539:) upstream dams that block the flow and the diversion of water by non-native farmers. This has been a cause of great upset among all of the Oʼodham. The upstream diversion in combination with periods of drought, led to lengthy periods of famine that were a devastating change from the documented prosperity the people had experienced until non-native settlers engaged in more aggressive farming in areas that were traditionally used by the Akimel Oʼodham and Apache in Eastern Arizona. This abuse of water rights was the impetus for a nearly century long legal battle between the Gila River Indian Community and the United States government, which was settled in favor of the Akimel Oʼodham and signed into law by George W. Bush in December 2005. As a side note, at times during the monsoon season the Salt River runs, albeit at low levels. In the weeks after December 29, 2004, when an unexpected winter rainstorm flooded areas much further upstream (in Northern Arizona), water was released through dams on the river at rates higher than at any time since the filling of
556:
442:
532:, sometimes rendered in English as Him-dag) was and is centered on the river, which is considered holy. The term Him-dag should be clarified, as it does not have a direct translation into the English language, and is not limited to reverence of the river. It encompasses a great deal because O'odham him-dag intertwines religion, morals, values, philosophy, and general world view which are all interconnected. Their world view/religious beliefs are centered on the natural world, and this is pervasive throughout their culture.
237:
64:
348:
1266:
75:
510:
481:
of pacification and confinement of Native
Americans to reservations. Uncertainty and variable crop yields led to major settlement reorganizations. The establishment of agency headquarters, churches and schools, and trading posts at Vahki (Casa Blanca) and Gu U ki (Sacaton) during the 1870s and 1880s led to the growth of these towns as administrative and commercial centers, at the expense of others.
485:
10-acre (40,000 m) parcel of irrigable land located within districts irrigated by the Santan, Agency, Blackwater, and Casa Blanca projects on the eastern half of the reservation. In 1917, the allotment size was doubled to include a primary lot of irrigable land and a secondary, usually non-contiguous 10-acre (40,000 m) tract of grazing land.
356:
501:
regained its self-government and are recognized as a tribe. In addition, they have developed several profitable enterprises in fields such as agriculture and telecommunications, and built several gaming casinos to generate revenues. They have begun to construct a water delivery system across the reservation in order to revive their farming economy.
768:), as suggested by anthropologist Robert Ferrell in 1984 and a sudden shift in diet during the last century from traditional agricultural crops to processed foods, together with a decline in physical activity. For comparison, genetically similar O'odham in Mexico have only a slighter higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes than non-O'odham Mexicans.
34:
776:
The Akimel O'odham associate great importance to the names of individuals. From age ten until the time of marriage, neither boys nor girls were allowed to speak their own names out loud. The Pima
Indians believed such an act would bring bad luck to the children and their future. Similarly, people in
398:
Contact was infrequent with the
Mexicans during their rule of southern Arizona between 1821 and 1853. The Akimel Oʼodham were affected by introduced European elements, such as infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, new crops (cultigens, e.g., wheat), livestock, and use of tools and goods
488:
The most ambitious effort to rectify the economic plight of the Akimel Oʼodham was the San Carlos
Project Act of 1924, which authorized the construction of a water storage dam on the Gila River. It provided for the irrigation of 50,000 acres (200 km) of Indian and 50,000 acres (200 km) of
480:
migrants came to settle upstream locations along the Gila, as well as along the lower Salt River. Due to their encroachment and competition for scarce resources, interaction between Native
American groups and the Euro-American settlers became increasingly tense. The U.S. government adopted a policy
669:
The Gila River Indian
Community is involved in various economic development enterprises that provide entertainment and recreation: three gaming casinos, associated golf courses, a luxury resort, and a western-themed amusement park. In addition, they manage various industrial parks, landfills, and
780:
The people gave their children careful oral instruction in moral, religious and other matters. Their ceremonies often included set speeches, in which the speaker would recite portions of their cosmic myth. Such a recounting was especially important in the preparation for war. These speeches were
500:
Over the decades, the U.S. government promoted assimilation, forcing changes on to the Akimel Oʼodham in nearly every aspect of their lives. Since World War II, however, the Akimel Oʼodham have experienced a resurgence of interest in tribal sovereignty and economic development. The community has
251:
later corrupted the miscommunication into Pimos, which was adapted to Pima river people. The Akimel Oʼodham people today call their villages
District #1 – U's kehk (Blackwater), District #2 – Hashan Kehk (Saguaro Stand), District #3 – Gu꞉U Ki (Sacaton), District #4 – Santan, District #5 – Vah Ki
484:
By 1898 agriculture had nearly ceased within the GRIC. Although some Akimel Oʼodham drew rations, their principal means of livelihood was woodcutting. The first allotments of land within Gila River were established in 1914, in an attempt to break up communal land. Each individual was assigned a
366:
Initially, the Akimel O'odham experienced little intensive colonial contact. Early encounters were limited to parties traveling through the territory or community members visiting settlements to the south. The
Hispanic era (A.D.1694–1853) of the Historic period began with the first visit by
580:
657:
is a sovereign tribe residing on more than 550,000 acres (2,200 km) of land in central
Arizona. The community is divided into seven districts (similar to states) with a council representing individual subgovernments. It is self-governed by an elected Governor (currently
339:, who raided their villages at times due to competition for resources. The latter tribes were more nomadic, depending primarily on hunting and gathering, and would raid the more settled groups who cultivated foods. They established some friendly relations with the Apache.
489:
non-Indian land. For a variety of reasons, the San Carlos
Project failed to revitalize the Oʼodham farming economy. In effect the project halted the Gila river waters, and the Akimel O'odham no longer had a source of water for farming. This began the
752:
in the world, much more than is observed in other U.S. populations. While they do not have a greater risk than other tribes, the Pima people have been the subject of intensive study of diabetes, in part because they form a homogeneous group.
1069:
Schulz, L.O., Bennett, P. H., Ravussin, E., Kidd, J. R., Kidd, K. K., Esparza, J., & Valencia, M. E. (2006). "Effects of traditional and western environments on prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S.",
298:, with daughters and their husbands living with and near the daughter's mother. Familial groups tended to consist of extended families. The Akimel Oʼodham also lived seasonally in temporary field houses in order to tend their crops.
227:
meaning "I don't know," which they used repeatedly in their initial meetings with Spanish colonists. The Spanish referred to them as the Pima. This term was adopted by later English speakers: traders, explorers and settlers.
693:
The Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community is smaller in size. It also has a government of an elected President and tribal council. They operate tribal gaming, industrial projects, landfills and construction supply. The
438:. Travelers used the villages of the Akimel Oʼodham as oases to recover from the crossing of unfamiliar deserts. They also bought new supplies and livestock to support the journey across the remaining deserts to the west.
294:-style villages. The villages were set up as a loose group of houses with familial groups sharing a central ramada and kitchen area. Brush "Olas Ki:ki" (round houses) were built around this central area. The Oʼodham are
794:
which are huts made of mats of reed-grass cut in half and built n the form of a vault on arched sticks. The top is covered with these mats, thick enough to resist the weather, Inside, they have only a
777:
the tribe do not say aloud the names of deceased people, in order to avoid bad luck by calling their spirits back among the living. But the word or words in the name are not dropped from the language.
748:
The Keli Akimel O'odham and the Onk Akimel O'odham have various environmentally based health issues related to the decline of their traditional economy and farming. They have the highest prevalence of
324:
The ancient economy of the Akimel O'odham was primarily subsistence, based on farming, hunting and gathering. They also conducted extensive trading. The prehistoric peoples built an extensive
850:
745:. As of 2000, the population living in the community was 742. Ak-Chin is an O'odham word that means the "mouth of the arroyo" or "place where the wash loses itself in the sand or ground."
331:
The Akimel Oʼodham were experts in the area of textiles and produced intricate baskets as well as woven cloth. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, their primary military rivals were the
666:) and 18-member Tribal Council. The council is elected by district with the number of electees determined by district population. There are more than 19,000 enrolled members overall.
547:. The diversion of the water and the introduction of non-native diet is said to have been the leading contributing factor in the high rate of diabetes among the Akimel Oʼodham tribe.
461:. As a result, the Akimel Oʼodham experienced a period of prosperity. The Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) was established in 1859. The 1860 census records the Pima Villages as
536:
670:
construction supply. The GRIC is also involved in agriculture and runs its own farms and other agricultural projects. The Gila River Indian Reservation is home of
247:
until the first account of interaction with non-Native Americans was recorded. Spanish missionaries recorded Pima villages known as Kina, Equituni and Uturituc.
328:
system to compensate for arid conditions. It remains in use today. Over time the communities built and altered canal systems according to their changing needs.
317:
is spoken by all O'odham groups. There are certain dialectal differences, but they are mutually intelligible and all O'odham groups can understand one another.
1254:
453:, when the US acquired southern Arizona. New markets were developed, initially to supply immigrants heading for California. Grain was needed for horses of the
181:. The majority population of the two current bands of the Akimel O'odham in the United States are based in two reservations: the Keli Akimel Oʼodham on the
555:
663:
847:
659:
1232:
784:
Traditionally, the Pimas lived in a thatched wattle-and-daub hut, as seen by the early European-American settlers who ventured into their country:
418:, it ceded the territory of what is now Arizona to the United States, with the exception of the land south of the Gila River. Soon thereafter the
1429:
458:
699:
695:
619:
1500:
1505:
1247:
595:(GRIC). In historic times a large number of Akimel O'odham migrated north to occupy the banks of the Salt River, where they formed the
596:
544:
186:
1044:
733:
The Ak-Chin Indian Community is located in the Santa Cruz Valley in Arizona. The community is composed mainly of Ak-Chin O'odham (
1476:
1017:
1495:
1240:
1127:
979:
900:
757:
572:
162:
1143:
Gil-Osle, Juan Pablo. “Early Map-Making of the Pimería Alta (1597–1770) in Arizona and Sonora: A Transborder Case Study.”
606:
Within the O'odham people, four federally recognized tribes in the Southwest speak the same language: they are called the
828:
1200:
1262:
1185:
1170:
848:
http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B02005&prodType=table
321:
differences have arisen among the different groups, especially in reference to newer technologies and innovations.
1096:. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, on behalf of the American Ethnological Society. p. 6.
402:
Euroamerican contacts with the Akimel Oʼodham in the middle Gila Valley increased after 1846 as a result of the
208:
or Wa꞉k (together with the Tohono O'odham), and in the Salt River Indian Community. Together with the related
1270:
205:
654:
607:
592:
441:
216:("Sand Dune People"), the Akimel O'odham form the Upper Oʼodham or Upper Pima (also known as Pima Alto).
182:
1510:
493:
years. Many Oʼodham have believed these wrong and misguided government policies were an attempt of mass
1005:, Researched and Written for the Gila River Indian Community, Sacaton, Arizona, 1999, p. 166, Table 1
454:
253:
749:
639:
631:
415:
403:
197:
1370:
765:
435:
411:
650:("Sand Dune People"), are not federally recognized, but reside throughout southwestern Arizona.
741:, another division of the Akimel O'odham – "River People") and Tohono O'odham, as well as some
1392:
1136:
Gil-Osle, Juan Pablo. “Cabeza de Vaca’s Primahaitu Pidgin, O’odham Nation, and euskaldunak.”
924:
1092:
Fontana, Bernard L.; Robinson, William J.; Cormack, Charles W.; Leavitt, Earnest E. (1962).
955:
627:
522:
419:
407:
279:
8:
1437:
1423:
818:
647:
470:
466:
423:
302:
213:
133:
1003:
Peoples of the Middle Gila: A Documentary History of the Pimas and Maricopas, 1500s–1945
599:(SRPMIC). Both tribes are confederations of two distinct ethnicities, which include the
154:
92:
1048:
918:
893:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
813:
477:
422:
began, drawing Americans to travel to California through the Mexican territory between
248:
193:
128:
760:
has been hypothesized as the result of the interaction of genetic predisposition (the
1196:
1181:
1166:
1123:
1097:
975:
896:
761:
584:
560:
209:
178:
138:
112:
1014:
1447:
1075:
450:
360:
260:
166:
100:
96:
1338:
1323:
1021:
969:
823:
730:– "Gila River People", another division of the Akimel O'odham – "River People").
671:
600:
540:
1120:
Forced to abandon our fields the 1914 Clay Southworth Gila River Pima interviews
388:
268:
259:
The Akimel Oʼodham (known as the Pima to anthropologists) are a subgroup of the
1457:
1402:
710:– "Salt River People", a division of the Akimel O'odham – "River People"), the
427:
336:
1489:
1333:
1328:
854:
591:
As of 2014, the majority of the population lives in the federally recognized
568:
564:
431:
372:
347:
68:
63:
236:
1382:
742:
690:– "Gila River People", a division of the Akimel O'odham – "River People").
368:
318:
287:
1215:
Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540–1859
1101:
1001:
The Maricopa occupied 2 others, Hueso Parado and Sacaton. John P. Wilson,
291:
1407:
1375:
1343:
1303:
719:
376:
283:
1387:
1293:
1288:
615:
518:
325:
295:
275:
1365:
1079:
1358:
1308:
462:
392:
201:
1318:
1040:
The Human Genome Project and Diabetes: Genetics of Type II Diabetes
917:
881:. 7th ed. Vol. A. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2007. 22–31. Print.
517:
The Akimel O'odham ("River People") have lived on the banks of the
494:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1348:
1298:
1274:
1265:
718:– "People who live toward the water", descendants of the refugee
387:, was a revolt of Pima people in 1751 against colonial forces in
219:
The short name, "Pima", is believed to have come from the phrase
79:
74:
800:
on which to sleep, and gourds in which to carry and store water.
781:
adapted for each occasion but the general context was the same.
579:
796:
513:
Fine Pima baskets, photographed around 1907 by Edward S. Curtis
509:
490:
406:. The Akimel Oʼodham traded and gave aid to the expeditions of
332:
174:
170:
1397:
1091:
790:
1227:
1217:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
351:
Pima dwellings of traditional and brick construction in 1900
1353:
1313:
587:), artist, youth advocate, and founder of Apache Skateboard
449:
The American era (A.D. 1853–1950), began in 1853 with the
391:
and one of the major northern frontier conflicts in early
535:
The Gila and Salt Rivers are currently dry, due to the (
355:
165:
living in an area consisting of what is now central and
877:
Awawtam. "Pima Stories of the Beginning of the World."
33:
543:
in 1998, and was a cause for minor celebration in the
846:
U.S. Census Bureau, 2011 American Community Survey,
504:
1042:. New Mexico State University. 1997. June 1, 2006.
722:), the Tohono O'odham ("Desert People") and some
359:Kaviu, a Pima elder, photographed around 1907 by
1487:
1158:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1983.
958:, Gila River website; accessed December 28, 2013
756:The general increased diabetes prevalence among
192:The Akimel O'odham are closely related to the
1248:
1195:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006.
1180:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974.
1228:Gila River Indian Community Official website
1193:Diabetes Among the Pima: Stories of Survival
1122:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
967:
891:Clark, Patricia Roberts (October 21, 2009).
646:– "Desert People"). The remaining band, the
961:
879:The Norton Anthology of American Literature
445:Two young Pima Indian school girls, ca.1900
1255:
1241:
915:
185:(GRIC) and the On'k Akimel O'odham on the
1165:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
696:Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
620:Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
597:Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
545:Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
469:, Cerrito, Cerro Chiquito, El Llano, and
187:Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
716:Xalychidom Piipaa or Xalychidom Piipaash
578:
554:
508:
440:
354:
346:
267:), whose lands were known in Spanish as
231:
1035:
1033:
476:After the American Civil War, numerous
1488:
1477:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
1282:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
1208:Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes
1117:
971:Encyclopedia of Native American tribes
256:), and District #7 – Maricopa Colony.
252:(Casa Blanca), District #6 – Komatke (
1236:
890:
864:
862:
342:
157:for "river people"), also called the
16:Indigenous tribe in the US and Mexico
1030:
928:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
884:
525:since long before European contact.
56:Regions with significant populations
829:List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples
274:The Akimel O'odham lived along the
243:The Pima Indians called themselves
13:
1501:Native American history of Arizona
1152:Handbook of North American Indians
1111:
974:. Infobase Publishing. p. 4.
859:
840:
662:), Lieutenant Governor (currently
414:on their way to California. After
235:
204:, whose descendants reside on the
32:
14:
1522:
1506:Native American tribes in Arizona
1221:
916:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
505:Akimel O'odham and the Salt River
1264:
457:and for the military during the
73:
62:
1417:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
1150:Ortiz, Alfonzo, volume editor.
1085:
1063:
1045:"Diabetes and Genes in Disease"
1027:. (retrieved December 20, 2009)
1008:
200:. They are also related to the
1163:A Native American Encyclopedia
995:
949:
932:
909:
871:
583:Douglas Miles (Akimel O'odham–
550:
434:, on what became known as the
1:
537:San Carlos Irrigation project
263:or Upper Pima (also known as
206:San Xavier Indian Reservation
115:, traditional tribal religion
1496:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
1210:. New York: Checkmark, 1999.
834:
7:
807:
608:Gila River Indian Community
593:Gila River Indian Community
183:Gila River Indian Community
10:
1527:
771:
212:("Desert People") and the
169:, as well as northwestern
1471:
1416:
1281:
1020:December 1, 2008, at the
895:. McFarland. p. 10.
455:Butterfield Overland Mail
254:Sierra Estrella Mountains
124:
119:
111:
106:
91:
86:
60:
55:
50:
45:
31:
1145:Journal of the Southwest
1138:Journal of the Southwest
1118:DeJong, David H (2011).
632:Ak-Chin Indian Community
198:Ak-Chin Indian Community
1191:Smith-Morris, Carolyn.
465:, Arenal, Casa Blanca,
436:Southern Emigrant Trail
412:Philip St. George Cooke
956:About Tribe: Districts
853:February 12, 2020, at
802:
588:
576:
514:
446:
363:
352:
240:
37:
1094:Papago Indian Pottery
968:Carl Waldman (2006).
925:Catholic Encyclopedia
786:
640:Tohono O'odham Nation
582:
558:
512:
444:
358:
350:
239:
232:History prior to 1688
120:Related ethnic groups
51:19,921 ± 4,574 (2010)
36:
1140:60.1 (2018): 252–68.
1074:, 29(8), 1866–1871.
919:"Pima Indians"
728:Keli Akimel Au-Authm
708:On'k Akimel Au-Authm
688:Keli Akimel Au-Authm
420:California Gold Rush
408:Stephen Watts Kearny
404:Mexican–American War
379:, also known as the
1147:63.1 (2021): 39–74.
724:Keli Akimel O'odham
684:Keli Akimel O'odham
612:Keli Akimel O'odham
528:Their way of life (
305:, variously called
28:
1271:Indigenous peoples
1213:Zappia, Natale A.
1176:Shaw, Anna Moore.
1025:Apache Skateboards
814:Pima Indian Revolt
704:Onk Akimel O'odham
624:Onk Akimel O'odham
589:
577:
515:
459:American Civil War
447:
364:
353:
343:History after 1694
249:European Americans
241:
196:, now forming the
38:
24:
1483:
1482:
1161:Pritzker, Barry.
1129:978-1-60781-095-7
1080:10.2337/dc06-0138
981:978-0-8160-6274-4
902:978-0-7864-5169-2
762:thrifty phenotype
714:(call themselves
702:) is home of the
664:Stephen Roe-Lewis
585:San Carlos Apache
561:Douglas MacArthur
173:in the states of
161:, are a group of
147:
146:
113:Roman Catholicism
40:O'odham portraits
1518:
1432:
1424:Ancestral Pueblo
1269:
1268:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1133:
1106:
1105:
1089:
1083:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1051:on June 16, 2006
1047:. Archived from
1037:
1028:
1015:"Douglas Miles."
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
965:
959:
953:
947:
936:
930:
929:
921:
913:
907:
906:
888:
882:
875:
869:
866:
857:
844:
819:O'odham language
788:Their homes are
766:thrifty genotype
758:Native Americans
735:Ak-Chin Au-Authm
712:Maricopa of Lehi
682:– "People") and
676:Piipaa, Piipaash
648:Hia C-ed O'odham
451:Gadsden Purchase
381:O'odham Uprising
361:Edward S. Curtis
303:O'odham language
214:Hia C-ed O'odham
167:southern Arizona
163:Native Americans
134:Hia C-ed O'odham
78:
77:
67:
66:
46:Total population
29:
23:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1467:
1428:
1412:
1339:Southern Paiute
1277:
1263:
1261:
1224:
1206:Waldman, Carl.
1130:
1114:
1112:Further reading
1109:
1090:
1086:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1022:Wayback Machine
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
982:
966:
962:
954:
950:
937:
933:
914:
910:
903:
889:
885:
876:
872:
867:
860:
845:
841:
837:
824:Man in the Maze
810:
804:
774:
750:type 2 diabetes
660:Gregory Mendoza
636:Ak-Chin O'odham
573:Native American
553:
541:Tempe Town Lake
507:
430:crossings near
416:Mexico's defeat
399:made of metal.
389:Spanish Arizona
345:
319:Lexicographical
234:
194:Ak-Chin O'odham
143:
129:Ak-Chin O'odham
72:
61:
41:
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1511:Akimel O'odham
1508:
1503:
1498:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1393:Western Apache
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:Akimel O'odham
1373:
1371:Tohono Oʼodham
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1237:
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21:Ethnic group
18:
1438:Basketmaker
1304:Halchidhoma
1178:A Pima Past
720:Halchidhoma
638:); and the
551:Modern life
523:Salt Rivers
377:Pima Revolt
369:Father Kino
221:pi 'añi mac
1490:Categories
1294:Chiricahua
1289:Chemehuevi
1154:. Vol. 10
653:Today the
628:Salt River
616:Gila River
571:and other
471:Hormiguero
467:Cachanillo
326:irrigation
296:matrilocal
290:rivers in
189:(SRPMIC).
1474:See also:
1430:dwellings
1359:Hopi-Tewa
1309:Havasupai
1156:Southwest
835:Footnotes
463:Agua Raiz
393:New Spain
371:to their
292:ranchería
265:Pima Alto
202:Sobaipuri
179:Chihuahua
87:Languages
1448:Mogollon
1324:Maricopa
1319:Hualapai
1018:Archived
851:Archived
808:See also
680:Pee-Posh
672:Maricopa
601:Maricopa
567:, Pima,
563:meeting
559:General
495:genocide
426:and the
373:villages
107:Religion
1463:Sinagua
1453:Patayan
1443:Hohokam
1403:Yavapai
1366:Oʼodham
1349:Quechan
1299:Cocopah
1275:Arizona
1055:June 1,
791:jacales
772:Customs
530:himdagĭ
424:Mesilla
383:or the
337:Yavapai
225:pi mac,
155:O'odham
101:Spanish
97:English
93:O'odham
80:Arizona
1458:Salado
1334:Navajo
1329:Mohave
1199:
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1126:
1102:869680
1100:
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899:
797:petate
726:(also
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700:SRPMIC
686:(also
575:troops
569:Pawnee
565:Navajo
491:famine
333:Apache
288:Sonora
286:, and
245:Othama
175:Sonora
171:Mexico
1398:Yaqui
940:Aatam
938:Also
743:Yoeme
284:Yaqui
177:and
1408:Zuni
1354:Tewa
1344:Pima
1314:Hopi
1197:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1098:OCLC
1057:2006
989:2011
976:ISBN
897:ISBN
739:Pima
655:GRIC
521:and
519:Gila
432:Yuma
410:and
335:and
301:The
280:Salt
276:Gila
159:Pima
149:The
27:Pima
1273:of
1076:doi
942:or
764:or
678:or
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313:or
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