the damages caused by the
290:. A wartime nurse, she became a herald of war remembrance initiatives (responsible, in large part, for the
279:
148:
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Eufrosina Popescu, "Dezbaterea problemei emancipării femeii în Parlament și în afara lui (1922—1923)", in
1106:. She also served as head of the Female Section during the June 1929 International Agricultural Congress.
408:, the actress, were nephews of Lt. Col. Pallady, and as such cousins of Alexandrina and Al. T. Stamatiad.
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placed Romania in a delicate situation. From 1914 to the summer of 1916, the National Liberal cabinet of
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3296:"Das Deutsche Reich, die Legionärsbewegung und die Ermordung des Ministerpräsidenten Armand Călinescu"
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3145:"The Achievement of Female Suffrage in Romania", in Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín (eds.),
3127:"Cantacuzino, Princess Alexandrina", in Francisca de Haan, Krasimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi (eds.),
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and her feminism led her to join the upper-class charity SONFR, of which she became President after
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Lui Alexandru Marghiloman, omagiu cu prilejul unei îndoite aniversari: prietenii și admiratorii lui
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inquired: "there is talk of terrible antisemitic campaigns in Romania, and of the development of a
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630:. In 1915, Alexandrina also inherited the properties of her adoptive father, including Ciocănești.
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400:(born 1885). Alexandrina's paternal family also produced other intellectual figures of importance:
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The marriage propelled Cantacuzino into the high society, also bringing her into contact with the
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333:. This was her last known public cause. Cantacuzino died, in relative obscurity, not long after
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Cantacuzino was a member of Romanian nobility, and, after her marriage to the wealthy landowner
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1130:, who left sarcastic notes about the Union's cultural conservatism. Received and celebrated in
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618:. The immensely large Cantacuzino estate was split between the two sons, both of whom used the
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and King Carol, whose conduct in wartime had been less than honorable. At the GFR Congress in
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1138:(1928), Cantacuzino was also a delegate to the Federation of Intellectual Unions Congress in
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1040:("Solidarity"), her very own feminist sorority, enlisting it with IAWSEC as a separate body.
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3220:"Destinul unor reședințe aristocratice în primul deceniu al regimului comunist (1945–1955)"
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backers, the Brătianu administration collapsed in Moldavia, leaving Ferdinand to ponder an
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Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino, "Proectul de Concordat. Datoria credincioșilor ortodoxi", in
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1063:, GFR), of which she became president, while preserving control over CNFR and the smaller
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381:; her mother, also named Alexandrina (1845/1848 – 1881), was a Kretzulescu boyaress from
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After her involvement with the National Council of Romanian Women, she supported limited
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Alexandrina published a letter a protest; she and her husband also spoke up in favor of
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321:, of which her son Alecu was also an affiliate, Cantacuzino switched her support toward
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3058:
2858:
2825:
2727:
2260:
2211:
1714:
1505:
1384:
1344:
1226:
1178:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1048:
1032:
1016:
1004:
977:
683:
529:
326:
260:
187:
69:
2171:
Cor., "Constituirea 'Frățiilor de cruce' și Cununa surorilor de cruce din Cluj", in
1494:
1150:
999:
From 1925 to 1936, with a CNFR mandate, Cantacuzino served as Vice President of the
30:
3150:
2256:
1532:
1201:
1190:
1170:
762:
397:
3118:
2941:
2766:
2645:
2562:
2508:
2503:
2349:
1754:
1627:
1608:
1500:
Cantacuzino died in September, October, or November 1944. This was closely after
1490:
1388:
1174:
898:
an entity "entirely adverse" to the Romanian "unitary state", while referring to
861:
818:
695:
542:
401:
2724:
History of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration. Foreign Participation
677:. Grigore Cantacuzino oscillated between the two sides, but his two newspapers,
3242:, Editura Institutului de Arte Grafice Eminescu, Bucharest, 1927 (digitized by
2638:
2248:
1422:. During late 1940, Carol fell from power, and the Iron Guard established its "
1260:
1103:
969:
957:
670:
2726:, George Washington Bicentennial Commission, Washington, D. C., 1932, p.421.
2615:
2153:
Marghiloman, pp. 126-127, 134, 144, 225, 232, 244, 265-266, 322, 345, 371, 392
1391:. This episode upset his mother, who reportedly called his actions "idiotic".
1119:
1078:
Cantacuzino participated in the grand rally of 150 women's societies, held at
247:
political activist, philanthropist and diplomat, one of her country's leading
3309:
3051:"Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial
2813:
1432:
850:
830:
730:
674:
596:
546:
322:
1428:
781:, the King's favorite minister, circulating rumors that Romania was prey to
2556:"Al. Tzigara-Samurcaș - Din amintirile primului vorbitor la Radio românesc"
1620:
1457:
1419:
1303:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1197:
1091:
866:
666:
561:
534:
386:
363:
307:
263:. However, her feminist beliefs and international profile clashed with her
236:
109:
1394:
Alecu returned home in February 1937, and given a hero's reception at the
1351:
for children, and working on an internationally valid Children's Charter.
565:
3067:
3046:
1307:
1256:
1186:
1182:
1052:
910:
826:
805:. However, both Grigore and Marghiloman were horrified by the promise of
647:
610:
in the wake of the "Tramcar Affair", which had besmirched the opposition
592:
553:
452:
302:
287:
2731:
1718:
1602:"Discursuri despre femeie în România dintre cele două războaie mondiale"
1513:
1461:
1371:
1275:
1169:
Over several years, Alexandrina Cantacuzino's nationalism mutated into
1068:
988:, but also interested in finding common ground with feminists from the
846:
638:
569:
437:
318:
138:
1270:
services fully staffed by women, with the goal of achieving the total
1196:
As argued by Alexandra Petrescu, the GFR's ideology mutated into the "
940:
935:
Alexandrina Cantacuzino (center, marked X), receiving visitors at the
721:
Grigore was an associate of the Germanophile administration set up by
623:
3147:
The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe: Voting to Become Citizens
3037:
2854:
2821:
2135:
Bucur (2010), pg. 84. See also Podgoreanu & Costache, pp. 121-22.
1509:
1466:
1266:
At home, her eclectic feminist program included a project for making
1139:
887:
725:
in Bucharest, but moreover a confidant of the skeptical Conservative
489:
413:
382:
244:
1748:"Un secol de la moartea lui George Grigore Cantacuzino, zis Nababul"
1406:
were also outlawed. Alecu was detained at the concentration camp in
1364:
1263:'s Romanian Social Institute elected her on its steering committee.
772:
The year 1918 ended in unexpected defeat for the Germanophiles: the
3249:
1295:
1252:
891:
840:
During those years, Cantacuzino worked as a permanent lecturer for
538:
374:
268:
248:
2935:"Manipularea din presă în prima lună din al doilea război mondial"
2247:, "Orthodoxie et Roumanité: Le débat de l'entre deux guerres", in
462:(1833–1913). He was also one of the greatest estate-owners in the
661:). Public opinion became sharply divided among supporters of the
600:
283:
272:
3092:
Heroes and Victims: Remembering War in Twentieth-Century Romania
2454:
Cheșchebec (2006), p.89, 92; (2012), p.367; Daskalova, p.191-192
1193:
the poorly educated males (while enfranchising educated women).
1478:
1383:
its "irrational and persistent impulse", but also relating to "
1319:
1299:
1131:
1519:
In the years following Alexandrina's death, Zamora Castle was
860:
It was Cantacuzino's stated goal that the "new world" of the
573:
471:
996:
communities, inviting them to the women's congress of 1925.
3192:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Volume I
3190:
Krassimira Daskalova, "Balkans", in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.),
2812:, "The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian Iron Guard", in
2210:, Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Bucharest, 2001, p.166.
953:
1986:
3115:
Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent
2533:
Cheșchebec (2006), p.92; (2012), p.367; Daskalova, p.191
923:, their identification, and their annual commemoration.
16:
Romanian political activist, philanthropist and diplomat
1426:". At its helm was an army man and political maverick,
1279:
rejected by even more radical SONFR nationalists. This
3167:
Femeia în societatea românească a secolului al XIX-lea
1485:. It took place just days after the Antonescu-ordered
1007:
By 1926, her distinctions included the Grand Cross of
3135:, Budapest & New York City, 2006, p. 89-94.
2840:
Bucur (2003), p.67-68; Ornea, p.353-355, 357, 367-369
812:
3511:
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
3180:, Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Bucharest, 2010.
956:. While abroad, she created a female version of the
1464:. In an article for the official propaganda paper,
1325:
350:Alexandrina Pallady, also known under the pet name
2984:Constantin Preda, "Cantacuzino, Gheorghe I." , in
1974:"Un réception chez la princesse Cantacuzène, VIII"
428:("Princeling"). Her full name subsequently became
2873:Cheșchebec (2006), p.92; Trașcă & Born, p.298
1593:
1591:
960:, of which she was President until 1924. Dubbed "
482:and the leader of an inner-Conservative faction.
436:), with the inclusion of her husband's name as a
3307:
3286:Efemeridele. Însemnări & amintiri: 1908–1928
2410:Cheșchebec (2006), p.89, 90-91; Daskalova, p.191
2019:Dr. Metzulescu, "Președintele Crucii Roșii", in
1679:Ion, pg. 276. See also Cheșchebec (2006), pg. 89
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
626:. It was to serve as a frequent retreat for the
2818:Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion
2063:Alimănișteanu, p.26-27; Cheșchebec (2006), p.90
1370:It is unclear whether or not she supported the
1339:, the Senate received its first female member,
1239:(but, unlike it, focused only on campaigns for
1162:, was toppled by his own father, the disgraced
785:. Organizing the welcome-back celebrations for
522:Societatea Ortodoxă Națională a Femeilor Române
3516:Recipients of the War Cross for Military Valor
2709:
2707:
2705:
2520:
2518:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1378:, had been an associate of the Guard's leader
1047:after 1928, helping to establish the CNFR-run
733:, who wanted the dynasty ousted and replaced.
329:, she was also critical of Antonescu over the
2365:Cheșchebec (2006), p.89, 91; Daskalova, p.194
2184:Cheșchebec (2006), p.89, 90; Daskalova, p.191
1729:Bacalbașa, pg. 131; Cheșchebec (2006), pg. 89
1568:
926:
545:, and circulating letters of protest against
317:Sympathetic toward the revolutionary fascist
3075:Women, Gender and Fascism in Europe, 1919–45
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2401:Ciupală, captions to Illustrations 19 and 20
2388:
2386:
2144:Theodorian-Carada, pp. 88-89, 90-91, 119-120
1830:
1828:
1826:
416:, where she married the aspiring politician
2702:
2515:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2374:Horia Trandafir, "Reabilitarea femeii", in
2296:
2294:
1732:
1189:public administration service, and favored
518:National Orthodox Society of Romanian Women
3034:Bucureștii de altădată. Vol. IV: 1910–1914
2742:"Buletinul Institutului Social Român", in
2338:
2336:
1982:, October 27, 1927, p.2 (digitized by the
1527:; reclaimed by the Cantacuzinos after the
1460:, Romania recaptured the lost province of
606:Meanwhile, in 1913, Grigore was appointed
3254:Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească
2899:
2897:
2672:Cheșchebec (2006), p.91; Daskalova, p.191
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2383:
2326:
2324:
2208:Jean Bart (Eugeniu Botez). Viața și opera
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1823:
1807:
1805:
1652:Ion, pg. 276. See also Călinescu, pg. 702
1413:
1209:, over the issue of admitting women from
1145:
755:
714:, serving as residence for the Governor,
3486:Romanian people of the Spanish Civil War
3431:Eastern Orthodoxy and far-right politics
3401:Romanian collaborators with Nazi Germany
2744:Arhiva pentru Știința și Reforma Socială
2582:Arhiva pentru Știință și Reformă Socială
2457:
2291:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1149:
930:
637:
499:
3506:Great Officers of the Order of St. Sava
3456:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
3336:20th-century Romanian women politicians
3208:, in the Mihail Sadoveanu City Library
2663:Podgoreanu & Costache, p.85-86, 130
2333:
1643:Cheșchebec (2006), pg. 89; Ion, pg. 276
1031:(Officer). She was IWC delegate at the
282:, claimed the title of "Princess". Her
3308:
3024:Însemnări din timpul ocupației germane
2894:
2580:"Congresul Internațional Agricol", in
2413:
2321:
2030:
1891:
1802:
1799:Cheșchebec (2006), p.90; Ciupală, p.89
1613:Despre femei și istoria lor în România
3178:Gherman Pântea între mit și realitate
2986:Enciclopedia istoriografiei românești
1682:
1548:
1200:" feminism promoted, on occasion, by
1173:. By then, the apparent successes of
886:. She was also strongly opposed to a
736:With Marghiloman as President of the
389:, who owned the manor in Ciocănești.
223:
3198:, Oxford etc., 2008, p. 185-195
3073:"Romania", in Kevin Passmore (ed.),
2990:Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică
2791:Ornea, p.204, 300, 303-306, 309, 375
1094:judge, together with, among others,
654:preserved the country's neutrality (
633:
412:was living in the Romanian capital,
310:fascist regimes, beginning with the
3081:, Manchester, 2003, p. 57-78.
2851:Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe
2253:Rumanian Studies. Vol. V: 1980–1985
1915:Bacalbașa, p.105, 124-125, 152, 154
1790:Ciupală, caption to Illustration 18
1489:, of which she was informed by the
984:. She was generally hostile to the
495:
398:Alexandru Teodor "Al. T." Stamatiad
271:, and eventually her conversion to
13:
3258:Editura Fundației Culturale Române
813:CNFR creation and SONFR presidency
243:; 20 September 1876 – 1944) was a
35:Cantacuzino, photographed ca. 1925
14:
3527:
3421:20th-century Romanian politicians
3356:Romanian women's rights activists
3153:, Leiden, 2012, p. 357-372.
3133:Central European University Press
2891:Trașcă & Born, p.297-298, 304
1772:Bacalbașa, pp. 7-8, 134, 136, 138
1312:Romanian citizenship applications
1294:regime, Cantacuzino had embraced
466:, known to the general public as
369:She was by birth a member of the
3461:Romanian hospital administrators
3270:Anca Podgoreanu, Geta Costache,
3004:
2995:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2602:Podgoreanu & Costache, p.137
2497:"Femeile și politica autoritară"
1984:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1326:Between Carol and the Iron Guard
377:, had earned distinction in the
220:Alexandrina "Didina" Cantacuzino
159:Gheorghe Cantacuzino (died 1977)
29:
3026:, Independența, Bucharest, 1929
2885:
2876:
2867:
2843:
2834:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2749:
2736:
2716:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2625:
2616:"Ion Pillat și Liga Naţiunilor"
2605:
2596:
2587:
2574:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2448:
2435:
2404:
2395:
2368:
2359:
2312:
2303:
2282:
2269:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2200:
2187:
2178:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1814:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1723:
1617:Editura Universității București
1376:Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul
1134:by Methodius Zavoral, Abbot of
950:International Alliance of Women
591:SONFR members included liberal
430:Alexandrina Grigore Cantacuzino
257:International Alliance of Women
233:Alexandrina Grigore Cantacuzino
3496:Women in the Spanish Civil War
3491:Romanian women in World War II
3481:Romanian people of World War I
3411:Critics of the Catholic Church
3341:Romanian educational theorists
3274:, Ex-Ponto, Constanța, 2004.
3206:"Arhive bucureştene. Odobescu"
2593:Cheșchebec (2006), p.89, 91-92
1696:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1001:International Council of Women
508:in the family car, August 1900
253:International Council of Women
47:International Council of Women
1:
3501:Romanian women in World War I
3366:Romanian expatriates in Spain
3302:, Nr. 2/2008, p. 264-307
3016:
2882:Trașcă & Born, p.298, 304
2108:Cheșchebec (2006), pp. 89-90.
1236:Gruppo Universitario Fascista
803:Conservative-Democratic Party
642:Cantacuzino in or around 1936
404:, the modernist painter, and
362:(but, in 1876, still part of
345:
259:, as well as Romania, to the
162:Alexandru "Alecu" Cantacuzino
3471:Female nurses in World War I
3436:People from Dâmbovița County
3294:Ottmar Trașcă, Robert Born,
2681:Cheșchebec (2012), p.367-368
2162:Theodorian-Carada, pp. 90-91
2081:Theodorian-Carada, pp. 79-81
2027:, Bucharest, 1924, p.107-114
1713:, Bucharest, 1974, pg. 378.
1481:, capital of newly occupied
1347:, proposing the creation of
1233:, likely modeled on Italy's
952:(IAWSA, IAWSEC) Congress in
506:Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino
476:Mihail G. "Mișu" Cantacuzino
460:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
418:Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino
340:
280:Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino
149:Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino
7:
3371:Children's rights activists
3079:Manchester University Press
2392:Cheșchebec (2006), p.89, 91
1843:Ciupală, p.94; Filitti, p.6
1529:Romanian Revolution of 1989
1185:monarchy, campaigned for a
1096:Nicolae Constantin Batzaria
1013:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
937:Zamora (Cantacuzino) Castle
564:(the first of which was in
516:philanthropic society, the
474:"). Her brother-in-law was
434:Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino
184:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
10:
3532:
3288:, Serafica, Săbăoani, 1937
3228:Monumentele si istoria lor
2992:, Bucharest, 1978, p.80-81
2957:Constantin, p.114-116, 259
2126:Alimănișteanu, pg. 26, 107
2054:Alimănișteanu, p.26, 34-35
2010:Theodorian-Carada, p.74-75
2001:Theodorian-Carada, p.68-69
1746:Simona Lazăr Tudor Cireș,
1337:National Renaissance Front
1290:By 1937, in tune with the
1112:Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș
1090:Order. In 1928, she was a
927:GFR and rise to prominence
767:armistice with the Germans
658:Romania during World War I
312:National Renaissance Front
3416:Members of the Iron Guard
3284:Mariu Theodorian-Carada,
3212:, Nr. 8/2005, p. 6-9
2824:, Oxon, 2006, p.128-129.
2771:Les Archives du Féminisme
2639:"Memoriile unui hedonist"
2099:Marghiloman, pp. 155, 162
2072:Alimănișteanu, pp. 107-08
2025:Editura Cultura Națională
1634:; retrieved 8 March 2014)
1506:Romanian communist regime
1028:Croce al Merito di Guerra
837:for failing to enact it.
478:(1867–1928), who was the
358:, a village currently in
213:
205:
199:Croce al Merito di Guerra
168:
155:
144:
134:
126:
95:
90:
86:
75:
63:
52:
44:
40:
28:
21:
3386:League of Nations people
3376:Romanian women diplomats
3346:Romanian philanthropists
3096:Indiana University Press
2800:Trașcă & Born, p.298
2713:Cheșchebec (2012), p.368
2524:Cheșchebec (2012), p.367
2445:, September 1, 1928, p.4
2235:Cheșchebec (2012), p.365
1661:Călinescu, pg. 702, 1016
1542:
1424:National Legionary State
1292:National Christian Party
1061:Gruparea Femeilor Române
900:Byzantine Rite Catholics
890:between Romania and the
704:National Bank of Romania
504:Alexandrina and husband
432:(sometimes shortened as
3210:Biblioteca Bucureștilor
3196:Oxford University Press
2857:, Oxon, 2008, p.53-54.
2432:Cheșchebec (2006), p.92
2330:Cheșchebec (2006), p.91
2309:Bucur (2010), p.115-116
2259:, Leiden, 1979, p.113.
2090:Marghiloman, pp. 184-85
1960:Bucur (2010), p.114-115
1906:Cheșchebec (2006), p.90
1632:University of Bucharest
1565:Cheșchebec (2006), p.89
1523:, then assigned to the
1487:massacre of Odesan Jews
1380:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
966:Mica Antantă a Femeilor
962:Little Entente of Women
882:, in his conflict with
783:revolutionary socialism
241:Alexandrine Cantacuzène
23:Alexandrina Cantacuzino
3391:Romanian propagandists
2773:, Nr. 9, December 2005
2512:, Nr. 120-121-122/2006
2279:, Nr. 31/1924, p.30-31
1820:Ciupală, p.86, 89, 137
1414:World War II and death
1356:Mausoleum of Mărășești
1155:
1146:Fascist transformation
944:
817:After the creation of
756:Marghiloman government
643:
612:National Liberal Party
509:
406:Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra
292:Mausoleum of Mărășești
45:Vice President of the
3234:Alexandru Marghiloman
3098:, Bloomington, 2010.
2966:Constantin, p.116-117
2912:Bucur (2003), p.76-77
2782:Bucur (2010), p.98-99
2746:, Nr. 3-4/1935, p.616
2542:Cheșchebec (2006), 92
2441:"Bușteni-Zamora", in
2356:, April 29, 1926, p.2
2197:, Nr. 12/1975, p.1887
1249:Washington's Birthday
1153:
1116:Hugo von Hofmannsthal
1019:(Great Officer), the
982:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
934:
855:Iulia Siminel-Dicescu
727:Alexandru Marghiloman
708:in sight of Bucharest
641:
628:Romanian royal family
541:, and other parts of
503:
402:Theodor Iancu Pallady
265:national conservatism
3396:Romanian eugenicists
3361:Romanian suffragists
3272:Al. Tzigara-Samurcaș
3030:Constantin Bacalbașa
2495:Alexandra Petrescu,
2380:, Nr. 39/1925, p.668
2343:"Holds Many Offices"
2175:, Nr. VIII/1919, p.2
2117:Bucur (2010), pg. 84
1753:9 March 2014 at the
1626:9 March 2014 at the
1456:: as an ally of the
1454:Operation Barbarossa
880:Ecumenical Patriarch
835:postwar constitution
716:August von Mackensen
712:Imperial German Army
528:feminism, where it "
379:Romanian Land Forces
335:Antonescu's downfall
331:1941 Odessa massacre
130:1944 (aged 67 or 68)
3381:Red Cross personnel
3326:Fascist politicians
3260:, Bucharest, 1995.
3124:Roxana Cheșchebec,
3057:, Bucharest, 2010.
3022:Pia Alimănișteanu,
2699:Bucur (2010), p.279
2584:, Nr. 4/1929, p.719
2377:Societatea de Mâine
2288:Bucur (2010), p.115
2206:Constantin Mohanu,
1942:Bucur (2010), p.114
1619:, Bucharest, 2004 (
1611:, in Alin Ciupală,
1533:historical monument
1516:; he died in 1977.
1502:King Michael's Coup
1472:racial antisemitism
1450:January 1941 battle
1443:Lucrezzia Karnabatt
1259:. In January 1934,
1207:Avra Theodoropoulou
1073:first-wave feminism
990:Transylvanian Saxon
921:Battle of Mărășești
750:Metropolitan Bishop
480:Minister of Justice
422:Griguță Cantacuzino
420:— known locally as
255:, representing the
100:Alexandrina Pallady
3476:World War I nurses
3446:Cantacuzino family
3426:Christian fascists
3351:Romanian feminists
3224:Revista Monumentul
3218:Narcis Dorin Ion,
3204:Georgeta Filitti,
2940:2016-09-11 at the
2921:Bucur (2003), p.77
2765:2012-04-19 at the
2758:Cécile Formaglio,
2644:2014-03-09 at the
2622:, Nr. 3/2012, p.99
2561:2014-03-09 at the
2502:2018-04-25 at the
2348:2017-08-05 at the
2300:Bucur (2010), p.99
2277:Biserica și Școala
2245:Catherine Durandin
2195:Revista de Istorie
1834:Bucur (2003), p.64
1670:Călinescu, pg. 702
1607:2014-02-20 at the
1396:Moța–Marin funeral
1316:Cécile Brunschvicg
1306:. At a meeting in
1156:
1053:social auxiliaries
1025:(Officer) and the
945:
779:Alexandru Averescu
774:November Armistice
763:Russian Republican
738:Romanian Red Cross
694:with the Entente,
669:"—who favored the
652:Ion I. C. Brătianu
644:
608:Mayor of Bucharest
558:Education Minister
510:
464:Kingdom of Romania
449:Cantacuzino family
445:Conservative Party
424:or, mockingly, as
267:, her support for
209:Didina Cantacuzino
114:Kingdom of Romania
66:Kingdom of Romania
3441:Romanian adoptees
3406:Romanian fascists
3300:Revista Arhivelor
3244:Wikimedia Commons
3239:Note politice. IV
3186:978-973-8369-83-2
3173:, Bucharest, 2003
3171:Editura Meridiane
3159:978-90-04-22425-4
3121:, Bucharest, 1986
3104:978-0-253-22134-6
3063:978-973-50-2635-6
3043:, Bucharest, 1936
3038:Editura Ziarului
2975:Constantin, p.138
2903:Constantin, p.116
2635:Gheorghe Grigurcu
2443:Cultura Poporului
2226:Constantin, p.203
1760:Jurnalul Național
1703:Șerban Cioculescu
1600:Marian Pruteanu,
1525:Interior Ministry
1404:Tinerele Grupiste
1385:Jewish Bolshevism
1345:Spanish Civil War
1332:1938 Constitution
1241:female employment
1231:Tinerele Grupiste
1215:Republican Turkey
1179:liberal democracy
1136:Strahov Monastery
1128:Constantin Beldie
1124:Nicolae Titulescu
1081:Fundațiile Regale
1049:vocational school
1033:League of Nations
1017:Order of St. Sava
1005:Washington, D. C.
986:ethnic minorities
634:World War I nurse
514:Romanian Orthodox
327:Spanish Civil War
261:League of Nations
217:
216:
188:Order of St. Sava
103:20 September 1876
70:League of Nations
3523:
3293:
3217:
3203:
3176:Ion Constantin,
3151:Brill Publishers
3111:George Călinescu
3011:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2932:
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2922:
2919:
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2892:
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2807:
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2798:
2792:
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2757:
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2747:
2740:
2734:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2690:Daskalova, p.194
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2651:România Literară
2633:
2629:
2623:
2614:Carmen Brăgaru,
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2568:România Literară
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2531:
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2522:
2513:
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2455:
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2399:
2393:
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2363:
2357:
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2318:Daskalova, p.191
2316:
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2307:
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2280:
2273:
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2257:Brill Publishers
2242:
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2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2028:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1972:Robert Boucard,
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1889:
1888:Ciupală, p.86-87
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:Ciupală, p.90-94
1868:
1862:
1861:Ciupală, p.89-90
1859:
1853:
1852:Ciupală, p.87-88
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
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1818:
1812:
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1800:
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1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1763:, 23 March 2013.
1745:
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1727:
1721:
1711:Editura Eminescu
1700:
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1677:
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1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1599:
1595:
1566:
1563:
1389:Nationalist side
1202:Benito Mussolini
1171:authoritarianism
1142:(October 1929).
1087:Meritul Cultural
842:Casele Naționale
616:Senate President
496:SONFR beginnings
360:Dâmbovița County
299:women's suffrage
231:; also known as
227:
174:Meritul Cultural
122:
119:Dâmbovița County
91:Personal details
80:
64:Delegate of the
57:
33:
19:
18:
3531:
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3526:
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3524:
3522:
3521:
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3466:Romanian nurses
3306:
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3119:Editura Minerva
3019:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2983:
2979:
2974:
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2965:
2961:
2956:
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2942:Wayback Machine
2933:Lucian Vasile,
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2554:Dumitru Hîncu,
2551:
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2532:
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2509:Sfera Politicii
2504:Wayback Machine
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2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
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2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1990:digital library
1969:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:Boia, p.94, 191
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
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1609:Wayback Machine
1597:
1596:
1569:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1416:
1328:
1175:Italian fascism
1148:
1022:Croix de guerre
929:
896:Catholic Church
884:Kemalist Turkey
862:interwar period
819:Greater Romania
815:
758:
673:, particularly
636:
543:Austria-Hungary
498:
396:poet-publicist
348:
343:
196:
193:Croix de guerre
190:
186:
182:
177:
160:
135:Political party
116:
104:
102:
101:
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36:
24:
17:
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3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Women fascists
3328:
3323:
3318:
3304:
3303:
3289:
3282:
3268:
3247:
3231:
3213:
3199:
3188:
3174:
3165:Alin Ciupală,
3163:
3162:
3161:
3143:
3122:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3089:
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3044:
3027:
3018:
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3010:Ion, p.281-282
3003:
3001:Ion, p.276-281
2994:
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2842:
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2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2748:
2735:
2722:"Rumania", in
2715:
2701:
2692:
2683:
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2656:
2624:
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2586:
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2394:
2382:
2367:
2358:
2332:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2290:
2281:
2268:
2249:Keith Hitchins
2237:
2228:
2219:
2199:
2186:
2177:
2173:Românul (Arad)
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
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2012:
2003:
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1926:
1917:
1908:
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1654:
1645:
1636:
1621:e-book version
1567:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:Writers' Union
1495:Gherman Pântea
1438:Porunca Vremii
1415:
1412:
1361:Cultul Eroilor
1327:
1324:
1261:Dimitrie Gusti
1191:disfranchising
1147:
1144:
1104:Liviu Rebreanu
1045:City Councilor
1015:(Collar), the
970:Czechoslovakia
958:Little Entente
928:
925:
907:Cultul Eroilor
894:, calling the
814:
811:
799:People's Party
757:
754:
690:Following the
671:Central Powers
663:Entente Powers
635:
632:
497:
494:
354:, was born in
347:
344:
342:
339:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
170:
166:
165:
157:
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152:
151:(widowed 1930)
146:
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136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
99:
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3266:973-9155-43-X
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3216:(in Romanian)
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3141:963-7326-39-1
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3087:0-7190-6083-4
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2931:(in Romanian)
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2863:0-415-44824-7
2860:
2856:
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2846:
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2831:
2830:0-415-34793-9
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:Roger Griffin
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2654:, Nr. 41/2000
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2632:(in Romanian)
2628:
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2612:(in Romanian)
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2590:
2583:
2577:
2571:, Nr. 42/2007
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2552:(in Romanian)
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2297:
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2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:90-04-07599-2
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
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2232:
2223:
2217:
2216:973-98919-5-0
2213:
2209:
2203:
2196:
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2159:
2150:
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2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
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2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1951:Ciupală, p.94
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1885:
1879:Ciupală, p.86
1876:
1867:
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1849:
1840:
1831:
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1649:
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1598:(in Romanian)
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1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:Ion Antonescu
1431:
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1421:
1411:
1409:
1408:Râmnicu Sărat
1405:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
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1349:neutral zones
1346:
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1297:
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1257:British India
1254:
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1194:
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:Maria Giurgea
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Solidaritatea
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1038:Solidaritatea
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
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1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
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942:
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922:
918:
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908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
871:
868:
863:
858:
856:
852:
851:Elena Alistar
848:
843:
838:
836:
832:
831:Calypso Botez
828:
824:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
770:
768:
764:
753:
751:
747:
741:
739:
734:
732:
731:Petre P. Carp
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
697:
693:
688:
686:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:Germanophiles
664:
660:
659:
653:
649:
646:The start of
640:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:Zamora Castle
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
597:Calypso Botez
594:
589:
587:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:kindergartens
559:
555:
550:
548:
547:Magyarization
544:
540:
536:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
507:
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493:
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338:
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328:
324:
323:Ion Antonescu
320:
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120:
117:(present-day
115:
111:
107:
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89:
85:
79:
74:
71:
67:
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
3451:Ghica family
3299:
3285:
3271:
3253:
3238:
3227:
3223:
3209:
3191:
3177:
3166:
3146:
3128:
3114:
3091:
3074:
3050:
3039:
3033:
3023:
3006:
2997:
2985:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2948:, April 2011
2945:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2850:
2845:
2836:
2817:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2770:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2723:
2718:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2649:
2627:
2619:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2507:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2406:
2397:
2375:
2370:
2361:
2353:
2314:
2305:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2252:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2045:Filitti, p.7
2020:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1816:
1811:Filitti, p.6
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1758:
1725:
1707:Caragialiana
1706:
1698:
1693:Ion, pg. 276
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1612:
1521:nationalized
1518:
1499:
1483:Transnistria
1476:
1465:
1458:Nazi Germany
1447:
1436:
1427:
1420:World War II
1417:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1369:
1360:
1353:
1341:Maria M. Pop
1329:
1304:antisemitism
1289:
1281:anti-Masonic
1272:conscription
1268:paramilitary
1265:
1245:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1195:
1187:technocratic
1168:
1157:
1108:
1092:Miss Romania
1085:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:for female "
1042:
1037:
1026:
1020:
998:
965:
946:
914:
906:
904:
872:
867:urbanization
859:
841:
839:
816:
795:
791:
771:
759:
742:
735:
723:Lupu Kostaki
720:
689:
682:
678:
655:
645:
605:
593:suffragettes
590:
582:
551:
535:Transylvania
526:
521:
511:
487:
484:
467:
442:
433:
429:
425:
421:
410:
391:
368:
364:Ilfov County
351:
349:
316:
308:World War II
296:
277:
240:
232:
228:
219:
218:
197:
191:
172:
169:Distinctions
110:Ilfov County
77:
54:
3321:1944 deaths
3316:1876 births
3292:(in German)
3226:, Vol. IX:
3068:Maria Bucur
3047:Lucian Boia
2810:Radu Ioanid
2756:(in French)
1970:(in French)
1183:corporatist
1120:Paul Valéry
1069:matriarchal
1009:Queen Marie
911:Maria Bucur
876:Meletius IV
823:Amos Frâncu
807:land reform
787:Queen Marie
699:Ferdinand I
692:1916 Treaty
648:World War I
554:Spiru Haret
447:elite. The
303:corporatist
288:World War I
180:Queen Marie
164:(died 1939)
3310:Categories
3017:References
1933:Boia, p.94
1514:papyrology
1491:City Mayor
1462:Bessarabia
1448:After the
1441:published
1429:Conducător
1372:Iron Guard
1276:Xenophobia
943:, ca. 1928
847:Bessarabia
595:, such as
570:Chernowitz
530:reinforced
453:Phanariote
438:patronymic
356:Ciocănești
346:Early life
319:Iron Guard
139:Iron Guard
121:, Romania)
106:Ciocănești
3055:Humanitas
3040:Universul
2855:Routledge
2822:Routledge
1979:La Presse
1510:epigraphy
1467:Universul
1285:Freemason
1160:Michael I
1140:Barcelona
994:Hungarian
888:Concordat
665:and the "
586:hierarchs
566:Dorobanți
490:genealogy
414:Bucharest
394:Symbolist
383:Wallachia
341:Biography
301:within a
249:feminists
237:Francized
178:Order of
82:1929–1938
78:In office
59:1925–1936
55:In office
3250:Z. Ornea
2946:Historia
2938:Archived
2763:Archived
2642:Archived
2620:Ex Ponto
2559:Archived
2500:Archived
2346:Archived
1751:Archived
1624:Archived
1605:Archived
1296:eugenics
1274:of men.
1253:Calcutta
1211:Bulgaria
1164:Carol II
980:and the
916:parastas
892:Holy See
578:Markovac
539:Bukovina
375:Moldavia
269:eugenics
245:Romanian
206:Nickname
156:Children
2816:(ed.),
2732:1947755
2251:(ed.),
1988:Gallica
1719:6890267
1630:at the
1219:Albania
941:Bușteni
679:Minerva
675:Germany
624:Bușteni
601:elitist
468:Nababul
457:Premier
426:Prensul
284:elitism
273:fascism
229:Pallady
68:to the
3278:
3264:
3230:, 2008
3184:
3157:
3139:
3102:
3085:
3061:
2861:
2828:
2730:
2263:
2214:
1717:
1512:, and
1479:Odessa
1365:Brașov
1302:, and
1300:racism
1227:Senate
1132:Prague
1011:, the
978:Greece
974:Poland
878:, the
748:, the
576:, and
556:, the
470:("the
387:Ghicas
352:Didina
145:Spouse
3298:, in
3222:, in
2944:, in
2769:, in
2648:, in
2618:, in
2565:, in
2506:, in
2352:, in
1976:, in
1757:, in
1543:Notes
1198:Latin
746:Conon
684:Seara
574:Geaca
472:Nawab
451:, of
371:boyar
235:and (
3276:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3137:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3059:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2728:OCLC
2261:ISBN
2212:ISBN
1715:OCLC
1535:and
1330:The
1320:Nazi
1308:Cluj
1217:and
1122:and
1102:and
992:and
954:Rome
853:and
827:Cluj
696:King
681:and
656:see
294:).
127:Died
96:Born
1243:).
964:" (
939:in
825:at
622:of
225:née
3312::
3256:,
3252:,
3236:,
3194:,
3169:,
3149:,
3131:,
3117:,
3113:,
3094:,
3077:,
3070:,
3053:,
3049:,
3036:,
3032:,
2988:,
2896:^
2853:,
2820:,
2704:^
2637:,
2517:^
2459:^
2415:^
2385:^
2335:^
2323:^
2293:^
2255:,
2032:^
2023:,
1893:^
1825:^
1804:^
1734:^
1709:,
1705:,
1684:^
1615:,
1570:^
1550:^
1493:,
1298:,
1287:.
1255:,
1221:.
1213:,
1118:,
1098:,
1075:.
976:,
972:,
857:.
849::
718:.
580:.
572:,
549:.
537:,
440:.
337:.
314:.
275:.
239:)
112:,
108:,
3246:)
1992:)
1059:(
520:(
222:(
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