471:
882:
351:
and hammer-stones also formed a composite part of the toolkits. Evidence for the complexity of the task includes procuring and combining raw materials from various sources (implying they had a mental template of the process they would follow), possibly using pyrotechnology to facilitate fat extraction from bone, using a probable recipe to produce the compound, and the use of shell containers for mixing and storage for later use. Modern behaviors, such as the making of shell beads, bone tools and arrows, and the use of ochre pigment, are evident at a Kenyan site by 78,000-67,000 years ago.
338:
359:, in particular, shows exploitation of marine resources as early as 120,000 years ago, perhaps in response to more arid conditions inland. Establishing a reliance on predictable shellfish deposits, for example, could reduce mobility and facilitate complex social systems and symbolic behavior. Blombos Cave and Site 440 in Sudan both show evidence of fishing as well. Taphonomic change in fish skeletons from Blombos Cave have been interpreted as capture of live fish, clearly an intentional human behavior. Humans in North Africa (
221:
74:
382:
585:
322:(along with an early bone needle also found at Sibudu) dating approximately 60,000-70,000 years ago, and bone harpoons at the Central African site of Katanda dating to about 90,000 years ago. Evidence also exists for the systematic heat treating of silcrete stone to increase its flake-ability for the purpose of toolmaking, beginning approximately 164,000 years ago at the South African site of
315:, South Africa. Beads and other personal ornamentation have been found from Morocco which might be as much as 130,000 years old; as well, the Cave of Hearths in South Africa has yielded a number of beads dating from significantly prior to 50,000 years ago, and shell beads dating to about 75,000 years ago have been found at Blombos Cave, South Africa.
415:, of the early emergence of modern behaviors including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known
816:". For a relatively weak North African monsoon, the opposite is true, with decreased annual precipitation and less vegetation resulting in a phase of the Sahara climate cycle known as the "desert Sahara". The Sahara has been a desert for several thousand years, and is expected to become green again in about 15,000 years time (17,000 AD).
2626:
Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Furtwängler A, Wißing C, Francken M, Malina M, Bolus M, Lari M, Gigli E, Capecchi G, Crevecoeur I, Beauval C, Flas D, Germonpré M, van der Plicht J, Cottiaux R, Gély B, Ronchitelli A, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D,
350:
In 2008, an ochre processing workshop likely for the production of paints was uncovered dating to ca. 100,000 years ago at
Blombos Cave, South Africa. Analysis shows that a liquefied pigment-rich mixture was produced and stored in the two abalone shells, and that ochre, bone, charcoal, grindstones
2846:
Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Reed, Floyd A.; Friedlaender, Françoise R.; Ehret, Christopher; Ranciaro, Alessia; Froment, Alain; Hirbo, Jibril B.; Awomoyi, Agnes A.; Bodo, Jean-Marie; Doumbo, Ogobara; Ibrahim, Muntaser; Juma, Abdalla T.; Kotze, Maritha J.; Lema, Godfrey; Moore, Jason H.; Mortensen, Holly;
2079:
Brown, Kyle S.; Marean, Curtis W.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Schoville, Benjamin J.; Oestmo, Simen; Fisher, Erich C.; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Matthews, Thalassa (2012). "An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa".
354:
Expanding subsistence strategies beyond big-game hunting and the consequential diversity in tool types has been noted as signs of behavioral modernity. A number of South
African sites have shown an early reliance on aquatic resources from fish to shellfish.
850:
by some 1,000 years. The sociocultural complexity observed at Nabta Playa and expressed by different levels of authority within the society there has been suggested as forming the basis for the structure of both the
Neolithic society at Nabta and the
935:
people smelted copper independently of developments in the Nile valley between 3,000 and 2,500 BC. They used a process unique to the region, suggesting that the technology was not brought in from outside; it became more mature by about 1,500 BC.
2018:
Brown, Kyle S.; Marean, Curtis W.; Herries, Andy I.R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Tribolo, Chantal; Braun, David; Roberts, David L.; Meyer, Michael C.; Bernatchez, J. (14 August 2009), "Fire as an
Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans",
1022:(Holl 2009). The site of Gbabiri (in the Central African Republic) has also yielded evidence of iron metallurgy, from a reduction furnace and blacksmith workshop; with earliest dates of 896–773 BC and 907–796 BC respectively.
423:. In 2019, further evidence of early complex projectile weapons in Africa was found at Adouma, Ethiopia dated 80,000-100,000 years ago, in the form of points considered likely to belong to darts delivered by spear throwers.
1227:
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (2017).
310:
designs. Using multiple dating techniques, the site was confirmed to be around 77,000 and 100–75,000 years old. Ostrich egg shell containers engraved with geometric designs dating to 60,000 years ago were found at
1418:"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor – on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans"
2492:"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species"
298:
and their emergence. Abstract imagery, widened subsistence strategies, and other "modern" behaviors have been discovered from that period in Africa, especially South, North, and East Africa. The
735:, became a major activity in the numerous streams and lakes formed from the increased rains. Mande peoples have been credited with the independent development of agriculture about 4000–3000 BC.
855:. By 5000 BC, Africa entered a dry phase, and the climate of the Sahara region gradually became drier. The population trekked out of the Sahara region in all directions, including towards the
2847:
Nyambo, Thomas B.; Omar, Sabah A.; Powell, Kweli; Pretorius, Gideon S.; Smith, Michael W.; Thera, Mahamadou A.; Wambebe, Charles; Weber, James L. & Williams, Scott M. (22 May 2009).
812:. When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase, resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the "
135:
By approximately 3.3 million years ago, primitive stone tools were first used to scavenge kills made by other predators and to harvest carrion and marrow from their bones. In hunting,
3070:
3030:
550:, where the remains of 27 individuals who died as the result of an intentional attack by another group 10,000 years ago, suggest that inter-human conflict has a much longer history.
3308:
2518:
Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018).
4753:
419:
fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and
Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors began in Africa around the time of the emergence of
2225:
624:
was cultivating wheat and barley and raising sheep and cattle from
Southwest Asia. A wet climatic phase in Africa turned the Ethiopian Highlands into a mountain forest.
470:
863:, where they made permanent or semipermanent settlements. A major climatic recession occurred, lessening the heavy and persistent rains in Central and Eastern Africa.
318:
Specialized projectile weapons as well have been found at various sites in Middle Stone Age Africa, including bone and stone arrowheads at South
African sites such as
530:
Scholars have argued that warfare was absent throughout much of humanity's prehistoric past, and that it emerged from more complex political systems as a result of
2303:
Shipton, C; d'Errico, F.; Petraglia, M.; et al. (2018). "78,000-year-old record of Middle and Later Stone Age innovation in an East
African tropical forest".
655:, pottery was independently invented in Africa, with the earliest pottery there dating to about 9,400 BC from central Mali. It soon spread throughout the southern
1975:
Yellen, JE; AS Brooks; E Cornelissen; MJ Mehlman; K Stewart (28 April 1995). "A middle stone age worked bone industry from
Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire".
1773:
Vanhaeren, Marian; et al. (2013). "Thinking strings: Additional evidence for personal ornament use in the Middle Stone Age at
Blombos Cave, South Africa".
2460:
172:
evolved 1.5 million years ago. Some of the earlier representatives of this species were still fairly small-brained and used primitive stone tools, much like
1595:
Texier, PJ; Porraz, G; Parkington, J; Rigaud, JP; Poggenpoel, C; Miller, C; Tribolo, C; Cartwright, C; Coudenneau, A; Klein, R; Steele, T; Verna, C (2010).
1198:
4963:
326:
and becoming common there for the creation of microlithic tools at about 72,000 years ago. Early stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of
1428:
1738:
d'Errico, Francesco; et al. (2005). "Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age".
4876:
2456:
1560:
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; d'Errico, Francesco; Watts, Ian (2009). "Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa".
2401:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
2727:
Vai S, Sarno S, Lari M, Luiselli D, Manzi G, Gallinaro M, Mataich S, Hübner A, Modi A, Pilli E, Tafuri MA, Caramelli D, di Lernia S (March 2019).
5214:
4405:
4175:
5424:
2221:
3212:
Lahr, M. Mirazón; Rivera, F.; Power, R.K.; Mounier, A.; Copsey, B.; Crivellaro, F.; Edung, J.E.; Fernandez, J.M. Maillo; Kiarie, C. (2016).
5236:
3672:
3134:
Robinson, Judy (1992). "Not counting on Marshack: a reassessment of the work of Alexander Marshack on notation in the Upper Palaeolithic".
3300:
5251:
4758:
4691:
4097:
3301:"A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC"
2491:
1597:"A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa"
234:(also known as "modern humans" or "anatomically modern humans") living in Africa by about 350,000-260,000 years ago. The earliest known
4953:
711:
were also collected and domesticated. The people started capturing wild cattle and holding them in circular thorn hedges, resulting in
386:
3153:
Fry, Douglas P.; Söderberg, Patrik (2013-07-19). "Lethal Aggression in Mobile Forager Bands and Implications for the Origins of War".
1808:
Backwell, L; d'Errico, F; Wadley, L (2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa".
1290:
Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Thomas, Mark G.; Manica, Andrea; Gunz, Philipp; Stock, Jay T.; Stringer, Chris; Grove, Matt; Groucutt, Huw S.;
608:, nuts, grasses and tubers were being collected for food. By 13,000 to 11,000 BC, people began collecting wild grains. This spread to
2629:"Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe"
1657:
McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Allison (2000). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior".
109:
locomotion which freed their hands. This gave them a crucial advantage, enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open
4866:
2131:
Sahle, Y.; Hutchings, W. K.; Braun, D. R.; Sealy, J. C.; Morgan, L. E.; Negash, A.; Atnafu, B. (2013). Petraglia, Michael D (ed.).
1509:
Henshilwood, Christopher; et al. (2002). "Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa".
1113:
4320:
3799:
5209:
4574:
4562:
4521:
4160:
3455:
1897:
Lombard M (2011). "Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa".
5129:
4958:
4851:
3544:
2786:"A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa"
2252:
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa".
1862:
Lombard M, Phillips L (2010). "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa".
1006:
was already smelting iron. Archaeological sites containing iron-smelting furnaces and slag have been excavated at sites in the
4895:
3890:
3656:
3634:
3616:
3590:
3571:
3441:
3422:
3364:
3284:
3272:
3118:
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1097:
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1044:
974:
is no longer widely accepted, and some researchers believe that sub-Saharan Africans invented iron metallurgy independently.
959:
using iron weapons pushed Nubians out of Egypt in 670 BC, after which the use of iron became widespread in the Nile valley.
5182:
4915:
4180:
3690:
998:
between 1,000 and 600 BC, and in West Africa around 2,000 BC, long before the technology reached Egypt. Before 500 BC, the
990:
provides possible evidence of iron working as early as the 3rd millennium BC. Iron smelting developed in the area between
778:. Since most of the plants grew in the forest, the Niger–Congo speakers invented polished stone axes for clearing forest.
5162:
2950:"Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan"
4674:
5417:
3378:
17:
5167:
4856:
4025:
3912:
3729:
3612:
3085:
3045:
5377:
4763:
4534:
524:
3802:
Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique, Une ancienneté méconnue: Afrique de l'Ouest et Afrique centrale.
982:
in Niger, and iron working was practiced there by 1,500 BC. Iron smelting has been dated to 2,000 BC in southeast
5226:
5003:
4948:
4090:
1417:
1229:
834:
and lived a settled to semi-nomadic lifestyle, with domesticated plants and animals. It has been suggested that
4606:
4601:
4013:
3669:
3324:
3964:
5410:
4968:
4431:
3925:
Stuiver, Minze; Van Der Merwe, N.J. (1968). "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa".
467:, mostly affecting Northern Africa, the Horn of Africa, and wider regions of the Sahel zone and East Africa.
4195:
2409:
5513:
4988:
4684:
4514:
4478:
4474:
872:
2784:
Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019).
5508:
5147:
4998:
4722:
4679:
4664:
4083:
4044:
Holl, Augustin F. C. (6 November 2009). "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy".
2627:
Svoboda J, Semal P, Caramelli D, Bocherens H, Harvati K, Conard NJ, Haak W, Powell A, Krause J (2016).
881:
2892:
5518:
5246:
5052:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4707:
4636:
4557:
4487:
1019:
876:
751:
579:
448:
5456:
5451:
5272:
5042:
4978:
4881:
4810:
4648:
4631:
4235:
3500:
948:
886:
432:
360:
330:), the stone tips of javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the Ethiopian site of
5447:
5037:
5032:
4922:
4717:
4470:
4345:
4335:
4140:
2376:
1934:"The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave"
1692:
78:
141:
was probably not capable of competing with large predators and was still more prey than hunter.
5241:
5221:
5201:
5084:
4900:
4861:
4727:
4712:
4611:
4507:
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4170:
2320:"Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene"
804:
has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 41,000 year cycle caused by changes ("
680:
312:
188:
mastered the art of making fire and was the first hominid to leave Africa, colonizing most of
5462:
4871:
4410:
4330:
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4280:
4265:
4220:
4155:
2430:
1456:
1452:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species"
809:
397:
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4621:
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3225:
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3078:
From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan
3038:
From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan
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1984:
1906:
1817:
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1368:
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852:
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around 6500–5500 BC. Around 7000 BC, the settlers of the Ethiopian highlands domesticated
275:
may have arisen between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in
8:
5057:
5047:
4973:
4846:
4841:
4741:
4643:
4626:
4569:
4385:
4360:
4210:
4205:
4185:
4150:
4135:
2848:
2833:
2680:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture"
2230:
2133:"Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago"
1296:"Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?"
995:
605:
494:
482:
132:. They were tool users, and makers of tools. They scavenged for meat and were omnivores.
3229:
3166:
3013:"Unearthing Pan-African crossroad? Significance of the middle Nile valley in prehistory"
2744:
2584:
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1988:
1910:
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
204:
was the first and primary hominid ever to live outside Africa, many scientists consider
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1932:
Backwell, L; Bradfield, J; Carlson, KJ; Jashashvili, T; Wadley, L; d'Errico, F (2018).
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113:
at a time when Africa was drying up and the savanna was encroaching on forested areas.
3994:
Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.).
3260:
3213:
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4542:
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3859:
3786:
3766:
3725:
3608:
3241:
3186:
3178:
3114:
3091:
3081:
3080:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. pp. 187–188.
3051:
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808:") in the Earth's axis as it rotates around the Sun which change the location of the
755:
567:
493:, which hosts "the well-preserved remains of prehistoric camps (relics of the oldest
411:
Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of
194:
98:
55:
43:
3552:
3198:
2569:"Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia"
2289:
2066:
1724:
1546:
337:
5157:
5094:
4886:
4435:
4355:
4305:
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4245:
4225:
4215:
4190:
4130:
4053:
3934:
3851:
3758:
3702:
3482:
3333:
3253:
3233:
3214:"Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya"
3170:
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2904:
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2805:
2797:
2756:
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1992:
1955:
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291:
117:
59:
3545:"Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa (Sahara), southwestern Egypt"
3012:
928:
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5119:
5114:
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823:
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571:
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250:
121:
63:
3040:. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. p. 460.
2801:
2520:"Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age"
5335:
5290:
5285:
5280:
4905:
4783:
3540:
2752:
1477:
1380:
1352:
1311:
987:
947:, Egypt, and Nubia. Zangato and Holl document evidence of iron-smelting in the
763:
652:
543:
516:
356:
323:
220:
200:
129:
39:
4057:
3518:
3095:
3055:
2989:
2909:
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2628:
1918:
1875:
1829:
1127:
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launched the colonization of the planet by modern human beings. By 10,000 BC,
73:
5502:
5391:
5152:
4836:
3770:
3182:
2973:
2918:
2195:"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – Ancient 'paint factory' unearthed"
2190:
1319:
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645:
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553:
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period, sometimes between 30-15,000 years ago, followed by pre-Neolithic and
158:
149:
and weakened larger prey (cubs and older animals). The tools were classed as
3706:
3337:
3322:
Jesse, Friederike (2010). "Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview".
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3762:
2695:
2004:
5172:
5089:
4803:
4788:
3403:
1950:
1933:
1412:
1003:
999:
856:
839:
759:
704:
486:
464:
456:
342:
319:
276:
261:
146:
145:
probably did steal eggs from nests and may have been able to catch small
125:
4824:
3778:
3746:
3486:
3345:
3237:
2981:
2949:
2346:
2101:
1695:; et al. (2004). "Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa".
1260:
978:
in West Africa has been dated as early as 2,500 BC at Egaro west of the
5402:
3473:
Kevin White; David J. Mattingly (2006). "Ancient Lakes of the Sahara".
2655:
2049:
1960:
847:
805:
739:
700:
375:
102:
1974:
1230:"New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of
346:
likely coexisted with modern humans in Africa about 300,000 years ago.
302:
site in South Africa, for example, is famous for rectangular slabs of
3622:
2849:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"
2729:"Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara"
2214:
991:
912:, and bronze came into use after 3,000 BC at the latest in Egypt and
767:
531:
512:
460:
331:
307:
181:
180:
eventually developed a more complex stone tool technology called the
86:
4075:
1843:
Wadley, Lyn (2008). "The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave".
636:, and by 4000 BC domesticated donkeys had spread to Southwest Asia.
527:. However, this interpretation of the object's purpose is disputed.
224:
African biface artifact (spear point) dated in Late Stone Age period
3938:
3816:
2199:
1931:
1011:
952:
835:
794:
775:
747:
640:
speakers, partially turning away from cattle herding, domesticated
589:
478:
452:
444:
4499:
3071:"Exploring the oldest huts and the first cattle keepers in Africa"
1073:
4020:. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54.
3460:
2487:
983:
956:
944:
790:
743:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
692:
668:
539:
501:
150:
110:
94:
3998:. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.
3578:
1114:"Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history"
826:, the communities that developed south of Egypt, in what is now
4530:
3747:"Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa"
2461:"Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya"
1007:
921:
902:
898:
820:
801:
708:
672:
664:
656:
633:
629:
617:
593:
371:
93:, the early hominids' skull anatomy was similar to that of the
35:
2948:
Osypiński, Piotr; Osypińska, Marta; Gautier, Achilles (2011).
523:
dated to between 23,000 and 18,000 BC from in what is now the
3472:
2845:
2517:
1294:; Rightmire, G. Philip; d'Errico, Francesco (1 August 2018).
1226:
1015:
971:
932:
913:
827:
696:
676:
660:
613:
547:
490:
368:
364:
303:
106:
3878:
3842:
Pringle, Heather (2009). "Seeking Africa's first Iron Men".
3559:
2302:
1594:
1559:
1056:
1054:
105:
that also evolved in Africa, but the hominids had adopted a
3691:"On the Iron Front: New Evidence from North-Central Africa"
3646:
3644:
963:
917:
894:
893:
Evidence of the early smelting of metals –
771:
641:
535:
2836:
pioneered tracing the spread of modern humans from Africa.
2078:
1807:
1357:"Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa"
554:
Emergence of agriculture and desertification of the Sahara
443:. Their dispersals are traced by linguistic, cultural and
374:, as early as ≈100,000 years ago, for the construction of
3817:"Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja"
3111:
Encyclopedia of the History of Astronomy and Astrophysics
2947:
2625:
2465:
2435:. Guinness World Records. 10 September 2015. p. 27.
1051:
885:
9th-century bronze staff head in form of a coiled snake,
793:
who engaged in hunting and gathering. Some of the oldest
497:
3641:
2893:"African population history: an ancient DNA perspective"
2130:
2017:
1731:
1652:
1650:
905: – dates from the fourth millennium BC.
2678:
Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015).
2245:
2226:"South African cave yields paint from dawn of humanity"
1685:
1553:
1032:
474:
Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic migration events in Africa.
3605:
Ithihaasa: The Mystery of Story Is My Story of History
3429:
3410:
3352:
3211:
1289:
1203:
bones ever found shake foundations of the human story"
916:. Nubia became a major source of copper as well as of
738:
In West Africa, the wet phase ushered in an expanding
1766:
1647:
770:(African groundnuts), were domesticated, followed by
592:(top), between about 12,000 and 7,000 years ago, and
4007:
4005:
3924:
2783:
2726:
1350:
1018:(Eze-Uzomaka 2009) and to 750 BC and at the site of
162:
first appeared in the fossil record in Africa. From
3383:
The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
3113:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
2891:Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01).
2480:
1845:
South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series
431:Around 65–50,000 years ago, the species' expansion
198:. Although some recent writers have suggested that
3068:
1416:
1355:; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (January 2022).
4002:
3633:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFNicholsonShaw2000 (
3589:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFNicholsonShaw2000 (
3570:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFNicholsonShaw2000 (
2890:
2677:
2311:
1220:
447:evidence. Eurasian back-migrations, specifically
286:Evidence of a variety of behaviors indicative of
5500:
4018:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context
3996:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context
3722:Key Events in African History: A Reference Guide
2183:
1502:
1084:sfnmp error: no target: CITEREFShillington2005 (
687:started to collect and domesticate wild millet,
3889:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShillington2005 (
2886:
2884:
1861:
1656:
1601:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1065:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShillington2005 (
1043:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShillington2005 (
924:in Egypt dates back to the predynastic period.
3907:, pp. 22–23. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3810:
3808:
2402:"5 Oldest Mines in the World: A Casual Survey"
5418:
4515:
4091:
3724:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 46.
3628:
3584:
3565:
3535:
2897:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2449:
489:region of southern Dongola Reach in northern
4039:
4037:
3800:Iron in Africa: Revising the History, UNESCO
3271:sfnmp error: no target: CITEREFDiamond1997 (
3152:
3062:
3004:
2881:
1925:
1737:
1443:
1405:
1105:
538:, etc. However, the findings at the site of
3884:
3805:
3713:
3688:
3108:
3069:Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (2021).
3031:"Animals in the history of the Middle Nile"
2566:
2423:
2399:
2251:
1691:
1508:
1449:
1079:
1060:
1038:
208:to be an early and primitive member of the
5425:
5411:
4522:
4508:
4098:
4084:
3448:
3283:sfnmp error: no target: CITEREFEhret2002 (
2777:
2455:
2124:
1150:"The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens"
1096:sfnmp error: no target: CITEREFEhret2002 (
34:spans from the earliest human presence in
4034:
3655:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEhret2002 (
3440:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEhret2002 (
3421:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEhret2002 (
3363:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEhret2002 (
3292:
3028:
3022:
3010:
2941:
2908:
2872:
2809:
2760:
2703:
2654:
2644:
2602:
2592:
2543:
2166:
2156:
2048:
1959:
1949:
1890:
1772:
1630:
1620:
1485:
1388:
1327:
1173:
955:that may date back to 3,000 to 2,500 BC.
120:hominid species had developed throughout
5432:
3959:
3823:. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
3679:Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1995.
3133:
1801:
1147:
1111:
880:
842:are examples of the world's first known
583:
469:
380:
336:
334:, and date to around 279,000 years ago.
219:
72:
4014:"Early iron in West and Central Africa"
3965:"The Origin of Iron Smelting in Africa"
3918:
3841:
3814:
3315:
3298:
3266:
1896:
1855:
1450:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019).
1190:
800:For several hundred thousand years the
14:
5501:
4011:
3993:
3744:
3719:
2511:
2317:
2220:
1842:
1588:
1411:
1344:
1196:
612:, which domesticated its wild grains,
5406:
4503:
4105:
4079:
3670:Martin and O'Meara. "Africa, 3rd Ed."
3650:
3466:
3435:
3416:
3358:
3321:
3278:
2619:
2560:
1091:
588:Vegetation and water bodies in early
580:Neolithic Revolution § In Africa
215:
4043:
3456:Orbit: Earth's Extraordinary Journey
2486:
2318:Marean, Curtis; et al. (2007).
2189:
1014:: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of
908:Egyptians smelted copper during the
426:
176:. The brain later grew in size, and
68:
4529:
3969:West African Journal of Archaeology
2720:
719:and built stone settlements (e.g.,
24:
3689:Zangato, É.; Holl, A.F.C. (2010).
3299:Bradley, Simon (18 January 2007).
511:The earliest physical evidence of
271:). Scientists have suggested that
25:
5530:
5168:Confederation of African Football
1938:Journal of Archaeological Science
1899:Journal of Archaeological Science
1810:Journal of Archaeological Science
1300:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
695:between 8000 and 6000 BC. Later,
192:and perhaps later giving rise to
4406:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4176:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3311:from the original on 2012-03-06.
3136:Journal of Mediterranean Studies
830:, were full participants in the
525:Democratic Republic of the Congo
116:By 4 million years ago, several
89:evolved in Africa. According to
3987:
3953:
3897:
3835:
3793:
3738:
3682:
3663:
3603:Swami, Bhaktivejanyana (2013),
3597:
3529:
3511:
3493:
3396:
3371:
3205:
3146:
3127:
3102:
2839:
2826:
2671:
2406:Promine AutoCAD Tip of the Week
2393:
2369:
2296:
2072:
2011:
1968:
1836:
1431:from the original on 2022-01-03
1010:region of southeast Nigeria in
367:) are known to have dabbled in
3903:O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002),
3695:Journal of African Archaeology
3325:Journal of African Archaeology
3305:Swiss Broadcasting Corporation
3281:, pp. 64–75, 80–81, 87–88
2954:Journal of African Archaeology
1283:
1141:
1112:Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017).
620:. Between 10,000 and 8000 BC,
439:had spread to most corners of
184:. Possibly the first hunters,
156:Around 1.8 million years ago,
49:
13:
1:
3505:stsmith.faculty.anth.ucsb.edu
1025:
866:
679:in Northern West Africa, the
508:loci some 50,000 years old".
265:
254:
243:
3856:10.1126/science.323.5911.200
3379:"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point"
2899:. Genetics of Human Origin.
2594:10.1371/journal.pone.0216716
2400:Yvan Dionne (Aug 19, 2014).
2158:10.1371/journal.pone.0078092
1787:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.001
1752:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002
1574:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005
750:. Between 9000 and 5000 BC,
7:
4896:International organisations
4046:Journal of World Prehistory
3745:Alpern, Stanley B. (2005).
3629:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
3585:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
3566:Nicholson & Shaw (2000)
3109:Leverington, David (2013).
2802:10.1534/genetics.119.302368
2567:Sahle Y, Brooks AS (2018).
2432:Guinness World Records 2016
1693:Henshilwood, Christopher S.
1197:Sample, Ian (7 June 2017).
873:Copper metallurgy in Africa
715:. They also started making
651:During the 11th millennium
600:Around 16,000 BC, from the
10:
5535:
5148:Africa Cricket Association
4954:Countries by GDP (nominal)
3018:. National Science Centre.
2753:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1
1775:Journal of Human Evolution
1740:Journal of Human Evolution
1659:Journal of Human Evolution
1562:Journal of Human Evolution
1478:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w
1381:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8
1312:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005
870:
648:between 5500 and 3500 BC.
557:
500:in the world) and diverse
455:or already earlier in the
53:
5438:
5364:
5271:
5200:
5163:Australian-rules football
5138:
5080:
5071:
5023:
5016:
4944:
4935:
4832:
4823:
4754:Countries and territories
4749:
4740:
4700:
4657:
4550:
4541:
4419:
4394:
4113:
4058:10.1007/s10963-009-9030-6
3029:Osypińska, Marta (2021).
3011:Osypiński, Piotr (2020).
2910:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008
2646:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037
1919:10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001
1876:10.1017/S0003598X00100134
1830:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006
1128:10.1038/nature.2017.22114
939:By the 1st millennium BC
877:Iron metallurgy in Africa
463:migration waves from the
4161:Central African Republic
4012:Eggert, Manfred (2014).
3631:, pp. 161–165, 170.
3501:"Dr. Stuart Tyson Smith"
949:Central African Republic
742:and wooded savanna from
294:, associated with early
269: 233,000 years ago
258: 259,000 years ago
247: 315,000 years ago
228:The fossil record shows
5210:Countries by population
4923:United States of Africa
4016:. In Breunig, P (ed.).
3707:10.3213/1612-1651-10153
3607:, p. 98. Author House.
3549:Comparative Archaeology
3519:"PlanetQuest Education"
3338:10.3213/1612-1651-10171
3175:10.1126/science.1235675
2966:10.3213/2191-5784-10186
2865:10.1126/science.1172257
2545:10.1126/science.aao2646
2274:10.1126/science.1211535
2041:10.1126/science.1175028
1997:10.1126/science.7725100
1709:10.1126/science.1095905
1622:10.1073/pnas.0913047107
1531:10.1126/science.1067575
970:via the Nubian city of
451:, started in the early
4959:Countries by GDP (PPP)
4901:Pan-African Parliament
4692:Science and technology
3961:Tylecote, Ronald-Frank
3905:Atlas of World History
3720:Falola, Toyin (2002).
2381:Guinness World Records
1671:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435
1166:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
920:. The use of gold and
890:
797:was produced by them.
597:
475:
449:West-Eurasian backflow
408:
347:
242:remains from Morocco (
225:
82:
4612:European colonisation
4575:Pre-colonial kingdoms
4321:São Tomé and Príncipe
4181:Republic of the Congo
3815:Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela.
3763:10.1353/hia.2005.0003
3404:"Mande | people"
2696:10.1101/gr.186684.114
2305:Nature Communications
1457:Nature Communications
1415:(10 September 2019).
1148:Stringer, C. (2016).
884:
810:North African Monsoon
681:Nilo-Saharan speakers
587:
558:Further information:
513:astronomical activity
473:
398:Homo neanderthalensis
384:
340:
223:
76:
5433:History by continent
5183:Stadiums by capacity
5130:World Heritage Sites
4607:European exploration
3927:Current Anthropology
1951:10.15184/aqy.2018.11
853:Old Kingdom of Egypt
832:Neolithic Revolution
752:Niger–Congo speakers
731:, using bone-tipped
290:date to the African
288:Behavioral modernity
238:fossils include the
32:prehistory of Africa
27:Prehistory of Africa
4867:Freedom of religion
4852:Heads of government
4644:Scramble for Africa
4396:States with limited
3653:, pp. 136–137.
3587:, pp. 149–160.
3523:www.planetquest.org
3487:10.1511/2006.57.983
3238:10.1038/nature16477
3230:2016Natur.529..394L
3167:2013Sci...341..270F
2859:(5930): 1035–1044.
2834:Luca Cavalli-Sforza
2832:Genetic studies by
2745:2019NatSR...9.3530V
2585:2019PLoSO..1416716S
2536:2018Sci...360...90B
2347:10.1038/nature06204
2339:2007Natur.449..905M
2266:2011Sci...334..219H
2231:The Washington Post
2224:(13 October 2011).
2193:(13 October 2011).
2149:2013PLoSO...878092S
2102:10.1038/nature11660
2094:2012Natur.491..590B
2033:2009Sci...325..859B
1989:1995Sci...268..553Y
1911:2011JArSc..38.1918L
1822:2008JArSc..35.1566B
1613:2010PNAS..107.6180T
1523:2002Sci...295.1278H
1517:(5558): 1278–1280.
1470:2019NatCo..10.3406M
1373:2022Natur.601..579V
1261:10.1038/nature22336
1253:2017Natur.546..289H
996:African Great Lakes
945:Northwestern Africa
846:devices, predating
844:archaeoastronomical
762:. Two seed plants,
606:Ethiopian Highlands
483:archaeological site
253:from South Africa (
77:Reconstruction of "
5514:Prehistoric Africa
4592:Indian Ocean trade
3885:Shillington (2005)
3675:2007-10-11 at the
3475:American Scientist
3269:, pp. 126–127
1424:The New York Times
1353:Lane, Christine S.
1351:Vidal, Celine M.;
1160:(1698): 20150237.
1080:Shillington (2005)
1061:Shillington (2005)
1039:Shillington (2005)
968:Sub-Saharan Africa
910:predynastic period
891:
598:
576:Pastoral Neolithic
476:
409:
348:
226:
216:Middle Paleolithic
83:
18:African prehistory
5509:History of Africa
5496:
5495:
5400:
5399:
5267:
5266:
5196:
5195:
5012:
5011:
4989:Natural resources
4931:
4930:
4877:Linguistic rights
4819:
4818:
4736:
4735:
4497:
4496:
4423:other territories
4196:Equatorial Guinea
4107:History of Africa
3887:, pp. 37–39.
3850:(5911): 200–202.
3751:History in Africa
3617:978-1-4772-4273-5
3438:, pp. 94–95.
3419:, pp. 82–84.
3361:, pp. 64–75.
3224:(7586): 394–398.
3161:(6143): 270–273.
3120:978-0-521-89994-9
2490:(15 March 2018).
2459:(15 March 2018).
2457:Chatterjee, Rhitu
2442:978-1-910561-03-4
2333:(7164): 905–908.
2260:(6053): 219–222.
2027:(5942): 859–862,
1983:(5210): 553–556.
1607:(14): 6180–6185.
1367:(7894): 579–583.
1247:(7657): 289–292.
754:domesticated the
568:Round Head Period
427:Upper Paleolithic
195:Homo floresiensis
118:australopithecine
69:Lower Paleolithic
56:Lower Paleolithic
44:history of Africa
16:(Redirected from
5526:
5519:Stone Age Africa
5427:
5420:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5380:
5373:
5158:Afro-Asian Games
5078:
5077:
5021:
5020:
4999:Renewable energy
4964:Countries by HDI
4942:
4941:
4830:
4829:
4747:
4746:
4548:
4547:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4501:
4500:
4484:
4483:(United Kingdom)
4479:Tristan da Cunha
4475:Ascension Island
4467:
4454:
4445:
4421:Dependencies and
4114:Sovereign states
4100:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3922:
3916:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3812:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3686:
3680:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3551:. Archived from
3533:
3527:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3470:
3464:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2912:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2796:(4): 1421–1428.
2781:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2408:. Archived from
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2052:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1944:(362): 289–303.
1929:
1923:
1922:
1905:(8): 1918–1930.
1894:
1888:
1887:
1870:(325): 635–648.
1859:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1816:(6): 1566–1580.
1805:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1292:Timmermann, Axel
1287:
1281:
1280:
1238:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1036:
962:The theory that
785:was occupied by
622:Northeast Africa
604:to the northern
564:Kel Essuf Period
292:Middle Stone Age
270:
267:
259:
256:
248:
245:
85:The first known
60:Middle Stone Age
21:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5434:
5431:
5401:
5396:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5360:
5263:
5259:Youth in Africa
5237:Life expectancy
5192:
5134:
5110:Africanfuturism
5067:
5008:
5004:Stock exchanges
4927:
4815:
4774:Natural history
4732:
4696:
4653:
4602:Muslim conquest
4597:Bantu expansion
4537:
4528:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4465:
4452:
4443:
4424:
4422:
4415:
4399:
4397:
4390:
4109:
4104:
4074:
4073:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4010:
4003:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3958:
3954:
3923:
3919:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3718:
3714:
3687:
3683:
3677:Wayback Machine
3668:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3541:Schild, Romuald
3534:
3530:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3471:
3467:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3320:
3316:
3297:
3293:
3282:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3210:
3206:
3151:
3147:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3107:
3103:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3009:
3005:
2946:
2942:
2889:
2882:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2782:
2778:
2725:
2721:
2684:Genome Research
2676:
2672:
2633:Current Biology
2624:
2620:
2579:(5): e0216716.
2565:
2561:
2530:(6384): 90–94.
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2129:
2125:
2088:(7425): 590–3.
2077:
2073:
2016:
2012:
1973:
1969:
1930:
1926:
1895:
1891:
1860:
1856:
1841:
1837:
1806:
1802:
1771:
1767:
1736:
1732:
1690:
1686:
1655:
1648:
1593:
1589:
1558:
1554:
1507:
1503:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1410:
1406:
1349:
1345:
1288:
1284:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1195:
1191:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1110:
1106:
1095:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1063:, pp. 2–3.
1059:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
931:of present-day
879:
871:Main articles:
869:
861:Second Cataract
824:desertification
783:Southern Africa
764:black-eyed peas
626:Omotic speakers
582:
572:Pastoral Period
560:Bubaline Period
556:
534:, agricultural
485:located in the
429:
268:
264:from Ethiopia (
257:
251:Florisbad Skull
246:
218:
71:
66:
64:Later Stone Age
54:Main articles:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5532:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5480:
5474:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5188:Tour d'Afrique
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5043:Climate change
5040:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4979:Infrastructure
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4906:Pan-Africanism
4903:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4882:Women's rights
4879:
4874:
4869:
4859:
4857:Heads of state
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:Impact craters
4761:
4759:Highest points
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4675:Historiography
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4649:Decolonisation
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4554:
4552:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:Western Sahara
4485:
4468:
4455:
4446:
4432:Canary Islands
4428:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4052:(4): 415–438.
4033:
4026:
4001:
3986:
3952:
3939:10.1086/200878
3917:
3896:
3877:
3834:
3804:
3792:
3737:
3730:
3712:
3681:
3662:
3640:
3621:
3596:
3577:
3568:, p. 168.
3558:
3555:on 2008-02-13.
3528:
3510:
3492:
3465:
3447:
3428:
3409:
3395:
3370:
3351:
3332:(2): 219–238.
3314:
3291:
3267:Diamond (1997)
3259:
3204:
3145:
3126:
3119:
3101:
3086:
3061:
3046:
3021:
3003:
2960:(2): 177–188.
2940:
2880:
2838:
2825:
2776:
2719:
2690:(4): 459–466.
2670:
2639:(6): 827–833.
2618:
2559:
2510:
2479:
2448:
2441:
2422:
2392:
2368:
2310:
2295:
2244:
2213:
2191:Amos, Jonathan
2182:
2143:(11): e78092.
2123:
2071:
2010:
1967:
1924:
1889:
1854:
1835:
1800:
1781:(6): 500–517.
1765:
1730:
1684:
1665:(5): 453–563.
1646:
1587:
1552:
1501:
1442:
1404:
1343:
1306:(8): 582–594.
1282:
1219:
1189:
1140:
1104:
1072:
1050:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
988:Central Africa
868:
865:
819:Just prior to
555:
552:
544:Turkana County
517:lunar calendar
428:
425:
357:Pinnacle Point
324:Pinnacle Point
306:engraved with
217:
214:
201:Homo georgicus
130:Central Africa
70:
67:
51:
48:
40:ancient period
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5531:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5457:South America
5455:
5453:
5452:North America
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5428:
5423:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Ethnic groups
5225:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:African Games
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:Caste systems
5036:
5034:
5033:Birth control
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Central banks
4947:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:African Union
4835:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4637:Trans-Saharan
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Guinea-Bissau
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4027:9783937248462
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4006:
3997:
3990:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3913:0-19-521921-X
3910:
3906:
3900:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3731:0-313-31323-7
3727:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3613:1-4772-4273-2
3610:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:Wendorf, Fred
3532:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3087:9788395336256
3083:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3047:9788395336256
3043:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2412:on 2019-01-05
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2382:
2378:
2377:"Oldest mine"
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2222:Vastag, Brian
2217:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:(5669): 404.
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1579:
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1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
934:
930:
929:Aïr Mountains
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
888:
883:
878:
874:
864:
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
787:pygmy peoples
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:domestication
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Mandé peoples
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
646:finger millet
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:domesticated
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:Red Sea Hills
595:
591:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
519:found on the
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:out of Africa
424:
422:
418:
414:
406:
405:
400:
399:
394:
393:
388:
383:
379:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
361:Nazlet Sabaha
358:
352:
345:
344:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
263:
252:
241:
237:
233:
232:
222:
213:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:
165:
164:Homo ergaster
161:
160:
159:Homo ergaster
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
75:
65:
61:
57:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5242:Urbanization
5202:Demographics
5178:Rugby Africa
5085:Architecture
4969:Billionaires
4862:Human rights
4632:Indian Ocean
4563:North Africa
4471:Saint Helena
4442:
4346:South Africa
4336:Sierra Leone
4141:Burkina Faso
4049:
4045:
4017:
3995:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3972:
3968:
3955:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3904:
3899:
3880:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3821:Academia.edu
3820:
3795:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3721:
3715:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3665:
3651:Ehret (2002)
3624:
3604:
3599:
3580:
3561:
3553:the original
3548:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3495:
3481:(1): 58–65.
3478:
3474:
3468:
3454:
3450:
3436:Ehret (2002)
3431:
3417:Ehret (2002)
3412:
3398:
3387:. Retrieved
3385:. 2010-01-22
3382:
3373:
3359:Ehret (2002)
3354:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3304:
3294:
3279:Ehret (2002)
3262:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3110:
3104:
3077:
3064:
3037:
3024:
3006:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2900:
2896:
2856:
2852:
2841:
2828:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:The Atlantic
2495:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2464:
2451:
2431:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2405:
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2330:
2326:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2229:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2198:
2185:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1662:
1658:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1568:(1): 27–47.
1565:
1561:
1555:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1435:10 September
1433:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:Zimmer, Carl
1407:
1364:
1360:
1346:
1303:
1299:
1285:
1244:
1240:
1232:Homo sapiens
1231:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1207:The Guardian
1206:
1201:Homo sapiens
1200:
1192:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1094:, p. 22
1092:Ehret (2002)
1075:
1041:, p. 2.
1034:
976:Metalworking
961:
943:had reached
941:iron working
938:
926:
907:
892:
818:
814:green Sahara
799:
780:
737:
705:castor beans
689:African rice
650:
610:Western Asia
599:
529:
521:Ishango bone
510:
477:
441:Afro-Eurasia
437:Homo sapiens
436:
430:
421:Homo sapiens
420:
417:Homo sapiens
416:
413:Olorgesailie
410:
404:Homo sapiens
402:
401:(ochre) and
396:
392:Homo erectus
390:
353:
349:
341:
328:Homo sapiens
327:
317:
300:Blombos Cave
296:Homo sapiens
295:
285:
281:South Africa
273:Homo sapiens
272:
240:Jebel Irhoud
236:Homo sapiens
235:
231:Homo sapiens
229:
227:
209:
206:H. georgicus
205:
199:
193:
190:Afro-Eurasia
185:
177:
173:
169:Homo erectus
167:
163:
157:
155:
142:
138:Homo habilis
136:
134:
115:
91:paleontology
84:
31:
29:
5252:urban areas
5173:FIBA Africa
4872:LGBT rights
4570:Archaeology
4398:recognition
4351:South Sudan
4241:Ivory Coast
3827:12 December
3701:(1): 7–23.
2739:(1): 3530.
2656:2440/114930
2050:11422/11102
1961:11336/81248
1746:(1): 3–24.
1464:(1): 3406.
1082:, p. 3
1004:Jos Plateau
1000:Nok culture
857:Nile Valley
840:Nabta Playa
760:raffia palm
701:watermelons
465:Middle East
457:Paleolithic
385:Successive
376:stone tools
343:Homo naledi
320:Sibudu Cave
277:East Africa
262:Omo remains
260:), and the
50:Paleolithic
5503:Categories
5463:Antarctica
5222:Emigration
5125:Philosophy
5105:Literature
4551:Chronology
4453:(Portugal)
4411:Somaliland
4331:Seychelles
4296:Mozambique
4281:Mauritania
4266:Madagascar
4221:The Gambia
4156:Cape Verde
3389:2019-02-19
3142:(1): 1–16.
3096:1374884636
3056:1374884636
2990:7787802958
2416:2019-10-31
2386:2021-05-21
2237:13 October
2206:13 October
1026:References
966:spread to
867:Metallurgy
859:below the
848:Stonehenge
806:precession
740:rainforest
395:(yellow),
387:expansions
210:H. erectus
186:H. erectus
178:H. erectus
174:H. habilis
143:H. habilis
103:great apes
99:chimpanzee
38:until the
5487:Australia
5058:Languages
5048:Etiquette
4974:Education
4847:Democracy
4842:Elections
4742:Geography
4701:By region
4685:conflicts
4558:Antiquity
4286:Mauritius
4066:161611760
3947:145379030
3933:: 54–58.
3872:206583802
3787:162880295
3771:0361-5413
3757:: 41–94.
3183:0036-8075
2998:161078189
2974:1612-1651
2935:219974966
2919:0959-437X
1884:162438490
1864:Antiquity
1320:0169-5347
1277:256771372
992:Lake Chad
957:Assyrians
889:, Nigeria
887:Igbo-Ukwu
838:found at
836:megaliths
776:kola nuts
768:voandzeia
669:savannahs
663:. In the
532:sedentism
515:may be a
506:gathering
461:Neolithic
332:Gademotta
313:Diepkloof
308:geometric
212:species.
182:Acheulean
5448:Americas
5387:Category
5232:HIV/AIDS
5063:Religion
5028:Abortion
4984:Internet
4911:Politics
4887:feminism
4825:Politics
4680:Military
4658:By topic
4622:Atlantic
4585:Sahelian
4535:articles
4477: /
4473: /
4466:(France)
4460: /
4438: /
4434: /
4386:Zimbabwe
4361:Tanzania
4211:Ethiopia
4206:Eswatini
4186:Djibouti
4151:Cameroon
4136:Botswana
3963:(1975).
3864:19131604
3779:20065735
3673:Archived
3543:(1998).
3346:43135518
3309:Archived
3246:26791728
3199:24838669
3191:23869015
2982:43135549
2927:32563853
2903:: 8–15.
2820:31196864
2790:Genetics
2771:30837540
2714:25770088
2665:26853362
2613:31071181
2573:PLOS ONE
2554:29545508
2503:15 March
2488:Yong, Ed
2472:15 March
2355:17943129
2290:40455940
2282:21998386
2200:BBC News
2177:24236011
2137:PLOS ONE
2110:23135405
2067:43916405
2059:19679810
1795:23498114
1760:15656934
1725:32356688
1717:15087540
1679:11102266
1641:20194764
1582:19487016
1547:31169551
1539:11786608
1496:31506422
1429:Archived
1399:35022610
1338:30007846
1269:28593953
1199:"Oldest
1184:27298468
1012:Igboland
994:and the
953:Cameroon
795:rock art
781:Most of
756:oil palm
748:Cameroon
733:harpoons
638:Cushitic
596:(bottom)
590:Holocene
495:open-air
479:Affad 23
453:Holocene
122:Southern
97:and the
87:hominids
5483:Oceania
5468:Eurasia
5371:Outline
5273:By year
5215:density
5100:Cuisine
5073:Culture
5017:Society
4994:Poverty
4937:Economy
4916:parties
4784:Central
4779:Regions
4769:Islands
4708:Central
4670:Empires
4665:Economy
4627:Barbary
4617:Slavery
4580:Empires
4543:History
4462:Réunion
4458:Mayotte
4449:Madeira
4444:(Spain)
4440:Melilla
4371:Tunisia
4341:Somalia
4326:Senegal
4311:Nigeria
4301:Namibia
4291:Morocco
4256:Liberia
4251:Lesotho
4201:Eritrea
4171:Comoros
4146:Burundi
4121:Algeria
3844:Science
3463:, 2012.
3461:BBC Two
3254:4462435
3226:Bibcode
3163:Bibcode
3155:Science
2874:2947357
2853:Science
2811:6707464
2762:6401177
2741:Bibcode
2733:Sci Rep
2705:4381518
2604:6508696
2581:Bibcode
2532:Bibcode
2524:Science
2363:4387442
2335:Bibcode
2262:Bibcode
2254:Science
2168:3827237
2145:Bibcode
2118:4323569
2090:Bibcode
2029:Bibcode
2021:Science
2005:7725100
1985:Bibcode
1977:Science
1907:Bibcode
1818:Bibcode
1697:Science
1632:2851956
1609:Bibcode
1519:Bibcode
1511:Science
1487:6736881
1466:Bibcode
1390:8791829
1369:Bibcode
1329:6092560
1249:Bibcode
1175:4920294
1133:11 June
1002:in the
984:Nigeria
927:In the
821:Saharan
791:Khoisan
744:Senegal
729:Fishing
725:Oualata
721:Tichitt
717:pottery
693:sorghum
671:of the
665:steppes
634:donkeys
540:Nataruk
536:farming
502:hunting
445:genetic
249:), the
151:Oldowan
126:Eastern
111:savanna
107:bipedal
95:gorilla
42:in the
5472:Europe
5443:Africa
5392:Portal
5247:cities
5095:Cinema
5053:Health
4811:Rivers
4533:
4531:Africa
4481:
4464:
4451:
4381:Zambia
4376:Uganda
4316:Rwanda
4271:Malawi
4231:Guinea
4126:Angola
4064:
4024:
3979:16 May
3945:
3911:
3870:
3862:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3728:
3611:
3539:&
3344:
3252:
3244:
3218:Nature
3197:
3189:
3181:
3117:
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