640:(IGRA), passed by Congress in 1988 (after the act that restored federal recognition to the Alabama-Coushatta), established the framework that governs Indian gaming. The IGRA allows tribes to develop casino-style operations that could improve governmental services and economic conditions in Indian country. According to the IGRA, tribes have the "exclusive right" to regulate gaming in Indian Territory "except when gambling is contrary to federal law or when a state completely prohibits a form of gaming." The IGRA recognizes three different classes of gaming:
380:, the governor of Texas, recommended that the state purchase 1,280 acres (5.2 km) for the Alabamas; although money was appropriated to buy 640 acres (2.6 km) for the Coushattas, the land was never bought. Either through marriage or special permission, many Coushatta went to live on the land given to the Alabama. Other Coushatta had stayed in an area in southern Louisiana near the Red River. Many of their descendants are enrolled members of the federally recognized Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana.
98:
69:
38:
1216:
1022:
583:
youth, social services, and housing. Such jobs had a multiplier effect within the regional economy, with businesses' reporting an increase in sales and tax revenues. The entertainment center benefited not only the Tribe, but also the surrounding regions by creating more than 495 jobs and paying US$ 4.3 million in wages and nearly US$ 400,000 in federal taxes.
669:, because under the Eleventh Amendment, which provides for state sovereign immunity, tribes are not able to sue any state to enforce the requirement to enter into such compacts. Thus, while the IGRA gives tribes the right to have casinos, the Eleventh Amendment gives the states the right to refuse to negotiate tribal-state compacts.
611:
Congress. Federal sentencing guidelines indicated a minimum sentence of 108 months in prison. Because of
Abramoff's cooperation with the government, his sentence was greatly reduced. He was released from prison on June 8, 2010 and completed the remaining six months of his sentence in a halfway house in Baltimore.
614:
Without the casino, the tribe has no funding for economic programs. More than 300 jobs have been lost in Polk County. The
Alabama-Coushatta tribe has been trying to gain state and Federal support to re-open the entertainment center, for the economy of both the Tribe and the surrounding regions. Over
490:
of Texas. Although long under state trusteeship because the state controlled public lands, the tribe achieved
Federal recognition in 1987 by an act of Congress, rather than by administrative process of the Department of Interior. The law that restored the tribe's federal relationship prohibited such
364:
Alabama and
Coushatta towns were divided into "red" and "white" towns. The "white" towns were responsible for keeping the peace and for providing refuge, while the "red" towns were responsible for conducting military campaigns. Though they had "red" and "white" towns, the Alabama-Coushattas thought
676:
requires that gaming revenues be used only for governmental or charitable purposes. The tribal governments determine how gaming revenues are spent. They are typically used to invest in infrastructure for tribal members, such as housing, schools, and roads; to fund health care and education; and to
619:
We should be candid about the interests surrounding Indian gaming. The issue has never really been one of crime control, morality, or economic fairness...At issue is economics...Ironically, the strongest opponents of tribal authority over gaming on Indian lands are from States whose liberal gaming
586:
After the center had operated for nine months, the state brought suit against it in 1999. A Federal court ruled that the
Alabama-Coushatta had to close their entertainment center. The federal courts made this determination based on the conditions of federal recognition in 1987, which banned tribes
582:
The Tribe was successful in generating revenue and jobs. The center offered jobs to 87 Tribal members, greatly reducing unemployment from 46 percent to 14 percent. Revenues from the entertainment center provided the Tribe with funding for health services, the elderly, educational opportunities for
571:
In the tribe's earlier years in Texas, gathering, hunting, agriculture, fishing, and trading were its main economic pursuits. In more recent years, the
Alabama-Coushatta Tribe has relied on the service and entertainment industry to generate revenue and jobs on the reservation. In 2002, the Tribe
610:
On March 29, 2008, Jack
Abramoff was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison for pleading guilty to fraud, tax evasion, and conspiracy to bribe public officials. Abramoff made a deal to cooperate with investigators to provide information about his relationships with several members of
680:
Indian gaming is considered the most powerful economic development tool available on most Indian reservations. The
National Gaming Impact Study Commission has stated that "no...economic development other than gaming has been found." Tribal governments also use gaming revenues to develop other
606:
The four tribes that
Abramoff persuaded to hire him were all newly wealthy Indian gaming tribes. They included: Michigan's Saginaw Chippewa, California's Agua Caliente, the Mississippi Choctaw, and the Louisiana Coushatta. The Abramoff scandal received widespread public attention and he was
572:
opened a convenience store, gas station and tobacco store on U.S. Highway 190, which can sell products tax free because of the tribe's sovereign status. This business complex is slowly becoming profitable. The station generates a small profit margin and a limited number of jobs.
229:
in the late 18th century and early 19th century, under pressure from
American settlers to the east. They essentially merged and shared reservation land. Although the tribe was terminated in the 1950s, it achieved federal recognition in 1987 as the
594:
and his associates for attempts to defraud the tribe in seeking to defeat state legislation in 2001 that would have given them authority to run the casino. The tribe claimed the lobbyists had hidden their motives in representing the competing
398:
The federal government approved a large grant in 1928 to purchase additional land near the reservation; it was granted to the "Alabama and Coushatta tribes". Since that time, the reservation has officially been known as "Alabama-Coushatta".
372:'s Peach Tree Village in East Texas. The two tribes developed a strong friendship as they roamed and hunted their new land together. In the early 19th century, the Texas Congress granted each tribe two strips of land along the
681:
economic enterprises, such as museums, malls, and cultural centers that attract tourists and other visitors. Indian gaming can provide substantial economic benefits in states where a tribe and state work together.
395:, also in Polk County, were given to the Coushattas. The Coushatta claim was disputed by white settlers in 1859. When the Coushatta lost the land claim, the Alabama invited them to live on their land claim.
658:. Class III gaming may be allowed in a state that allows large-scale gambling operations, even if it allows only low-level operations. Also, Class III gaming is subject to agreed regulatory procedures in
336:
did. They were the first to migrate away when British colonists began to settle in the region by the middle of the 18th century, after the land was ceded by the French following Britain's victory in the
302:
290:
533:, has 18.484 km (7.137 sq mi) of land. The land purchased by the state and assigned to the Alabama in 1854 was expanded by another purchase, under a federal grant in 1928. The
1097:
1204:
620:
policies would allow them to compete on an equal basis with the tribes...We must not impose greater moral restraints on Indians than we do on the rest of our citizenry. -
858:
838:
383:
By 1820, there were three main Alabama towns and three large Coushatta towns in east Texas, in the region known as the Big Thicket. In 1854, the Alabama were given
2069:
596:
414:. He said that the tribes "sprang out of the ground between the Cohawba and Alabama Rivers." The symbol of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe comes from pre-contact
1182:
1035:
1110:
599:, which ran their own casino, and mobilized Christian groups in an underhanded way. A Senate investigation in 2006 revealed that several tribes were
575:
The Tribe opened an entertainment center for tourists. The center offered casino gambling. The tribe believed it satisfied requirements of the 1992
2134:
1660:
1197:
579:
Law that permitted the state lottery, horse racing, and dog racing. The Alabama-Coushatta, a Christian community, allows no alcohol in the casino.
559:
was established and federally recognized in 1936. The descendants of the Alabama who live there are also affiliated with the federally recognized
537:
reported a resident population of 480 persons within the reservation. As of 2010, there are some 1000 members of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe.
1173:
1126:
905:
813:
2139:
1190:
2149:
1220:
1419:
2144:
2051:
473:
in 1974, Dr. Daniel Jacobson suggested that the Alabama and Coushatta tribes were culturally related because of intermarriage. The
1094:
402:
Origin myths focus on the interconnectedness of the tribes. One myth states that the two tribes sprouted from either side of a
662:, which states are required to negotiate in "good faith". Without a tribal-state compact, no tribal casino can be permitted.
199:
1212:
1132:
Schmidt, James Grimaldi, R. Jeffrey Smith. "Investigating Abramoff." The Washington Post Online 29 Mar 2006 14 Nov 2008 <
505:
439:
is used in a compound decoction for nervousness and sleepiness, and in a decoction as a face wash for nerves and insomnia.
1439:
854:
835:
1359:
1232:
1927:
1140:
1133:
654:
Class I gaming is controlled completely by the tribes. Class II gaming is regulated by the tribes with oversight by the
1612:
1379:
937:
1304:
1249:
1244:
1063:
655:
345:). Under pressure as well by Native American enemies, the Alabama and Coushatta tribes wanted to avoid the powerful
2078:
879:
453:
231:
17:
1171:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, notice returning artifacts to Alabama-Quasserte and others
740:
699:
1958:
306:
1891:
1860:
1160:
1107:
600:
1147:
1139:
Schmidt, Susan. "A Jackpot from Indian Gaming Tribes." The Washington Post Online 22 Feb 2004 14 Nov 2008 <
2083:
2024:
1963:
1755:
1724:
1514:
556:
546:
436:
238:
87:
368:
In 1795, the Coushatta arrived in the Big Thicket area of East Texas. In 1805, nearly 1,000 Alabama came to
2103:
2088:
673:
637:
2035:
1394:
1269:
1146:
Schmitt, Richard. "Jack Abramoff Sentenced to 48 Months." Los Angeles Times 05 Sep 2008 21 Nov 2008 <
1673:
1329:
1279:
534:
466:
recommended that Texas purchase land for the tribe when their existing land was overtaken by settlers.
242:
207:
2129:
2014:
1299:
1284:
552:
479:
reports that the languages come from the same stock, even though there could be some word variance.
281:. Also known as Alibamu, an estimated 100 speakers, primarily from Texas, still speak the language.
2108:
2030:
1544:
1409:
1399:
1364:
470:
1170:
912:
210:, a loose trade and military organization of autonomous towns; their home lands were on the upper
2098:
1339:
810:
2019:
1993:
1953:
1912:
1605:
1314:
1309:
1005:
New Capitalists: Law, Politics, and Identity Surrounding Casino Gaming on Native American Land
1998:
1901:
1876:
1645:
666:
659:
625:
560:
415:
373:
342:
170:
2093:
1943:
1886:
1845:
1324:
8:
1850:
1796:
1786:
1549:
942:
369:
338:
262:
195:
1088:
836:
http://www.alabama-coushatta.com/EconomicDev/EconomicOpportunities/tabid/76/Default.aspx
2040:
1978:
1968:
1948:
1809:
1640:
1499:
1479:
1389:
756:
615:
the years, the Tribe has struggled to rebuild its economy in a depressed Polk County.
495:
388:
274:
1120:
418:: two intertwined woodpeckers, now symbolic of the connection between the two tribes.
2045:
1988:
1922:
1824:
1814:
1598:
1524:
1509:
1494:
1474:
1469:
1141:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/06/AR2006030600702.html
1134:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/06/22/LI2005062200936.html
1059:
947:
475:
459:
329:
325:
270:
246:
1917:
1819:
1804:
1761:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1504:
1489:
1484:
1454:
1449:
1429:
1274:
411:
298:
278:
266:
258:
218:
187:
129:
125:
644:
Class I Gaming: Includes traditional tribal gambling, such as stick and bone games
2058:
1896:
1840:
1709:
1559:
1539:
1464:
1349:
1294:
1264:
1177:
1114:
1101:
842:
834:"Economic Opportunities". Official Site of The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas.
817:
744:
703:
310:
721:
1983:
1683:
1579:
1534:
1529:
1459:
1424:
1027:
376:. Their land was soon taken over by American settlers, leaving them homeless.
2123:
1973:
1937:
1766:
1590:
1404:
1374:
1369:
1254:
951:
621:
591:
576:
520:
507:
211:
141:
103:
74:
469:
The two tribes share many cultural characteristics. In a hearing before the
1881:
1519:
1354:
1344:
1148:
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-sep-05-na-abramoff5-story.html
333:
1855:
1739:
1734:
1650:
463:
377:
350:
222:
234:. Its 1,137 members have about 4,500 acres (18 km) of reservation.
37:
1932:
1699:
1319:
737:
696:
293:
A boy from the Alabama-Coushatta reservation planting Christmas trees.
1776:
1678:
483:
354:
162:
154:
603:
by Abramoff and associates on issues associated with Indian gaming.
289:
1729:
1719:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1621:
1289:
1224:
1215:
1165:
158:
79:
880:"Disgraced Lobbyist Jack Abramoff Working In Baltimore Pizza Shop"
1781:
1414:
1127:"Plaintiff Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas's Original Complaint"
906:"Plaintiff Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas's Original Complaint"
403:
346:
203:
166:
1907:
1771:
1714:
1635:
1554:
1384:
801:. Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 61)
629:
1334:
1259:
786:
Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians.
358:
226:
108:
1129:, 12 July 2006, Attorneys For Plaintiff, accessed 2 Oct 2008
1074:
Jacobson, Daniel, Howard N. Martin, and Ralph Henry Marsh.
353:. They moved into territories of future states, first into
650:
Class III Gaming: Includes large-scale gambling operations
1068:
1085:, College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.
830:
828:
826:
328:. They had less contact with British colonists from the
114:
1,137 enrolled members, Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
799:
Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes
823:
820:, Alabama-Coushatta Website, Retrieved on 2008-10-01.
1036:
List of Native American peoples in the United States
1017:
975:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 331.
301:arrived in 1540 and visited numerous places during
999:
997:
973:Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations
590:In July 2006 the Alabama-Coushatta sued lobbyist
305:. In the 18th century, the French arrived on the
2121:
1123:, 24 June 2008, Indianz.com, Accessed 2 Oct 2008
647:Class II Gaming: Includes bingo, pull tabs, etc.
491:gaming as was then prohibited under state laws.
994:
406:tree. Another legend was recorded in 1857 from
265:language family. Alabama is closely related to
94:
65:
1620:
1121:"Alabama-Coushatta Tribe Seeks Gaming Support"
1606:
1198:
788:SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672 (p. 663,664)
458:The Alabama who relocated to Texas supported
297:The Alabama first encountered Europeans when
984:
982:
566:
1078:, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1974.
1051:, New York: Wings Books, 2000 (3rd Edition)
1049:Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian
665:Tribes find fault with the provision about
1613:
1599:
1205:
1191:
938:"Texas Tribe Names Abramoff, Reed in Suit"
1166:Alabama Quassarte Tribal Town of Oklahoma
979:
970:
587:from gaming prohibited under state laws.
2052:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
601:defrauded of tens of millions of dollars
502:, Texas' oldest reservation, located at
494:The current tribal lands are in eastern
288:
2135:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
1095:"The Legend of the Twin Manifestations"
775:. Texas A&M University Press, 1997.
14:
2122:
1056:Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes
935:
765:
442:
365:of themselves as peace-loving people.
1594:
1186:
725:The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas.
421:
1117:, Alabama-Coushatta Official Website
1104:, Alabama-Coushatta Official Website
1069:Alabama-Coushatta Reservation, Texas
736:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
717:
715:
500:Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation
60:Regions with significant populations
44:Alabama-Coushatta Reservation, Texas
1007:. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2004.
707:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
24:
2140:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
1520:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
36:
25:
2161:
2150:Native American tribes in Alabama
1154:
1076:(Creek) Indians Alabama-Coushatta
712:
656:National Indian Gaming Commission
393:640 acres (2.6 km)
385:1,280 acres (5 km)
2079:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
1214:
1161:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
1020:
454:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
309:and built a fort at what became
232:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
96:
67:
2145:Native American tribes in Texas
1959:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
964:
929:
898:
872:
861:from the original on 2008-05-23
847:
709:2010: 9. (retrieved 4 May 2011)
217:The Alabama and closely allied
128:; however, most now only speak
1861:College of the Muscogee Nation
936:GAMBOA, SUZANNE (2006-07-12).
804:
797:Taylor, Linda Averill. (1940)
791:
778:
750:
730:
690:
426:
410:, one of the oldest Creeks in
341:(known in the colonies as the
13:
1:
2084:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
2020:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
1964:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1725:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1091:, Texas State Handbook Online
1058:, New York: Checkmark, 1999.
1041:
773:The Alabama-Coushatta Indians
557:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
547:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
437:Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium
239:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
88:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
2104:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
2089:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
1904:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
674:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
638:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
7:
2070:Federally recognized tribes
2036:Treaty of Washington (1826)
1071:United States Census Bureau
1013:
971:Wilkinson, Charles (2006).
540:
252:
206:. They were members of the
10:
2166:
2025:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
1622:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
677:develop a strong economy.
544:
486:to become the present-day
451:
284:
243:federally recognized tribe
221:migrated from Alabama and
208:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
2068:
2015:Treaty of New York (1790)
2007:
1869:
1833:
1795:
1748:
1659:
1628:
1438:
1231:
567:Tribal economy and gaming
553:Okmulgee County, Oklahoma
462:. In gratitude, Governor
153:
148:
140:
135:
123:
118:
93:
64:
59:
54:
49:
35:
2109:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
2031:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
684:
471:Indian Claims Commission
447:
435:subspecies of the plant
324:tribes were part of the
2099:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
1485:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
784:Swanton, John R. 1928,
738:"2008 Pocket Pictorial"
488:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe
191:
1994:Creek National Capitol
1954:Kimbell-James Massacre
1913:Leon-Jefferson culture
1221:Native American tribes
855:"Economic Development"
762:(retrieved 4 May 2011)
727:(retrieved 4 May 2011)
634:
597:Coushatta of Louisiana
391:. The following year,
294:
86:380 enrolled members,
41:
1999:Crazy Snake Rebellion
1902:Apalachicola Province
1877:Mississippian culture
1758:(Francis the Prophet)
667:Tribal-State compacts
660:Tribal-State compacts
626:United States senator
617:
561:Muscogee Creek Nation
482:They merged with the
416:Mississippian culture
343:French and Indian War
292:
171:Muscogee Creek people
149:Related ethnic groups
144:, traditional beliefs
40:
2094:Kialegee Tribal Town
1944:Battle of Burnt Corn
1846:Four Mothers Society
1515:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1270:Cheyenne and Arapaho
196:Southeastern culture
1851:Green Corn Ceremony
1787:William Weatherford
1003:Darian-Smith, Eve.
943:The Washington Post
697:"Pocket Pictorial."
517: /
443:Contemporary tribes
245:, headquartered in
32:
2041:Indian Removal Act
1979:Indian Removal Act
1969:Battle of Ocheesee
1949:Fort Mims Massacre
1285:Citizen Potawatomi
1176:2007-03-14 at the
1113:2008-10-13 at the
1100:2008-10-13 at the
988:Wilkinson (2006),
841:2008-05-23 at the
816:2008-09-17 at the
743:2010-04-06 at the
702:2010-04-06 at the
496:Polk County, Texas
460:Texas independence
422:Cultural practices
295:
202:, originally from
42:
30:
2117:
2116:
2046:Treaty of Cusseta
1989:Creek War of 1836
1940:(Creek civil war)
1923:State of Muskogee
1825:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
1629:Four mother towns
1588:
1587:
1510:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
1250:Alabama-Quassarte
1089:"Alabama Indians"
1083:The Texas Indians
918:on 4 October 2008
521:30.714°N 94.674°W
476:Handbook of Texas
330:Thirteen Colonies
326:Creek Confederacy
269:and distantly to
247:Wetumka, Oklahoma
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
2157:
2130:Muskogean tribes
2008:Politics and law
1918:Battle of Taliwa
1762:William McIntosh
1691:(four locations)
1661:Groups and towns
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1440:Tribal languages
1420:United Keetoowah
1350:Muscogee (Creek)
1310:Fort Sill Apache
1245:Absentee Shawnee
1219:
1218:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1108:"Tribal History"
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1008:
1001:
992:
986:
977:
976:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
917:
911:. Archived from
910:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
876:
870:
869:
867:
866:
851:
845:
832:
821:
808:
802:
795:
789:
782:
776:
771:Hook, Jonathan.
769:
763:
754:
748:
734:
728:
719:
710:
694:
532:
531:
529:
528:
527:
522:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
412:Indian Territory
394:
386:
339:Seven Years' War
299:Hernando de Soto
259:Alabama language
219:Coushatta people
200:Native Americans
106:
102:
100:
99:
77:
73:
71:
70:
50:Total population
33:
29:
21:
18:Alabama (people)
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2064:
2059:Sharp v. Murphy
2003:
1928:Forbes purchase
1897:Long Swamp Site
1865:
1829:
1791:
1744:
1655:
1624:
1619:
1589:
1584:
1442:
1434:
1305:Eastern Shawnee
1295:Delaware Nation
1236:
1234:
1227:
1213:
1211:
1178:Wayback Machine
1157:
1115:Wayback Machine
1102:Wayback Machine
1081:LaVere, David.
1054:Waldman, Carl.
1044:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1002:
995:
987:
980:
969:
965:
956:
954:
934:
930:
921:
919:
915:
908:
904:
903:
899:
889:
887:
884:Huffington Post
878:
877:
873:
864:
862:
853:
852:
848:
843:Wayback Machine
833:
824:
818:Wayback Machine
809:
805:
796:
792:
783:
779:
770:
766:
755:
751:
745:Wayback Machine
735:
731:
720:
713:
704:Wayback Machine
695:
691:
687:
569:
549:
543:
526:30.714; -94.674
525:
523:
519:
516:
511:
508:
506:
504:
503:
456:
450:
445:
429:
424:
392:
384:
349:in present-day
311:Mobile, Alabama
287:
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2027:(unratified)
1882:Pisgah phase
1674:Apalachicola
1668:
1410:Thlopthlocco
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955:. Retrieved
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913:the original
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433:obtusifolium
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408:Se-ko-pe-chi
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370:Tyler County
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334:Creek tribes
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183:
179:
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27:Ethnic group
1856:Stomp dance
1740:Tribal town
1651:Tukabatchee
1390:Sac and Fox
760:Ethnologue.
535:2000 census
524: /
464:Sam Houston
427:Ethnobotany
389:Polk County
378:Sam Houston
351:Mississippi
332:than other
223:Mississippi
124:Originally
2124:Categories
1933:Red Sticks
1892:Moundville
1735:Tallapoosa
1700:Miccosukee
1550:Potawatomi
1235:recognized
1042:References
957:2023-04-26
922:2008-10-02
865:2008-10-04
757:"Alabama."
722:"Welcome."
512:94°40′26″W
509:30°42′50″N
307:Gulf Coast
198:people of
1810:Apalachee
1797:Languages
1777:Neamathla
1679:Coushatta
1480:Chickasaw
1430:Wyandotte
1275:Chickasaw
1233:Federally
952:0190-8286
811:"History"
747:. 2008: 3
624:, senior
484:Coushatta
355:Louisiana
275:Chickasaw
263:Muskogean
192:Albaamaha
163:Chickasaw
155:Coushatta
119:Languages
1841:Religion
1730:Sabacola
1720:Okfuskee
1710:Muscogee
1705:Muklassa
1695:Hitchiti
1689:Fowltown
1525:Muscogee
1500:Delaware
1495:Comanche
1475:Cheyenne
1470:Cherokee
1395:Seminole
1330:Kickapoo
1325:Kialegee
1290:Comanche
1265:Cherokee
1225:Oklahoma
1174:Archived
1111:Archived
1098:Archived
1014:See also
890:30 April
859:Archived
839:Archived
814:Archived
741:Archived
700:Archived
541:Oklahoma
271:Hitchiti
253:Language
194:) are a
169:, other
159:Hitchiti
136:Religion
80:Oklahoma
1870:History
1834:Culture
1820:Koasati
1805:Alabama
1782:Osceola
1749:Leaders
1684:Eufaula
1669:Alabama
1646:Kasihta
1575:Wyandot
1570:Wichita
1565:Shawnee
1505:Koasati
1490:Choctaw
1455:Arapaho
1450:Alabama
1425:Wichita
1415:Tonkawa
1405:Shawnee
1280:Choctaw
404:cypress
347:Choctaw
322:Koasati
318:Alibamu
285:History
279:Choctaw
267:Koasati
204:Alabama
188:Alabama
184:Alibamu
180:Alabama
167:Choctaw
130:English
126:Alabama
31:Alabama
1908:Chiaha
1887:Etowah
1772:Menawa
1715:Okchai
1641:Coweta
1636:Abihka
1560:Seneca
1555:Quapaw
1540:Pawnee
1535:Ottawa
1465:Cayuga
1385:Quapaw
1375:Peoria
1370:Pawnee
1365:Ottawa
1255:Apache
1237:tribes
1062:
950:
630:Hawaii
555:, the
498:. The
101:
72:
1580:Yuchi
1545:Ponca
1530:Osage
1460:Caddo
1380:Ponca
1355:Osage
1345:Modoc
1340:Miami
1335:Kiowa
1260:Caddo
1150:>.
1143:>.
1136:>.
916:(PDF)
909:(PDF)
685:Notes
628:from
448:Texas
359:Texas
241:is a
227:Texas
109:Texas
55:1,517
1315:Iowa
1060:ISBN
948:ISSN
892:2013
672:The
636:The
431:The
320:and
316:The
277:and
257:The
237:The
178:The
1320:Kaw
1223:in
551:In
387:in
182:or
2126::
996:^
981:^
946:.
940:.
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825:^
714:^
563:.
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165:,
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157:,
1614:e
1607:t
1600:v
1206:e
1199:t
1192:v
960:.
925:.
894:.
868:.
632:.
186:(
111:)
107:(
82:)
78:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
