345:. The expedition was successful, penetrated far into enemy territory and gathered much plunder. At some point, however, the Byzantine contingent was sent back, and subsequently Harith failed to either meet up with or inform Belisarius of his whereabouts. According to Procopius's account, this, in addition to the outbreak of a disease among the army, forced Belisarius to withdraw. Procopius further alleges that this was done deliberately so that the Arabs would not have to share their plunder. In his
262:
453:, presiding over church councils and engaging in theology, contributing actively to the Miaphysite church's revival during the sixth century. Thus in 542, following two decades of persecutions which had decapitated the Miaphysite leadership, he appealed for the appointment of new Miaphysite bishops in Syria to the Empress
370:
after the truce of 545, the conflict between their Arab allies continued. In a sudden raid, Mundhir captured one of Harith's sons and had him sacrificed. Soon after, however, the
Lakhmids suffered a heavy defeat in a pitched battle between the two Arab armies. The conflict continued, with Mundhir
333:(r. 531–579), used this dispute as a pretext for restarting hostilities with the Byzantines, and renewed war broke out in 540. In the campaign of 541, Harith and his men, accompanied by 1200 Byzantines under generals John the Glutton and Trajan, were sent by
284:, capturing 20,000 boys and girls whom he sold as slaves. It was perhaps Harith's successful participation in this conflict that led Justinian to promote him to supreme phylarch. It is possible that he took part with his men in the Byzantine victory in the
279:
In this capacity, Harith fought on behalf of the
Byzantines in all their numerous wars against Persia. Already in 528 he was one of the commanders sent in a punitive expedition against Mundhir. In 529, he helped suppress the wide-scale
300:, however, whose record is generally more reliable, reports that while some Arabs indeed fled, Harith stood firm. The charge of treason leveled by Procopius against Harith seems to be further undermined by the fact that, unlike
237:"). His actual area of control, however, may initially have been limited to the northeastern part of Byzantium's Arab frontier. At the time, the Byzantines and their Arab allies were engaged in the
296:, a source hostile to the Ghassanid ruler, states that the Arabs, stationed on the Byzantine right, betrayed the Byzantines and fled, costing them the battle.
1052:
390:, who was eventually bought off with subsidies. He certainly left a vivid impression in the imperial capital, not least by his physical presence:
1077:
275:
in the various provinces. With the elevation of Harith to the kingship, the
Ghassanids, based in Palaestina II, became paramount among them.
398:(r. 565–578), who had descended into madness, was frightened and went to hide himself when he was told "Arethas is coming for you".
154:
1023:
1047:
349:, however, Procopius gives a different account of Belisarius's inaction, completely unrelated to the Ghassanid ruler. In
1087:
1002:
978:
954:
1082:
1072:
1057:
250:
371:
staging repeated raids into Syria. In one of these raids, in June 554, Harith met him in the decisive battle of
969:
379:, at which the Lakhmids were defeated. Mundhir fell in the field, but Harith also lost his eldest son Jabalah.
992:
411:
54:
356:, Harith was involved in armed conflict with another Arab phylarch, al-Aswad, known in Greek as Asouades.
288:
in 530, although no source explicitly mentions him. In 531, he led a 5000-strong Arab contingent in the
213:
311:
In 537/538 or 539, he clashed with
Mundhir of the Lakhmids over grazing rights on the lands south of
1097:
1062:
178:
72:
44:
415:
454:
149:
145:
305:
1092:
461:
and
Theodore as bishops. Jacob in particular would prove a very capable leader, converting
442:
426:
289:
249:, and Justinian's move was designed to create a counterpart to the powerful Lakhmid ruler,
186:
8:
1042:
446:
266:
202:
988:
317:
198:
1067:
1019:
998:
974:
964:
950:
338:
281:
465:
and greatly expanding and strengthening the organization of the
Miaphysite church.
386:, to discuss his succession and the raids against his domains by the Lakhmid ruler
134:
92:
325:, the Ghassanid ruler invaded Mundhir's territory and carried off rich booty. The
1013:
944:
458:
391:
326:
242:
84:
450:
383:
285:
194:
144:
to 569, the longest of any
Christian Arab ruler and played a major role in the
130:
103:
1036:
160:
261:
438:
387:
297:
457:, whose own Miaphysite leanings were well-known. Theodora then appointed
372:
367:
238:
216:
425:
in
Byzantine sources). Taking advantage of this, the new Lakhmid ruler
407:
334:
301:
123:
223:, "to the dignity of king", becoming the overall commander of all the
946:
The Roman
Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
395:
376:
330:
322:
293:
271:
224:
220:
994:
The
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume III, AD 527–641
462:
375:(the "Day of Halima"), celebrated in pre-Islamic Arab poetry, near
246:
190:
182:
181:(Gabalas in Greek sources) and brother of Abu Karab (Abocharabus),
748:
503:
501:
342:
312:
304:, he was retained in command and was active in operations around
234:
269:. A number of Arab tribes under their phylarchs were settled as
820:
736:
808:
760:
585:
498:
772:
676:
474:
437:
In contrast to his Byzantine overlords, Harith was a staunch
228:
127:
107:
839:
837:
835:
642:
640:
638:
636:
575:
573:
558:
921:
897:
849:
784:
712:
201:
probably in 528, following the death of his father in the
137:. The fifth Ghassanid ruler of that name, he reigned from
909:
861:
832:
796:
724:
688:
664:
633:
570:
253:, who controlled the Arab tribes allied to the Persians.
534:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
486:
652:
621:
1015:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 1
885:
873:
700:
609:
513:
382:
In November 563, Harith visited Emperor Justinian in
597:
546:
429:launched an attack, but was decisively defeated.
366:on, while the two great empires were at peace in
1034:
973:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
943:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002).
445:. Throughout his rule, al-Harith supported the
133:tribe who lived on the eastern frontier of the
122:) in later Islamic sources), was a king of the
406:When al-Harith died in 569 during a supposed
152:. For his services to Byzantium, he was made
942:
927:
903:
855:
826:
790:
742:
718:
682:
579:
507:
219:(r. 527–565), in the words of the historian
117:
987:
843:
814:
778:
766:
646:
564:
540:
997:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
260:
189:. He became ruler of the Ghassanids and
16:King of the Ghassanids from c.528 to 569
1053:6th-century monarchs in the Middle East
963:
528:
1035:
1011:
915:
891:
879:
867:
802:
754:
730:
706:
694:
670:
658:
627:
615:
603:
591:
552:
492:
480:
394:records that years later, the Emperor
432:
230:πατρίκιος καὶ φύλαρχος τῶν Σαρακηνῶν
118:
88:
13:
1018:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
970:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
256:
14:
1109:
1078:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
321:. According to later accounts by
233:("patrician and phylarch of the
410:, he was succeeded by his son
1:
468:
360:
350:
206:
172:
138:
30:
757:, pp. 220–223, 226–230.
447:anti-Chalcedonian tendencies
412:al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith
245:and their Arab clients, the
167:
7:
1048:6th-century Ghassanid kings
227:in the East with the title
10:
1114:
936:
419:
229:
108:
1088:Arabs in the Roman Empire
594:, pp. 84–85, 95–109.
68:
60:
50:
40:
26:
21:
928:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
904:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
856:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
827:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
791:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
743:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
719:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
683:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
580:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
508:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
483:, pp. 260, 294–297.
401:
1083:6th-century Arab people
1073:Generals of Justinian I
212:) he was raised by the
148:and the affairs of the
22:Al-Harith V ibn Jabalah
1058:6th-century Christians
1012:Shahîd, Irfan (1995).
276:
177:Harith was the son of
150:Syriac Orthodox Church
949:. London: Routledge.
264:
81:Al-Ḥārith ibn Jabalah
817:, pp. 111, 113.
769:, pp. 112, 137.
443:Council of Chalcedon
427:Qabus ibn al-Mundhir
420:Φλάβιος Ἀλαμούνδαρος
290:Battle of Callinicum
225:Empire's Arab allies
187:Palaestina Salutaris
989:Martindale, John R.
918:, pp. 225–226.
870:, pp. 282–288.
829:, pp. 129–130.
805:, pp. 237–239.
781:, pp. 112–113.
745:, pp. 108–109.
733:, pp. 209–210.
697:, pp. 133–142.
673:, pp. 132–133.
567:, pp. 111–112.
510:, pp. 102–103.
495:, pp. 216–217.
423:Flávios Alamúndaros
308:later in the year.
267:Diocese of the East
203:Battle of Thannuris
965:Kazhdan, Alexander
433:Religious policies
318:Strata Diocletiana
277:
199:Palaestina Secunda
161:vir gloriosissimus
146:Roman–Persian Wars
114:Khālid ibn Jabalah
1025:978-0-88402-214-5
685:, pp. 92–93.
661:, pp. 82–89.
630:, pp. 70–75.
449:in the region of
441:and rejected the
214:Byzantine emperor
78:
77:
1105:
1029:
1008:
984:
960:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
511:
505:
496:
490:
484:
478:
421:
365:
362:
355:
352:
327:Sasanian emperor
282:Samaritan revolt
232:
231:
211:
208:
143:
140:
135:Byzantine Empire
121:
120:
111:
110:
90:
35:
32:
19:
18:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1098:Arab Christians
1063:Ghassanid kings
1033:
1032:
1026:
1005:
981:
957:
939:
934:
926:
922:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
844:Martindale 1992
842:
833:
825:
821:
815:Martindale 1992
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
779:Martindale 1992
777:
773:
767:Martindale 1992
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
693:
689:
681:
677:
669:
665:
657:
653:
647:Martindale 1992
645:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
578:
571:
565:Martindale 1992
563:
559:
551:
547:
541:Martindale 1992
539:
535:
527:
514:
506:
499:
491:
487:
479:
475:
471:
459:Jacob Baradaeus
435:
404:
392:John of Ephesus
363:
353:
315:, near the old
259:
257:Military career
243:Sasanian Empire
209:
175:
170:
141:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1009:
1003:
991:, ed. (1992).
985:
979:
967:, ed. (1991).
961:
955:
938:
935:
933:
932:
930:, p. 112.
920:
908:
906:, p. 136.
896:
894:, p. 337.
884:
882:, p. 288.
872:
860:
858:, p. 135.
848:
846:, p. 113.
831:
819:
807:
795:
793:, p. 123.
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
721:, p. 102.
711:
709:, p. 142.
699:
687:
675:
663:
651:
649:, p. 112.
632:
620:
618:, p. 357.
608:
596:
584:
569:
557:
545:
543:, p. 111.
533:
531:, p. 163.
512:
497:
485:
472:
470:
467:
434:
431:
403:
400:
384:Constantinople
354: 544/545
347:Secret History
286:Battle of Dara
265:The Byzantine
258:
255:
205:. Soon after (
195:Arabia Petraea
174:
171:
169:
166:
131:Arab Christian
109:Φλάβιος Ἀρέθας
89:الحارث بن جبلة
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
55:al-Mundhir III
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
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1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1004:0-521-20160-8
1000:
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
980:0-19-504652-8
976:
972:
971:
966:
962:
958:
956:0-415-14687-9
952:
948:
947:
941:
940:
929:
924:
917:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
857:
852:
845:
840:
838:
836:
828:
823:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
696:
691:
684:
679:
672:
667:
660:
655:
648:
643:
641:
639:
637:
629:
624:
617:
612:
606:, p. 63.
605:
600:
593:
588:
582:, p. 88.
581:
576:
574:
566:
561:
555:, p. 69.
554:
549:
542:
537:
530:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
509:
504:
502:
494:
489:
482:
477:
473:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
430:
428:
424:
417:
413:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
369:
357:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
273:
268:
263:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
226:
222:
218:
215:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
165:
163:
162:
157:
156:
151:
147:
136:
132:
129:
125:
115:
105:
101:
98:
94:
86:
82:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
29:
25:
20:
1014:
993:
968:
945:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
666:
654:
623:
611:
599:
587:
560:
548:
536:
529:Kazhdan 1991
488:
476:
436:
422:
405:
388:Amr ibn Hind
381:
358:
346:
316:
310:
306:Martyropolis
298:John Malalas
278:
270:
241:against the
176:
159:
153:
119:خالد بن جبلة
113:
99:
96:
80:
79:
1093:Iberian War
916:Shahîd 1995
892:Shahîd 1995
880:Shahîd 1995
868:Shahîd 1995
803:Shahîd 1995
755:Shahîd 1995
731:Shahîd 1995
707:Shahîd 1995
695:Shahîd 1995
671:Shahîd 1995
659:Shahîd 1995
628:Shahîd 1995
616:Shahîd 1995
604:Shahîd 1995
592:Shahîd 1995
553:Shahîd 1995
493:Shahîd 1995
481:Shahîd 1995
416:Koinē Greek
373:Yawm Halima
368:Mesopotamia
239:Iberian War
217:Justinian I
95:sources as
91:; known in
41:Predecessor
1043:569 deaths
1037:Categories
469:References
439:Miaphysite
408:earthquake
364: 546
335:Belisarius
302:Belisarius
210: 529
179:Jabalah IV
173:Early life
142: 528
124:Ghassanids
73:Jabalah IV
45:Jabalah IV
34: 528
396:Justin II
331:Khosrow I
323:al-Tabari
294:Procopius
272:foederati
221:Procopius
168:Biography
155:patrikios
93:Byzantine
51:Successor
1068:Patricii
455:Theodora
247:Lakhmids
235:Saracens
191:phylarch
183:phylarch
126:, a pre-
937:Sources
377:Chalcis
343:Assyria
337:into a
313:Palmyra
251:Mundhir
128:Islamic
100:Arethas
97:Flavios
1022:
1001:
977:
953:
463:pagans
112:) and
85:Arabic
69:Father
451:Syria
402:Death
359:From
341:into
104:Greek
36:– 569
27:Reign
1020:ISBN
999:ISBN
975:ISBN
951:ISBN
339:raid
197:and
158:and
61:Died
193:of
185:of
64:569
1039::
834:^
635:^
572:^
515:^
500:^
418::
361:c.
351:c.
329:,
292:.
207:c.
164:.
139:c.
106::
87::
31:c.
1028:.
1007:.
983:.
959:.
414:(
116:(
102:(
83:(
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