359:) airbrushes enable the simultaneous adjustment of both air and color at the trigger, by allowing the user to actuate air by depressing the trigger and simultaneously adjust color and spray pattern by rocking the trigger back and forth. This ability to adjust color flow while spraying the airbrush, coupled with the user's adjustment of distance from the painting surface allows for the variation of fine to wide lines without stopping to re-adjust the spray pattern (as is necessary with a single-action airbrush). This allows for greater spray control and enables a wider variety of artistic effects. The use of this type of airbrush requires practice to achieve proficiency, both with triggering technique and control. The effort is worthwhile, as airbrushing offers greater artistic versatility. Dual-action airbrushes (Badger Patriot 105, Paasche VL, Iwata CM-C are all good examples of dual-action airbrushes) are of a more sophisticated design model than single-action airbrushes, which tends to make them the more expensive of the two.
383:). Each feed type carries unique advantages and disadvantages. Gravity feed airbrushes require less air pressure to operate, as gravity helps assist the flow of paint into the mixing chamber. Typically instruments with the finest mist atomization and detail requirements use this method since less air pressure allows for finer control of paint flow and less overspray. However, the paint capacity of gravity feed airbrushes is limited. Side- and bottom-feed airbrushes allow the artist to see over the top of the airbrush, with the former sometimes offering left-handed and right-handed options to suit the artist. The bottom paint reservoir can be a variety of sizes, and so a bottom feed airbrush typically holds a larger capacity of paint than the other types, and is often preferable for larger scale work such as automotive applications and clothing design. Side feed airbrushes are a hybrid of the two, and are able to use both a gravity style cup or a suction-style bottle.
311:(1.38 bar) while others use pressures in the region of 30-35 psi (2-2.4 bar). Larger "spray guns" as used for automobile spray-painting need 100 psi (6.8 bar) or more to adequately atomize a thicker paint using less solvent. They are capable of delivering a heavier coating more rapidly over a wide area. Even with small artist airbrushes using acrylic paint, artists must be careful not to breathe in the atomized paint, which floats in the air for minutes and can go deep into the lungs. With commercial spray guns for automobiles, it is vital that the painter have a clean air source to breathe, because automotive paint is far more harmful to the lungs than acrylic. Certain spray guns, called High-Volume Low-Pressure (HVLP) spray guns, are designed to deliver the same high volumes of paint without requiring such high pressures.
288:(suction) that allows paint to be pulled from an interconnected reservoir at normal atmospheric pressure. The high velocity of the air atomizes the paint into very tiny droplets as it blows past a very fine paint-metering component. The paint is carried onto paper or other surfaces. The operator controls the amount of paint being blown by using a variable trigger which manipulates the position of a very fine tapered needle that is the control element of the paint-metering component. An extremely fine degree of atomization is what allows an artist to create such smooth blending effects using the airbrush.
268:. Burdick founded the Fountain Brush Company in the US, and launched the first series of airbrushes onto the market. However, Burdick initially re-cased the Walkup design into a finger-operated instrument, and as many of his designs echoed those being developed by Walkup, a legal row resulted over the name Air Brush. This device was essentially the same as a modern airbrush, resembling a pen and working in a different manner than Peeler's device. Aerograph, Burdick's original company, still makes and sells airbrushes in England. Thayer and Chandler were acquired by
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7:00 p.m. on 6 October 1883, when the name was formally born. In modern times the date is used to celebrate airbrush art around the world, using the
Twitter hashtag #airbrushartistday. Walkup's wife would later go on to be the founder of the Illinois Art School where airbrushing was taught to students from all over the world. In that same rented 4 story building Rockford Air-Brush would be established under Liberty Walkup. Amongst others, the Walkups taught airbrush technique to
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observing this rule, precise control of paint volume and line width and character can be achieved. The single most important airbrush stroke consistently utilized by professionals is the dagger stroke. This describes a stroke which begins wide and ends as a narrow line, created by starting with the brush far from the support and moving it evenly closer as the line is drawn.
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airbrush user re-adjusts the setting. Adjusting the color volume and spray pattern while painting is possible, but not by design. Single-action airbrushes are simpler to use and are generally less expensive, but they present limitations in applications in which the user wishes to do something more artistic than simply apply a large, uniform coat of color.
515:, many photographs of officials from the periods show extensive airbrushing; often entire human figures have been removed. The term "airbrushed out" has come to mean rewriting history to pretend that something was never there. In contemporary academic discourse, the process of removing components from an image is formally known as
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Since the inception of airbrush technology, commercial artists and illustrators realized airbrushes allowed them to create highly rendered images and a high level of realism. Artists often use the airbrush in combination with cut stencils or items held freehand to block in controlled manner the flow
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Airbrush technique is the freehand manipulation of the airbrush, medium, air pressure, and distance from the surface being sprayed in order to produce a certain predictable result on a consistent basis with or without shields or stencils. Airbrush technique will differ with the type of airbrush being
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airbrush, the air and paint meet outside of the tip before mixing with each other, which creates a larger, coarser atomization pattern. External mix airbrushes are cheaper and more suited for covering larger areas with more viscous paints or varnishes, while internal mix airbrushes are more expensive
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or friskets, have a floating quality, with softly defined edges between colors, and between foreground and background colors. A skilled airbrush artist can produce paintings of photographic realism or can simulate almost any painting medium. Painting at this skill level involves supplementary tools,
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in the pre-digital era, and prior to airbrush a similar effect was achieved through the use of a pastel type of crayon. The very first design by
Stanley alluded to this: "My invention relates to such improvements in atomizers that may be employed for finishing photographs in water-colors, india-ink,
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Single-action airbrush technique derives its name from the fact that only one action is required for operation. The single action of depressing the trigger releases a fixed ratio of paint to air. Achieving different line widths requires either changing the tip and nozzle combination or adjusting the
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Model H are good examples of single-action external mix airbrushes) or the turning of a needle setting dial on an internal mix airbrush (Badger 200 or Iwata SAR are good examples of single-action internal mix airbrushes). The color volume and spray pattern are maintained at a fixed level until the
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Airbrushes can also be used to apply temporary airbrush tattoos. An artist sprays ink onto the skin through a stencil. Often, the resulting design mirrors the look of a permanent tattoo, without any pain or discomfort. In the past, TATs might only last a week, but now, the best inks can last up to
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editor, which is capable of even more subtle work in the hands of a skilled touch-up artist. In the fine retouching industry, the airbrushing technique is often considered a low-end practice, with significantly inferior quality to that found in the most important fashion photography publications.
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mechanism, where the depression of the trigger actuates air flow through the airbrush, immediately outputting paint. The airbrush's color flow and spray pattern are adjusted separately from the trigger action. This is done through an adjustment of the airbrush's needle placement within its paint
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Up until the mid-2000s, it was widely published that the airbrush was invented in 1893, but following research undertaken in collaboration with New York
University's Conservation Department, and personal support from Professor Margaret Holben Ellis, a more detailed history emerged, which required
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Double-action airbrush technique involves depressing the trigger on the top of the airbrush with the index finger to release air only, and drawing it back gradually to the paint release threshold. The most important procedural dynamic is to always begin with air only and end with air only. By
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of Mt. Morris, Illinois. Walkup repatented the work under the name of "air-brush", a name his wife Phoebe Walkup came up with. Thus according to the research, the formal birth of the name 'Air Brush' can be traced to a documented stakeholders' meeting of the new Air Brush
Manufacturing Co. at
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Airbrushes are commonly used by scale modeling enthusiasts to paint models because finer coats can be laid down, as well as opaque effects like weathering, adding stains etc. The fine atomization of paint in modern airbrushes also makes it possible to accurately reproduce soft-edged mottled
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Alcohol-based mediums are best suited for waterproof make-up; this makeup lasts longer, is smudge proof, is rich and opaque in colour. But alcohol-based foundations can be too matte, and can lead to over-drying of the skin. They also can rub off due to excessive itching or fidgeting.
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Airbrushes are usually classified by three characteristics. The first characteristic is the action performed by the user to trigger the paint flow. The second is the mechanism for feeding the paint into the airbrush. The third is the point at which the paint and air mix.
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in which a model's imperfections have been removed, or in which their attributes have been enhanced. The term has often been applied in a pejorative manner to describe images of unrealistic female perfection and has been particularly common in reference to pictures in
763:. Most professionals prefer to use automotive grade bases through top-of-the-line gravity fed airbrushes. The cost to hire a professional artist will vary from a few hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on location, skill level and reputation.
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make-up, i.e., for short-term artistic or skin-friendly make-ups, these are easy to apply, and easy to remove, with minimal damage to the skin, but water-based make-up does not last a long while, and comes off easily, even more so with perspiration.
219:. This worked akin to a diffuser/atomiser and did not have a continuous air supply. Stanley and his twin brother later invented a process for continuously coating photographic plates (Stanley Dry Plate Company) but are perhaps best known for their
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spray volume manually between spray width changes. The most important aspect of proper single-action airbrush technique is to keep the hand moving before the trigger is depressed and after the trigger is released. This avoids the "bar bell" line.
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Airbrushes are used to spray murals, graphics, and other artwork on automobiles, motorcycles and helmets. This art form has been around since at least the fifties, but more recently it has seen an increase in popularity thanks to such shows as
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to supply continuous air. It was rather crude, being based on a number of spare parts in a jeweller's workshop such as old screwdrivers and welding torches. It took four years of further development before a working prototype was developed by
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Soltan, Mohamed
Abdeldayem Ahmed (2015) An investigation into the history of the airbrush and the impact of the conservation treatment of airbrushed canvas paintings. Doctoral thesis, Northumbria University
719:. It is promoted as a safer and healthier alternative to the damaging effects of long term exposure to the sun. It is often performed by companies also offering other sun tanning alternatives like
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Silicone-based airbrush foundations are comparatively water-resistant but not waterproof; they do not overdry the skin, and are relatively easy to apply and remove with a mild make-up remover.
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T-shirt airbrushing is popular—many T-shirt airbrush shops offer to paint any textile that will hold paint, including jeans, denim jackets, leather apparel, pillow cases, and hoodies.
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Silicone-based airbrush foundation has another advantage of mimicking the skin texture, as to give no obvious sign of make-up, thereby giving a more natural look to the model.
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of paint onto the paper (or digital alternatives) with fantasy and science fiction artists. Airbrush images can be found today in advertising, publishing (e.g., book covers),
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that are high in coverage but thin in texture are applied with the airbrush for full coverage without a heavy build-up of product. It is also a highly popular technique for
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Depending on the definition requiring compressed air or not, the first spray painting device that could be called an airbrush was patented in 1876 (Patent Number 182,389) by
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The technique allows for the blending of two or more colors in a seamless way, with one color slowly becoming another color. Freehand airbrushed images, without the aid of
684:-based airbrush foundation, S/B foundation, is found in professional and premium retail airbrush brands, primarily for bridal make-ups, or mature skin. Silicone based
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According to the research prepared by
Professor Andy Penaluna, the first instrument to use a compressed air supply was named the "paint distributor" was developed by
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in 2000. Badger Air-Brush continues the Thayer and
Chandler tradition of manufacturing quality airbrush guns, tools and compressors out of Franklin Park, Illinois.
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Penaluna, Andrew (2004)A Critical
Investigation into the Origins and Development of the Airbrush – 1878-1906. Doctoral thesis, Swansea Metropolitan University.
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Airbrushes are also used to apply images onto human finger nails as well as synthetic ones that are later glued to the person's actual finger nail.
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When inhaled, finely dispersed paint and solvents can produce serious health hazards. Regulatory provisions such as those issued by the U.S.
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Airbrush was a novel technique in the scientific portraying of the Moon and other planets in the 1960s. Airbrush maps were produced by USGS
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camouflage schemes, which are very hard to do convincingly by hand-brushing (Luftwaffe aircraft are a good example of this).
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airbrush, the paint and air mix inside the airbrush body (in the tip), creating a finer atomized "mist" of paint. With an
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and crayon". In skilled hands an airbrush can be used to help hide signs that an image has been extensively
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at the Air Brush School in
Rockford, Illinois. The first certain 'atomising' type airbrush was invented by
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Hargitai, Henrik; Naß, Andrea (2019), Hargitai, Henrik (ed.), "Planetary
Mapping: A Historical Overview",
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Paint can be fed into the airbrush by gravity from a paint reservoir sitting atop the airbrush (called
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1122:, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing, pp. 27–64,
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420:: a similar device that typically delivers a higher volume of paint and for painting larger areas.
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Most airbrushes can be grouped into two types of trigger action: Single-action or double-action.
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Many street artists use airbrushing to create names and pictures for tourists, such as around
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bodies. The paint jobs range from a basic one-color paint job to fine detailed works of art.
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223:. No artistic images that used this 'paint distributor/atomiser' exist or are as yet known.
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was the airbrush capital of the world, with hundreds of artists painting custom designs on
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U.S. Patent 182389, (19 September 1876), F. E. Stanley – Atomizers, introductory comment
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921:"Browse In Art Materials and Techniques, Photorealism | Oxford Art Online | Oxford Art"
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1021:"DeVilbiss, Iwata, Asturo AOM, Sharpe, Astro Pneumatic, Binks - Spray Guns & More"
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867:– established in 1985, longest running publication for airbrushing and custom culture
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many authorities such as Oxford Art to update their dictionaries and references.
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848:, airbrush, and sketch artist, who is famous for his work on the feature films,
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tip, by the turning of the paint tip on an external mix airbrush (Badger 350 or
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An airbrush works by passing a stream of fast moving (compressed) air through a
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developed from the airbrush and is considered to employ a type of airbrush.
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The term "airbrushed" or "airbrushed photo" has also been used to describe
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dictate strict requirements to prevent unsafe use in work environments.
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Aerograph Super 63, a gravity-fed, double-action, internal mix airbrush
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U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C.
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The first paint spraying machine was developed in 1887. Equipment by
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Airbrushes are used to apply special tanning solutions as a form of
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technology, this kind of picture editing is now usually done with a
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1074:"Airbrushing for Beginners: A Guide on How to Use Airbrush Makeup"
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Airbrush makeup has recently been re-popularized by the advent of
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Small, air-operated tool that atomizes and sprays various media
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hobbyists also use the airbrush to create works of art on the
30:"Airbrushing" redirects here. For manipulation of images, see
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37:"Airbrushed" redirects here. For the Anamanaguchi song, see
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and more suited for fine detail work with thinner paints.
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is sometimes credited with developing the technique for
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and other artistic purposes" and used a hand-operated
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have the advantage of being medium to high coverage.
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spray can create a cheap alternative to a spray gun.
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The Big Book of Airbrush, Parramon and Ferron, 1990
434:The addition of a simple pistol grip adapter to an
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
955:"An Artist's Tool - Smithsonian Libraries Unbound"
742:One well-known producer of airbrushed clothing is
1179: – history, photos and patent diagrams
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375:), or siphoned from a reservoir mounted below (
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1078:Styleaurora.com | Unleash Your Glowing Beauty
809:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1185: – Airbrush Manuals and parts PDF
775:Branch to support the NASA Apollo missions.
633:was using it at least five years earlier in
588:Airbrushes have also become common tools in
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715:that simulates the appearance of a natural
416:The airbrush led to the development of the
561:Airbrushes are also suitable for painting
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136:Learn how and when to remove this message
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155:F#1 Single-action external mix airbrush
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179:and sprays various media, most often
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339:The simplest airbrushes work with a
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1101:"Loud and Dumb Never Looked Better"
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491:Airbrushing was long used to alter
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1052:"Westmore: Making Faces For Film"
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698:Temporary airbrush tattoos (TATs)
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1056:AD&A Museum UC Santa Barbara
835:– a contemporary airbrush artist
619:at least as early as the 1930s.
431:is typical of modern sprayguns.
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1058:. 4 June 2023. Archived from
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827:Frederick William Lawrence
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262:World Columbian Exposition
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163:An Airbrush artist at work
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1162:Safety and Health Topics.
1003:"start airbrushing right"
897:, an airbrush art pioneer
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256:in 1893 and presented by
1001:Adam (27 January 2017).
890:Airbrush Action Magazine
864:Airbrush Action Magazine
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1164:Accessed 2014-06-24.
791:. In the mid-1970s,
503:In the 20th century
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303:Some airbrushes use
270:Badger Air-Brush Co.
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1199:Painting techniques
1159:"Spray Operations."
1023:. Spraygunworld.com
662:as well as for the
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379:), or on the side (
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63:verification
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39:Anamanaguchi
930:18 February
839:H. R. Giger
789:New Orleans
686:foundations
493:photographs
471:comic books
363:Feed system
353:Dual-action
232:watercolors
183:, but also
18:Airbrushing
1193:Categories
1084:6 November
965:26 January
908:References
750:Automotive
511:and later
412:Spray guns
236:compressor
193:foundation
175:tool that
126:March 2008
96:newspapers
85:"Airbrush"
901:Cassandre
744:Marc Ecko
596:-making.
498:retouched
442:Technique
425:DeVilbiss
418:spray gun
387:Mix point
381:side feed
305:pressures
1146:86546344
877:in a can
846:sculptor
833:Syd Brak
821:Atomizer
815:See also
797:T-shirts
735:Clothing
721:sun beds
682:Silicone
635:Pre-Code
399:With an
373:top feed
298:friskets
293:stencils
286:pressure
177:atomizes
169:airbrush
895:Man Ray
857:Species
717:sun tan
611:History
590:cosplay
532:Playboy
346:Paasche
282:venturi
266:Chicago
248:master
203:History
153:Paasche
110:scholar
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803:Safety
563:murals
557:Murals
276:Design
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851:Alien
843:Swiss
757:Rides
675:clown
631:Wally
583:Lexan
577:Many
569:Hobby
538:Maxim
429:Binks
315:Types
181:paint
117:JSTOR
103:books
1132:ISBN
1086:2017
1029:2010
967:2018
932:2022
854:and
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650:and
594:prop
473:and
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1124:doi
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