411:
believed that true love has a respectable name and a rightful place in good human company, especially that of the monastery." This "emphasis on the centrality of friendship in the monastic life places him outside the mainstream of the tradition. In writing a special treatise dedicated to friendship and indicating that he could not live without friends, Aelred outdid all his monastic predecessors and had no immediate successors. Whether or not his need for friendship is an expression of Aelred's sexual identity, his insistence on individual friendships in the monastic life meant a departure from what is implied in the Rule of St. Benedict." Within the wider context of
Christian monastic friendship, "it was Aelred who specifically posited friendship and human love as the basis of monastic life as well as a means of approaching divine love, who developed and promulgated a systematic approach to the more difficult problems of intense friendships between monks."
449:
experiences and what each learned from the other. The third mature phase for
Augustine is transcendent, in that he loves others "in Christ": the focus is on Christ and the point of friendship is to grow closer to Christ with and through friends. In writing of adolescent friendship Augustine said, "For I even burnt in my youth heretofore, to be satiated in things below; and I dared to grow wild again, with these various and shadowy loves: my beauty consumed away, …pleasing myself, and desirous to please in the eyes of men. And what was it that I delighted in, but to love, and be loved?"
744:
559:
597:, as the expert in medieval gender and sexuality, cites Aelred as an example of a man "for whom same-sex erotic relationships, even if chaste, were important." She also states that "depictions of a Middle Ages concerned only with spiritual issues as opposed to material, a culture whose people were so radically different from us that their bodies became irrelevant, have been superseded by recent scholarship." Brian McGuire, likewise, accepts Aelred as "a man who felt physically and mentally more drawn to other men than to women."
219:
620:. Aelred's inclusion on the calendar of the Episcopal Church was initiated by Integrity USA in 1985, and he was approved by the House of Bishops with their full awareness that he was believed to be a gay man by Integrity. Two years later, Integrity canonized Aelred as their official patron, promising "to regularly observe his feast, promote his veneration and seek before the heavenly throne of grace the support of his prayers on behalf of justice and acceptance for lesbians and gay men."
285:"). At some point during this period, Aelred became the target of personal harassment by a knight of the king's court, which came to a head in the king's presence and included a degrading sexual slur. Walter Daniel related this incident to demonstrate Aelred's forgiveness of the knight and his skill in conflict resolution, but around this time Aelred developed feelings of depression and alienation, and he left court at age twenty-four (in 1134) to enter the
2420:
2432:
2396:
479:
1493:
470:'s description of his early adolescence with the speaker describing his time at school, where "the charm of my companions gave me the greatest pleasure. Among the usual faults that often endanger youth, my mind surrendered wholly to affection and became devoted to love. Nothing seemed sweeter to me, nothing more pleasant, nothing more valuable than to be loved and to love."
2408:
54:
570:
and his students discussed the possibility that Aelred might have possessed a homosexual orientation. Within this context, "there is a movement among priests and religious who consider themselves to be gay in their sexual orientation to find in historical figures such as Aelred earlier expressions of
307:
to King David of
Scotland, Aelred reportedly accompanied Abbot William of Rievaulx to the Scottish border to negotiate the transfer. He saw that his reluctance to part from his friends at court, delayed his adopting his monastic calling. For Aelred, the source and object of true friendship is Christ.
657:
argues that this is reflected much more accurately by the concept of 'imaginatio' than 'amor' (romantic love): "It constituted the intimate link between being and the world, through which the person may assimilate the exterior world while also defining the self as a subject". McGuire notes that "in
410:
and designates Christ as the source and ultimate impetus of spiritual friendship. On top of its intellectual foundation, Aelred draws on his personal experience to provide "specific and concrete" recommendations for creating and maintaining long-term friendships. According to Brian McGuire, "Aelred
494:
Aelred was never formally canonised in the manner that was later established, but he became the centre of a cult in the north of
England that was officially recognised by Cistercians in 1476. As such, he was venerated as a saint, with his body kept at Rievaulx. In the sixteenth century, before the
434:
involved genuine trust and affection. "But I must at the very beginning lay down this principle —friendship can only exist between good men. We mean then by the 'good' those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honour, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust,
448:
identifies three phases of friendship: adolescence, early adulthood and adulthood. Adolescent friendships are essentially self-interested comradeship. Augustine then describes a close friendship he had as a young adult with a colleague. This was based on love and grew out of shared interests and
323:
as archbishop of York. The result of the journey was that Aelred brought back a letter from Pope
Innocent summoning the superiors whom Aelred represented to appear in Rome the following March to make their deposition in the required canonical form. The resulting negotiations dragged on for many
1126:
It is unclear exactly when Aelred joined King David's court. However, David became king in 1124, when Aelred was 14, and in his lament for David Aelred says he had known David "from the beginning of his age," which might well imply that Aelred had been at the court from around 1124. See Aelred
338:
His role as abbot required him to travel. Cistercian abbots were expected to make annual visitations to daughter-houses, and
Rievaulx had five in England and Scotland by the time Aelred held office. Moreover, Aelred had to make the long sea journey to the annual general chapter of the Order at
600:
Marsha L. Dutton states that "...there is no way of knowing the details of Aelred's life, much less his sexual experience or struggles." Nevertheless, Brian McGuire admits in his emotional biography of Aelred that "the absence of women, Aelred's confession of his own passion, and the knight's
582:
the landmark study into the relationship between the medieval Church and homosexuality. This opened up discussion of Aelred's sexuality to a wider audience, and triggered a debate that "has dragged on, often with vituperation." Critics of this hypothesis have generally used traditional
653:, and the symbolism of love between man and God, expressed through a predominantly Virgilian and Ovidian topos. Aelred called this "marriage" an 'organ of experience', with nothing to do with romantic or sexual reality which were believed to be fundamentally contrary to monastic life.
766:
All of Aelred's works have appeared in translation, most in
English and in French; the remaining three volumes of his sermons are being translated into English and will appear from Cistercian Publications in 2018–2020. There are already available in French in a five-volume edition.
389:
In his later years, he is thought to have suffered from the kidney stones and arthritis. Walter reports that in 1157 the
Cistercian General Council allowed him to sleep and eat in Rievaulx's infirmary; later he lived in a nearby building constructed for him.
499:, claims he saw Aelred's shrine at Rievaulx containing Aelred's body glittering with gold and silver. Today, Aelred of Rievaulx is commemorated as a saint on 12 January, the traditional date of his death, in the latest official edition of the
1042:
Aelred of
Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Durham and Lincoln Collections," transl. Kathryn Krug, Lewis White, et al., Ed. and Intro. Ann Astell, Cistercian Fathers series 58 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, forthcoming
331:, a daughter house of Rievaulx in Lincolnshire. In 1147, he was elected abbot of Rievaulx itself, a position he was to hold until his death. Under his administration, the abbey is said to have grown to some 140 monks and 500
762:
the "St. Bernard of the North." Knowles, a historian of monasticism in
England, also described him as "a singularly attractive figure," saying that "No other English monk of the twelfth century so lingers in the memory."
628:
Elizabeth Freeman has argued that discussion of his alleged homosexuality has abounded atop misunderstandings of monastic language and mistaking his interest in Christian friendship for homosexuality. Aelred confessed in
896:
Several non-liturgical sermons survive as well, including one he apparently preached to a clerical synod, presumably in connection with a journey to the general chapter at Cîteaux, and one devoted to Saint Katherine of
1035:
Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The First Clairvaux Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Theodore Berkeley and M. Basil Pennington, Cistercian Fathers series 58 (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications,
2022:
and Walter Daniel notes that he composed a liturgical homily on Luke 11:33 to be read on the feast day of St Edward the Confessor; Peter Jackson has identified and published what he believes to be that sermon
1947:
1039:
Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Second Clairvaux Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Marie Anne Mayeski, Cistercian Fathers series 71 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2016).
2225:
Dutton, Marsha L., "Sancto Dunstano Cooperante: Aelred of Rievaulx’s Advice to the Heir to the English Throne in Genealogy of the Kings of the English," in: Emilia Jamroziak and Janet Burton (ed.),
1046:
Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Reading Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Daniel Griggs, Cistercian Fathers series 81 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2018).
352:
states that Aelred's efforts during the twelfth-century papal schism brought about Henry II's decisive support for the Cistercian candidate, resulting in 1161 in the formal recognition of
2214:
Dutton, Marsha L., "A Historian's Historian: The Place of Bede in Aelred's Contributions to the New History of his Age", in: Marsha L. Dutton, Daniel M. La Corte, and Paul Lockey (ed.),
430:
means "friendship" and could be between states or individuals. It suggested an equality of status and in practice it might only be an alliance to pursue mutual interests. For Cicero,
2207:
2267:
La Corte, Daniel M., "Abbot as Magister and Pater in the Thought of Bernard of Clairvaux and Aelred of Rievaulx", in: Marsha L. Dutton, Daniel M. La Corte, and Paul Lockey (ed.),
2018:
Some of Aelred's works have apparently not survived, including his letters and his poetic eulogy to St. Cuthbert. The Rievaulx library catalogue also lists an otherwise unknown
2194:
1011:, translated by Theodore Berkeley and M. Basil Pennington . Sermons 1–28, Advent – All Saints. Cistercian Fathers series no. 58, (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2001).
1049:
Aelred of Rievaulx, "Homilies on the Prophetic Burdens of Isaiah," trans. Lewis White, Cistercian Fathers series 83 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2018).
1951:
583:
literary-critical methods to argue that Aelred's writing contains conventional monastic language rather than homoerotic language, and include Elizabeth Freeman,
1546:, ex decreto sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli Pp. II promulgatum, editio altera, Typis Vaticanis, A.D. MMIV
2087:
1462:
2381:
Hoste, Anselm. "Bibliotheca Aelrediana: Survey of Manuscripts, Old Catalogues, Editions and Studies concerning St. Aelred of Rievaulx." Steenbrugge, 1962.
2052:
This seems to be a sermon that Aelred preached at Hexham on 3 March 1155, when the relics of five former bishops of Hexham were translated to new shrines.
2239:
Freeman, Elizabeth, "The Many Functions of Cistercian Histories Using Aelred of Rievaulx’s Relatio de Standardo as a Case Study," in: Erik Kooper (ed.)
1102:
254:
had forbidden the ordination of the sons of priests. This was done in part to end the inheritance of benefices. He may have been partially educated by
1592:
1777:
562:
The "Integrity Window," dedicated to St. Aelred and the LGBTQ community, which is displayed at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Fargo, North Dakota.
613:
2027:: The Lost Sermon by Aelred of Rievaulx?," "Cistercian Studies Quarterly" 40 (2005): 45–82). See David N. Bell, ‘Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167),’
346:
Alongside his role as a monk and later abbot, Aelred was involved throughout his life in political affairs. The fourteenth-century version of the
2157:
Christensen, Katherine, "Walter Daniel's Life of Aelred of Rievaulx: The Heroism of Intelligence and the Miracle of Love," in Jason Glenn (ed),
683:
1401:
2176:
641:." LeClercq characterizes this a 'literary exaggeration' common to monastic writing. Aelred also refers directly to the relationship of
2232:
Freeman, Elizabeth, "Aelred of Rievaulx’s De Bello Standardii: Cistercian Historiography and the Creation of Community Memories," in:
601:
obscenities all indicate that Aelred at the court of King David lost his head, his heart, and perhaps his body to another young man."
2253:
Freeman, Elizabeth, "Nuns in the Public Sphere: Aelred of Rievaulx's De Sanctimoniali de Wattun and the Gendering of Authority", in:
1559:
662:, there is a colorful story about how a woman tried to tempt the budding Cistercian saint into bed, and how he resisted her. In the
2552:
2487:
893:
These sermons mainly relate to the seventeen liturgical days on which Cistercian abbots were required to preach to their community.
1056:, trans. G. de Briey(+), G. Raciti, intro. X. Morales, Corpus Christianorum in Translation 20 (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015)
2477:
2375:. Fédération Internationale des Instituts d'Études Médiévales. Textes et Études du Moyen Âge, 7. Louvain-la-Neuve (France), 1997.
1920:
1080:
Thurston, Herbert. "St. Ælred." "The Catholic Encyclopedia," vol. 1 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907). 20 September 2012
937:, trans. Mark DelCogliano, crit. ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 73 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2008). .
2532:
2472:
2462:
2378:
Dutton, Marsha L. "Aelred of Rievaulx." Oxford Bibliographies in Medieval Studies. New York, 2013. www.oxfordbiblographies.com.
527:
2467:
2260:
Garrison, John, “One Mind, One Heart, One Purse: Integrating Friendship Traditions and the Case of Troilus and Criseyde,” in
1474:
1025:
trans. Jane Patricia Freeland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 71 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2006).
1018:
trans. Jane Patricia Freeland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 56 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2005).
539:
2512:
1892:
1803:
1032:
trans. Lawrence Braceland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville: Cistercian Publications, 2010).
1431:
1865:
1332:
This is the traditional date for his feast within the Cistercian Order, as celebrated on the authority of Walter Daniel,
269:
Aelred's early education was probably at the cathedral school at Durham. Aelred spent several years at the court of King
566:
Aelred has been popular with small circles of gay Catholics since at least the 1970s, and during the same time period,
17:
2006:
1569:
1114:
1063:, ed. and trans. Bruce L. Venarde, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 71 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021)
2133:, translated by Christopher Coski. Cistercian Studies series no. 276, (Collegeville: Cistercian Publications, 2020).
2120:
Aelred de Rievaulx (1110–1167): De l'homme éclaté à l'être unifié. Essai de biographie existentielle et spirituelle.
2522:
2497:
2278:
Mayeski, Marie Anne, "Secundam naturam: The Inheritance of Virtue in Ælred’s Genealogy of the English Kings", in:
2517:
1456:
2542:
1507:
327:
Upon his return from Rome, Aelred became novice master at Rievaulx. In 1143, he was appointed abbot of the new
1259:
Some evidence of these journeys remains. For instance, Walter Daniel records a visitation that Aelred made to
2537:
1829:
723:
535:
2527:
2507:
958:
trans. Geoffrey Webb and Adrian Walker, Fleur de Lys series 17 (London: A. R. Mobray and Co., Ltd., 1955).
930:
1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3, 3A. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 1971, 1989, 2001, 2012, 2005, 2015, 2017.
2502:
2492:
2482:
2313:
Ransford, Rosalind, "A Kind of Noah's Ark: Aelred of Rievaulx and National Identity", Stuart Mews (ed.),
2165:
1781:
1348:
1314:, transl. by L. Braceland Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2010), 25.
406:("On spiritual friendship"), considered to be his greatest work, is a Christian counterpart of Cicero's
2386:
1191:
Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p16; Aelred Squire, OP,
836:
316:
1502:
311:
In 1142 Aelred travelled to Rome, alongside Walter of London, Archdeacon of York, to represent before
2315:
2294:
Expérience de Dieu et Théologie Monastique au XIIe Siècle: Étude sur les sermons d'Aelred de Rievaulx
1276:
It was probably during one of these journeys that he delivered the sermon titled as "To the Synod at
646:
639:
the sweetness of love and impurity of lust combined to take advantage of the inexperience of my youth
558:
130:
90:
2547:
2241:
The Medieval Chronicle: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle
1617:
990:
trans. Elizabeth Connor, Cistercian Fathers series 17 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1990).
759:
496:
457:
439:
320:
282:
1236:
635:
a cloud of desire arose from the lower drives of the flesh and the gushing spring of adolescence
801:
348:
1543:
1416:
743:
567:
972:
trans. C. H. Talbot, Cistercian Father series 22 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1981).
452:
Aelred was greatly influenced by Cicero, but later modified his interpretation upon reading
2457:
2452:
2201:
Dutton, Marsha L., "A Model for Friendship: Ambrose's Contribution to Aelred of Rievaulx's
1948:"kirchensite.de - online mit dem Bistum Münster: Ausgestiegen: Von der Bühne in die Klause"
1897:
1870:
925:
811:
792:
748:
584:
519:
368:
304:
251:
227:
2152:
L'ordre de l'affect au Moyen Âge: Autour de l'anthropologie affective d'Aelred de Rievaulx
8:
2424:
2306:
Raciti, Gaetano. "The Preferential Option for the Weak in the Ælredian Community Model",
818:
420:
379:
270:
2123:
2065:
transl.. Lawrence Braceland, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MI, 2010), p21-2
1973:
1498:
904:("Homilies on the Prophetic Burdens of Isaiah"), submitting the work for evaluation to
642:
467:
453:
445:
353:
255:
140:
2227:
Religious and Laity in Northern Europe 1000–1400: Interaction, Negotiation, and Power.
2170:
2002:
1565:
1470:
1442:
1162:'"The Lives of the Saints," Rev. S. Baring-Gould, 1:178 (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1914)
1110:
712:
705:
531:
500:
263:
199:
61:
1807:
382:, advising him how to be a good king and declaring him to be the true descendant of
2412:
2092:
1293:
Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p17.
1260:
701:
594:
312:
2111:
1558:
Aelred of Rievaulx (7 November 2022). Lange, Marjorie; Dutton, Marsha L. (eds.).
1513:). For correct information, see David N. Bell, 'Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167),'
1469:, (Lawrence C. Braceland, tr.), Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010,
1466:
1207:
752:
679:
604:
In modern times, several gay-friendly organizations have adopted Aelred as their
247:
203:
150:
834:("A Certain Wonderful Miracle") (wrongly known since the seventeenth century as
2436:
2184:
Dutton, Marsha L.,"Friendship and the Love of God: Augustine's Teaching in the
905:
690:
654:
588:
483:
466:, Aelred adopted Cicero's dialogue format. In the Prologue however, he mirrors
223:
218:
175:
126:
2248:
Narratives of a New Order: Cistercian Historical Writing in England, 1150–1220
2096:
2032:
1518:
393:
Aelred died in the winter of 1166–7, probably on 12 January 1167 at Rievaulx.
2446:
2400:
2350:
Squire, Aelred, "Historical Factors in the Formation of Aelred of Rievaulx",
2081:
1081:
650:
609:
328:
2357:
Yohe, Katherine, "Aelred’s Recrafting of the Life of Edward the Confessor",
2269:
Truth as Gift: Studies in Cistercian History in Honor of John R. Sommerfeldt
2216:
Truth as Gift: Studies in Cistercian History in Honor of John R. Sommerfeldt
1009:
The Liturgical Sermons I: The First Clairvaux Collection, Advent—All Saints
605:
575:
506:
He also appears in the calendars of various other Christian denominations.
490:), from St. John Cardinal Henry Newman's 1845 "Lives of the English Saints"
360:
300:
243:
160:
1561:
The Liturgical Sermons The Reading-Cluny Collection, 1 of 2 Sermons 85-133
1208:
Houston, James M., "Aelred of Rievaulx (1110-1167, Friend and Counselor",
1140:
See Walter Daniel, Vita A, ca. 2. (p91 of Cistercian Fathers translation)
617:
383:
259:
239:
207:
195:
111:
44:
1103:
Davies, John Reuben. "Aspects of Church Reform in Wales, c.1093 -c.1223"
965:
Cistercian Fathers series 2 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1971).
53:
2373:
Bibliotheca Aelrediana Secunda: Une Bibliographie Cumulative (19621996)
1004:, trans. Mark F. Williams (London: University of Scranton Press, 1994).
716:
543:
286:
2131:
Aelred de Rievaulx (1110–1167): An Existential and Spiritual Biography
340:
2159:
The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources
731:
242:, in year 1110, one of three sons of Eilaf, priest of St Andrew's at
1432:
Morahan OSA, Michael. "St Augustine and friendship", OSA - Australia
1349:"Saint Aelred of Rievaulx", Encyclopedia Britannica, January 8, 2020
997:
translated by Jerome Bertram (Guildford: St. Edward's Press, 1990) .
649:
as a "marriage", which is aligned with Cistercian emphasis upon the
2347:, Cistercian Studies 50 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1969).
758:
For his efforts in writing and administration Aelred was called by
426:
293:
274:
86:
378:
He also wrote seven works of history, addressing three of them to
2419:
1402:
Scullard, Howard Hayes Scullard and Lintott, Andrew. "Amicitia",
951:
Ed. and transl. Maurice Powicke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950).
2324:
Aelred of Rievaulx on Love and Order in the World and the Church
1866:"Schools directory - St. Aelred's Roman Catholic Primary School"
1235:"Saint Aelred of Rievaulx", Encyclopedia Britannica. Online at:
900:
In 1163-4 he also wrote a 31-sermon commentary on Isaiah 13–16,
503:, which expresses the official position of the Catholic Church.
1925:
1277:
478:
415:
367:("The Mirror of Charity," reportedly written at the request of
235:
120:
73:
435:
and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions."
2169:
1237:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Aelred-of-Rievaulx
727:
289:
513:
written about him by Walter Daniel shortly after his death.
1183:
1181:
788:("Genealogy of the Kings of the English"), written 1153–54.
694:
1446:, Book 2, (Edward Bouverie Pusey, tr.) at sacred-texts.com
2061:
Marsha L. Dutton, 'Introduction,' in Aelred of Rievaulx,
1754:
A Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, ed. M. L. Dutton, 2017
1289:
Marsha L. Dutton, "Introduction," in Aelred of Rievaulx,
1187:
Marsha L. Dutton, 'Introduction,' in Aelred of Rievaulx,
935:
For Your Own People: Aelred of Rievaulx's Pastoral Prayer
1655:
1653:
1651:
1358:
1356:
1178:
1719:
1717:
1715:
675:
1709:
LeClercq, Love of Learning and Desire for God, pp113-4
1693:
1691:
1490:
states incorrectly that Aelred was canonized in 1191 (
1109:, (C. P. Lewis, ed.), Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2008,
828:("On the Miracles of the Church of Hexham"), ca. 1155.
782:("Life of David, King of the Scots"), written c. 1153.
414:
It was likely at Durham that Aelred first encountered
2384:
1648:
1353:
979:, translated by Winifred MacQueen, in John MacQueen,
516:
For many centuries his most famous work has been his
277:, possibly from the age of 14, rising to the rank of
1712:
751:, a late 12th-century illuminated manuscript in the
2336:Squire, Aelred, "Aelred and the Northern Saints.",
2275:
204). Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2004, p. 389–406.
2243:. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, 1999, p. 124–32.
1842:
Leclercq, Love of Learning and Desire for God, p131
1780:. Sacredpauses.com. 14 January 1988. Archived from
1705:
1703:
1688:
101:
Rievaulx chapter house next to William, first abbot
2222:204). Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2004, p. 407–48.
2080:
1557:
1390:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality,
1054:Sermons. La collection de Reading (sermons 85-182)
633:that for a while he surrendered himself to lust, "
580:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality,
315:the northern prelates who opposed the election of
202:from 1147 until his death. He is venerated by the
509:Much of Aelred's history is known because of the
2444:
2299:Powicke, Frederick M., "Ailred of Rievaulx", in
1734:Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing Unto Others,
1700:
1618:"Aelred of Rievaulx, Abbot and Theologian, 1167"
614:Episcopal Church in the United States of America
2138:Aelred of Rievaulx: Pursuing Perfect Happiness.
1497:
1248:Walteri Danielis Vita Ailredi Abbatis Rievall',
246:, himself a son of another Eilaf, treasurer of
684:Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter
1893:"Region opts for closure of two high schools"
1778:"Saint Aelred -the Patron Saint of Integrity"
995:The Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor,
2091:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2001:3rd edition (New York:Penguin Books, 1995).
1997:Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John.
2180:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 256.
1723:Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, pp.211-214
1697:Cambridge Companion to Cistercianism (2013)
1492:
871:("The Formation of Anchoresses"), ?1160–62.
2025:In translacione sancti Edwardi Confessoris
1501:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1250:ed. F. M. Powicke, (London, 1959), ca. 30.
1203:
1201:
359:Aelred wrote several influential books on
194:; (1110 – 12 January 1167) was an English
52:
2329:Squire, Aelred, "Aelred and King David",
2229:Turnhout: Brepols, 2007, p. 183–195.
1921:"St Aelred's Catholic Technology College"
796:("On the Account of the Standard"), also
396:
2287:Brother & Lover: Aelred of Rievaulx.
2029:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
1515:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
742:
708:, Renfrewshire, Scotland closed in 1990.
557:
477:
473:
217:
2088:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1198:
902:Homeliae de oneribus propheticis Isaiae
859:("Jesus as a Boy of Twelve"), ?1160–62.
84:12 January 1167 (aged 56–57)
14:
2445:
2161:(Toronto, University of Toronto, 2012)
1092:Bell, "Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167)"
908:, who became bishop of London in 1163.
822:("The Life of Saint Ninian"), 1154–60.
730:, Lower Saxony, Germany (2012–2019 in
711:A secondary school named after him in
482:Depiction of Saint Aelred (or Ailred;
2188:and Aelred of Rievaulx's Response in
2164:
1511:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1344:
1342:
1156:
826:De miraculis Hagustaldensis ecclesiae
808:Vita S. Eduardi, regis et confessoris
616:, and the Order of St. Aelred in the
578:characterized Aelred as a gay man in
2296:. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1999.
1564:. Liturgical Press. p. xxxvii.
923:Aelred of Rievaulx, '"Opera omnia."
917:
853:("The Mirror of Charity"), ca. 1142.
1085:
24:
2144:
1444:The Confessions of Saint Augustine
1419:Treatise on Friendship and Old Age
1339:
865:("Spiritual Friendship"), 1164–67.
25:
2564:
2365:
2326:(Mahwah, NJ: Newman Press, 2006).
2301:Ways of Medieval Life and Thought
1999:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints,
1806:. Webcitation.org. Archived from
1804:"The Order of St Aelred (O.S.Ae)"
1023:The Lives of the Northern Saints,
299:In 1138, when Rievaulx's patron,
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2082:"Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167)"
1491:
1486:The entry on Aelred in the 1905
877:("Pastoral Prayer"), c. 1163–67.
770:Extant works by Aelred include:
520:Saint Edward, King and Confessor
281:(often translated "steward" or "
2553:12th-century English historians
2488:Pre-Reformation Anglican saints
2208:The American Benedictine Review
2140:Mahwah, NJ: Newman Press, 2005.
2055:
2046:
2043:King David died on 24 May 1153.
2037:
2012:
1991:
1966:
1940:
1913:
1885:
1858:
1845:
1836:
1822:
1796:
1770:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1726:
1679:
1666:
1635:
1610:
1585:
1551:
1536:
1523:
1480:
1450:
1436:
1425:
1410:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1326:
1317:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1216:
941:
840:("The Nun of Watton")), c. 1160
2478:12th-century Christian mystics
2031:Oxford University Press, 2004
1950:. 20 July 2013. Archived from
1517:Oxford University Press, 2004
1508:New International Encyclopedia
1488:New International Encyclopedia
1421:, (E.S. Shuckburgh, tr.), 1903
1165:
1143:
1134:
1120:
1096:
1074:
963:Treatises and Pastoral Prayer,
666:we find no such temptresses."
495:dissolution of the monastery,
488:Sanctus Aelredus Riaevallensis
198:monk and writer who served as
13:
1:
2533:English Roman Catholic saints
2473:12th-century writers in Latin
2463:12th-century Christian saints
2072:
1323:Walter Daniel, "Vita Aelredi"
956:On Jesus at Twelve Years Old,
949:Vita Ailredi Abbatis Rievall.
375:("On Spiritual Friendship").
2468:12th-century English writers
2280:Cistercian Studies Quarterly
2166:Davis, Henry William Carless
2112:UK public library membership
1974:"Einsiedelei - St. Benedikt"
1224:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study,
983:(Edinburgh: Polygon, 1990) .
676:Saint Aelred Catholic Church
669:
623:
553:
165:Friendship, LGBTQ Christians
7:
2513:Medieval English historians
2345:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
2195:American Benedictine Review
1531:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
1404:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1265:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
1193:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
1129:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
883:("On the Soul"), c.1164–67.
832:De quodam miraculo miraculi
780:Vita Davidis Scotorum regis
738:
10:
2569:
2354:22 (1960), p. 262–82.
2333:22 (1960), p. 356–77.
2319:18 (1982), p. 137–46.
2289:New York, Crossroad, 1994.
2282:37 (2002), p. 221–28.
2250:. Turnhout: Brepols, 2002.
1310:, see Aelred of Rievaulx,
1226:(London: SPCK, 1969), p53.
1195:(London: SPCK, 1969), p24.
1131:(London: SPCK, 1969), p12.
1052:(fr.) Aelred de Rievaulx,
869:De institutione inclusarum
837:De Sanctimoniali de Wattun
812:Edward, King and Confessor
631:De institutione inclusarum
2352:Collectanea Cisterciensia
2340:23 (1961), p. 58–69.
2338:Collectanea Cisterciensia
2331:Collectanea Cisterciensia
2316:Studies in Church History
2273:Cistercian Studies Series
2264:36 (2010), p. 25–48.
2262:Medievalia et Humanistica
2257:17 (1996), p. 55–80.
2220:Cistercian Studies Series
2078:
1533:(London: SPCK, 1969), p2.
1091:
1061:Writings on Body and Soul
786:Genealogia regum Anglorum
774:Histories and biographies
540:Episcopal Church calendar
159:
149:
139:
117:
105:
97:
80:
76:, Northumberland, England
67:
60:
51:
34:
27:English saint (1110–1167)
2310:32 (1997), p. 3–23.
2285:McGuire, Brian Patrick,
2236:49 (1998), p. 5–28.
2198:56 (2005), p. 3–40.
1978:www.st-benedikt-jever.de
1830:"A St. Aelred Catechism"
1267:(London: SPCK, 1969), 65
1107:Anglo-Norman Studies XXX
1067:
912:
2523:Medieval English saints
2498:Christian hagiographers
2177:Encyclopædia Britannica
2079:Bell, David N. (2004).
1417:Marcus Tullius Cicero.
928:Continuatio Mediaevalis
574:In 1980, the historian
424:. In Roman terminology
303:, was to surrender his
283:Master of the Household
213:
206:as a saint and by some
2518:English sermon writers
2371:Burton, Pierre-André.
2322:Sommerfeldt, John R.,
2136:Sommerfeldt, John R.,
2129:Burton, Pierre-André,
2118:Burton, Pierre-André,
2020:De fasciculo frondium,
1519:accessed 5 August 2013
863:De spirituali amicitiâ
857:De Iesu puero duodenni
802:Battle of the Standard
755:
722:Since 2019 there is a
563:
491:
487:
464:De spirituali amicitiâ
404:De spirituali amicitia
398:De spirituali amicitia
349:Peterborough Chronicle
231:
182:), also known as also
180:Aelredus Riaevallensis
179:
2543:Medieval LGBT history
2097:10.1093/ref:odnb/8916
2063:Spiritual Friendship,
1597:The Church of England
1544:Martyrologium Romanum
1291:Spiritual Friendship,
1263:. Aelred Squire, OP,
1189:Spiritual Friendship,
1030:Spiritual Friendship,
1016:The Historical Works,
970:Dialogue on the Soul,
746:
734:, also Lower Saxony).
571:their own identity."
568:Brian Patrick McGuire
561:
481:
474:Posthumous reputation
373:De spiritali amicitia
221:
2538:LGBT and Anglicanism
2292:Nouzille, Philippe,
2246:Freeman, Elizabeth,
2203:Spiritual Friendship
2190:Spiritual Friendship
2154:. Caen: CRAHM, 2005.
1871:City of York Council
1622:The Episcopal Church
1465:2 April 2023 at the
1459:Spiritual Friendship
1457:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1312:Spiritual Friendship
1059:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1028:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1021:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1014:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1007:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1002:Spiritual Friendship
1000:Aelred of Rievaulx,
993:Aelred of Rievaulx,
986:Aelred of Rievaulx,
975:Aelred of Rievaulx,
968:Aelred of Rievaulx,
961:Aelred of Rievaulx,
954:Aelred of Rievaulx,
933:Aelred of Rievaulx,
926:Corpus Christianorum
810:("The Life of Saint
793:Relatio de Standardo
749:Edward the Confessor
369:Bernard of Clairvaux
305:Wark on Tweed Castle
252:Council of Claremont
155:Abbot holding a book
2528:Writers from Hexham
2508:English Cistercians
2033:accessed 5 Aug 2013
1685:Boswell, p. 221-226
1529:Aelred Squire, OP,
1222:Aelred Squire, OP,
1210:Knowing & Doing
845:Spiritual treatises
798:De bello standardii
726:named after him in
704:named after him in
697:is named after him.
686:is named after him.
421:Laelius de Amicitia
380:Henry II of England
271:David I of Scotland
234:Aelred was born in
230:in North Yorkshire.
2503:Cistercian mystics
2493:Anglo-Saxon saints
2483:Abbots of Rievaulx
2361:38 (2003): 177–89.
1853:Brother and Lover,
1832:. 12 January 2011.
1810:on 27 October 2009
1784:on 9 December 2013
1377:Brother and Lover,
1364:Brother and Lover,
1173:Brother and Lover,
1151:Brother and Lover,
988:Mirror of Charity,
851:Speculum caritatis
756:
564:
492:
454:Augustine of Hippo
446:Augustine of Hippo
365:Speculum caritatis
354:Pope Alexander III
256:Lawrence of Durham
232:
172:Aelred of Rievaulx
112:Anglican Communion
40:Aelred of Rievaulx
18:Ailred of Rievaulx
2211:64 (2013): 39–66.
2110:(Subscription or
1901:. 2 February 1989
1765:Brother and Lover
1674:Brother and Lover
1661:Brother and Lover
1643:Brother and Lover
1475:978-0-87907-957-4
918:Critical editions
875:Oratio pastoralis
747:Aelred's Life of
713:Newton-le-Willows
532:Church of England
501:Roman Martyrology
258:, who sent him a
200:Abbot of Rievaulx
169:
168:
106:Venerated in
62:Abbot of Rievaulx
16:(Redirected from
2560:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2343:Squire, Aelred,
2181:
2173:
2150:Boquet, Damien,
2124:Éditions du Cerf
2115:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2084:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
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1938:
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1555:
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1227:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1185:
1176:
1169:
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1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1078:
702:secondary school
647:John the Apostle
595:Ruth Mazo Karras
542:with a feast on
313:Pope Innocent II
123:
109:Catholic Church;
56:
32:
31:
21:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2548:Anglican saints
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2368:
2303:. London, 1949.
2147:
2145:Further reading
2109:
2101:
2099:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2017:
2013:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1954:on 20 July 2013
1946:
1945:
1941:
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1929:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
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1891:
1890:
1886:
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1696:
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1601:
1599:
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1586:
1576:
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1572:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1485:
1481:
1467:Wayback Machine
1455:
1451:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1406:, December 2015
1400:
1396:
1387:
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1230:
1221:
1217:
1212:, February 2007
1206:
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1139:
1135:
1125:
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1101:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1070:
947:Walter Daniel,
944:
920:
915:
819:Vita S. Niniani
753:British Library
741:
719:closed in 2011.
680:Bishop, Georgia
672:
664:Life of Aelred,
626:
556:
536:Lesser Festival
476:
401:
250:. In 1095, the
216:
204:Catholic Church
134:
118:
110:
85:
72:
47:
42:
41:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2367:
2366:Bibliographies
2364:
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2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2212:
2199:
2182:
2171:"Aelred"
2162:
2155:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2116:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2011:
1990:
1965:
1939:
1912:
1884:
1857:
1844:
1835:
1821:
1795:
1769:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1725:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1678:
1676:, 1994, p. 155
1665:
1663:, 1994, p. 142
1647:
1645:, 1994, p. 149
1634:
1609:
1593:"The Calendar"
1584:
1570:
1550:
1548:(2004), p. 96.
1535:
1522:
1479:
1449:
1435:
1424:
1409:
1394:
1381:
1368:
1352:
1338:
1325:
1316:
1302:On the use of
1295:
1282:
1269:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1215:
1197:
1177:
1175:1994, p. 50-52
1164:
1155:
1153:1994, p. 48-49
1142:
1133:
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931:
919:
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914:
911:
910:
909:
906:Gilbert Foliot
898:
894:
885:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
847:
846:
842:
841:
829:
823:
815:
805:
789:
783:
776:
775:
740:
737:
736:
735:
720:
709:
698:
691:primary school
687:
682:, part of The
671:
668:
660:Life of Waldef
655:Julia Kristeva
625:
622:
589:Julia Kristeva
555:
552:
475:
472:
400:
395:
317:Henry de Sully
296:in Yorkshire.
224:Rievaulx Abbey
215:
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167:
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153:
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127:Rievaulx Abbey
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2015:
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1767:, 1994, p. 49
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1600:. Retrieved
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1397:
1392:1980, p. 222
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1379:1994, p. 142
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1001:
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942:Translations
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924:
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319:, nephew of
310:
301:Walter Espec
298:
278:
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264:Saint Brigid
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2453:1110 births
2186:Confessions
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897:Alexandria.
618:Philippines
538:and on the
497:John Leland
459:Confessions
441:Confessions
408:De amicitia
384:Anglo-Saxon
343:in France.
260:hagiography
240:Northumbria
174:, O Cist. (
2447:Categories
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2102:30 January
2073:References
1932:12 January
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1898:The Herald
1877:12 January
1745:Karras 151
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145:12 January
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1375:McGuire,
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1171:McGuire,
1149:McGuire,
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192:Æthelred
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2234:Cîteaux
2126:, 2010.
2122:Paris:
1983:27 July
1958:27 July
1627:19 July
1477:, p. 53
1336:ca. 57.
1334:Vita A,
1117:, p. 93
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