Nafir - Knowledge

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thickenings and a mouthpiece first appeared in a 13th-century sculpture in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela as well as in the Cantigas de Santa Maria from the second half of the 13th century and in other manuscripts. According to Anthony Baines (1976), this is primarily an Indo-Persian and less an Arabic type of trumpet, which was probably distributed with the Seljuks before the First Crusade (from 1095). In the illustration for the Lincoln College Apocalypse (MS 16, in Oxford) from the beginning of the 14th century, the angels blow a very long, narrow-bore trumpet with three thickenings, held horizontally in one hand, such an oversized trumpet plays Man in the Gorleston Psalter (fol. 43v). Jeremy Montagu (1981) highlights the influence of Moorish armies in the Iberian Peninsula, from where the long trumpet, with its Spanish name

642: 1009: 669: 704: 2749: 3066: 3078: 3183: 2670: 3123: 2113: 1363: 1339: 1984: 2045: 3191: 3102: 3203: 3054: 1610: 1919: 2682: 889: 3135: 3566: 803: 1327: 1907: 3042: 1033: 6498: 1150: 3278: 6472: 3395: 36: 1097: 908: 1467: 3661:(1932) comment on the sacred importance of musical instruments that the tubular drums and the silver trumpet may only be played when the king is present, meaning that these instruments are held in the highest esteem. The two kettle drums were therefore of the second highest importance at the beginning of the 20th century, they could be sent to a guest of honour on behalf of the king or accompany them. Only those of the 2053: 997: 684: 1442:(1203–1283). The Muslim angel Isrāfīl, who appears as a herald of the Day of Resurrection similar to the Christian archangel Gabriel, blows his trumpet for the Last Judgment. The two spherical ridges on the trumpet are the junctions of the mouthpiece, tube and funnel-shaped bell. They resemble the thickenings on the pipe in Germany and France introduced in the military trumpet 6486: 3157:

trumpets and double-reed instruments from the Arab-Persian tradition in their representative orchestras and as insignia of their power. The instruments were adopted in musical styles that were still mainly rooted in the African tradition. The narrow-bore metal trumpets used by the Hausa in northern Nigeria and in the south are typical. In Nigera they are known as

3325:, with which only one tone is produced, consists of a brass or copper tube averaging 150 centimeters in length, the outer diameter of which is reportedly 16 millimeters. The one-to three-part cylindrical tube widens at the bottom to form a funnel-shaped bell with a diameter of 8 centimeters or more. The funnel-shaped mouthpiece is soldered to the tube. 2077:, which has survived in several versions from the 16th century, is about the conquest of the Muslim city of Alhama by the Catholic Monarchs in 1482, told like a lament from the perspective of the Muslim Emir of Granada. This event marks the beginning of the last military actions against al-Andalus during the 3254:), based on Egyptian models, while the audience stayed silent. In whatever route that oriental trumpets were distributed south of the Sahara, they encountered numerous horns and trumpets already common to sub-Saharan Africa that also served representative purposes, including transverse horns like the 2131:

Curt Sachs (1930) is of the opinion that the oriental trumpet, adopted by the Muslims, was understood by the Christians as a "ceremonial weapon, equal to the standard" and as a "precious trophy in the religious struggle in hard strife... snatched from the enemy" and as due to its princely origins, it

1153:

Elephant with musicians. Arab shadow puppet from Egypt, 14th–18th cent. Century. In the palanquin, a drummer beats the naqqāra pair of kettle drums, while two trumpeters blow būq al-nafīr from the side. According to the Arab historian al-Maqrīzī, elephants, which were probably decorated, led to Cairo

738:

Conical horns have been common across many unassociated cultures, but the straight cylindrical tubed instruments had a narrow range of users who had ties to one another; the Greeks, Egyptians and Romans interacted, as did the Egyptians and Assyrians and the Arabs, Persians, Turkmen and Indians all of

4938:

An important feature of the old music of North India, Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia was that type of ensemble known as the naqqarakhana, named after the kettledrums (naqqara) that were one of its prominent features. The music played by ensembles of this kind can be variously described as royal,

3931:КАРНАЙ - духовой музыкальный инструмент: труба из латуни с прямым, реже коленчатым стволом и большим колоколообразным раструбом. Общая дл. 3 м. (translation: KARNAI - a wind musical instrument: a brass trumpet with a straight, less often angular barrel and a large bell-shaped bell. Total length 3 m.) 2286:

In 1260 A.D. the Egyptian Mamluk army fought and defeated the European Army led by the French King Louis IX in the Sixth Crusade. The Sultan's military band had a certain share in the victory. During the reign of the Mamluk Bahri Dynasty in the 13th century, the Sultan's military orchestras included

2167:

was often tonally different shrill, high-pitched instrument in contrast to the other trumpets, which sound low and dull. An orchestra often consisted of several large and only one or a few small trumpets. This emerges from the written sources in Spain, France and England; trumpets of different sizes

5200:

The instrumentation of late-twentieth-century nobat included one oboe (serunai); one trumpet (nafiri); two gendang, one drumhead, hit with the hand and the other with a stick; one kettledrum (nehara, alternately, nahara and nagara), hit with a pair of rattan sticks; and sometimes one knobbed gong,

1999:

was created in the Baptistery of the Cathedral of Novara. The seven tuba angels announce the plagues for the sins committed by humans with long slender trumpets. In the course of the 12th century, further frescoes were created in Italian churches, on which long trumpets with bells are depicted. The

789:

Tuba-shaped trumpets have been around since the mid-3rd millennium BC. known from illustrations from Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. According to written records, they were blown as signaling instruments in a military context or as ritual instruments in religious cults. As has been demonstrated with

3665:

were allowed to touch the instruments; if someone else blew the trumpet, it should mean instant death for that person by the powerful spirit within the trumpet. It was said that when the king died, drops of sweat would form on the trumpet. In order to maintain this power of the instruments, it was

2096:

Some military musical instruments, including trumpets, mentioned by common Latin names, were taken by Crusaders to the Middle East, where they encountered the military bands there. The eyewitness Fulcher of Chartres was impressed when he reported how the Egyptians jumped ashore from their ships in

3156:

After the Muslim Arabs conquered the whole of North Africa as far as the Maghreb in the 7th century, most of the empires on the southern edge of the Sahara were at least partially Islamized by the 14th century. With the founding of Islamic sultanates, the African rulers adopted kettle drums, long

421:

Similar straight signal trumpets have been known since ancient Egyptian times and among the Assyrians and Etruscans. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the straight-tubed Roman tuba continued to flourish in the Middle East among the Sassanids and their Arabic successors. The Saracens, whose long

4222:

century. Shortly before the turn of that century, a new type of trumpet.. a bent tube with an S-shape...is depicted on a wooden relief from 1397 in Worcester Cathedral...Early evidence of the trumpet with an S-shaped tube in the Orient is in the illuminated manuscript from the year 1486 (Türk ve

3802:

the paintings of the Akbar Nama...these illustrations confirm the fact that the naqqarakhana was intended to refer to a musicians' gallery, assigned to a specific place in Mughal architecture......to indicate the ritual progression of time through the hours of a day ...scenes of court festivity.

1167:(224–651), who banged kettledrums on elephants imported from India. Apart from little reliable evidence for the use of war elephants in the 3rd century, the sources indicate that the Sassanids used elephants in the fight against the Roman army and against the Armenians from the 4th century under 3590:

and were brought directly from Persia. The loudest possible sound of drums, trumpets and conical oboes should be reminiscent of thunder; only with the sound of thunder could a ruler with the necessary legitimacy be installed in his office when there was a change in power. The rulers trace their

2004:

in Formis in Capua are particularly important for the history of musical instruments, because the tuba angels depicted hold straight trumpets with both hands for a very long time, which refers to the influence of Arabic culture after the Norman conquest of Sicily from the Arabs. Under Arabic

988:. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the tubular trumpet (made from sheet metal) was lost to Europe. The technology to bend metal tubes was also lost until the problem was re-addressed by Europeans in about the early 15th century, when illustrations began to appear of trumpets with curves. 2036:

A visible feature of the oriental trumpets were several spherical thickenings (knobs) on the cylindrical tube. A short trumpet with such bulges is depicted on a 12th-century relief on one of the Hindu temples of Khajuraho in northern India. In Europe, this type of trumpet with one to three

3569:

Musical instruments of the nobat, used to inaugurate Sultan Abdul Rahman II (r. 1885–1911) of Terengganu to his office. Photograph from 1885. Background: two cylinder drums gendang, centre: kettle drum nohara, front left: nafiri, front centre: two hump gongs, front right: conical-oboe

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remained a “noble instrument” in Europe as part of the booty. Alfons M. Dauer (1985) contradicts this when he suspects that the combination of trumpets and drums was adopted as a whole and served in Europe with the same purposes of representing and deterring the war enemy.

618: 3089: 948:. The length of the tube could be up to 330 centimeters. The straight cylindrical tuba, which is around 120 centimeters long in the depictions, had a greater influence on posterity than this curved wind instrument. In the Loire Valley, which belonged to Roman 3340:, who practiced snake charmering with music on the square, partly as a public spectacle and partly as a religious exercise. They consider snakes and scorpions to be protective forces. On one occasion five Aissaoua musicians performed with three frame drums 524:. The two may possibly have been the same instrument. However, today a difference can be stated in terms of the instruments' dimensions. The karnay in Tajikistan which reaches 190-210 cm in length tends to have a larger diameter, about 3.3 centimeters. 3460:

orchestras), in Malaysia the king remained head of state and a palace orchestra is used in his presence to this day. Corresponding orchestras are also used in individual Malaysian states to this day on courtly ceremonial occasions and on Muslim holidays.

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Persian Empire and Arab conquerors spread instrument to India, China, Malaysia, Africa and Andalusia. Wars between Europe and Islamic powers brought horn to Europe. Europeans changed horn by bending it into compact forms, which reinfluenced Islamic

3029: 1959:

angels blowing long, slightly curved horns, the shape of which is reminiscent of Byzantine military horns. Similar curved trumpets, light enough for the musician to hold with one hand but considerably longer than animal horns, are depicted in the

3077: 2708: 641: 794:, of which two specimens survive in good condition from the tomb of Tutankhamen (ruled c. 1332–1323), the long trumpets produced only one or two notes and were not built to sustain the pressure that a very high third note would produce. 2720: 574:

Another confused point about karna versus nafirs concerns S-curved trumpets. Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi described the karnā as curved in an S-shape out of two semicircles which are turned towards each other in the middle - like today's

1689:), for which Çelebi states 77 musicians. Nefir, or nüfür in religious folk music, was a simple buffalo horn without a mouthpiece, blown by Bektashi in ceremonies and by itinerant dervishes for begging until the early 20th century. 3289:

is still occasionally used in Morocco to call out prayer times in Ramadan, unless replaced by a loudspeaker on the minaret. According to tradition, during the fasting month of Ramadan in the old town (Medina) of the big cities, a

1387:(1054–1122) in a manuscript from 1237 shows an Arabic military band with flags and standards in the depiction of the 7th Maqāma. Typical of similar paintings from the 13th century are the paired, largely cylindrical long trumpets 3238:(1304–1368 or 1377) first visited Mogadishu on the east coast of Africa at the beginning of the 14th century, coming from Aden. He reports seeing a procession of the Sultan there led by a military band with drums (tabl), horns ( 1084:

After the reinvention of a metal-tube-bending technology, European trumpets began to use it, and instruments were able to have longer and thinner tubes (bent compactly), creating a huge line of brass instruments, including the

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Paul Kahle : Islamic shadow play figures from Egypt. Part 2. In CH Becker (ed.): The Islam. Journal for history and culture of the Islamic Orient. 2nd volume, Karl J. Trübner, Strasbourg 1911, pp. 143–195, here p.

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20 trumpets, 4 conical oboes, 40 kettle drums and 4 other drums. The Mamluk army was commanded by 30 emirs, each with their own musicians playing 4 trumpets, 2 conical oboes and 10 drums. The military bands were called

539:

The difference is visible in miniatures, with artists depicting some instruments thinner. Also visible in miniatures is the gradually increasing the bore size (conically), which some karnays have in the same way a

2267:(singular sinj); this orchestra represented an important symbol of representation for the Arab rulers. As the Fatimid Caliph al-ʿAzīz(r. 975–996) invaded Syria from Egypt in 978, he had 500 musicians with bugles ( 2423:(ruled 930–1062). Military commanders and ministers are maintained with their own army. The size of the orchestra was graduated according to the rank of those in power. The orchestras named after the kettle drum 1206:(† 1120) wrote about the parade of a representative Fatimid orchestra at the end of the 11th century, which included trumpeters and 20 drummers on mules. Each drummer played three double-headed cylinder drums ( 4487:

Henry George Farmer: The Music of the Arabian Nights (Continued from p. 185, October, 1944). In: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, April 1945, pp. 39-60, here p.

3578:, especially the drums, had a magical meaning, which is why some rituals and regulations were associated with them that date back to pre-Islamic times. According to tradition, the ceremonial instruments of 4866: 4779:

Habib Hassan Touma: Indications of Arabian Musical Influence on the Iberian Peninsula from the 8th to the 13th Century. In: Revista de Musicología, Vol. 10, No. 1, January–April 1987, pp. 137–150, here p.

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a ceremonial instrument capable of producing only one or two notes. The lowest note is poor in quality and carrying power...the Egyptian military trumpet signal code was a rhythmic one on a single pitch...

3386:

In contrast to the large number of African trumpet types, traditional trumpets are almost unknown in Southeast Asia. In some places animal horns or snail horns were used as signaling instruments. The name

2657: 358: 2419:, consisting of kettle drums, cylinder drums, cymbals, straight and curved trumpets, and cone oboes, which initially belonged to the privileges of the caliphs and emirs, was soon also permitted under the 527:

The nafir in Morocco averages 150 centimeters in length and a diameter of 1.6 cm on the outside of the tube. According to the Persian music theorist Abd al-Qadir Maraghi (bin Ghaybi, c. 1350–1435), the

1964:

around 820. The numerous representations of conical curved horns follow from the 10th/11th century again conical straight trumpets after Roman model, which are blown by angels. In the epic heroic poem

1395:. The size of the military orchestra subordinate to them was measured according to the ruler's power. A typical large orchestra consisted of about 40 musicians, who, in addition to kettle drums (small 3606:, "state", "state power") has a religious component in the Malay language beyond the worldly power of the king, which refers to the idea of a god-king introduced by the Indians in the 1st millennium ( 2617:

A regulation of privileges as in Persia also existed in the Ottoman Empire. There, in the second half of the 18th century, the sultan's representative orchestra had around 60 members, 12 of whom were

5310: 4302:

Bruce P. Gleason: Cavalry Trumpet and Kettledrum Practice from the Time of the Celts and Romans to the Renaissance. In: The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 61, April 2008, pp. 231–239, 251, here p. 232

2085:). The mentioned expensive metal from which the trumpets are made is said to refer to the luxurious life of the Muslim rulers in al-Andalus and to identify the trumpets as royal instruments. Silver 917:

player on a galloping horse in a Roman battle scene (far left). He wears a helmet and holds the trumpet horizontally with both hands to his mouth. Depicted in a relief of a sarcophagus lid from the

2993:, longer trumpets are used in some regions of India today on ceremonial occasions (temple services or family celebrations), the tradition of which may date back to pre-Islamic times, including the 727:

is a term used for conical horns, whether curved or straight and regardless of the construction material, including shell, bone, ivory, wood and metal. This is important because in Islamic areas,

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It should be understood that the term būḳ was used for all instruments with a conical tube, whether crescent-shaped or straight, irrespective of the material of its facture,—shell, horn, or metal.

3101: 3803:

Rites of births and marriage are invariably accompanied with a specific role assigned to the musicians of the naqqarakhana ...these same instruments of royalty were carried into the battlefield

5087:

Henry George Farmer: Early References to Music in the Western Sūdān. In: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 4, October 1939, pp. 569–579, here pp. 571f

1212:) mounted on the animals' backs, while the musicians marched in pairs. The musical instruments of these orchestras are listed by the Persian poet Nāsir-i Chusrau (1004 – after 1072): trumpet 359: 5105:

Henry George Farmer: Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century. In: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, January 1936, pp. 1-43, here p. 29

4538:

Henry George Farmer: Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century. In: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, January 1936, pp. 1-43, here p. 28

2669: 4254:

Around 1400 instrument makers learnt to bend the trumpet's tubing: first to an S-shape...soon afterwards with this S-shape folded back on itself to form a loop – a more compact arrangement

5213: 5047: 3456:. While in Indonesia the sultanates on Sumatra lost their independence after the colonial period with independence in 1945 (Java did not have such, choosing to rely on the pre-existing 2109:

were successfully repulsed, the Sultan's military band played a major part in the victory. At that time it consisted of 20 trumpets, 4 cone oboes, 40 kettle drums and 4 cylinder drums.

1951:, curved horns of various sizes and shapes existed, as shown by illustrations, from about the 5th to the 10th century, but hardly any straight trumpets. The mosaic from the apse of the 1186:

maintained huge representative orchestras with trumpet players and drummers. The Fatimid Caliph al-ʿAzīz (r. 975–996) invaded Syria from Egypt in 978 with 500 musicians blowing bugles (

3973:ʿAbdalqādir ibn Ġaibī al-Ḥāfiz al-Marāġī, who died in the year 1435 at Herdt...Cāmi' al-alḥān...The nafir (trumpet) was the longest of its kind. Whatever was longer was known as the 1274:) were used in military. During the rule of the Abbasids (750–1258) larger military orchestras were introduced, which also had ceremonial functions and performed alongside surna and 3693:. (Heinrich Besseler, Max Schneider (ed.): Music history in pictures. Volume III: Music of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Delivery 2) Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Leipzig 1966 4402:

Joachim Braun: Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine. Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids (Michigan) 2002, pp. 292f

3591:

lineage through a son of the last Sultan of Malacca to the kings of ancient Singapore and on to the mythical founder of the Malay empires who once appeared at the sacred site of

2176:

was the only trumpet used by the Egyptians to rise above the noisy wild overall sound of the conical oboes, drums and cymbals, emitting single, piercingly high bursts of sound.

4996: 2448: 4149:

Joachim Braun: Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine. Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids (Michigan) 2002, p. 11

940:

with a cup-shaped mouthpiece made of cast bronze and a stabilizing rod running across the middle. In the Roman Empire (27 BC – 284 AD), the Romans introduced a variant of the

5277:

Richard James Wilkinson : Some Malay Studies. In: Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 10, No. 1 (113) January 1932, pp. 67-137, here pp. 82f

5147:

Patricia Ann Matusky, Tan Sooi Beng: The Music of Malaysia: The Classical, Folk, and Syncretic Traditions. (SOAS musicology series) Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot 2004, p. 240

5225:

W. Linehan: The Nobat and the Orang Kalau of Perak. In: Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 24, No. 3 (156), October 1951, pp. 60–68, here p. 60

551:

was probably mostly a long, cylindrical metal trumpet with a high-pitched sound better suited to signaling than the deeper, duller sound of the conical trumpets such as the

4950:

Gergely Csiky: The Tuzūkāt-i Tīmūrī as a Source for Military History. In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 59, No. 4, 2006, pp. 439–491, here p. 476

3065: 2168:

in an ensemble can hardly be seen in illustrations. The French musicologist Guillaume André Villoteau (1759–1839), who belonged to the group of scholars who took part in

1736:. Henry George Farmer, who emphasized the influence of Arabic on European music in the early 20th century, repeated the 20 instrument names listed by the Andalusian poet 5061:

Amnon Shiloah: Arabic Music. VII. Decentralization and emergence of local styles since the 10th century. 5. Arabic Music in Islamic Africa. In: MGG Online, November 2016

1434:

Another type of trumpet, with a short cylindrical tube, is shown in a Persian miniature in a late fourteenth-century manuscript. The manuscript contains the cosmography

4968:

Henry George Farmer: Meccan Musical Instruments. In: The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 3, July 1929, pp. 489–505, here pp. 498f

418:

is depicted in battle scenes. In Christian culture, it displaced or was played alongside of the curved tuba or horn, as seen in artwork of about the 14th century A.D.

414:

and as a ceremonial instrument in countries shaped by Islamic culture in North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. In Ottoman, Persian and Mugulin miniatures, the

2373: 5156:

Margaret J. Kartomi: The Royal Nobat Ensemble of Indragiri in Riau, Sumatra, in Colonial and Post-Colonial Times. Galpin Society Journal, 1997, pp. 3–15, here pp. 3f

3234:, on the other hand, could have been introduced from the north through the Sahara, up the Nile via the Sudan, or from the east coast of Africa. The Muslim traveler 2081:

that ended in 1492 with the capture of the city of Granada. In the ballad, when the Emir reaches the conquered city, he sounds his silver-made ceremonial trumpets (

1458:

minted between 132 and 135 AD. According to Braun, the unclearly designed thickenings at the upper end of these instruments could also refer to reed instruments.

360: 2821: 1704:. Other Arabic instruments introduced via the Iberian Peninsula or brought with them by the Crusaders have also entered Spanish with their names, including from 4704:

Jan Gilbert: The Lamentable Loss of Alhama in “Paseábase el rey moro”. In: The Modern Language Review, Vol. 100, No. 4, October 2005, pp. 1000–1014, here p. 108

2939:

is a slightly smaller conical oboe found regionally in northern India in folk music. Numerous other regional names for double-reed instruments in India include

2221:

was not yet a war trumpet for the Arabs, but used for the snail horn blown on the Arabian Peninsula. According to the historian Ibn Hischām in the 9th century,

1968:, written in the late 10th or early 11th century, Hygelac, the uncle of the eponymous hero, calls the soldiers to battle with 'horn and bieme'. The Old English 1912:

Christ flanked by the archangels Michael, Gabriel and seven tuba angels. Mosaic of 545 A.D. from the Church of San Michele, Ravenna, in the Bode-Museum, Berlin.

1175:, trumpet players and drummers are mentioned who acted in the battles against the Arabs at the beginning of the 7th century on the backs of elephants. Possibly 3522:

has a conical tube about 70 centimeters long that is made of silver. In the states of Kedah and Perak, the musical instruments are kept in a separate building

2089:

are also a symbol of the luxurious life of the Muslims in other poems about the Spanish reconquest of Granada (genre: romances fronterizos). A ballad entitled

2548: 200:

Earliest known are Egyptian. Greek and Etruscan trumpets from antiquity passed through Romans to Persians. Possibly a Middle East Assyrian tradition as well.

6105: 5603: 2005:

influence, a trumpet corresponding to the Roman tuba was revived in Europe, which first appeared around 1100 in the Old French Song of Roland under the name

2554: 2275:) with him; the sources also report large Fatimid military orchestras on other occasions. Arab authors around this time distinguished the metal trumpets būq 934:

of the Hebrews, these trumpets could only be blown by priests or by a select group of people. The Romans knew from the Etruscans the circularly curved horn

6536: 5317: 5235: 3421: 2527:

in Persia had a long cylindrical tube and a conical bell. A drawing with Turkmen and Chinese influences, probably made in Herat in the 15th century, shows

2283:

centuries, the range of instruments used in military bands became significantly more diverse and the musical possibilities may have expanded as a result.

1737: 5174:

Abu Talib Ahmad: Museums in the Northern Region of Peninsula Malaysia and Cultural Heritage. In: Kemanuslaan, vol. 22, no. 2, 2015, pp. 23–45, here p. 35

5019:

Bigamudre Chaitanya Deva: The Double-Reed Aerophone in India. In: Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 7, 1975, pp. 77–84, here pp. 79f

4770:

Anthony Baines, The Evolution of Trumpet Music up to Fantini. In: Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, Vol. 101, 1974–1975, pp. 1-9, here pp. 8f

4437: 2931:, however, outside the context of Persian representative orchestras is meant cone oboes derived only by name from the Persian trumpet and related to the 2438: 5010:

Reis Flora: Styles of the Śahnāī in Recent Decades: From naubat to gāyakī ang. In: Yearbook for Traditional Music, Vol. 27, 1995, pp. 52–75, here p. 56

3843:Д. Раҳимов. Касбу ҳунарҳои анъанавии тоҷикон. – Душанбе, 2014. – С. 40 - 42 (D. Rahimov. Traditional crafts of Tajiks. - Dushanbe, 2014. - p. 40 - 42.) 3083:

English: Hunting scene near Agra, June/July 1561. Illustration for 1. Akbar-nama, Victoria and Albert Museum, IS. 2:24-1896. Curved trumpet top right.

1485:

It stands for "‘trumpet’, ‘pipe’, ‘flute’, ‘sound’ or ‘noise’, and also as ‘men in flight’ or ‘an assembly of men for warlike or political action.’".

4645:

Adriano Peroni: The Baptistery of Novara. architecture and painting. In: ICOMOD - Issues of the German National Committee, Vol. 23, 1998, pp. 155-160

139: 4636:

Heinrich Hüschen: Isidore of Seville. In: Friedrich Blume (ed.): Music in the past and present, 1st edition, volume 6, 1957, column 1438, table 64

2383:

trumpets from Tajikistan. The largest trumpets are karnay. The middle size trumpet is the nafir. The trumpet with an s-curve may have been called

1203: 2625:). Such orchestras, which belonged to the high dignitaries, traveled with them and otherwise played every day before the three times of prayer ( 426:, were ultimately responsible for reintroducing the instrument to Europe after a lapse of six hundred years. The straight trumpet type, called 4556:

Henry George Farmer: Historical Facts for the Arabian Musical Influence. William Reeves, London 1930, p. 13; Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 106

2225:

in previous centuries referred only to the war trumpet of the Christians and the wind instrument for the call to prayer among the Jews (the

192:– There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips; end-blown trumpets – The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.) 5855: 3256: 2294:

Arabic sources provide information about the names and approximate shape of the oriental trumpets in the late Middle Ages. The Arabic name

928:

In ancient times, war and ritual trumpets were widespread throughout the Mediterranean region and from Mesopotamia to South Asia. Like the

4469:

Hermann Möller : Comparative Indo-European-Semitic dictionary. (1911) 2nd edition: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1970, p. 227

1020: 1930: 3565: 2915:, about the hero of the same name and a caste of cowherds in the 12th century, was written either by the early 15th century Telugu poet 2357: 1283: 835:

also stands for an animal horn, which is used in different ways, but only in one place (Josh 6:5 EU) for a horn blown to produce sound.

5138:

Theodore C. Grame: Music in the Jma al-Fna of Marrakesh. In: The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 1, January 1970, pp. 74–87, here p. 83

4393:

Bernhard Höfele: Military Music. III. Field Music in the Middle Ages. In: MGG Online, November 2016 ( The Music Past and Present, 1997)

1287: 1208: 1843: 6098: 5901: 5596: 3379: 2681: 2442:

Battle between the army of Shah Ismail and the Aq Qoyunlu, Safavid Qazvin or Isfahan, circa 1590-1600. Nafirs are in the top corners.

2209:

in the Maghreb, which is a result of the eight centuries of cultural encounters (until 1492) between al Andalus and Christian Spain.

1871: 1824: 1474:

has been applied to Turkish buffalo horns or horn shaped instruments. These are from the 19th century. Mevlânâ Museum, Konya, Turkey.

1311: 5290: 1171:(ruled 309–379). The Sassanids also used trumpets to call the start of battle and the troops to order. In the Persian national epic 876:

in the medieval Arabic texts for a straight or curved trumpet with a conical tube (for the exact origin of the ancient trumpets see

6529: 1855: 596:) by ʿAbdalqādir ibn Ġaibī (died 1435). It is often paired with a slender straight trumpet in miniatures. Miniatures that show the 555:. The tonal difference was illustrated in the vocabulary of the Iraqi historian Ibn al-Tiqtaqa (1262–1310), according to which the 2460:

over the Iranian highlands in the second half of the 14th century and was apparently originally written in a Turkic language. The

1295: 849:, which later appears in the Book of Daniel (written 167–164 BC) as a musical instrument (trumpet made of clay or metal). In the ( 3053: 2147:, "little ox"), there were only straight trumpets in Europe, no twisted ones. Two sizes of straight trumpets were distinguished: 1008: 3618:, "king") and ascribes divine power over his people to the sultan. According to the notion that is still widespread today, this 2748: 739:

whom had the cylindrical straight tubed trumpet, before it was further developed by medieval and early Renaissance Europeans.

703: 7058: 7048: 5193: 4456:

Idiomatic Sentences in the English, Gujarati, and Persian Languages, the Whole in Oriental an Roman Characters in Seven Parts

3654: 1952: 2844:

It included 63 instruments, two thirds of which were different drums. Wind instruments were added: 4 straight long trumpets

2468:), drums and trumpets, according to their rank. Each of the twelve emirs accordingly received a banner and a cauldron drum ( 7068: 7043: 6091: 5589: 3719:

Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary. A complete, authoritative encyclopedia of instruments throughout the world

571:). A writer in 1606, Nicot, said the trumpet was treble when compared with other trumpets that only played tenor and bass. 3452:(r. 1424–1444) converted to Islam. A little later most of the sultanates in North Sumatra and Malaysia had adopted such a 1294:(singular sindsch). Arabic authors in the late Abbasid period distinguished brass instruments between the coiled trumpet 1179:

took over the situation in his time, for which mounted war musicians are otherwise documented, in the historical account.

7073: 7063: 7053: 6522: 5303: 4504: 4167:

Illustrated in: Piotr Bieńkowski: Representations of the Gauls in Hellenistic Art. Alfred Hölder, Vienna 1908, Plate VIIb

1454:

type, Joachim Braun (2002) mentions the depiction of two short wind instruments with funnel-shaped bells on an Israelite

1256:(1332–1406), the musical instruments mentioned were still unknown in early Islamic times. Instead, the square frame drum 668: 4665: 1598:(reigned 1757–1774) had volunteers assembled before the war against Russia (1768–1774) in a general call to arms called 6545: 1991:

The straight long trumpet with a bell-shaped bell is depicted along with other wind instruments in a manuscript of the

3789: 3626:. The law of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate in the 19th century dictated that every person had to stand still as soon as a 2780:

From the 8th century onwards, Arab-Persian military music came to northern India with the Muslim conquerors. The name

2069:

was the name of a trumpet in Spanish from the 13th to the 15th century, which was considered "trompeta de los moros" (

952:, two celtic long trumpets with cylindrical bronze tubes that could be dismantled into several parts were excavated. 647:

Musicians advance behind Emperor Humayun defeating the Afghans. One straight-tubed nafir trumpet, one S-curved karnay.

4047: 4029: 3899: 3881: 2966:

Mughal-era representative orchestras have disappeared in India since the early 20th century. What remains are simple

1602:, so as not to be exclusively dependent on the professional army of the janissaries. This was distinguished from the 169: 119: 7007: 4503:

Müge Göçek, F. (2012). ""Nefīr"". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

100: 4028:

Farmer, H.G. (1960). "Būḳ". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

3985:). If the centre of the tube of a trumpet was turned back upon itself—in a flattened 'S' shape—it was known as the 3880:

Farmer, H.G. (1960). "Būḳ". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

1535:

and the long trumpet so referred to spread with Islamic culture in Asia, North Africa and Europe. Even before the

1202:

resigned the successor of the last Fatimid caliph. During his time as Sultan of Egypt (until 1193), the historian

72: 1681:

was a straight trumpet that was played in Constantinople by only 10 musicians and had fallen behind the European

5238:. In: Jurnal ASWARA. Akademi Seni Budaya dan Warisan Kebangsaan, Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2010, pp. 38–48, here p. 41 3270:

may have replaced a long wooden ceremonial trumpet which survives among the Hausa in a short version called the

4695:

Jeremy Montagu: History of Musical Instruments in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Herder, Freiburg 1981, p. 41

3107:

Illustration (detail) for the Akbarnama in the Golestan Palace Library (circa 1590 A.D.). Trumpets, to left.

3041: 57: 2193:). Short trumpet blasts are produced at a very fast tempo at a height of up to d, above the vocal parts. The 79: 5736: 4801:

Henry George Farmer: A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century. Luzac & Co., London 1929, p. 154

4666:"Olifan, Graisles, Buisines and Taburs: The Music of War and the Structure and Dating of the Oxford Roland" 3182: 6435: 6114: 5774: 5612: 5248: 4454: 4413: 965:. The difference between the straight and curved trumpets was presumably less in form than in use. While 808:

Art from the Arch of Titus (circa 81 A.D.) showing the Chazozra trumpets, carried away by Roman soldiers.

6135: 4006: 3944: 6419: 4526:

Laurence Picken : Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey. Oxford University Press, London 1975, p. 482

3128:

Three-piece brass trumpet nafīr, blown in Morocco in Ramadan. Total length 176 centimeters, before 1955

3122: 2112: 1353: 1089:

trumpet. The bent tube instruments moved into Persian and Turkish countries and to India, becoming the

1064:, pre-13th century European trumpets were shaped like oxen horns until encounters with Islamic armies' 86: 2044: 6655: 6502: 6070: 5430: 3622:

should also be included in the insignia of the sultan, which includes the musical instruments of the

2815: 1455: 1362: 1338: 1120: 713: 235: 5264:

Malay magic : being an introduction to the folklore and popular religion of the Malay Peninsula

5216:. In: International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2011, pp. 19-35, here p. 26 5115: 3230:

may have arrived in the Maghreb on its way along the African Mediterranean coast to al-Andalus. The

2048:

Miniature with two Spanish añafiles in the Cantigas de Santa Maria, second half of the 13th century.

1983: 754:

The former and their later replicas made of wood or metal (such as the Northern European Bronze Age

4212:(1). Research Center for Music Iconography, The Graduate Center, City University of New York: 3–8. 3857:

Anthony Baines: Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments. JB Metzler, Stuttgart 2005, p. 216, sv "Nafīr"

3449: 3368:

can also be played as processional music at weddings, circumcisions and other family celebrations.

2738:

Nafir or karna trumpets, from the Tarikh-i 'alam-ara-yi Abbasi of Iskander Bayg Munshi, circa 1650.

2206: 2101:). In 1250, the Christian army attempted the Sixth Crusade under the leadership of the French King 2001: 17: 6564: 4293:

Michael B. Charles: Elephant ii. In the Sasanian Army. In: Encyclopædia Iranica, December 15, 1998

4238:

Margaret Sarkissian; Edward H. Tarr (2001). "Trumpet (Fr. trompette; Ger. Trompete; It. tromba)".

3436:

was taken to Temasek, now Singapore, on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. According to the

3190: 2531:

playing music in paradise, playing a round frame drum with a tambourine ring, a bent-necked lute (

2197:

singing is stylistically linked to the medieval Portuguese cantiga ("song") and the singing forms

1995:

from this period. A little later, at the beginning of the 12th century, the wall painting with an

1108:

has been connected to the names used for a variety of unrelated horns and trumpets, including the

68: 6976: 6445: 5731: 3658: 3391:, taken from the Dutch, does not mean a trumpet in Indonesia, but a rare double-reed instrument. 2404:

are all names for reed instruments of the oboe family, so caution must be used calling a trumpet

1741: 46: 4881:

Henry George Farmer: Ṭabl-Khāna. In: Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition, Volume 10, 2000, p. 35b

3398:

Balai Nobat in Alor Setar. The ceremonial orchestra of the Sultan of Kedah is kept in the tower.

944:

with a narrower tube in the shape of a G in the military bands. This is pictured as a relief on

815:

Among the early ritual instruments mentioned in the Old Testament is the curved ram's horn, the

479:

in which the straight tube was bent into a loop, influenced by such European instruments as the

6981: 4547:

Robert Stevenson, Spanish Music in the Age of Columbus. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1960, p. 22

3416: 3226:

was no longer understood as a trumpet, but as an animal horn. From this time the metal trumpet

2310:

means "trumpet/horn" and "war signal". A distinction must be made between the straight trumpet

1435: 918: 758:) are attributed to the natural horns, while Curt Sachs (1930) suspected the origin of today's 658: 461: 410:

with a cylindrical tube and a conical metal bell, producing one or two notes. It was used as a

53: 5030: 4902: 4851: 4577: 4249: 4013:

trumpet...conical bore...originally a *natural horn, the būq was subsequently made of metal...

3767: 3218:, now found primarily in Morocco, and was probably spread in other ways. When the Arabic name 2675:

Kay Khusrau kills Aila. Baysungur's Shahnama. Painted 1430. The Gulistan Palace Museum, Tehran

1078:. As Europeans developed these into bent-tubed instruments, Islamic instruments followed suit. 977:

presumably served as a signal trumpet in the camp, for example at the changing of the guard.

496:

played in Ramadan), and Malaysia (as a representative instrument of the sultanates the silver

6450: 6346: 5960: 5072: 5001:. In: National Center for the Performing Arts Quarterly Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1979, pp. 1-7 3480:, head diameter 40 centimetres), which are not played in pairs here, two double-headed drums 1516:

with the context of meaning "to breathe" and this is via the common Proto-Indo-European root

1115: 2558:(“Sense of Melodies”) was written at the beginning of the 15th century the straight trumpet 747:

Trumpet instruments originally consisted either of relatively short animal horns, bones and

6758: 6058: 5845: 5498: 5386: 4158:

Jeremy Montagu, Musical Instruments of the Bible. Scarecrow Press, Lanham 2002, pp. 56f, 97

3686:. (Contributions to Jazz Research Vol. 7) Academic Printing and Publishing House, Graz 1985 2543: 2116: 2026: 1948: 1744:

from the second half of the 13th century and the names mentioned in the verses of the poet

1551:

and the Arab countries in the course of their conquests. In the Arabic version of the tale

1502:

was also part of a military term in 19th century Persia for all troop members to assemble (

1218: 1086: 480: 307: 181: 6140: 5651: 4892: 4839: 4567: 4239: 3757: 3294:

wind blower goes through the streets at nightfall and gives the signal to break the fast (

2726:

Nafir trumpets, from the Tarikh-i 'alam-ara-yi Abbasi of Iskander Bayg Munshi, circa 1650.

2582:

for "(brass) wind instrument" apparently did not denote a trumpet, but in the combination

1298:

and the straight nafīr. The woodwind instruments of the time included the reed instrument

8: 6246: 6074: 6062: 5814: 5456: 4351: 3653:). They have a hereditary status and a lineage lost in ancient times and mythical tales. 3202: 2592: 2233: 1439: 1299: 1264: 877: 265: 5262: 1664:(“trumpeter”) is understood today in Turkish folk music as a spirally wound bark oboe. 6710: 6574: 6440: 6163: 5694: 5689: 5674: 5391: 4213: 4129: 3714:. In: Journal of International Library of African Music, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1982, pp. 48-72 3530:, "drum house" of the Mughal palaces), otherwise in a separate room in the palace. The 2830: 2757: 2702:

Archangel Israfel blows nafir, from Al-Qazwinis The Wonders of Creation, Or 4701 fol38v

1642:

means "trumpet/horn" and "war signal". In military music, the straight natural trumpet

1609: 1349: 1143: 1044:

With the exception of some early straight-tubed European instruments such as the Greek

945: 748: 694: 321: 214: 5476: 3963:

Henry George Farmer (December 1962). "ʿAbdalqādir ibn Ġaibī on Instruments of Music".

3502:(in the latter two large gongs are added), while in Terengganu the cymbals are called 1863:

refers to a long trumpet that still exists in Morocco today. The trumpet was known as

7078: 6955: 6940: 6894: 6804: 6763: 6198: 6122: 5983: 5620: 5437: 5189: 4053: 4043: 4039: 3905: 3895: 3891: 3445: 3407: 3001:

in Tamil Nadu in southern India. The most widespread is the semi-circular trumpet or

2983: 1918: 1332:

Islamic artwork from Mameluke Dynasty showing an Archangel blowing the nafir trumpet.

1279: 981: 411: 5214:

Distant Drums and Thunderous Cannon: Sounding Authority in Traditional Malay Society

3440:("Malay Annals"), a historical work probably first written in the 17th century, the 6404: 6316: 6155: 5930: 4898: 4847: 4573: 4245: 4121: 4035: 3887: 3763: 3429: 2877: 2189: 2169: 1760: 189: 174: 150: 93: 3328:

Theodore C. Grame (1970) heard among the musicians who regularly performed on the

1668: 7012: 6670: 6455: 6261: 5790: 5418: 5330: 4986:

F. Müge Göçek: Nefīr. In: Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition, Vol. 8, 1995, p. 3b

4266: 3592: 3562:) made of rattan. The trumpet is 89 centimeters long and is made of pure silver. 2789: 1961: 1839: 1066: 407: 341: 316: 6145: 5719: 3666:

the king's duty to perform a magical renewal ceremony every two to three years.

2848:

made of "gold, silver, brass or other metal", 3 smaller straight metal trumpets

2298:

was first mentioned by the Seljuks in the 11th century. The original meaning of

2291:("Drum House") because they were kept in a room in the main gate of the palace. 888: 779: 270: 6986: 6722: 6173: 5724: 5528: 5483: 3437: 3410:

with the spread of Indo-Islamic culture. The first small Muslim empires with a

3134: 2894: 2586:

indicated a reed instrument made of metal. A single-reed instrument was called

2124: 2010: 1977: 1579: 6183: 6083: 5581: 4928:

John Baily (1980). "A description of the naqqarakhana of Herat, Afghanistan".

2464:

gives details of the insignia of the military leaders, consisting of banners (

2140:

were terrifying images that continued to be associated with this instrument.

1987:

Buisine player and religious figure, Manuscript of Saint-Esprit 1450-1460 A.D.

1859:

orchestras in Persia and northern India at the beginning of the 20th century,

1673: 1368:

Caravan of pilgrims making music with drums and two shorter conical trumpets (

1139: 563:) the trumpet, while the player of the conical trumpet, here referred to as a 7037: 6884: 6514: 6476: 6399: 6321: 6066: 6028: 5669: 5446: 5346: 5295: 3329: 3195: 3176: 2982:) at a few Muslim shrines in Rajasthan, including the tomb of the Sufi saint 2838: 2769: 2532: 2420: 2137: 1536: 862: 326: 27:

Natural trumpet, dates to ancient/medieval periods, straight tube with a bell

4090: 2800:

developed into splendid representative orchestras at the ruling houses. The

2316: 1613: 1587: 1559:

occurs only in one passage as a single trumpet, played together with horns (

1326: 984:

tradition, with the instruments curving as animal horns, much as the Roman

467: 7017: 6809: 6784: 6650: 6490: 5555: 5540: 5326: 5116:"Nafir trumpet, Fès, Morocco, ca. 1975, and Kakaki, Konni, Niger, ca. 1975" 4566:

Edward H. Tarr (2001). "Fanfare (Fr. fanfare; Ger. Fanfare; It. fanfara)".

3924: 3700:. In: The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition, Vol. 1, 1960, pp. 1290b–1292a 2882: 2810: 1540: 1380: 1057: 936: 898: 541: 451: 285: 250: 5875: 4057: 3909: 2714:

Faridun Embraces Manuchihr. Painted circa 1525. (Upper left, right middle)

2302:

was "call to war", which is why the corresponding trumpet used was called

1520:(derived from this also "snort, snort") connected to the ancient Egyptian 1071: 802: 7022: 6660: 6379: 6364: 6326: 6311: 6306: 6291: 6038: 6033: 5565: 3499: 3235: 2093:

states: "añafiles, trompetas de plata fina" ("Trumpets of Fine Silver").

2078: 1754: 1634:). In 1529, the “Turkish field clamor” reached Vienna for the first time. 1595: 1253: 1128:

in India (a regional name of the S-shaped curved trumpet, which includes

823: 422:

metal trumpets greatly impressed the Christian armies at the time of the

4268:

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425), fol. 316v, Text

4217: 4201: 3306:) before sunrise. In the 17th century in the Maghreb there was also the 2837:, unnamed horn with s-curve, (middle) a short nafir, (bottom) two pairs 2136:

depictions of the trumpet calling down the end of the world before the

1906: 1646:

is distinguished from the general Turkic word for "tube" and "trumpet,"

6935: 6700: 6680: 6609: 6584: 5513: 5442: 5425: 4133: 4109: 3163:

and with similar names further afield in the western Sudan region. The

2911: 2453: 2133: 1996: 1693: 1049: 1032: 850: 775: 690: 508:

is similarly used in Iran, Tajikistan Uzbekistan and Rajistan, and the

433: 6203: 6193: 5699: 5291:

Ysabel's Notebook, timeline of trumpets, ideas to look up for article.

3095:

Page from Tales of a Parrot (Tuti-nama)- 1655. Cleveland Museum of Art

2986:

in Ajmer, where — following tradition — they appear at the entrances.

2788:

and similar variations) became common with the coming to power of the

2663:

Musicians pursuing, in fight where Bahram Recovers the Crown of Rivniz

2435:

were given representative functions in addition to the military ones.

774:

The simple straight trumpets are called tuba-shaped, derived from the

449:

belonged to the Persian military bands and representative orchestras (

6864: 6414: 6150: 5891: 5795: 5646: 5545: 5503: 5413: 5396: 5371: 3333: 3277: 3015: 2243:

In the 10th century, the military orchestra, composed of the trumpet

2184: 1745: 1384: 1172: 1168: 1149: 1135: 382: 4125: 3394: 2065: 2021:, while the Franks themselves used trumpets shaped as animal horns ( 1834: 428: 365: 225: 35: 6945: 6930: 6874: 6695: 6690: 5641: 5560: 5550: 5508: 5376: 3337: 2916: 2761: 2364: 2102: 1937: 1548: 1176: 1164: 930: 894: 763: 423: 336: 245: 6394: 3790:"Music and Musical Instruments in the Paintings of the Akbar Nama" 2627: 1466: 1163:

The history of mounted military musicians begins with the Persian

1093:

in Turkish, showing up in artwork in the 15th and 16th centuries.

6960: 6950: 6869: 6859: 6854: 6834: 6753: 6705: 6665: 6604: 6599: 6559: 6384: 6271: 6213: 6008: 6003: 5865: 5748: 5518: 5401: 5366: 5351: 5341: 4998:

Music and Musical Instruments in the Paintings of the Akbar Nama.

4237: 3586: 3457: 3315: 2865: 2687: 2542:

After the detailed description of Persian musical instruments in

2106: 1965: 1748:(around 1283 – around 1350), all of Arabic origin. These include 1656: 1547:

along with other military musical instruments westward as far as

1303: 1199: 1183: 1110: 1075: 1061: 1045: 907: 783: 759: 674: 628: 624: 275: 230: 6168: 3538:) in Alor Setar is composed of seven instruments: a kettle drum 3167:

is an extremely long, thin trumpet related to the Central Asian

1749: 1096: 751:

horns or of long, rather cylindrical tubes of wood and bamboo.

6991: 6925: 6920: 6904: 6899: 6839: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6768: 6645: 6640: 6619: 6614: 6579: 6569: 6359: 6336: 6281: 6236: 6013: 5916: 5860: 5850: 5800: 5714: 5535: 5523: 5466: 5461: 5381: 5356: 5052:. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection, 1816, Spring 2014 3534:

of the Palace of Kedah displayed in the State Museum of Kedah (

3490: 3425: 3300:), as well as early in the morning it announces the last meal ( 3159: 3141: 3009: 2857: 2826: 2380: 2324:, which derives from European influence in later time. Spanish 1865: 1525: 1154:

in the 14th/15th Century the procession in front of the sultan.

1130: 961: 868:, thus reinterpreting it as a straight metal trumpet. The word 841: 817: 791: 778:. Other straight trumpets in antiquity were the Etruscan-Roman 710: 632: 577: 521: 509: 505: 492: 445: 331: 280: 260: 255: 240: 4891:

John Baily; Alastair Dick (20 January 2001). "Naqqārakhāna ".

3684:

Tradition of African wind orchestras and the emergence of jazz

3314:, a European single-wind trumpet presumably equivalent to the 2825:

Musicians of the Akbar's naqqāra-khāna. From the left, (top):

1379:

A miniature illustrated by Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti for the

486:

The instruments retain ceremonial functions today in Morocco (

6889: 6879: 6849: 6748: 6743: 6717: 6685: 6675: 6594: 6374: 6301: 6296: 6276: 6266: 6256: 6228: 6223: 6208: 6188: 5998: 5993: 5911: 5906: 5870: 5840: 5835: 5758: 5709: 5704: 5684: 5570: 5493: 5406: 5361: 3580: 3511: 3302: 3296: 3262: 3250:) played the same instruments, but reinforced by cone oboes ( 3146: 3003: 2805: 2773: 2753: 2602: 2535:) and a long cylindrical trumpet. What is unusual about this 2528: 2457: 2400: 2393: 2249: 1806: 1626: 1617: 1450:) in the 13th century. As a possible early precursor of this 1306:, the cone oboe surnā, the longitudinal flutes made of reed ( 1275: 1224: 302: 290: 5183: 5096:

KA Gourlay: Farai. In: Grove Music Online, February 11, 2013

3035:

Circumcision ceremony for Akbar's sons. (Bottom left corner)

2452:

became known in Persian in the Mughal Empire in the time of

1492:

was the "call to war" Hence the military trumpet was called

996: 766:

to be the straight natural trumpets made of bamboo or wood.

731:

could mean a number of different instruments, including the

6844: 6814: 6727: 6624: 6409: 6023: 5679: 5451: 5071:

Brandily, Monique (1984). "Gashi". In Sadie Stanley (ed.).

3071:

Chester-Beatty Akbarnama, kept in the Cincinnati Art Museum

2834: 2765: 2367:'s Parable of the Ship of Shi'ism. Painted circa 1530-1535. 2263: 2143:

Up until the 14th century, except for hunting horns (Latin

1955:

in Africisco in Ravenna, consecrated in 545, depicts seven

1606:, the military mobilization of a selected group of people. 1291: 1270: 1238: 949: 3514:

lutes due to Thai influence. Brunei's two orchestras, the

2492:) received the banner tug (with a ponytail) and a trumpet 2232:

Instead, the early Islamic Arabs used the reed instrument

683: 677:

player, on Terracotta kylix (drinking cup), circa 500 B.C.

144:

Moroccan brass nafīr. Length 110 centimeters, before 1978.

6389: 6369: 6331: 6286: 6218: 6178: 6043: 6018: 5988: 5896: 5753: 5743: 5471: 4589:

Published in print: 20 January 2001Published online: 2001

3464:

The orchestras usually consist of one or two kettledrums

3186:

Kakaki musical instruments players from Northern Nigeria.

2792:

from 1206 A.D. In addition to their military duties, the

2611: 2484:

stands for a military unit of 10,000 men) and the banner

2332:

for a medieval Spanish long trumpet, and the German word

2237: 2097:

1123 with loud shouts and the blowing of brass trumpets (

2052: 1696:, the Spanish adopted the trumpet under the Spanish name 1660:), which is due to European influence, while the derived 1372:) on the way to Mecca. Baghdad 1237. (BNF ms. arabe 5847) 1307: 1258: 1244: 1053: 955:

In late Roman times, a trumpet bent in a circle like the

755: 4452: 3721:. Country Life Limited, London 1966, p. 356f, sv “Nafīr” 3712:

Long Trumpets of Northern Nigeria - In History and Today

2808:(r. 1556–1605) existed according to the court chronicle 635:, in which the tube is conical rather than cylindrical. 5031:"अजमेर-Ceremonies from The Holy Shrines of Ajmer-اجمير" 4890: 4185:

James W McKinnon: Buccina. In: Grove Music Online, 2001

4095:. British Broadcasting Corporations (BBC). April 2011. 1616:, Ottoman miniature circa 1568. The musicians play two 980:

Curved trumpets and horns and hornpipes may fit into a

769: 3558:, a brass gong and a 1.8 meter long ceremonial staff ( 1924:

Horn player with tuba. Utrecht Psalter around 820 A.D.

1740:(† 1231) from Seville, in the Spanish song collection 1216:(according to Henry George Farmer, a twisted trumpet, 839:

is rendered in the Aramaic translations of the Bible (

831:) made of hammered silver sheet. In the Hebrew Bible, 689:

Roman military trumpeters with straight long trumpets

627:

musicians retreat ahead of the army of Moghul Emperor

432:

in Spanish, also entered medieval Europe via medieval

2060:. 1950 replica in the Museu de la Música de Barcelona 1070:

inspired creation of instruments such as the Spanish

4352:"The Archangel Israfil late 14th–early 15th century" 3824:...it also spread to India where it is known as the 2997:

in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand and the

2610:. In the first place with Abd al-Qadir is the flute 520:

The nafir has been compared to another trumpet, the

443:

and the straight or S-curved, conical metal trumpet

439:

From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century, the

5249:

Orang Kalur - Musicians of the Royal Nobat of Perak

5236:

The Royal Nobat of Perak - Between Daulat and Music

5077:. Vol. 2. London: MacMillan Press. p. 26. 4918:

Alastair Dick: Nagāṙā. In: Grove Music Online, 2001

4819:

Christian Poché: Būq. In: Grove Music Online , 2001

4233: 4231: 3962: 459:) and were common as far as the Malay Archipelago ( 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4405: 3998: 2871:Early evidence of the wind instrument designation 2578:for the twisted Turkish trumpet). The Arabic name 5165:Patricia Ann Matusky, Tan Sooi Beng, 2004, p. 241 4864: 3424:on the northern tip of Sumatra and the island of 3222:referred to a metal trumpet in the 11th century, 2631:) and on the occasion of special secular events. 1883:is one name among many for a short conical oboe. 7035: 4228: 3936: 3705:A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century 3677:Brass Instruments. Their History and Development 2881:by the 12th and 13th century historian and poet 6113: 5611: 5074:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 5028: 4621:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 4418:. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 356. 4415:Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary 4223:Islam Eserleri Müzesi, Istanbul, T1964, f.32r 4011:. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 73. 4008:Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary 3946:Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary 3929:. Vol. 2. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia. 1974. 3820:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 3755: 3246:). At the sultan's palace, this military band ( 2764:. From left: unknown trumpet (possibly nafir), 1586:was part of the instruments of military bands ( 6544: 5325: 4837: 4565: 4502: 4435: 4199: 4107: 3949:. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 15. 3634:deserved respect as an instrument bearing the 1356:from the 1237 manuscript (BNF ms. arabe 5847). 742: 6530: 6099: 5597: 5311: 5184:Terry E. Miller; Sean Williams, eds. (2008). 4797: 4795: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4411: 4004: 3942: 2897:(c. 1141–1209) mentions the wind instruments 2860:) in the shape of cow horns and 9 cone oboes 2546:'s (circa 1350–1435) music-theoretical works 2504:in the Ottoman Empire) received two banners ( 2105:to conquer Egypt. As the Christians from the 1667:In the 17th century, when the Ottoman writer 4559: 4534: 4532: 4023: 4021: 3813: 3811: 2690:blowing nafir, early 15th century miniature. 2562:was distinguished from the S-curved trumpet 588:The S-curved instrument was identified as a 455:), which were played in Iran, India (called 5049:Study of Nagara Drum in Pushkar, Rajasthan. 4914: 4912: 3756:Christian Poché (2001). "Būq (Iran. bāq)". 3550:(“mother-drum” or “child-drum”), a trumpet 3175:among Islamic people in Chad and among the 1654:refers to the looped military trumpet (see 475:was distinguished from the twisted trumpet 6537: 6523: 6106: 6092: 5604: 5590: 5318: 5304: 5261:Skeat, Walter W. (Walter William) (1900). 4927: 4792: 4491: 4422: 4310: 4308: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3751: 3749: 3206:Nigeria. Players playing Algaita trumpets. 2456:(r. 1627–1658). It deals with the rule of 2183:is still cultivated in Andalusia today in 1482:was first mentioned in the 11th century. 490:played in the month of Ramadan), Nigeria ( 5186:The Garland Book of Southeast Asian Music 4618: 4529: 4018: 3817: 3808: 3787: 3380:Traditional Malaysian musical instruments 3059:The Birth of Timur. (Bottom right corner) 1671:(1611 – after 1683) wrote his travelogue 1158: 1052:, and extremely-curved examples like the 716:with wooden transport lock (find no. 175) 585:, the S-curve karna could be very long. 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 5976: 5070: 4909: 4459:. Bombay: Reporter's Press. p. 122. 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3645:of Perak, Kedah and Selangor are called 3564: 3402:The Persian representational orchestra, 3393: 3276: 3201: 3189: 3181: 2935:imported from central or west Asia. The 2820: 2747: 2437: 2111: 2051: 2043: 2017:straight trumpet type is referred to as 1982: 1936:Olifant from the Le Musée Paul Dupuy of 1608: 1575:) at the head of the army going to war. 1465: 1148: 1095: 853:) Greek Bible, the original animal horn 465:). In the later Ottoman military bands ( 406:, is a slender shrill-sounding straight 356: 4903:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51719 4852:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19529 4810:Henry George Farmer, 1929, pp. 208, 210 4739: 4737: 4663: 4578:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09285 4305: 4250:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49912 4195: 4193: 4191: 3958: 3956: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3768:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04336 3746: 3285:Today, the old military signal trumpet 3260:or long longitudinal trumpets like the 2989:Instead of the short, straight trumpet 2970:ensembles with the pair of kettledrums 2614:, of which there were different sizes. 2596:), a double-reed instrument was called 2415:In Persia, the Arab military orchestra 2363:Two nafirs and a pair of nagaras, from 897:, Roman military musicians with curved 14: 7036: 5939: 4625:'Bemastocc' signifies one made of wood 4506:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4027: 3879: 3432:in the 13th century. From Bintan, the 3214:trumpet type differs from the shorter 3023:, a conical trumpet curved into an S. 2187:processions during religious prayers ( 515: 6518: 6087: 5585: 5299: 5260: 5064: 4202:"The Looped Trumpet in the Near East" 3774: 3516:Naubat Diraja & Gendang Jaga-Jaga 3198:trumpeters sounding the "frum-frums." 2476:) also received the exclusive banner 2314:of the early Ottoman military bands ( 2253:, the differently sized kettle drums 1853:After the disappearance of the large 1026:S-curve trumpet, European, 1405 A.D. 4734: 4188: 4120:. Sage Publications, Ltd.: 133–134. 3953: 3846: 3735:. (1930) Georg Olms, Hildesheim 1967 3371: 3336:a group from the esoteric Sufi sect 3281:Nafir from Morocco. Brass, 96.5 cm. 3047:Akbar in Ghazni ((Upper left corner) 2919:or after 1632. It contains the word 2119:circa 1330 A.D., an angel sounds an 2073:) because of its origin. The ballad 1038:Two styles of Ottoman trumpet, 1486. 770:Egypt, Assyria, Rome, Greece, Israel 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 4789:Henry George Farmer, 1960, p. 1291a 4114:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3484:, one or two conical oboes called 1438:("Wonders of Creation") written by 973:were blown on the battlefield, the 24: 5247:See Raja Iskandar Bin Raja Halid: 4868:Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition 4034:(Second ed.). Leiden: Brill. 3886:(Second ed.). Leiden: Brill. 3498:and in Kedah and Brunei a hanging 2179:The tradition of the long trumpet 1252:. According to the Arab historian 1222:), double - piped ball instrument 845:) with the etymologically derived 25: 7090: 5284: 4977:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 116 4959:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 114 4743:Alfons Michael Dauer, 1985, p. 58 4478:Alfons Michael Dauer, 1985, p. 56 4453:Munshi Bahmanji Dosabhai (1873). 4341:Henry George Farmer, 1929, p. 210 4332:Henry George Farmer, 1929, p. 154 4314:Henry George Farmer, 1929, p. 208 3007:(in southern India, in the north 2496:, the four provincial governors ( 1993:Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville 1278:contained the long metal trumpet 821:, and the straight metal trumpet 6914:Non-Membranous Percussion (Ghan) 6778:Membranous Percussion (Avanaddh) 6497: 6496: 6484: 6470: 5271: 5267:. London: Macmillan. p. 40. 5254: 5241: 5228: 5219: 4828:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 52 4722:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 52 4436:Michael Pirker (2001). "Nafīr". 4384:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 84 4375:Henry George Farmer, 1966, p. 76 4110:"One of Tut'ankhamūn's Trumpets" 4040:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0127 3943:Sibyl Marcuse (1964). "Añafil". 3892:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0127 3679:. Faber & Faber, London 1976 3444:orchestra was introduced in the 3133: 3121: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 2893:are mentioned. The Persian poet 2875:in India is the historical work 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2636: 2372: 2356: 1976:, may have originally denoted a 1929: 1917: 1905: 1361: 1337: 1325: 1031: 1019: 1007: 995: 906: 887: 801: 702: 682: 667: 640: 617: 138: 34: 5206: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5055: 5040: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4921: 4884: 4875: 4858: 4831: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4783: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4686:Anthony Baines, 1976, pp. 74–76 4680: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4550: 4541: 4520: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4446: 4412:Sibyl Marcuse (1964). "Nafir". 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4296: 4287: 4277: 4259: 4179: 4176:Anthony Baines, 1976, pp. 61–64 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4101: 4083: 4074: 4065: 3733:Handbook of Musical Instruments 2552:(“Collection of Melodies”) and 2539:is the large bell-shaped bell. 2236:and the rectangular frame drum 2172:(1798–1801), observed that the 1886: 1879:is still used. In India today, 1314:) as well as the fission flute 182:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 45:needs additional citations for 5234:Raja Iskandar Bin Raja Halid: 4939:ceremonial, civil or military. 4654:Anthony Baines, 1976, S. 72–74 4200:Michael Pirker (Spring 1993). 3916: 3837: 3818:Stanley Sadie (ed.). "Nafir". 3728:. In: Grove Music Online, 2001 3707:. Luzac & Co., London 1929 3506:. Kelantan's orchestra has no 1512:goes back to the Semitic root 1344:Group with two long nafīrs or 1302:, the doubled reed instrument 581:in India. However, unlike the 13: 1: 6063:Azerbaijani traditional music 4840:"Nafīr [nefir, nfīr]" 4619:Sadie Stanley (ed.). "Beme". 4609:Anthony Baines, 1976, pp. 67f 4323:Bruce P Gleason, 2008, p. 233 4005:Sibyl Marcuse (1964). "Būq". 3977:(sic! but usually termed the 3739: 3669: 3595:(near Palembang) in Sumatra. 1692:After the Muslim conquest of 1470:In the modern era, the name 776:tuba used in the Roman Empire 412:military signaling instrument 7059:Moroccan musical instruments 7049:Nigerian musical instruments 4623:. Vol. 1. p. 219. 3788:Geeti Sen (1 January 1979). 2752:Painting, Musicians of the 2340:, the Arabic plural form of 2281:. Between the 11th and 14th 2170:Napoleon's Egyptian campaign 2127:) and fire rains on the sea. 1899:Conical horn-shaped trumpets 1732:(cymbals) the Spanish bells 1630:and a pair of kettle drums ( 1590:) and its player was called 1391:and the pair of kettledrums 714:from the tomb of Tutankhamun 7: 7069:Turkish musical instruments 7044:Persian musical instruments 7001:Historical/possibly extinct 6436:Turkish musical instruments 6115:Turkish musical instruments 5613:Iranian musical instruments 4761:Anthony Baines, 1976, p. 88 4752:Jeremy Montagu, 1981, p. 42 4713:Anthony Baines, 1976, p. 75 3641:The court musicians of the 3356:louder than anything else. 2472:). The Commander-in-Chief ( 2002:abbey church of Sant'Angelo 1875:in China. In Malaysia, the 1553:One Thousand and One Nights 1478:The Arabic instrument name 743:Earliest trumpets and horns 608:was also slim, unlike the 504:orchestra). Its cousin the 10: 7095: 7074:Natural horns and trumpets 7064:Arabic musical instruments 7054:Indian musical instruments 6546:Indian musical instruments 4871:. Vol. 8. p. 3b. 4865:Cf. F. Müge Göçek (1995). 4356:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4031:The encyclopaedia of Islam 3883:The encyclopaedia of Islam 2923:for a wind instrument. By 2336:is thought to derive from 2320:) and the twisted trumpet 1354:Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti 656: 364:Sound of closely related 7000: 6969: 6913: 6777: 6736: 6633: 6552: 6464: 6428: 6345: 6245: 6121: 6071:Persian traditional music 6067:Kurdish traditional music 6056: 5959: 5929: 5884: 5828: 5813: 5783: 5767: 5662: 5634: 5619: 5337: 3112: 2347: 2212: 2091:La Conquista de Antequera 1891: 1869:in northern India and as 1411:), cylindrical trumpets ( 1348:. From the 7th Maqāma of 1014:Angels sounding trumpets. 652: 532:was 168 centimeters (two 355: 350: 220: 213: 204: 196: 180: 168: 156: 149: 137: 6059:Afghan traditional music 5201:hit with a padded beater 4731:Curt Sachs, 1967, p. 285 4664:Büchler, Alfred (1992). 4080:Curt Sachs, 1967, p. 282 4071:Curt Sachs, 1967, p. 282 2743: 2217:In the 7th/8th century, 1488:The original meaning of 1415:) and conical trumpets ( 1262:and the reed instrument 6977:Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya 6446:Ottoman classical music 6075:Tajik traditional music 5212:Barbara Watson Andaya: 5188:. New York: Routledge. 4838:Michael Pirker (2001). 4600:KA Gourlay, 1982, p. 50 4108:Jeremy Montagu (1978). 3659:Richard James Wilkinson 3630:was heard, because the 3574:The instruments of the 3546:, a small tubular drum 3542:, a large tubular drum 2852:, 2 curved brass horns 2760:celebrate the birth of 2207:Arabic-Andalusian music 2163:in Spain. The oriental 2025:), the elephant ivory ( 1953:Basilica of San Michele 1742:Cantigas de Santa Maria 1712:) the cylindrical drum 1620:, two spiral trumpets ( 1461: 1286:, the flat kettle drum 631:. The trumpet may be a 604:together show that the 6982:Indian classical music 6737:Bowed Stringed (Vitat) 6634:Plucked Stringed (Tat) 3682:Alfons Michael Dauer: 3571: 3526:(corresponding to the 3518:, also have none. The 3448:after the third ruler 3399: 3282: 3207: 3199: 3187: 2841: 2804:of the Mughal emperor 2777: 2768:, two nafir trumpets, 2566:and the wider trumpet 2443: 2306:. In today's Turkish, 2128: 2061: 2049: 2029:) and a smaller horn ( 1988: 1720:the small kettle drum 1635: 1475: 1159:Persians, Arabs, Islam 1155: 1101: 919:Camposanto Monumentale 659:History of the trumpet 559:player "shouted out" ( 369: 6451:Ottoman military band 5120:National Music Museum 5046:See Kathleen Toomey: 5029:RAM Charndrakausika. 4206:RIdIM/RCMI Newsletter 3703:Henry George Farmer: 3696:Henry George Farmer: 3689:Henry George Farmer: 3568: 3406:, spread east to the 3397: 3280: 3205: 3193: 3185: 3171:. These are known as 2824: 2784:for kettle drums (as 2751: 2441: 2115: 2071:trumpet of the Moores 2055: 2047: 1986: 1947:After the end of the 1846:, the plural form of 1842:is probably based on 1764:(“ Moorish guitar”), 1612: 1567:), reed instruments ( 1469: 1152: 1099: 921:, a cemetery in Pisa. 790:the ancient Egyptian 363: 6356:Auxiliary percussion 3926:Musical Encyclopedia 3655:Walter William Skeat 3510:, instead they have 3420:) were probably the 2974:and a conical oboe ( 2544:Abd al-Qadir Maraghi 2446:The historical work 2117:Cloisters Apocalypse 2075:La pérdida de Alhama 1949:Western Roman Empire 1800:, small flute, from 1638:In today's Turkish, 54:improve this article 6160:Plucked instruments 3536:Muzium Negeri Kedah 2247:, the conical oboe 1940:. 11th century A.D. 1624:), a cylinder drum 1440:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1407:), cylinder drums ( 1383:by the Arabic poet 901:on Trajan's Column. 516:Nafir versus karnay 215:Related instruments 134: 6711:Electronic tanpura 6441:Turkish folk music 6233:Struck instruments 6151:Rebab/Kabak kemane 4844:Grove Music Online 4569:Grove Music Online 4439:Grove Music Online 4241:Grove Music Online 3759:Grove Music Online 3572: 3446:Kingdom of Malacca 3422:Sultanate of Pasai 3400: 3348:), a conical oboe 3283: 3208: 3200: 3188: 2842: 2778: 2444: 2387:in India; however 2328:is traced back to 2261:, and the cymbals 2129: 2062: 2050: 1989: 1636: 1476: 1436:ja'ib al-machlūqāt 1352:, illustration by 1282:, the kettle drum 1156: 1102: 735:(horn of battle). 709:Silver trumpet or 370: 164:(Turkish spelling) 132: 7031: 7030: 6895:Jori (instrument) 6512: 6511: 6477:Turkey portal 6141:Classical kemençe 6136:Karadeniz kemençe 6132:Bowed instruments 6081: 6080: 6052: 6051: 5955: 5954: 5925: 5924: 5809: 5808: 5652:Classical kemençe 5579: 5578: 5195:978-0-203-93144-8 3989:(sic! the modern 3794:Library Artifacts 3584:predate those of 3554:, a conical oboe 3408:Malay Archipelago 3372:Malay Archipelago 2984:Muinuddin Chishti 2868:in North India). 1594:. Ottoman Sultan 1539:(1096–1099), the 374: 373: 361: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 7086: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6500: 6499: 6491:Music portal 6489: 6488: 6487: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6405:Turkish crescent 6108: 6101: 6094: 6085: 6084: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5937: 5936: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5278: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5252: 5251:. 2009, pp. 1–23 5245: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5053: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4894:New Grove Online 4888: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4732: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4500: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4197: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3877: 3858: 3855: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3785: 3772: 3771: 3753: 3724:Michael Pirker: 3675:Anthony Baines: 3610:, from Sanskrit 3430:Riau archipelago 3242:) and trumpets ( 3137: 3125: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 2909:. The folk epic 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2640: 2555:Maqasid al-Alhān 2516:and the trumpet 2449:Tuzūkāt-i Tīmūrī 2376: 2360: 2151:and the smaller 2000:frescoes in the 1997:Apocalypse cycle 1933: 1921: 1909: 1761:guitarra morisca 1708:(via Late Latin 1687:tūrumpata būrūsī 1365: 1341: 1329: 1290:and the cymbals 1035: 1023: 1011: 999: 910: 891: 805: 706: 686: 671: 644: 621: 471:), the straight 362: 190:Natural trumpets 151:Brass instrument 142: 135: 131: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7013:Eka-tantri vina 6996: 6965: 6909: 6773: 6732: 6671:Saraswati veena 6629: 6548: 6543: 6513: 6508: 6485: 6483: 6471: 6469: 6460: 6456:Music of Turkey 6424: 6348: 6341: 6248: 6241: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6048: 6014:Tonbak (Dombak) 5967:Kūbeheyī/Zarbī) 5966: 5963: 5962: 5951: 5932: 5921: 5880: 5819:(Sāzhāy-e Bādī) 5817: 5816: 5805: 5779: 5763: 5737:Azerbaijani Tar 5658: 5625:(Sāzhāy-e Zehī) 5623: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5580: 5575: 5477:Brudevælte Lurs 5333: 5324: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5259: 5255: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5211: 5207: 5196: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5045: 5041: 5035:Naubat of Ajmer 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4863: 4859: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4582: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4434: 4423: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4236: 4229: 4198: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4126:10.2307/3856451 4106: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4050: 4026: 4019: 4003: 3999: 3961: 3954: 3941: 3937: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3902: 3878: 3861: 3856: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3816: 3809: 3786: 3775: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3717:Sibyl Marcuse: 3672: 3593:Bukit Seguntang 3476:, derived from 3374: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3096: 3093: 3084: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3060: 3057: 3048: 3045: 3036: 3033: 2833:(curved horn), 2790:Delhi Sultanate 2746: 2739: 2736: 2727: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2703: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2652: 2641: 2574:, cognate with 2488:. The colonel ( 2413: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2377: 2369: 2368: 2361: 2350: 2215: 1972:, standing for 1962:Utrecht Psalter 1945: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1889: 1828:(trumpet, from 1700:, derived from 1464: 1456:bar kokhba coin 1399:, medium-sized 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1232:, tubular drum 1161: 1124:in Georgia and 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1004: 1003: 1000: 946:Trajan's Column 926: 925: 924: 923: 922: 911: 903: 902: 892: 813: 812: 811: 810: 809: 806: 772: 745: 721: 720: 719: 718: 717: 707: 699: 698: 695:Trajan's Column 687: 679: 678: 672: 661: 655: 648: 645: 636: 622: 518: 408:natural trumpet 381:(Arabic نَفير, 357: 346: 342:Baroque trumpet 317:Fanfare trumpet 295: 187: 145: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7092: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6987:Music of India 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6723:Vichitra veena 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6494: 6480: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6174:Turkish tambur 6171: 6166: 6161: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6127: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5971: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5823: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5725:Kurdish tanbur 5722: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5629: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5484:Midwinter horn 5481: 5480: 5479: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5285:External links 5283: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5253: 5240: 5227: 5218: 5205: 5194: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5063: 5054: 5039: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4920: 4908: 4883: 4874: 4857: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4791: 4782: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4528: 4519: 4490: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4445: 4421: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4276: 4258: 4227: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4100: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4048: 4017: 3997: 3952: 3935: 3915: 3900: 3859: 3845: 3836: 3807: 3773: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3671: 3668: 3488:(derived from 3438:Sejarah Melayu 3384: 3383: 3373: 3370: 3352:and a trumpet 3139: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3027: 2864:(now known as 2745: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2642: 2635: 2608:nāʾiha balabān 2606:, and another 2588:zamr siyāh nāy 2549:Jame' al-Alhān 2474:amīr al-umarāʾ 2378: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2214: 2211: 2011:Song of Roland 1978:wooden trumpet 1935: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1580:Ottoman Empire 1463: 1460: 1367: 1360: 1359: 1343: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1248:, and cymbals 1242:), kettledrum 1160: 1157: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1005: 1001: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 912: 905: 904: 893: 886: 885: 884: 883: 882: 807: 800: 799: 798: 797: 796: 782:and the Greek 771: 768: 744: 741: 708: 701: 700: 688: 681: 680: 673: 666: 665: 664: 663: 662: 654: 651: 650: 649: 646: 639: 637: 623: 616: 517: 514: 372: 371: 353: 352: 348: 347: 345: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 313:Boru (Turkish) 311: 305: 299: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 222: 218: 217: 211: 210: 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 184: 178: 177: 172: 170:Classification 166: 165: 158: 154: 153: 147: 146: 143: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7091: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553:Wind (Sushir) 6551: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6505: 6504: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Dāyereh Zangī 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5958: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5928: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5812: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5529:Rosh Hashanah 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447:hand-stopping 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5347:Birch trumpet 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5327:Natural horns 5321: 5316: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5231: 5222: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5058: 5051: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5016: 5007: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4887: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4786: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4738: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4590: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4523: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4458: 4457: 4449: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4299: 4290: 4280: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4049:90-04-16121-X 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3901:90-04-16121-X 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3752: 3750: 3745: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602:(from Arabic 3601: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528:naqqāra-khāna 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3494:), a trumpet 3493: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3482:gendang nobat 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450:Mohammed Shah 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3417:gendang nobat 3413: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3330:Djemaa el Fna 3326: 3324: 3321:The Moroccan 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3177:Kanuri people 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3124: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2878:Tajul-Ma'asir 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2818:around 1590 2817: 2813: 2812: 2811:Āʾīn-i Akbarī 2807: 2803: 2802:naqqāra-khāna 2799: 2795: 2794:naqqāra-khāna 2791: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:naqqāra-khāna 2755: 2750: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645:naqqāra-khāna 2639: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2429:naqqāra-khāna 2426: 2422: 2421:Buyid dynasty 2418: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379:Varieties of 2375: 2366: 2359: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2138:Last Judgment 2135: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2059: 2056:Three-section 2054: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1939: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776:related, cf. 1775: 1772:(with Arabic 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1669:Evliya Çelebi 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1604:nefīr-i chāss 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1571:) and drums ( 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:First Crusade 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1473: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1427:) and bells ( 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1371: 1364: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1204:Ibn at-Tuwair 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1118:" in Spain), 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1100:Georgian buki 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1034: 1022: 1010: 998: 989: 987: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963: 959:was called a 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938: 933: 932: 920: 916: 909: 900: 896: 890: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 864: 863:Latin Vulgate 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825: 820: 819: 804: 795: 793: 787: 785: 781: 777: 767: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 740: 736: 734: 730: 726: 715: 712: 705: 696: 692: 685: 676: 670: 660: 643: 638: 634: 630: 626: 620: 615: 614: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 579: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 537: 535: 531: 525: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469: 464: 463: 458: 454: 453: 452:naqqāra-khāna 448: 447: 442: 437: 435: 431: 430: 425: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 404: 399: 398: 393: 392: 387: 384: 380: 379: 367: 354: 349: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 327:Slide trumpet 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 298: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 221:Straight tube 219: 216: 212: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 185: 183: 179: 176: 173: 171: 167: 163: 160:būq al-nafīr 159: 155: 152: 148: 141: 136: 124: 121: 113: 110:December 2022 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 7018:Kinnari vina 7008:Ālāpiṇī vīṇā 6785:Anandalahari 6651:Gottuvadhyam 6589: 6501: 6482: 6468: 6146:Yaylı tanbur 5964: 5946: 5818: 5784:Experimental 5720:Yaylı tambur 5624: 5556:Tube trumpet 5541:Tibetan horn 5488: 5273: 5263: 5256: 5243: 5230: 5221: 5208: 5199: 5185: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5123:. Retrieved 5119: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5073: 5066: 5057: 5048: 5042: 5034: 5024: 5015: 5006: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4893: 4886: 4877: 4867: 4860: 4843: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4785: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4588: 4581:. Retrieved 4568: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4522: 4510:. Retrieved 4505: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4455: 4448: 4438: 4414: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4359:. Retrieved 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4298: 4289: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4253: 4240: 4221: 4209: 4205: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4137: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4030: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3882: 3839: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3758: 3732: 3731:Curt Sachs: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3710:KA Gourlay: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3662: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3548:gendang anak 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3441: 3433: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3401: 3388: 3385: 3377: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3179:in Nigeria. 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3140: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2883:Hasan Nizami 2876: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2762:Prince Salim 2648: 2644: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2536: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2447: 2445: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304:būq an-nafīr 2303: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2245:būq an-nafīr 2244: 2242: 2240:in battles. 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2202: 2201:in Iraq and 2198: 2194: 2188: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2130: 2120: 2099:aereae tubae 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2006: 1992: 1990: 1973: 1969: 1956: 1946: 1887:Distribution 1880: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1819: 1818:(drum, from 1815: 1811: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:(Old French 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1621: 1603: 1600:nefīr-i ʿāmm 1599: 1591: 1583: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:), cymbals ( 1560: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1543:brought the 1541:Seljuk Turks 1532: 1530: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1494:būq al-nafīr 1493: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:), cymbals ( 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1369: 1346:būq al-Nafir 1345: 1315: 1280:būq an-nafīr 1269: 1263: 1257: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1162: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1090: 1083: 1065: 985: 979: 974: 970: 966: 960: 956: 954: 941: 935: 929: 927: 914: 873: 869: 865: 858: 857:is rendered 854: 846: 840: 836: 832: 828: 822: 816: 814: 788: 773: 753: 746: 737: 733:būq al-nafir 732: 728: 724: 722: 697:, AD 112/113 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 587: 582: 576: 573: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 546: 542:Tibetan horn 538: 533: 529: 526: 519: 501: 497: 491: 487: 485: 476: 472: 466: 460: 456: 450: 444: 440: 438: 427: 420: 415: 402: 401: 396: 395: 390: 389: 385: 377: 376: 375: 351:Sound sample 296: 286:Tibetan horn 251:Holztrompete 161: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 7023:Pinaka vina 6661:Rudra veena 6365:Cura nagara 6349:instruments 6332:Kargı Düdük 6327:Dilli düdük 6307:Dilli kaval 6292:Turkish ney 6249:instruments 6156:Sine kemanı 6125:instruments 6044:Zarbang Udu 5566:Waqra phuku 4995:Geeti Sen: 4930:Asian Music 4676:(3–4): 147. 4361:30 December 4092:Ghost Music 3663:orang kalur 3657:(1900) and 3651:orang kalau 3647:orang kalur 3544:gendang ibu 3524:Balai Nobat 3504:kopak-kopak 3500:nipple gong 3236:Ibn Battūta 3145:trumpet in 2885:, in which 2816:Abu 'l-Fazl 2814:written by 2155:in France, 2125:2nd trumpet 2079:Reconquista 2013:, only the 1838:. The word 1728:) and from 1674:Seyahatnâme 1596:Mustafa III 1254:Ibn Chaldūn 1198:). In 1171 1194:, singular 1074:and French 861:and in the 723:In Arabic, 547:The Arabic 197:Inventor(s) 157:Other names 7038:Categories 6936:Jal tarang 6701:Swarmandal 6681:Seni Rebab 6610:Shruti box 6585:Nadaswaram 6347:Percussion 5961:Percussion 5856:Narmeh-ney 5514:Roman tuba 5443:Embouchure 5426:Didgeridoo 5125:2023-01-13 4583:13 January 4512:13 January 3923:"Karnay". 3740:References 3670:Literature 3344:(singular 3312:tarunbataa 3257:phalaphala 3248:tabl-chāna 2999:tirucinnam 2912:Katamaraju 2584:būq zamrīa 2498:beglerbegi 2454:Shah Jahan 2417:tabl-chāna 2317:mehterhâne 2289:tabl-chāna 2134:Apocalypse 2041:, spread. 1738:aš-Šaqundī 1694:al-Andalus 1614:Mehterhâne 1588:mehterhâne 1504:nafīr-nāma 1423:), gongs ( 1403:and large 1236:(in India 1104:The Latin 1050:Roman tuba 895:Cornicines 851:Septuagint 657:See also: 567:, "blew" ( 512:in Nepal. 468:mehterhâne 434:al-Andalus 400:, Turkish 310:(European) 297:Bent tube 80:newspapers 6865:Mridangam 6565:Harmonium 6312:Dilli ney 5977:Auxiliary 5965:(Sāzhāy-e 5897:Nāy (Ney) 5892:Haft Band 5885:End-blown 5876:Ney anban 5796:Shurangiz 5647:Kamāncheh 5546:Tochacatl 5504:Post horn 5397:Hakgediya 5372:Bukkehorn 3987:karrahnāy 3614:, "god"; 3598:The word 3334:Marrakesh 3016:ransingha 2941:mukhavina 2621:players ( 2510:tschartug 2502:beylerbey 2490:minbaschi 2486:tschartug 2199:abūdhiyya 2185:Holy Week 2153:trompette 2009:. In the 1820:at-tunbūr 1786:al-ghaita 1770:panderete 1766:tamborete 1746:Juan Ruiz 1531:The word 1385:al-Hariri 1350:Al-Hariri 1173:Shahnameh 1169:Shapur II 1165:Sassanids 1136:ransingha 1116:horn pipe 764:trombones 606:karrahnāy 598:karrahnāy 590:karrahnāy 394:, plural 205:Developed 7079:Trumpets 6946:Khanjani 6931:Ghungroo 6875:Pakhawaj 6696:Swarabat 6691:Surbahar 6503:Category 6429:See also 6415:Castanet 6322:Tárogató 6247:Woodwind 5815:Woodwind 5791:Sallāneh 5621:Stringed 5561:Vuvuzela 5551:Trembita 5509:Ramsinga 5377:Chazozra 5331:trumpets 4271:. 1405. 4218:41604971 3608:devaraja 3604:ad-dawla 3570:serunai. 3466:nengkara 3389:tarompet 3338:Aissaoua 3019:, also 2995:bhankora 2917:Srinatha 2643:Persian 2590:(Arabic 2520:(horn). 2478:tümentug 2365:Firdausi 2145:bucullus 2103:Louis IX 2087:añafiles 2083:añafiles 1938:Toulouse 1802:shabbaba 1730:sunūdsch 1710:tabornum 1702:an-nafīr 1549:Anatolia 1446:(French 1397:naqqārat 1184:Fatimids 1177:Firdausi 1140:narsinga 931:chazozra 872:becomes 842:Targumim 829:hasosrah 824:chazozra 760:trumpets 536:) long. 424:Crusades 388:), also 386:an-nafīr 337:Narsinga 246:Chazozra 18:Al-Nafir 6961:Morsing 6956:Manjira 6951:Khartal 6855:Mardala 6835:Kanjira 6759:Sarinda 6754:Sarangi 6744:Dilruba 6706:Tanpura 6666:Santoor 6605:Shehnai 6600:Shankha 6560:Bansuri 6385:Naqareh 6380:Darbuka 6272:Dankiyo 6214:Shahrud 6204:Baglama 6009:Naqāreh 5940:Natural 5902:Sheypur 5866:Dozaleh 5846:Balaban 5829:Exposed 5749:Shahrud 5663:Plucked 5642:Ghazhak 5519:Salpinx 5499:Olifant 5419:Swedish 5414:Cowhorn 5402:Horagai 5387:Clarion 5367:Buisine 5352:Buccina 5342:Alphorn 4670:Olifant 4134:3856451 3971:: 247. 3587:Malacca 3560:semambu 3556:serunai 3486:serunai 3478:naqqāra 3458:gamelan 3428:in the 3414:(Malay 3342:banādir 3316:Clairon 3310:called 3010:shringa 2976:shehnai 2949:sundari 2933:shehnai 2903:shehnai 2866:shehnai 2858:sringas 2782:naqqāra 2770:nagaras 2688:Israfel 2568:burgwāʾ 2514:naqqāra 2470:naqqāra 2462:tuzūkāt 2425:naqqāra 2334:fanfare 2269:clairon 2107:Mamluks 2031:graisle 2027:olifant 2019:buisine 2007:buisine 1966:Beowulf 1872:nempiri 1840:fanfare 1825:albogon 1816:atanbor 1798:ajabeba 1794:axabeba 1790:exabeba 1778:panduri 1734:sonajas 1726:nacaire 1718:naqqāra 1716:, from 1662:borazan 1657:Clairon 1632:nakkare 1578:In the 1448:buisine 1429:jalajil 1393:naqqāra 1381:Maqāmāt 1312:shababa 1304:zummara 1228:, drum 1219:clairon 1200:Saladin 1131:shringa 1111:albogue 1087:clarion 1076:buisine 1062:buccina 1046:salpinx 1002:Buccina 859:salpinx 784:salpinx 675:Salpinx 629:Humayun 569:nafacha 500:in the 493:kakaki 481:clarion 308:Clarion 276:Salpinx 231:Buisine 186:423.121 94:scholar 69:"Nafir" 6992:Jivari 6941:Kartal 6926:Ghatam 6921:Chimta 6905:Udukai 6885:Sambal 6870:Nagada 6860:Mizhav 6840:Khamak 6830:Edakka 6825:Dholki 6820:Dholak 6800:Damaru 6795:Chenda 6790:Chande 6769:Violin 6646:Ektara 6641:Dotara 6620:Tharai 6615:Sringa 6580:Kuzhal 6570:Karnay 6400:Nagara 6360:Bendir 6337:Miskal 6237:Santur 6184:Cümbüş 6123:String 6029:Dammam 5917:Miskal 5861:Donali 5851:Karnay 5801:Sorāhi 5775:Santur 5768:Struck 5715:Tanbūr 5670:Barbat 5536:Sringa 5524:Shofar 5467:Lituus 5462:Karnay 5457:Karnal 5445:& 5431:modern 5382:Carnyx 5357:Bucium 5192: 4216: 4132: 4058:399624 4056: 4046: 3975:burġwā 3965:Oriens 3910:399624 3908: 3898: 3830:karnay 3649:(also 3636:daulat 3632:nafiri 3628:nafiri 3620:daulat 3600:daulat 3552:nafiri 3540:nohara 3520:nafiri 3508:nafiri 3496:nafiri 3491:surnāy 3474:nekara 3470:nehara 3426:Bintan 3412:naubat 3404:naubat 3362:ghaita 3358:Bandīr 3350:ghaita 3346:bandīr 3268:kakaki 3266:. 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