816:(0.477 ± 0.12 or 59.7% of the Jamaican population with a 2.7 chance of Pygmy and Sahelian mixture), suggesting that the people from this region may have been consistently prolific throughout the slave era on Jamaica. The diminutive admixture coefficients associated with the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa (0.064 ± 0.05 and 0.089 ± 0.05, respectively) is striking considering the massive influx of individuals from these areas in the waning years of the British Slave trade. When excluding the pygmy groups, the contribution from the Bight of Biafra and West-central rise to their highest levels (0.095 ± 0.08 and 0.109 ± 0.06, respectively), though still far from a major contribution. When admixture coefficients were calculated by assessing shared haplotypes, the
2029:
343:, other groups were sent to Jamaica. The Akan population was still maintained, since they were the preference of British planters in Jamaica because they were "better workers", according to these planters. According to the Slave Voyages Archives, though the Igbo had the highest importation numbers, they were only imported to Montego Bay and St. Ann's Bay ports, while the Akan (mainly Gold Coast) were more dispersed across the island and were a majority imported to seven of 14 of the island's ports (each parish has one port).
4104:
2630:
2015:
27:
4114:
821:
Africa remain underrepresented. The results of the admixture analysis suggest the mtDNA haplogroup profile distribution of
Jamaica more closely resembles that of aggregated populations from the modern-day Gold Coast region despite an increasing influx of individuals from both the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa during the final years of trading enslaved Africans.
834:
gene pool. Yet, European derived chromosomes (i.e., haplogroups G2a*-P15, I-M258, R1b1b-M269, and T-M184) were detected at commensurate levels in
Jamaica (19.0%), whereas Y-haplogroups indicative of Chinese and Indian ancestry were restricted to Jamaica. African paternal DNA 66.7% European paternal DNA 19.0% Chinese paternal DNA 3.8% Indian paternal DNA 1.2%
2156:
833:
Pub Med results were also issued in the same year (2012): "Our results reveal that the studied population of
Jamaica exhibit a predominantly South-Saharan paternal component, with haplogroups A1b-V152, A3-M32, B2-M182, E1a-M33, E1b1a-M2, E2b-M98, and R1b2-V88 comprising 66.7% of the Jamaican paternal
824:
The aforementioned results apply to subjects whom have been tested. Results also stated that black
Jamaicans (that make up more than 90% of the population) on an average have 97.5% of African MtDNA and very little European or Asian ancestry could be found. Both ethnic and racial genetic results are
820:
also had the largest contribution, though much less striking at 0.196, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.189 to 0.203. When haplotypes are allowed to differ by one base pair, the
Jamaican matriline shows the greatest affinity with the Bight of Benin, though both Bight of Biafra and West-central
795:
A DNA test study submitted to BMC Medicine in 2012 states that "....despite the historical evidence that an overwhelming majority of slaves were sent from the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa near the end of the
British slave trade, the mtDNA haplogroup profile of modern Jamaicans show a
339:, while between 1700 and 1720 that figure went up to 27 per cent. The number of Akan slaves arriving in Jamaica from Kormantin ports only increased in the early 18th century. But due to frequent rebellions from the then known "Coromantee" that often joined the slave rebellion group known as the
608:(or Pocomania, the order of the earth). 60 order worships God and spirits of air or the heavens on a Saturday and considers itself to be the more "clean" sect. 61 order more deals with spirits of the earth. This division of Kumfu clearly shows the dichotomy of Nyame and
2518:
Simms, Tanya M.; Wright, Marisil R.; Hernandez, Michelle; Perez, Omar A.; Ramirez, Evelyn C.; Martinez, Emanuel; Herrera, Rene J. (August 2012). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and
Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow".
600:, rested after creating the earth. Jamaicans that were aware of their Ashanti past while wanting to keep hidden, mixed their Kumfu spirituality with the American Adventists to create Jamaican Revival in 1860. Revival has two sects:
808:
may have thus found the acclimatization and acculturation process less stressful because of cultural and linguistic commonalities, leading ultimately to a greater chance of survivorship and a greater number of progeny."
274:
of the 16th century, when enslaved
Africans were transported as slaves to Jamaica and other parts of the Americas. During the period of British rule, slaves brought to Jamaica by European slave traders were primarily
2107:
362:
In 1871 the census recorded a population of 506,154 people, 246,573 males, and 259,581 females. Their races were recorded as 13,101 White, 100,346 "Coloured" (now known as the
Browning Class), and 392,707 Black.
825:
based on a low sample of 390 Jamaican persons and limited regional representation within
Jamaica. As Afro-Jamaicans are not genetically homogeneous, the results for other subjects may yield different results.
334:
Originally in earlier British colonization, the island before the 1750s was in fact mainly Akan imported. However, between 1663 and 1700, only six per cent of slave ships to Jamaica listed their origin as the
3824:
2726:
812:
More detailed results stated: "Using haplogroup distributions to calculate parental population contribution, the largest admixture coefficient was associated with the
2348:
2469:
Salas, Antonio; Richards, Martin; Lareu, María-Victoria; Scozzari, Rosaria; Coppa, Alfredo; Torroni, Antonio; MacAulay, Vincent; Carracedo, Ángel (2004).
596:
because it observed Saturday as god's day of rest. This was a shared aboriginal belief of the Akan people as this too was the day that the Akan god,
713:. The language developed in the 17th century, when enslaved peoples from West and Central Africa blended their dialect and terms with the learned
1998:
685:
2418:
Deason, Michael L.; Salas, Antonio; Newman, Simon P.; Macaulay, Vincent A.; Morrison, Errol Y. st A.; Pitsiladis, Yannis P. (23 February 2012).
2133:
763:
2618:
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589:, the goddess of the earth. But nowadays they are only observed by the Maroons who preserved a lot of the culture of 1700s Jamaica.
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3300:
581:. In 18th-century Jamaica, only Akan gods were worshipped by Akan as well as by other enslaved Africans. The Akan god of creation,
4063:
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and originally only found in books, while the term Kumfu is still used by Jamaican Maroons. The priest of Kumfu was called a
91:
4138:
63:
3275:
3971:
3192:
3013:
1745:
755:). Jamaicans themselves usually refer to their use of English as patwa, a term without a precise linguistic definition.
291:
West Africans were enslaved in wars with other West African states and kidnapped by either African or European slavers.
3197:
2200:
359:
people at the time who had more privileges than the Black slaves and usually held higher-paying jobs and occupations.
70:
4148:
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4117:
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628:. Other Ashanti elements include the use of swords and rings as means to guard the spirit from spiritual attack. The
110:
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3125:
2846:
2819:
2698:
2611:
44:
77:
2788:
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48:
303:(notably those of the Asante Kotoko alliance of the 1720s: Asante, Bono, Wassa, Nzema and Ahanta) followed by
3682:
3645:
3545:
3476:
3462:
3206:
3140:
2731:
632:, like the Mother Woman of Revival, has special two swords used to protect himself from witchcraft called an
592:"Myal" or Kumfu evolved into Revival, a syncretic Christian sect. Kumfu followers gravitated to the American
3575:
2751:
731:
59:
3966:
3921:
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3496:
3110:
1733:
1166:
3996:
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3135:
3120:
2903:
2604:
1490:
883:
2217:
After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842
747:) cannot be distinguished systematically from intermediate varieties (collectively referred to as the
4107:
3747:
3600:
3595:
2781:
2556:"The Genetic Structure of Populations from Haiti and Jamaica Reflect Divergent Demographic Histories"
1771:
1610:
1604:
1564:
3650:
3374:
3085:
2824:
1420:
758:
Jamaican Patois contains many loanwords of African origin, a majority of those etymologically from
208:
4083:
3875:
3530:
3201:
2741:
2626:
2125:
1359:
847:
37:
4001:
3796:
3555:
3031:
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2655:
1661:
1638:
1365:
877:
710:
440:
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3978:
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3801:
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3250:
3177:
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1813:
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1001:
951:
858:
224:
84:
4011:
3791:
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3340:
1893:
1881:
1632:
1621:
1222:
624:. Also the Ashanti funerary/war colours: red and black have the same meaning in Revival of
377:
271:
8:
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3130:
2935:
1285:
817:
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414:
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1370:
1135:
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236:
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The river flows on: Black resistance, culture, and identity formation in early America
4006:
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751:) nor even from the most divergent rural varieties (collectively referred to as the
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232:
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Simms, Tanya M.; Rodriguez, Carol E.; Rodriguez, Rosa; Herrera, Rene J. (2010).
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2020:
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3513:
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1993:
1971:
1954:
1864:
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1807:
1781:
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1335:
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904:
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515:
511:
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436:
304:
267:
180:
4048:
3890:
3714:
3677:
3667:
3640:
3255:
3167:
2876:
2072:
1988:
1983:
1960:
1887:
1796:
1523:
1501:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1330:
1308:
1257:
1234:
1183:
1118:
1074:
1023:
968:
941:
899:
653:
570:
527:
473:
419:
324:
300:
276:
4016:
3687:
3627:
3345:
2952:
2940:
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2571:
2532:
2082:
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1965:
1949:
1943:
1909:
1717:
1711:
1695:
1673:
1615:
1581:
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1279:
1048:
946:
921:
714:
669:
629:
494:
465:
461:
312:
308:
184:
2471:"The African Diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic Slave Trade"
2373:
2219:, PhD dissertation (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), p. 27.
585:
was given praise but not worshipped directly. They poured libation to
3285:
2634:
2052:
2047:
1870:
1727:
1705:
931:
855:
851:
609:
356:
260:
252:
200:
188:
2331:"Running to 'Mother' - Thugs seek guard rings and divine protection"
299:
Based on slave ship records, enslaved Africans mostly came from the
26:
3436:
3389:
3335:
3152:
3036:
3006:
2989:
2773:
2486:
2057:
1840:
1456:
1205:
996:
752:
748:
744:
740:
633:
586:
204:
2881:
2674:
4078:
4068:
2629:
1302:
1274:
1268:
718:
698:
352:
192:
151:
138:
3362:
3280:
3238:
2913:
2229:
2077:
657:
469:
212:
2553:
3755:
3379:
2062:
801:
767:
665:
597:
582:
661:
2468:
739:) meaning that the variety of the language closest to the
2517:
2420:"Interdisciplinary approach to the demography of Jamaica"
2417:
2087:
725:(including significant exposure to Scottish English) and
2193:
History of Jamaica, From Its Discovery To The Year 1872
331:) culture was the dominant African culture in Jamaica.
2126:"Jamaica Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)"
796:
greater affinity with groups found in the present-day
2010:
2308:. University of the West Indies Press. p. 36.
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2108:"Jamaica | The University of the West Indies"
346:
4130:
604:(or Zion Revival, the order of the heavens) and
804:....this is because Africans arriving from the
690:Jamaican Patois, known locally as Patwa, is an
686:List of Jamaican Patois words of African origin
652:A festival was dedicated to the heroism of the
782:, while some included other African proverbs.
594:Revival of 1800 Seventh Day Adventist movement
270:of the Black Jamaican people stemmed from the
2789:
2612:
2306:Jamaican Folk Medicine: A Source Of Healing
2796:
2782:
2619:
2605:
2560:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2521:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2494:
2445:
2435:
2391:"Psychic Phenomena of Jamaica: CHAPTER I"
2374:"Multiple etymologies in Jamaican Creole"
864:
837:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2413:
2411:
2250:
2154:
842:The gene pool of Jamaica is about 80.3%
279:, some of whom ran away and joined with
2303:
2195:. Appleton & Company. p. 184.
2190:
1036:(Jamaican parents of mixed African and
371:
4131:
2475:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2276:
2186:
2184:
2182:
351:The majority of the house slaves were
2777:
2600:
2408:
2328:
2251:Tortello, Rebecca (3 February 2004).
2136:from the original on 22 December 2013
4113:
2803:
1912:(Jamaican & Puerto Rican father)
612:'s relationship, Nyame representing
573:spiritual system) was documented as
259:descent. They represent the largest
145:Regions with significant populations
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2179:
557:
355:. There were also Brown/Mulatto or
13:
785:
675:
14:
4160:
2157:"The English conquest of Jamaica"
828:
790:
16:Racial or ethnic group in Jamaica
4112:
4103:
4102:
2985:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2628:
2329:Cooke, Mel (19 September 2010).
2027:
2013:
1094:(Jamaican parents, based in the
766:dialect of the Akan language of
705:. It is not to be confused with
25:
2547:
2511:
2462:
2383:
2372:Cassidy, F. G. (October 1966),
2366:
2341:
2322:
2266:– via Pieces of the Past.
2191:Gardner, William James (1909).
385:Region of embarkment, 1701–1800
347:Afro-European or Browning Class
283:and even took over as leaders.
36:needs additional citations for
2297:
2270:
2244:
2222:
2209:
2148:
2118:
2100:
778:Most Jamaican proverbs are of
381:
294:
1:
2253:"The Arrival of the Africans"
2093:
647:
2230:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade"
2155:Castilla, Julian de (1924).
762:region (particularly of the
732:post-creole speech continuum
550:
542:
521:
500:
479:
446:
425:
408:
7:
4139:African diaspora in Jamaica
2304:Allenye, Mervyn C. (2004).
2006:
773:
620:having her 61 order of the
10:
4165:
3997:African diaspora religions
3121:Indigenous Black Canadians
2380:, Vol. 41, No. 3, 211–215.
2283:. LSU Press. p. 126.
2277:Rucker, Walter C. (2006).
711:Rastafarian use of English
679:
375:
366:
315:, and to a lesser degree:
4098:
3987:
3972:African Hebrew Israelites
3957:
3911:
3848:
3837:
3817:
3748:Afro-Asians in South Asia
3713:
3626:
3461:
3311:
3096:
3022:
2832:
2818:
2811:
2760:
2717:
2681:
2669:
2641:
2173:10.1017/S2042171000006932
1605:Mustard (record producer)
721:forms of English spoken:
286:
223:
218:
178:
173:
162:
157:
149:
144:
136:
131:
4149:Society of the Caribbean
4144:Ethnic groups in Jamaica
3014:Turks and Caicos Islands
2424:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1421:Kevin Michael Richardson
859:genealogical DNA testing
209:Jamaican Maroon religion
2437:10.1186/1471-2148-12-24
2130:World Population Review
729:. Jamaican Patwa is a
616:and has his 60 order';
197:Afro-Jamaican religions
4002:Anti-African sentiment
2349:"British Museum - I.v"
1662:Olufolasade Adamolekun
1639:Nathaniel Mendez-Laing
1225:(Jamaican grandmother)
878:Ainsley Maitland-Niles
865:Notable Afro-Jamaicans
854:; according to a 2010
838:Jamaican autosomal DNA
263:group in the country.
4054:Civil rights movement
3942:Afro-Caribbean people
3251:Chestnut Ridge people
3173:African-American Jews
2975:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1247:George William Gordon
952:Bobby De Cordova-Reid
656:king 'John Canoe' an
219:Related ethnic groups
183:, with minorities of
4012:Atlantic slave trade
3700:United Arab Emirates
1894:The Notorious B.I.G.
1882:Tashan Oakley-Boothe
1633:Nathaniel Adamolekun
1223:Floyd Mayweather Jr.
737:linguistic continuum
697:spoken primarily in
378:Atlantic slave trade
372:Atlantic slave trade
327:. Akan (then called
272:Atlantic slave trade
45:improve this article
3901:Sierra Leone Creole
3752:India and Pakistan
2997:Trinidad and Tobago
2847:Antigua and Barbuda
1491:Lee "Scratch" Perry
844:Sub-Saharan African
640:and a Bosomfena or
432:West-central Africa
128:
4044:Black Lives Matter
3651:Ethiopian Israelis
3301:African immigrants
3276:Louisiana Redbones
3212:Chickasaw freedmen
3141:African immigrants
2909:Dominican Republic
2572:10.1002/ajpa.21194
2533:10.1002/ajpa.22090
2232:. Slavevoyages.org
1974:(Jamaican parents)
1968:(Jamaican parents)
1957:(Jamaican parents)
1940:(Jamaican parents)
1928:(Jamaican parents)
1896:(Jamaican parents)
1890:(Jamaican parents)
1884:(Jamaican parents)
1878:(Jamaican parents)
1867:(Jamaican parents)
1861:(Jamaican parents)
1855:(Jamaican parents)
1742:(Jamaican parents)
1736:(Jamaican parents)
1708:(Jamaican parents)
1687:(Jamaican parents)
1670:(Jamaican parents)
1629:(Jamaican parents)
1607:(Jamaican parents)
1588:Morgan Gibbs-White
1537:(Jamaican parents)
1531:(Jamaican parents)
1515:(Jamaican parents)
1498:(Jamaican parents)
1459:(Jamaican parents)
1417:(Jamaican parents)
1395:(Jamaican parents)
1383:(Jamaican parents)
1371:Jourdaine Fletcher
1316:(Jamaican parents)
1305:(Jamaican parents)
1299:(Jamaican parents)
1282:(Jamaican parents)
1271:(Jamaican parents)
1254:(Jamaican parents)
1237:(Jamaican parents)
1231:(Jamaican parents)
1197:(Jamaican parents)
1136:Deneisha Blackwood
1132:(Jamaican parents)
1121:(Jamaican parents)
1110:(Jamaican parents)
1061:(Jamaican parents)
993:(Jamaican parents)
981:(Jamaican parents)
954:(Jamaican parents)
907:(Jamaican parents)
891:(Jamaican parents)
880:(Jamaican parents)
237:Jamaican Americans
126:
4126:
4125:
4094:
4093:
4007:Anti-Black racism
3947:British Jamaicans
3937:African Americans
3922:African Americans
3876:Americo-Liberians
3861:African Americans
3833:
3832:
3656:Sudanese refugees
3457:
3456:
3227:Seminole freedmen
3207:Cherokee freedmen
3188:Black Southerners
3163:African Americans
3111:African Americans
2771:
2770:
2353:Britishmuseum.org
2068:Old school jungle
2001:(Jamaican mother)
1980:(Jamaican father)
1946:(Jamaican father)
1934:(Jamaican mother)
1849:(Jamaican mother)
1843:(Jamaican mother)
1837:(Jamaican father)
1835:Shane Paul McGhie
1816:(Jamaican Father)
1810:(Jamaican father)
1799:(Jamaican father)
1748:(Jamaican father)
1730:(Jamaican mother)
1723:Peter-Lee Vassell
1714:(Jamaican mother)
1685:Patrick Ewing Jr.
1676:(Jamaican father)
1664:(Jamaican mother)
1658:(Jamaican father)
1647:(Jamaican mother)
1641:(Jamaican father)
1635:(Jamaican mother)
1618:(Jamaican mother)
1601:(Jamaican father)
1590:(Jamaican father)
1584:(Jamaican father)
1573:(Jamaican father)
1567:(Jamaican father)
1561:(Jamaican father)
1555:(Jamaican father)
1549:(Jamaican father)
1543:(Jamaican father)
1529:Mark-Anthony Kaye
1509:(Jamaican father)
1487:(Jamaican father)
1481:(Jamaican father)
1475:(Jamaican mother)
1423:(Jamaican father)
1411:(Jamaican mother)
1389:(Jamaican father)
1362:(Jamaican father)
1356:(Jamaican mother)
1350:(Jamaican mother)
1344:(Jamaican father)
1338:(Jamaican father)
1327:(Jamaican father)
1325:Jermaine Beckford
1293:(jamaican mother)
1265:(Jamaican mother)
1243:(Jamaican father)
1219:(Jamaican father)
1208:(Jamaican mother)
1186:(Jamaican father)
1180:(Jamaican mother)
1174:(Jamaican father)
1172:Dexter Blackstock
1148:(Jamaican mother)
1104:(Jamaican father)
1088:(Jamaican father)
1082:(Jamaican father)
1020:(Jamaican father)
1014:(Jamaican father)
987:(Jamaican father)
965:(Jamaican father)
913:(Jamaican father)
889:Aljamain Sterling
874:(Jamaican mother)
723:British Englishes
703:Jamaican diaspora
555:
554:
540:
519:
498:
477:
444:
423:
420:Asante/Fante Akan
406:
255:of predominantly
246:
245:
229:British Jamaicans
225:African Caribbean
121:
120:
113:
95:
4156:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4105:
3846:
3845:
3234:Creoles of color
3217:Choctaw freedmen
3183:Black Mennonites
3116:Black Mennonites
2963:Jamaican Maroons
2919:Samaná Americans
2830:
2829:
2816:
2815:
2805:African diaspora
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2415:
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2405:
2403:
2401:
2395:Sacred-texts.com
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2326:
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2294:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2177:
2176:
2163:. Third Series.
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1978:Yazmeen Jamieson
1921:Trivante Stewart
1859:Debora Anne Dyer
1847:Sheryl Lee Ralph
1830:Shamar Nicholson
1792:Romario Williams
1432:Khari Stephenson
1409:Kerry Washington
1229:Fraizer Campbell
1217:Errol Spence Jr.
1178:Dexter Lembikisa
707:Jamaican English
569:the name of the
558:Myal and Revival
530:
528:Southeast Africa
509:
488:
455:
434:
417:
396:
382:
341:Jamaican Maroons
281:Jamaican Maroons
168:Jamaican English
132:Total population
129:
125:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
60:"Afro-Jamaicans"
53:
29:
21:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4090:
4064:Genetic history
3989:
3983:
3959:
3953:
3933:United Kingdom
3907:
3886:Afro-Brazilians
3841:
3839:
3829:
3813:
3718:
3709:
3622:
3465:
3453:
3313:
3307:
3178:Alabama Creoles
3098:
3092:
3024:
3018:
2823:
2807:
2802:
2772:
2767:
2756:
2713:
2677:
2665:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2552:
2548:
2516:
2512:
2467:
2463:
2416:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2378:American Speech
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2335:Jamaica Gleaner
2327:
2323:
2316:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2257:Jamaica Gleaner
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2215:Siva, Michael,
2214:
2210:
2203:
2189:
2180:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1926:Tyrick Mitchell
1916:Trevor D. Rhone
1762:Ricardo Gardner
1740:Raheem Sterling
1594:Morgan Heritage
1535:Mason Greenwood
1381:Justin McMaster
1241:Garath McCleary
1201:Dujuan Richards
1190:Donovan Ruddock
1146:Derek Cornelius
1114:Darren Mattocks
1044:Colorado Murray
1012:Cheyna Matthews
985:Callum Robinson
872:Adrian Mariappa
867:
840:
831:
793:
788:
786:Genetic studies
776:
727:Hiberno English
695:creole language
688:
682:Jamaican Patois
680:Main articles:
678:
676:Jamaican Patois
650:
565:(from the word
560:
394:Bight of Biafra
380:
374:
369:
349:
297:
289:
233:Black Canadians
199:
195:
164:Jamaican Patois
124:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4162:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4074:Pan-Africanism
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Creole peoples
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
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4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
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3976:
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3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
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3924:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
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3878:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
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3843:
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3834:
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3830:
3828:
3827:
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3819:
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3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3775:Black Dutchmen
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3722:
3720:
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3618:
3613:
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3598:
3591:United Kingdom
3588:
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3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
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3543:
3538:
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3499:
3494:
3489:
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3404:
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3394:
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3355:
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3349:
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3343:
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3323:
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3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
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3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3222:Creek freedmen
3219:
3214:
3209:
3195:
3193:Black Hispanic
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3159:United States
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3064:Miskito people
3061:
3056:
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3028:
3026:
3020:
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2874:
2872:Cayman Islands
2869:
2864:
2859:
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2813:
2809:
2808:
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2647:
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2616:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2546:
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2487:10.1086/382194
2481:(3): 454–465.
2461:
2407:
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2321:
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2208:
2202:978-0415760997
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2021:Jamaica portal
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
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1991:
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1981:
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1963:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1938:Tyson Beckford
1935:
1932:Tyson Beckford
1929:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1876:Tajon Buchanan
1873:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1853:Simeon Jackson
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1787:Rolando Aarons
1784:
1779:
1777:Rimario Gordon
1774:
1769:
1767:Ricardo Thomas
1764:
1759:
1757:Ricardo Fuller
1754:
1752:Renaldo Cephas
1749:
1743:
1737:
1734:Rachelle Smith
1731:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1698:
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1653:
1651:Nkrumah Bonner
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1627:Naomi Campbell
1624:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1599:Musashi Suzuki
1596:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1571:Michael Hector
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1507:Lewis Hamilton
1504:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1476:
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1424:
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1412:
1406:
1404:Kemar Lawrence
1401:
1399:Keithy Simpson
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1360:Jonathan Lewis
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1314:Jason Puncheon
1311:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1212:Emily Maddison
1209:
1203:
1198:
1195:Dujon Sterling
1192:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1167:Devon Williams
1164:
1159:
1157:Desmond Dekker
1154:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:Demar Phillips
1122:
1116:
1111:
1108:Darius Vassell
1105:
1099:
1096:United Kingdom
1089:
1086:Danny Gabbidon
1083:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1059:Craig Eastmond
1056:
1054:Courtney Walsh
1051:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1018:Chinyelu Asher
1015:
1009:
1007:Chavany Willis
1004:
999:
994:
988:
982:
976:
971:
966:
963:Brandon Clarke
960:
955:
949:
944:
939:
937:Billy Strachan
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
908:
902:
897:
892:
886:
881:
875:
868:
866:
863:
839:
836:
830:
829:Jamaican Y-DNA
827:
792:
791:Jamaican mtDNA
789:
787:
784:
775:
772:
743:language (the
677:
674:
649:
646:
559:
556:
553:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
524:
523:
520:
503:
502:
499:
486:Windward Coast
482:
481:
478:
453:Bight of Benin
449:
448:
445:
428:
427:
424:
411:
410:
407:
390:
389:
388:Amount %
386:
376:Main article:
373:
370:
368:
365:
348:
345:
296:
293:
288:
285:
249:Afro-Jamaicans
244:
243:
221:
220:
216:
215:
176:
175:
171:
170:
160:
159:
155:
154:
147:
146:
142:
141:
134:
133:
127:Afro-Jamaicans
122:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4161:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4119:
4111:
4109:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:Sierra Leone
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:Afro-American
3836:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:French Guiana
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Somali Bantus
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:Black Indians
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Affrilachians
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
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34:This article
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3825:Saint Helena
3761:in Karnataka
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3246:Brass Ankles
2947:
2887:Cape Verdean
2762:
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2585:22 September
2583:. Retrieved
2566:(1): 49–66.
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1994:Ziggy Marley
1972:XXXTentacion
1955:Vyan Sampson
1865:Sol Campbell
1820:Shabba Ranks
1814:Sean Johnson
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1782:Robin Fraser
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123:Ethnic group
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43:Please help
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1075:Damion Lowe
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969:Buju Banton
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900:Andre Blake
850:, and 5.7%
325:Igbo people
301:Akan people
295:Ethnicities
189:Rastafarism
150:Throughout
4133:Categories
4017:Coromantee
3432:Paramaccan
3346:Quilombola
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3044:Costa Rica
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2094:References
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798:Gold Coast
764:Asante-Twi
760:Gold Coast
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670:John Canoe
648:John Canoe
638:soul sword
630:Asantehene
583:Nyankopong
415:Gold Coast
357:mixed-race
337:Gold Coast
329:Coromantee
313:Ewe people
309:Fon people
185:Irreligion
101:April 2023
71:newspapers
3838:Secondary
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3770:Indonesia
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2635:Jamaicans
2430:(1): 24.
2400:29 August
2358:29 August
2262:29 August
2236:29 August
2053:Dub music
2048:Dancehall
1871:Super Cat
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1706:Pete Rock
1092:Danny Ray
1040:ancestry)
932:Big Youth
856:autosomal
719:dialectal
672:section.
626:vengeance
618:Asase Yaa
610:Asase Yaa
579:Kumfu-man
548:(Unknown)
353:mulattoes
253:Jamaicans
201:Rastafari
158:Languages
137:76.3% of
4108:Category
3958:Asia and
3927:Haitians
3882:Nigeria
3872:Liberia
3842:diaspora
3818:Atlantic
3792:Malaysia
3693:Africans
3611:Scotland
3556:Portugal
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3007:Merikins
2990:Garifuna
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2007:See also
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1038:Scottish
997:Capleton
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774:Proverbs
753:basilect
749:mesolect
745:acrolect
741:lexifier
701:and the
634:Akrafena
606:61 order
602:60 order
587:Asase Ya
537:Malagasy
205:Convince
174:Religion
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4079:Slavery
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3487:Belgium
3482:Austria
3444:Uruguay
3422:Matawai
3370:Ecuador
3341:Macombo
3326:Bolivia
3314:America
3136:Ontario
3099:America
3025:America
3023:Central
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2936:Marabou
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2899:Curaçao
2867:Bermuda
2857:Bahamas
2752:Spanish
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2689:Chinese
2661:Maroons
2496:1182259
2447:3299582
2140:20 June
1611:Mustard
1303:Jamelia
1275:I Wayne
1269:Heavy D
1002:Chalice
800:region
699:Jamaica
692:English
367:History
257:African
193:Judaism
179:Mainly
152:Jamaica
139:Jamaica
85:scholar
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2719:Europe
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2578:
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2444:
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2287:
2199:
2167:: 32.
2161:Camden
2078:Reggae
1825:Shaggy
1437:Koffee
846:, 10%
658:Ahanta
470:Allada
458:Yoruba
441:Mbundu
403:Ibibio
317:Yoruba
287:Origin
261:ethnic
213:Kumina
87:
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4032:Tikar
4027:Kongo
3979:Japan
3866:Tabom
3787:Japan
3756:Siddi
3731:China
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3683:Syria
3616:Wales
3571:Spain
3536:Italy
3507:Paris
3380:Aluku
3353:Chile
3312:South
3271:Igbos
3097:North
2958:Igbos
2931:Haiti
2882:Arará
2852:Aruba
2742:Irish
2675:Taíno
2063:Mento
802:Ghana
768:Ghana
666:Ghana
660:from
622:earth
598:Nyame
563:Kumfu
533:Macua
516:Temne
512:Mende
491:Mandé
480:10.1
447:15.2
437:Kongo
426:29.5
409:31.9
92:JSTOR
78:books
4022:Igbo
3891:Saro
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3636:Iran
3407:Peru
2877:Cuba
2682:Asia
2656:Igbo
2587:2021
2576:PMID
2537:PMID
2501:PMID
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