151:
471:, exists in over 20 versions scattered throughout the collection, with the same event being told with variations on the same facts, or with totally new versions. In some versions, as in her letters, Palmer employs an alter-ego known as Moira Y. Pilgrim, but it is difficult to determine if one is a fictional character or another manifestation of herself. It is also difficult to know if the many versions were written to somehow appease her family, who had burned a portion of her documents during one hospitalisation, but she did begin sending versions to friends after that incident, perhaps to "protect" them from another such incident.
448:, as it is currently understood, because of her writings which convey that she had trouble identifying as a woman. She wrote about wanting to be a boy in her childhood and though she acknowledged that she had had lesbian relationships, she also mused that she had been born into the wrong body. Because of her lengthy periods of institutionalisation, she refers to her lesbian alliances as "incidents", thus it is difficult to determine if she had a genuine desire, or if her own thoughts had been moulded by therapy. It is clear that Palmer considered herself to be an outsider, publishing poetry under the pseudonym
222:, which one of her teachers had given her to read. Her 1932 diary also retells the relationships and activities of a group of young women, which Palmer calls "the mob". Though ostensibly written as a private journal, comments by other members of the mob indicate it was probably an open document, at least to other members of her circle. Written in code, using abbreviations and obscure terms, the women appear to have been emotionally interconnected and shared an interest in reading and writing music and poetry, as well as shared physical intimacy.
479:, Palmer writes that she left her heart in England during the war and in the other says she left pieces of her heart all over Europe. Significant difference between the versions calls into question of whether the second version was a self-censored retelling for perhaps having been too specific in the first version. In yet another version, she names her lover as Harry, changing the gender and blurring which might be the factual and which might be the fictional rendition of the story.
511:
context of her life affected her politics and her writing and, indeed, her illness. Furthermore, the circulating narratives relating to war, poetry, madness, gender and sexuality exist in a dynamic relation to her writing and behaviour, which in turn became part of her diagnosis and treatment. It is a tangled web". In 1988, a biography was written by historian Judith Keene about Palmer and in 2016 Sylvia Martin published
278:, fighting was intense and the field hospital was close to the action, which led Palmer to feel depressed and unstable. She asked for leave, which was finally granted in August 1937. Though her parents urged her to remain in England, Palmer returned to Spain the following month, where she joined the 35th Hospital Division in
325:
In 1945, responding to a cable from her sister regarding her mother's stroke, Palmer returned to
Melbourne, though she had to say goodbye to a woman who her diary indicates she was in love with. She found the return difficult, though she continued to try to write, publishing articles in journals such
510:
and contain diaries, letters, speeches, as well as unpublished manuscripts. The archives have provided a wealth of materials to scholars giving insight and at the same time obscuring Palmer's history. As historian Sylvia Martin wrote, "her illness and its treatment affected her subjectivity, but the
474:
As with the 1932 diary, written while she was in college, Palmer's later diaries use code, or eliminate names, possibly because she fears someone may read them. In her London diaries, she relates a relationship with a woman "B" which may have continued over a five-year period. In two different
33:
142:, her diaries chart her exploration of her own sexuality and mental disease. Among her papers are many unpublished novels and an autobiographical compilation, which form a notable collection for scholars to evaluate both gender identities and mental illness in her era.
490:, obsessing over the deaths she encountered in Spain and bombings in London. It is equally possible that the "drivel" burned by her sister Helen, were writings attempting to deal with the traumas Palmer had experienced in her life.
411:
dubbed Palmer as the poet of the talented Palmer family and wrote, the reasons for her tragedy were "the war in Spain, her failure to escape the Palmer constellation, and her sexuality". In 1959, Palmer published translations in
393:. During this stay, her sister Helen burned some of Palmer's papers, calling her writing "drivel", though Helen's perspective on the worth of the writing differed from publishers. Around the same time, Helen called a piece,
273:
Working on the battle front from August 1936 to the middle of 1938, Palmer rode with ambulance drivers and kept records of the wounded, sending injury and death reports to the central war office. During the
286:, in sub-zero temperatures, with food and supply shortages and intense fighting, retreat and recapture. Eventually the medical staff were evacuated and returned to a medical hospital in Barcelona. When
270:, who worked in the communist circles in London, and joined a British medical unit. Originally hired as a typist, she served as a secretary and an interpreter in Spain for the next two years.
1141:
370:
injections to revive her, hoping that the shock to her system would return her to her former self. In addition to three months of insulin-glucose treatment, Palmer underwent
301:
When the war ended, Palmer went to France and worked in the refugee camps, writing reports on the
Spanish people. She then returned to England and working through
1055:
531:
A book by the same title, written by Judith Keene, who also wrote a biography about Palmer, was not about Palmer, but instead about the
Australian nurse,
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482:
In the same vein, the nature of her illness is unclear and obscure. In some descriptions, such as one given by her sister Helen, Palmer is labelled as a
532:
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374:. She wrote about the process and her relation to her mother and sister, who were the ones who had her committed in an unpublished manuscript,
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420:, the Vietnamese dissident from their original French. She also published in Vietnam a translation from French of the Prison Diaries of
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in which she discusses her awkwardness, as well as her infatuations with various teachers. She also wrote of a psychology book on
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The archive also calls into question how one separates fact from fiction, as for example, Palmer's autobiographical manuscript
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in French language and literature in 1935. While she was in school around 1931, she began writing an autobiographical novel,
1524:
173:. Within six months of her birth, Palmer's parents had returned to their native Australia, setting up their home in the
1314:
1100:
1447:
Keene, Judith (1988). "Aileen Palmer's Coming of Age". In Caine, Barbara; Grosz, E. A.; de
Lepervanche, Marie (eds.).
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502:
in a psychiatric facility and was buried in the local cemetery. Her papers and unfinished manuscripts were donated to
185:
was born and the two girls began their education at home, schooled by their mother. In the 1920s, the family moved to
150:
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1544:
371:
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1416:"Danny Yee's Book Reviews: The Last Mile to Huesca: An Australian Nurse in the Spanish Civil War, Judith Keene"
389:
to both China and Japan. But the following year, after a manic period, she was involuntarily committed to the
294:
through 1939, distributing leaflets, carrying out publicity events, and attending rallies. She wrote a novel,
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507:
487:
342:. In 1948, she had a breakdown fuelling her efforts to continue writing at a frenetic pace with alcohol and
165:
Aileen Yvonne Palmer was born on 6 April 1915, in London to two of
Australia's most noted literary figures,
1188:
231:
204:. She went on to complete her education, studying French, German, Spanish and Russian, graduating from the
266:
to London. Having not wanted to leave, Palmer separated from her parents in France, contacted her friend
218:
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259:
1346:
1132:
1056:"Nettie Palmer and her Daughter Aileen Palmer, Two Australian Women and One Aim: 'Aidez L' Espagne'"
182:
155:
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351:
205:
76:
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1104:
154:
Palmer in 1918 (bottom row, second from left) with her parents, maternal grandparents, sister
1318:
190:
290:'s troops divided Spain in half, in May 1938, Palmer returned to London. She worked for the
1499:
1494:
1216:
Keene, Judith (May 1987). "A Spanish
Springtime: Aileen Palmer and the Spanish Civil War".
363:
247:
8:
1423:
515:
to recover the untold story of Palmer's military service, lesbianism, and troubled life.
408:
334:
238:. Soon after her graduation, she travelled with her family to London and participated in
209:
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Palmer began working as an activist before graduating from university. Enrolling in the
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rallies. She journeyed on to Vienna, where she spent three months translating works by
123:
246:, before moving on to Spain. In 1936, she was engaged as a translator for the planned
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428:, a volume of original poems was published in 1964, but her autobiographical novel,
193:, where Nettie continued their education. She was described as a shy child, who had
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1142:"A Review of Sylvia Martin's 'Ink in her Veins: The Troubled Life of Aileen Palmer"
483:
404:
287:
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139:
486:. In her own writings, she recounts symptoms like those described by people with
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131:
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1470:. Perth, Western Australia, Australia: University of Western Australia Press.
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1379:"Silent Witness? Aileen Palmer and the Problem of Evidence in Lesbian History"
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354:. Ellery subjected Palmer to a treatment being tried in Vienna on people with
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1275:"Aileen Palmer—Twentieth Century Pilgrim: War, Poetry, Madness and Modernism"
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346:. She was hospitalised for the first time at a mansion known as "Alençon" in
166:
317:
and remained until summoned back to
Australia due to her mother's illness.
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Palmer has been identified by some scholars as a lesbian and by others as
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421:
239:
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1362:. Canberra, Australia: National Library Australia. pp. 133–176.
1251:
The last mile to Huesca: an
Australian nurse in the Spanish Civil War
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302:
255:
186:
178:
135:
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In 1957, she published a mimeographed collection of poems called
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1253:. Kensington, NSW, Australia: New South Wales University Press.
169:(née Janet Gertrude Higgins) and Edward Vivian Palmer, known as
32:
283:
279:
200:
In 1929, the family moved to
Melbourne, and Palmer enrolled in
194:
413:
1449:
Crossing
Boundaries: Feminisms and the Critique of Knowledge
1181:"Women's Time: Ina Higgins, Nettie Palmer and Aileen Palmer"
896:
894:
788:
1307:
Martin, Sylvia (2012). "Aileen Yvonne Palmer (1915–1988)".
1093:
Gollan, Robin (2000). "Helen Gwynneth Palmer (1917–1979)".
1451:. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin. pp. 180–191.
1358:. In Dever, Maryanne; Vickery, Ann; Newman, Sally (eds.).
126:
poet and diarist. She worked as an interpreter during the
947:
891:
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855:
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served in the Auxiliary Ambulance Service as a driver in
298:
about her time in Spain, though it remained unpublished.
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lament on the threat of nuclear annihilation. The poet,
254:. At the time, Palmer was living in a house rented near
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The Intimate Archive: Journeys Through Private Papers
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250:, but the event was circumvented by the start of the
138:. With a history of institutionalisation for various
1468:
Ink in Her Veins: The Troubled Life of Aileen Palmer
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Ink in her Veins: The Troubled Life of Aileen Palmer
234:
in 1934, she worked on the immigration campaign for
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366:injections to induce coma, followed by a series of
16:(1915-1988) poet, translator and political activist
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262:occurred, she and her family were evacuated via
134:and later in an ambulance unit in London during
1053:
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776:
435:
313:until 1943. At that time, she began working at
1313:. Vol. 18. Carlton, Victoria, Australia:
1099:. Vol. 15. Carlton, Victoria, Australia:
292:National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief
1540:Australian people of the Spanish Civil War
31:
1396:
149:
122:(6 April 1915 – 21 December 1988) was a
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1505:20th-century Australian women writers
1248:
1215:
1139:
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758:
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403:incoherent, when in reality it was a
1575:Australian writers with disabilities
1560:20th-century Australian LGBT people
1413:
782:
498:Palmer died on 21 December 1988 at
493:
385:and that same year, travelled as a
258:by her parents in Mongat. When the
225:
13:
1440:
1356:"3: Aileen Palmer's Textual Lives"
1315:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1101:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1096:Palmer, Helen Gwynneth (1917–1979)
37:Palmer's passport photograph, 1940
14:
1591:
1570:British writers with disabilities
1422:. Oxford, England. Archived from
1310:Palmer, Aileen Yvonne (1915–1988)
1179:Jordan, Deborah (November 2008).
362:. Ellery gave Palmer a series of
1510:20th-century Australian writers
1140:Hobby, Nathan (November 2016).
1046:
525:
372:electroconvulsive shock therapy
350:, where she was treated by Dr.
282:. By December, the unit was in
1565:Women in the Spanish Civil War
1535:University of Melbourne alumni
1520:British emigrants to Australia
1:
1555:20th-century British diarists
1515:Australian anti-war activists
1054:CampamĂ Pizarro, Eva (2014).
542:
508:National Library of Australia
488:posttraumatic stress disorder
214:Poor Child—a Posthumous Novel
145:
1189:Victorian Historical Journal
547:
436:Sexuality and mental illness
232:Communist Party of Australia
202:Presbyterian Ladies' College
7:
10:
1596:
1525:People with mood disorders
1414:Yee, Danny (April 1994).
1398:10.1080/09612020200200333
109:
92:
84:
65:
42:
30:
23:
518:
426:World Without Strangers?
395:Song for a Distant Epoch
1580:Poets with disabilities
1466:Martin, Sylvia (2016).
1273:Martin, Sylvia (2009).
206:University of Melbourne
77:Ballarat East, Victoria
1545:British women diarists
1384:Women's History Review
1377:Newman, Sally (2002).
1354:Newman, Sally (2009).
1249:Keene, Judith (1988).
181:. In 1917, her sister
162:
1530:Australian LGBT poets
432:was never published.
197:and was left-handed.
191:South East Queensland
153:
1550:English LGBT writers
1265:Republished 2023 by
795:CampamĂ Pizarro 2014
376:20th Century Pilgrim
47:Aileen Yvonne Palmer
956:, pp. 517–518.
903:, pp. 150–151.
876:, pp. 102–103.
864:, pp. 100–101.
647:, pp. 512–513.
321:Return to Australia
296:Last Mile to Huesca
210:First-class honours
424:in 1962. In 1964,
244:Helene Scheu-Riesz
163:
124:British Australian
1477:978-1-74258-825-4
1458:978-0-043-05004-0
1369:978-0-642-27682-7
1267:The Clapton Press
1260:978-086-840-338-0
1147:Westerly Magazine
734:, pp. 85–86.
698:, pp. 82–83.
623:, pp. 98–99.
454:, a character in
276:Battle of Brunete
252:Spanish Civil War
248:People's Olympiad
140:mental breakdowns
128:Spanish Civil War
117:
116:
110:Years active
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1426:on 15 March 2016
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1321:on 26 March 2016
1317:. Archived from
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1226:10.2307/27508823
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1162:. Archived from
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1107:on 26 March 2016
1103:. Archived from
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494:Death and legacy
484:manic-depressive
226:European sojourn
175:Dandenong Ranges
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69:21 December 1988
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1441:Further reading
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1287:(1–2): 94–107.
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1391:(3): 505–530.
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1343:|website=
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1218:Labour History
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73:(aged 73)
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1038:Martin 2009
1026:Newman 2002
1014:Newman 2009
1002:Newman 2009
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633:Newman 2002
621:Martin 2009
609:Martin 2009
597:Gollan 2000
585:Martin 2012
461:The Tempest
456:Shakespeare
446:transgender
422:Ho Chi Minh
340:The Realist
260:Coup d'Ă©tat
240:anti-racist
93:Occupations
85:Nationality
79:, Australia
1489:Categories
918:Hobby 2016
759:Keene 1988
732:Keene 1987
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543:References
442:non-binary
360:introverts
344:benzedrine
264:Marseilles
236:Egon Kisch
146:Early life
102:translator
88:Australian
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1407:0961-2025
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1335:cite book
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1234:0023-6942
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1071:2014-2153
548:Citations
405:modernist
383:Dear Life
303:The Blitz
256:Barcelona
187:Caloundra
179:Melbourne
136:The Blitz
113:1931–1960
1242:27508823
1063:Blue Gum
783:Yee 1994
504:Canberra
335:Overland
1430:14 June
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451:Caliban
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177:, near
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284:Teruel
280:Aragon
195:myopia
167:Nettie
130:for a
99:Writer
1238:JSTOR
1184:(PDF)
1154:(2).
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519:Notes
414:Hanoi
208:with
183:Helen
171:Vance
156:Helen
1472:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1432:2017
1403:ISSN
1364:ISBN
1347:help
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358:and
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