Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps

2429:(26 May 1911), issued in response to criticism of the forming of a General Staff in 1903, which many philosophically opposed in a standing army. The regulation was also intended to curb favoritism shown in embassy and other "soft living" assignments perceived as "homesteading", and affected many Army agencies and all aviation officers except those permanently assigned to the Signal Corps. The regulation varied in wording from year to year but all variations stressed that at least one-third of an officer's time in service be spent with a "troop unit." Regulations in succeeding years tended to be more complex and legalistic as challenges to the policy grew in the officer ranks, and after 1914, included all officers in the grade of colonel or lower. The regulation required an officer to serve troop duty in his "arm of the service" (branch) for at least two years in any six-year period. Leave, illness, and travel time did not count towards the two required years. The Manchu Law was rigorously enforced by the General Staff and was much hated by the field forces. It was suspended during World War I and repealed by the 606:. Foulois and eight enlisted men disassembled the still-damaged S.C. No. 1, shipped it to Texas in 17 crates, and reassembled it on February 23, 1910, after building a shed to house it on the Arthur MacArthur Field used for cavalry drill. On 2 March 1910, after training himself, Foulois logged his first solo from 9:30am to 9:37am and four flights in total, crashing the S.C. No. 1 on its final landing. He achieved a maximum altitude of 200 ft (61 m) and a speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) in logging 59 minutes and 30 seconds of flight time. He flew the repaired craft five times on March 12, and received written instruction by mail from the Wright Brothers. Until 1911, Foulois remained as the Army's sole aviator and innovator. He stated in annotating the aircraft's flight log that he installed a 4 ft (1.2 m) leather 1060:(Democrat-Virginia) introduced a bill intended to transfer aviation from the Signal Corps to the line of the Army as a semi-autonomous "Air Corps". The bill was considered too radical and died in committee, but when the 1913 appropriations bill included many of its provisions, Hay offered a revised bill in May, HR5304 "An Act to Increase the Efficiency in the Aviation Service". Hearings were held on the new bill in August 1913. Beck appeared to testify on behalf of the bill, the only officer to do so, and was opposed by Major Billy Mitchell, representing the General Staff, and Foulois, Arnold, and Milling representing the Signal Corps. That bill had its original language expunged and was written to become the enabling legislation for the 569:, flying constantly in front of often large crowds of curiosity seekers, newspaper reporters, and dignitaries. Both soloed on October 26, Humphreys going ahead of Lahm (the detachment commander) because it was his turn to fly. Although both flights were of less than 15 minutes in duration and 30 ft (9.1 m) of altitude, late in the day Lahm remained aloft for 40 minutes, telling Wright he landed only because it was suppertime. The Army's contract with the Wright Brothers ended with the completion of training of the two student pilots, and Wilbur Wright made his last public flight on November 2. Later that day, Lahm took Lieut. Sweet up as a passenger and he became the first naval officer to fly. 26: 50: 65: 4141: 801:, as the Army's first flight instructors, on June 14. Two Wright B airplanes were available for use in instruction when S.C. No. 4 was delivered five days later and joined S.C. No. 3, newly arrived from Texas. The school officially opened on July 3, 1911, and taught ten students, including two members of the National Guard and Chandler, who had been assigned to command the school and division again after graduation from the Signal School. S.C. No. 2, repaired and returned to service, was joined at the end of July by S.C. No. 6, a new 2044: 1098: 736:, blamed the crash on improper repairs to the Curtiss D, and indirectly, on Beck. Foulois also refused to serve under Beck, who took over as instructor and moved the school back to College Park with S.C. No. 3 in June. Foulois remained behind with the Maneuver Division and was removed from aviation in July by assignment to the Militia Bureau in Washington, D.C. Beck served as the Curtiss instructor at College Park until May 1, 1912, when he was returned to the Infantry by enforcement of the so-called "Manchu Law". 474: 724:

Walker attempted a turn. The plane cartwheeled and although Walker miraculously regained control, he was so badly shaken that he voluntarily withdrew from flying. The next day Beck crash-landed S.C. No. 2 when its engine failed while he was at 300 ft (91 m), severely damaging it. On May 10, Kelly, the least experienced pilot, was killed flying the same airplane on his qualification flight when he crashed while landing in gusty wind conditions. The division commander, Major General

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promoted to lieutenant colonel, delegating the duties of head of the Aeronautical Division to another non-aviator, Major Edgar Russel, senior instructor and assistant commandant of the Signal School. In February 1917 the Aeronautical Division was one of three divisions in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (OCSO) comprising the Aviation Section, the others being the Administrative Division and Engineering Division. On October 1, 1917, during

1944:*The Air Force does not acknowledge Lahm as OIC of the Aeronautical Division between 1908 and 1910. However, Chandler's biography and Hennessy's history (page 14) indicate that from May 1908 to July 1910 Chandler was commander of the Signal Corps Balloon Station at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. Also, Lahm was mandatorily returned to the Cavalry in late 1909, and no replacement is given, although if one was assigned, it was likely Foulois. 110: 1843:

as the OICs of the division during this period, and thus as "head" of its progenitor arm, are denoted by a bullet point. All others are on lists in official studies published by the Office of Air Force History or its successor AFHRA. After July 18, 1914, the division was a part of an aviation section authorized by statute, with a Chief of Division who as head of the headquarters component also exercised control of the section.

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certificate to private commercial use by advertising himself as a barn-stormer. This last point seems to have been the major irritant, since no similar criticism is documented against Private Havens of New York, who was both a salesman for Glenn Curtiss and a member of his exhibition team. "Becky" Havens undertook the training to enable him to fly for the New York Guard during its 1912 summer maneuvers. (Cameron, pp. 48–49)

2381:. By 1910 it had acquired a home-made aircraft using private funds and transported it to summer maneuvers, but it was not flown. The aircraft was destroyed in a crash but another was acquired which did fly in the 1912 summer maneuvers. This group sometimes referred to itself as the "1st Aero Company" but was never authorized or officially recognized. In November 1915 it was officially authorized by the governor of New York. 2058: 408: (equivalent to $ 847,778 in 2023). Specification No. 486 required both types of aircraft be able to carry two persons. The dirigible had to be able to carry a load of 450 pounds (200 kg) and reach a speed of 20 miles per hour (32 km/h); the airplane's requirements were a load of 350 pounds (160 kg), a speed of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), and a flying distance of at least 125 miles (201 km). 1017:—became the new head of the Aeronautical Division. Both Cowan and Reber were non-aviators, causing further friction with the pilots and creating a permanent consensus among them that only an aviator was qualified to command flying units. When the 1st Aero Squadron joined the Curtiss airplanes at North Island in June, Reber made Cowan commandant of the Aviation School at North Island, deepening the divisions. 470:, on September 1, 1908, for trials. The first acceptance flight of the airplane was made on September 3 at Fort Myer, with Orville at the controls. Selfridge and Lahm were named official observers of the trials of the Wright aeroplane for September 1908. Both Lahm and Squier made acceptance flights as observers, and on September 13, Wright kept the airplane aloft for an hour and ten minutes. 2600:

Chandler's complaints about it were apparently the catalyst for his relief, whichever general initiated it, but the pilots viewed Chandler as a non-aviator and held him responsible for the acquisition of inadequate, underpowered and unsafe aircraft. From then forward Chandler's aviation activities were limited to ballooning. (Pool, "Military Aviation in Texas", p. 432;

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tactical aviation organization, planners adapted the cavalry squadron organization to their purposes. Like cavalry squadrons, the new aero squadrons were administrative and tactical units, which usually consisted of two or more elements. In England, the Royal Flying Corps formed the first two aero squadrons in May 1912. The US Army followed the British example.

676:) designated Signal Corps No. 2, and a new Wright Model B that became S.C. No. 3. Both came equipped with wheels rather than skids, and the Curtiss aircraft was powered by an 8-cylinder, 60 hp (45 kW) engine in sharp contrast to the 40 hp (30 kW) 4-cylinder training engines the student pilots were accustomed to. Two civilian pilots, 878:. On November 5, Arnold's Wright C stalled, went into a spin, and he narrowly avoided a fatal crash. He immediately and voluntarily grounded himself, then returned to the Infantry in 1913 after closing down the school at College Park, which was discontinued in favor of one with favorable flying conditions year-round on North Island at 716:, before being ordered to Texas. Student pilots were divided into separate sections because the flight controls on the two types were markedly different and the single-seat Curtiss machines did not allow for dual instruction. S.C. No. 1, judged no longer airworthy due to many rebuilds, was retired from service on May 4 and sent to the 1005:, who had come to Texas on an inspection trip after reading adverse newspaper reports on the squadron, in effect delivering an ultimatum to Scriven that either Chandler be replaced or they would withdraw from aviation. Despite calling the incident an "incipient mutiny", Scriven relieved Chandler on April 1 and transferred him to 1947:**Chandler was also Chief of the Aviation School and commander of the 1st Provisional Aero Squadron when those organizations were active. He was relieved of duty on April 1, 1913, and transferred to the Philippines. Capt. Cowan replaced him in command of the 1st Aero Squadron and as acting OIC of the Aeronautical Division. 144:, in 1913. The Aeronautical Division trained 51 officers and 2 enlisted men as pilots, and incurred 13 fatalities in air crashes. During this period, the Aeronautical Division had 29 factory-built aircraft in its inventory, built a 30th from spare parts, and leased a civilian airplane for a short period in 1911. 2662:

The manufacturers delivered 32 airplanes, but two crashed before acceptance. One (the Wright C Scout S.C. 10) was assigned a number before acceptance that was duplicated by its replacement, but the other, the Burgess F intended to be S.C. No. 5, was not. The leased Collier Model B was not assigned an

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be kept by the Army to enforce its regulation limiting the amount of time an officer could spend away from the organization in which he was commissioned. Prior to passage of the act, detached service was limited by policy, using a regulation created and enforced by War Department General Order No. 68

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According to one source, Carter disliked airplanes and believed they had no military value whatsoever. (Pool, p. 366) However, another states that Carter, a cavalry veteran of the Indian Wars, was impressed when Foulois delivered orders to troops more than 25 miles from his headquarters and returned

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Because Sweet was his heaviest passenger to date (his weight variously given as 175 to 190 pounds (79 to 86 kg)), Wright had installed new, slightly longer propellers for the flight. Lahm was of the opinion that the propeller failure occurred when vibration caused its extended length to nick the

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Squier, now Chief Signal Officer of the Maneuver Division, formed a provisional aero company on April 5, 1911, the first aviation unit in American history, in anticipation of training 18 additional pilots. Five new airplanes were authorized for purchase, and two were received at Fort Sam on April 20,

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of the 21st Infantry, as a passenger on October 26 to fulfill a pledge made to this friend of his sister Katherine. While Humphreys was not a "Manchu Law" victim, and resigned his commission the next year as a result of his recall, Lahm's time away from the Cavalry had reached its four-year maximum.

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Because the Wright airplanes were equipped with only a single warp (rudder control) lever between the pilot seats, the arrangement also produced "right seat pilots" and "left seat pilots" until 1912, when dual controls were introduced. Lahm and Humphreys, as an example, flew with each other to gain

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Flying at 75 feet, the Collier Wright B lost altitude when the pilots accidentally killed the engine while admiring a flight of ducks. It flipped over onto its back when the engine restarted at full throttle as it skimmed the water during their frantic attempts to regain powered flight. When it was

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The executive head of the Aeronautical Division had no official title between 1907 and 1914 but was usually referred to as the officer in charge (OIC). The history of assignments of heads of the division in official orders is murky and confused between 1908 and 1916. The four recognized by the USAF

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In the following year, Congress increased the size and prestige of Signal Corps aviation when it established the Aviation Section, with the Aeronautical Division continued as its headquarters component issuing orders in the name of the Chief Signal Officer. Reber became chief of the section and was

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The most proficient new pilot was Beck, who by seniority was made commander of the provisional aero company, causing a permanent rift between himself and Foulois, by far the more experienced pilot. The Curtiss machine, S.C. No.2, nearly crashed on May 2 with Walker at the controls, nose-diving when

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On November 5, both pilots were aboard the airplane, with Lahm at the controls, when it crashed in a low altitude turn. Although neither pilot was injured, and the Wrights bore the expense of repairs, the crash ended flights until 1910. Both Lahm and Humphreys returned to duty with their respective

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this time, returned to Fort Myer in June 1909 with a new though smaller and faster airplane, powered by the engine from the wrecked 1908 Flyer. The brothers spent the better part of July fine tuning the airplane and warming up for the final tests while bad flying weather hampered much of the month.

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Appropriations for aviation fell to $ 100,000, in part because the Signal Corps had spent only $ 40,000 of the Fiscal Year 1912 funding. However, as a result of the high number of fatalities, flight pay (35% increase above base pay) and accelerated promotion for pilots were approved by Congress on

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This division will have charge of all matters pertaining to military ballooning, air machines, and all kindred subjects. All data on hand will be carefully classified and plans perfected for future tests and experiments. The operations of this division are strictly confidential, and no information

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The enlisted men, representing the entire air corps of the Army in 1910 and early 1911, were Sgt. (later lieutenant colonel) Stephen J. Idzorek, Sgt. Herbert Marcus, Cpl. (later colonel) Vernon L. Burge, Pvt. Glenn R. Madole, Pvt. R.W. Brown, Pvt. Felix G. Clarke, Pvt. William C. Abolin, and Pvt.

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In February 1912, recognizing a need for specialized aircraft in field service, the Aeronautical Division drew up its first new specifications for aircraft since 1907, creating a "Scout" classification for a two-man, slow speed, tactical reconnaissance airplane; and "Speed Scout", for a lighter,

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Another historian, however, wrote that Chandler may have been deposed by the division commander, Gen. Carter, who was also in command of the Central Department, in order to hand-pick a non-aviator as his replacement (Carter's signal officer, Cowan). The inadequacy of the field at Texas City and

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by 1st Lt. Harold Geiger in July 1913, using S.C. 8 and 21, but trained no students after preliminary flying was suspended in September because of treacherous winds. The aircraft went into storage in November. The following year the engines were shipped back to the United States, Geiger and his

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Henry H. Arnold recorded in his memoirs that Humphreys was recalled to the Corps of Engineers after being detached only two months because of a "holier than thou" attitude by the Corps, while Lahm had been recalled to the Cavalry because it was reported he had taken a woman up in his plane. In

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The term "squadron" was derived from cavalry terminology and was used by early military air organizations internationally. In 1913, Chief Signal Officer Scriven testified during the HR5304 hearings before Congress that "the aeroplane is an adjunct to the cavalry." When the time came to form a

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The Army pilots were not happy training Winder, however. The cost of the training was paid from the Aeronautical Division's limited funds, not by the State of Ohio; pilot training would have been provided by the manufacturer when the state purchased an aircraft; and Winder immediately put his

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Between August 1, 1908, and June 30, 1914, the Signal Corps spent $ 430,000 on aeronautics, funding the purchase of 30 aircraft and the building of a 31st (S.C. No. 23) from spare parts. By 1914, only nine of the surviving 23 remained in service, and two of those that were retired never flew

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instead as a delegate to the International Congress of Aeronautics. Foulois arrived back from France on October 23 and was given some preliminary flight time with Wilbur Wright, even though Wright was not contractually obligated to do so, with the intent that Humphreys would complete Foulois'

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In November 1909, Foulois became the only officer detailed to the Aeronautical Division. He accrued three hours and two minutes total flying time at College Park but did not solo. Because of inclement winter weather at College Park, Foulois was assigned to move the flying program to

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Arnold set an altitude record of 3,260 ft (990 m) on July 7, 1911, and twice broke it. In August, he experienced his first crash, trying to take off from a farm field after getting lost. At the end of the November the school disassembled its four aircraft and moved to

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testified to the investigating board that the spruce wood of the propeller was brittle. The crash convinced Secretary Metcalf not to pursue naval aviation and may have led to his resignation two months later for reasons of health. Sweet, however, was encouraged by Rear Adm.

805:, and Milling became the only aviator able to master the significantly different flight controls of each type. A split developed between the "Wright pilots" and the "Curtiss pilots" that was not resolved until the Wright machines were phased out in 1914 for safety reasons. 2515:

The 4-cylinder engine that came with the two-seat S.C. No. 6 was swapped with the more powerful 8-cylinder engine that had been installed on the single-seat S.C. No. 2 when it was repaired. S.C. No 2 was then used a training plane for beginner pilots. (Hennessey, p.

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and commanded the first Signal Corps War Balloon Company in 1894 at Fort Logan. Dade was promoted to temporary general of the Signal Corps on December 17, with a date of rank of October 29, and appointed to command the Air Division, and by seniority, the Aviation

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split and shattered on the fourth lap, severing a guy wire to the rudder, and caused the airplane to crash. Wright was hospitalized, and Selfridge—the Army's only officer experienced in heavier-than-air flight—was killed in the first fatal crash of an airplane.

967:, when he was nearly killed. In total the division purchased six Wright Cs (not including the one flown by Welsh and Hazelhurst) and a Burgess Model J (a Wright C made under license), six of which crashed. This led to the grounding on February 24, 1914, of all 140:, the Aeronautical Division procured the first powered military aircraft in 1909, created schools to train its aviators, and initiated a rating system for pilot qualifications. It organized and deployed the first permanent American aviation unit, the 520:

between Fort Myer and Alexandria, Virginia. This flight broke all of the existing records for speed, duration with a passenger, and altitude with a passenger. Pleased with the performance of this airplane the Army purchased it awarding the Wrights

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from Curtiss, arrived with the aircraft to assist in instruction. All three of the Army's aircraft took to the air at the same time on April 22, 1911, during a parade and review of troops of the Maneuver Division at Fort Sam Houston, captured in a

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listed the strength of the division at 51 officers and men on November 1, 1912, and 114 on September 30, 1913. Statistics compiled for the HR5304 hearings showed that United States ranked 14th in expenditures among the nations with air services.

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Squier became Chief of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps in 1916. The 18 pilots were volunteers who were permitted to train in their spare time while conducting their regular duties. Only two qualified as rated pilots before World War I.

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entitled, "Military Aviation in America: Its Needs", promoting the concept of an independent air force with its own missions. After he returned to the Infantry, he continued to lobby friends in Congress to return to aviation. In February 1913,

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On December 23, 1907, the Signal Corps issued Specification No. 486 for a heavier-than-air flying machine and requested bids. A copy of the specification was sent to the Wrights on January 3, 1908. The following April 30 Lahm and 1st Lt.

2502:. The cause of that accident was judged as pilot error (attempting to take off in fog, Park flew into a tree) and S.C. No. 2 was again repaired. It continued in service until permanently grounded with all other pusher airplanes in 1914. ( 352:. He remained head of the division until 1908, then again from 1911 to 1913. During the interim, he was relieved by Lahm and from May 1910 to June 1911 (while Chandler attended the Signal School Course at Fort Leavenworth) by Capt. 188:

Captain Charles DeF. Chandler, Signal Corps, is detailed in charge of this division, and Corporal Edward Ward and First-class Private Joseph E. Barrett will report to Captain Chandler for duty in this division under his immediate

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faster, one-man airplane for strategic (longer ranged) reconnaissance. In May 1912, the division purchased its first Speed Scout, a Wright C. The aircraft crashed during its acceptance trials on June 11 at College Park, killing

496:. Under orders to travel to St. Joseph for the dirigible exhibition, Selfridge asked to take Sweet's place on a scheduled test flight, conducted in front of 2,500 onlookers. During the flight, flying at 150 feet (46 m), a 641:

demonstrated the use of airplanes in support of ground maneuvers for the first time. The S.C. No. 1 was not sufficiently airworthy for the reconnaissance and messaging missions it performed, and for a nominal fee of one

794:' aviation school. Beginning instruction on May 3, Milling had soloed on May 8 after two hours of flight time while Arnold made his first solo flight May 13 after three hours and forty-eight minutes of flying lessons. 774:, and was assigned to recruit two lieutenants to become pilots. Cowan contacted Arnold, who cabled his interest in also transferring to the Signal Corps but heard nothing in reply for two years. In 1911, relocated to 2626:

College Park was abandoned in June 1913 at the expiration of the lease, despite congressional pressure to buy it, because the cost of purchasing the property ($ 400,000) was considered exorbitant by Secretary of War

558:, for use as a training field. The newly purchased airplane was delivered to College Park on October 7, assembled by Wilbur Wright, and flown for the first time the next day. Wright began instruction of Lahm and 2709:

Dade, a colonel of cavalry, became school commander of the Signal Corps Aviation School on April 11, 1917, when Col. William A. Glassford reached the mandatory retirement age of 64. Glassford had purchased the

1013:, replaced on an interim basis by Cowan, who was already in Texas City as the signal officer of the mobilizing 2d Division. In September, Lt. Col. Samuel Reber—a former balloonist and influential member of the 529: (equivalent to $ 169,556 in 2023) ($ 1,000 for each mile achieved over 40 miles per hour (64 km/h)). The plane's best speed had been 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), bringing the total sale price to 4106: 2414:

S.C. No. 2, the Curtiss D in which Lt. Kelly was killed, was not returned to service until July 25, after its engine had been swapped with a less powerful one from the new Curtiss Model E, S.C. 6 (Cameron, p.

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had also been selected to train on the Wright machine with Arnold and Milling, but his flying training was delayed while he supervised selection and construction of the facility at College Park. (Cameron, p.

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within an hour. His views regarding the utility of the airplane as a military tool may have been influenced by the death of his own son a few months earlier in an industrial accident. (Machoian, pp. 19–20)

943:(FAI) were adopted, including standards for the certification of pilots, and Arnold and Milling became the first two Army pilots to be FAI certified. On February 23, 1912, the U.S. Army established its own 2009:, US Signal Corps, circa 1911 -1914. aircraft mechanic, flew with Lt. Townsend Dodd in Burgess H tractor biplane, setting American distance (245 miles) and duration (2hr,43 min.) record on Feb.14,1914. 2274:, reporting Creecy's suicide in 1930, stated that he lost his place on the flight in a coin toss with the Selfridge. This assertion, possibly a family anecdote, is unsubstantiated by any other source. 4752: 2694:

passed S.J. Resolution 65 on March 16, 1916, calling for an investigation of malfeasance in the Aviation Section, causing the immediate appointment of an acting head of the division/section. See

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at Galveston, leaving only two aircraft and five pilots in San Diego. 1st Company was itself reinforced by six new pilots but never uncrated their airplanes and left Texas on July 13, 1914.

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In May 1908, 25 members of the 1st Signal Company, New York National Guard, formed an unofficial balloon unit ("aeronautical corps") instructed by Lahm, Selfridge, and civilian balloonist

4128: 589:. Foulois had been a vocal critic of the dirigible, recommending that it be abandoned, and although one of the two candidates selected to be trained as an airplane pilot, he was sent to 4111: 4396: 4384: 2424:

The "Detached Service Law", familiarly known in the Army as the "Manchu Law", was a provision of the Army appropriations act passed by Congress on 24 August 1912 that required a

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and back to Boston, a total of 175 miles, without the use of a compass. It was also his first night flight, with several large bonfires providing guidance to the landing field.

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Russel eventually became Chief Signal Officer of the AEF during World War I and a major general. Russel Hall, the headquarters building at Fort Monmouth, is named for him.

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on April 21, 1914. By April 24 they had completely occupied the city after severe fighting and were provided reconnaissance support by five Navy seaplanes assigned to the

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After Army acceptance of the aircraft on April 27, Foulois and Ely then undertook training a small group pilot candidates on the Curtiss machine, including three (Capt.

233:, Chief Signal officer of the Army, formulated plans for a War Balloon detachment for the Signal Corps and authorized the purchase of a balloon from France, dubbed the 4767: 4263: 922:

1912, half of what was proposed), and added five airplanes to its inventory. In addition to S.C.s 2, 3, 4, and 6, a Wright B was ordered to be built under license by

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Chandler's training under Arnold was minimal, and he actually earned his qualification flying with Orville Wright in Dayton at the end of the summer of 1911. (

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Bruce Pierce. Pvt. Kenneth L. Kintzel was detailed to the detachment after it reached Texas. He and Burge accompanied S.C. No. 7 to the Philippines in 1912. (

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in 1914, the Aeronautical Division continued as the primary organizational component of the section until April 1918, when its inefficiency in mobilizing for

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Parade of the Maneuver Division on April 22, 1911, with S.C. No. 2 (Curtiss D) at right, S.C. No. 3 (Wright B) at center, and S.C. No. 1 (Wright A) at left

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If Arnold were officially recognized, he would have twice commanded U.S. military aviation, once as a second lieutenant and once as a general of the army.

1118:, Chapters 2–6, pp. 28–102; Warnock, "From Infant Technology to Obsolescence: the Wright Brothers' Airplane in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, 1905–1915" 2006: 1934: 4408: 4071: 4054: 2228:

on July 1, where it was struck repeatedly by small arms fire and shrapnel. Badly damaged, it was not used again. (Greely, "Balloons in War", pp. 48–49)

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S.C. No. 30, a Curtiss J, was to have been the 31st aircraft, but although ordered at the same time as S.C. No. 29, was not delivered until September.

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The Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps, consisting at its inception of one officer and two enlisted men, began operation on August 1, 1907. Captain

4572: 4200: 4118: 4059: 2695: 851:, during takeoff. Arnold began to develop a phobia about flying, intensified by the fatal crashes of the Wright Company instructor who taught him, 991: 626: 4529: 4101: 2016: 3405:, Biographical Memoirs Volume XX, presented to the Academy at the Annual Meeting, 1938. Retrieved Apr 1, 2010. (Documenting date of appointment) 4667: 4506: 4464: 4459: 4037: 1999: 622:

onto the landing skids to provide the first landing gear. S.C. No. 1 made its last flight, and the 66th on it by Foulois, on February 8, 1911.

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In early 1911, the United States gathered much of the Regular Army in south Texas as a show of force to Mexican revolutionaries, forming the "

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retrieved, it was found that little actual damage had been incurred, and the aircraft was repaired and placed back in service. (Pool, p. 359)

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The dirigible was delivered first, in July 1908, after Baldwin submitted an extremely low bid to ensure receiving the contract. Baldwin and

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assisted Capt. Arthur S. Cowan (then in the Infantry) in a military mapping detail. Cowan returned to the United States, transferred to the

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exhibition. However, the first solo ascent in the dirigible, and the first flight solely by army pilots, did not occur until May 26, 1909.

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Capt. Paul W. Beck, Signal Corps – first nominal head of an operational aviation unit in 1911–12, first advocate of a separate air service

280:. Although Langley's "Aerodrome" failed embarrassingly, the Army later resumed its interest in aviation as a result of the success of the 517: 2036:

1st Lt. Thomas E. Selfridge, Jr., 1st Field Artillery – first Army officer to learn to fly, first airplane fatality (September 17, 1908)

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on August 2, 1909, designating it "Signal Corps (S.C.) No. 1". On August 25, the Army leased 160 acres (0.65 km) of land along the

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Beck was possibly the first advocate of an air service separate from the Army ground forces. In 1912 Beck authored an article for the

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Capt. Charles deF. Chandler, Signal Corps – balloonist, twice head of the Aeronautical Division, and third rated pilot (July 5, 1912)

959:, the Wright Company instructor who had taught Arnold to fly. Arnold himself was flying a Wright C (S.C. No. 10) in November 1912 at 934:

and used by Lahm to make the first flight of an American military airplane outside the continental United States on March 21, 1912.

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of Ohio, was the first National Guard officer to complete flying training and receive an F.A.I. certificate in the spring of 1912.

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soon after the establishment of the Division but served honorably later in the U.S. Navy. (Correll, "First of the Force", p. 51)

4600: 4391: 4064: 1054: 4567: 3997: 3890: 3837: 3609: 566: 516:

as a spectator, Foulois and Wright in the final acceptance trial made a cross country flight of 10 miles (16 km) around

4742: 4691: 4248: 3734: 2224:, after observing Spanish movements near El Caney on June 30, 1898, was placed within 650 yards of the Spanish trenches on 1021: 782:, Arnold sent a request to transfer to the Signal Corps, and on April 21, 1911, received orders detailing him and 2nd Lt. 4686: 4652: 4609: 3974: 2119: 2104: 1061: 669: 490: 148: 1001:

While at Texas City, the junior pilots complained directly about safety concerns to new Chief Signal Officer Brig. Gen.

4476: 4336: 4228: 2270:

31-year-old George Cook Sweet was not a prospective aviator but an expert in the new field of wireless telegraphy. The

2237:

Ward was commissioned during World War I and received a balloonist license. Barrett, with a fear of hydrogen balloons,

1957: 1029: 944: 163:

to replace it with an organization independent of the Signal Corps that eventually became the foundation of the Army's

3910: 1995:

1st Lt. Frank P. Lahm, 6th Cavalry – second solo pilot, first licensed military pilot, and first Army aviator overseas

585:

gas used to lift the ship caused the gasbag to leak with increasing severity. The dirigible was condemned and sold at

4701: 4519: 3742: 3700: 3679: 3628: 3567: 3487: 771: 340:, a cavalry officer, was also detailed to the division and joined it September 17, 1907. Both Chandler and Lahm were 318: 210: 186:

will be given out by any party except through the Chief Signal Officer of the Army or his authorized representative.

137: 4577: 4720: 4662: 4613: 4195: 3990: 3600:

Heimdahl, William C.; Hurley, Alfred F. (1997). "The Roots of U.S. Military Aviation". In Nalty, Bernard C. (ed.).

2125: 2498:

S.C. No. 2 was involved in another fatal accident on May 9, 1913, in which 1st Lt. Joseph D. Park was killed near

4514: 4233: 4205: 808:

Milling won the Tri-State Biplane Race in a Wright B against a field of experienced fliers, flying a course from

462: (equivalent to $ 169,556 in 2023) bonus for exceeding the speed requirement). The airplane was delivered to 369: 345: 321:

James Allen, in July 1907, and immediately convinced Allen to create an aviation entity within the Signal Corps.

265: 160: 113: 3911:"From Infant technology to Obsolescence: the Wright Brothers' Airplane in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, 1905–1915" 855:

on June 12, and an academy classmate of Arnold's, 2d Lt. Lewis Rockwell, on September 18, 1912, both in the new

25: 4657: 4647: 4617: 2672:

S.C. 19 and 20 were experimental Wright D Speed Scouts never placed in service after flight acceptance flights.

2131: 952: 164: 3754:""Kept Alive by the Postman": The Wright Brothers and 1st Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois at Fort Sam Houston in 1910" 3133:""Kept Alive by the Postman": The Wright Brothers and 1st Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois at Fort Sam Houston in 1910" 1068:

March 3, 1913, in the appropriations legislation and the Aeronautical Division grew from 14 to 18 pilots. The

4672: 4625: 3669: 2143: 1235: 423:. During August, Baldwin trained three officer candidates to fly the dirigible: Lahm, Selfridge, and 1st Lt. 4637: 4621: 2430: 2137: 2085: 1989:

2d Lt. Frederick E. Humphreys, Corps of Engineers – first to solo in a military aircraft (October 26, 1909)

420: 926:

as its "Model F" (S.C. No. 5). A sixth aircraft, a Wright B Flyer designated S.C. No. 7, was assembled at

2441:

at the same time. In Beck's instance, the applicable regulation was "Article VI 'Details', Paragraph 40,

1893:

Lt. Col. Samuel Reber (September 10, 1913 – July 17, 1914; Chief of Division July 18, 1914 – May 5, 1916)

995: 551: 141: 3431:

Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York

2663:

SC number. As noted earlier, S.C. No. 30 was not delivered until after creation of the Aviation Section.

4238: 2057: 729: 486: 2433:. The term arose in usage comparing staff officers sent back to their regiments to bureaucrats of the 2071: 2043: 4631: 4243: 4164: 4044: 1873: 1853: 325: 431:. Foulois was trained as the first dirigible pilot and prepared to move the ship from Fort Omaha to 4534: 4471: 3764: 3706: 3581: 3460: 3143: 2956: 2631:. Arnold supervised the closing of the facility as his final task with the Aeronautical Division. ( 2567:

detachment were sent home, and the two aircraft were sold at auction for a combined total of $ 450.

2204: 821: 817: 733: 258: 226: 2335:

actuality, it had been Wilbur Wright who flew Sarah (possibly Sadie) Van Deman, the wife of Capt.

2284:

guy wire repeatedly until the propeller broke, pulling the wire from its socket at the same time.

4366: 4013: 3356:

Craig, Lt. Gen. Howard A. (Fall 1973). "Col. Charles DeForest Chandler, Air Service, U.S. Army".

2476:

Certificate N. 127; and Lt. Col. Charles B. Winder of Ohio, FAI Cert. No. 130. (Hennessy, p. 246)

2225: 2149: 1183: 971:

aircraft, including the sole Wright C survivor and a Burgess model rebuilt to Wright C standard.

844: 840: 717: 497: 419:

and met all specifications except speed, which was just under the requirement. It was designated

277: 133: 947:

and issued the first five (of 24) to Arnold, Chandler, Milling, Beck, and Foulois in July 1912.

446:

1st Lt. Frank Lahm and Orville Wright in the first U.S. Army airplane, S.C. No. 1, July 27, 1909

306:, studied aeronautical theory and lectured on the Wright flying machine. One of his instructors— 3810: 3784: 3559: 2200: 1057: 915: 798: 725: 562: 307: 152: 3862: 2318:

Selfridge had nearly been killed the previous December 6 in the crash of one of Bell's kites,

485:, Lieut. George C. Sweet and Naval Constructor (Lieut.) William McEntee, and another from the 64: 3514: 2499: 2255: 2207:, then in August 1863 rejected the balloon unit outright as costing more than it was worth. ( 1006: 813: 686: 677: 615: 489:, 2nd Lt. Richard B. Creecy, were present at Fort Myer as official observers, accompanied by 341: 272:

and invested $ 50,000 for the rights to a heavier-than-air flying machine being developed by

269: 128:(1907–1914) was the first heavier-than-air military aviation organization in history and the 2613:

Reber had arranged for the first firing of a weapon (a rifle) from a flying airplane by Lt.

4356: 4351: 4253: 2691: 2298: 1986:

2d Lt Leighton W. Hazelhurst, 17th Infantry – second student pilot fatality (June 11, 1912)

1014: 968: 643: 638: 630: 555: 432: 397: 349: 1992:

2d Lt. George E. M. Kelly, 30th infantry – first student and pilot fatality (May 10, 1911)

380:

with an "aeronautical corps" for balloon observation, commanded by Major Oscar Erlandean.

8: 4361: 4346: 4341: 2192: 1983:

1st Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois, Signal Corps – third solo pilot, first Army instructor pilot

911: 513: 373: 333: 222: 182:

An Aeronautical Division of this office is hereby established, to take effect this date.

3552:

USAF Historical Study 89, The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941

4326: 4273: 4258: 4223: 4169: 3858: 2889:, Eric Durr, 2008, Division of Military and naval Affairs, ny.gov, retrieved 12-13-2014 2378: 2196: 2012:

1st Lt. Thomas DeW. Milling, 15th Cavalry – first rated Military Aviator (July 5, 1912)

1917: 979: 871: 697: 482: 389: 365: 303: 218: 207: 68: 3621:

The United States Army Air Arm, April 1861 to April 1917. USAF Historical Study No. 98

581:

The dirigible service proved short-lived, as the corrosive effects of weather and the

268:

accepted the report of an aeronautically minded investigating committee that included

4642: 4331: 4306: 3886: 3738: 3726: 3696: 3675: 3634: 3624: 3605: 3573: 3563: 3498: 3483: 2614: 2438: 2290: 2023: 1967: 1208: 1002: 990:, on February 28, 1913. Ultimately, eight pilots and nine airplanes trained with the 987: 906:

after the first successful firing of a machine-gun from an aeroplane on June 7, 1912.

783: 764: 681: 651: 559: 509:

For 1909's acceptance trials both Lahm and Foulois were named as official observers.

493: 404: (equivalent to $ 228,900 in 2023), and an airplane from the Wright Brothers for 4424: 4311: 4296: 4286: 2628: 1927: 1097: 994:

on the Gulf Coast and San Antonio. Organized as a provisional unit on March 5, the

983: 829: 779: 599: 454: (equivalent to $ 3,391,111 in 2023) for their airplane, then agreed to sell a 424: 361: 292: 3843: 3433:, Supplement, Volume VI-A 1910–1920, Seeman and Peters, Saginaw, Michigan, p. 1887 2033:, Signal Corps – first enlisted and second passenger fatality (September 18, 1912) 4321: 4316: 4301: 4291: 4281: 2559: 2469: 2455: 2336: 2294: 2259: 2251: 1882: 1798: 1554: 1513: 1370: 1308: 1221: 1033: 956: 923: 899: 875: 852: 802: 791: 767: 748: 673: 505: 281: 230: 3398: 287:

All balloon school activities of the U.S. Army Signal Corps were transferred to

3602:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword 1907-1950: A History of the United States Air Force

2434: 2285: 2188: 2030: 1905: 1620: 1598: 1576: 1391: 1287: 1196: 1151: 927: 903: 883: 856: 843:

and engine mounted on the front) on June 26, 1912, but crashed into the bay at

833: 752: 709: 647: 547: 473: 455: 314: 310: 273: 88: 2254:

officer interested in aeronautics who had been working with Canadian inventor

614:

as a safety belt on the S.C. No. 1 on March 12, 1910, then on August 8 he and

4736: 4681: 4677: 3949: 3502: 1037: 848: 705: 634: 590: 412: 348:, an international balloon event, while Chandler was already a member of the 337: 3638: 3577: 1950: 368:

to familiarize 25 members of the First Company, Signal Corps, a unit of the

3839:

Getting the Message Through: A Branch History of the U.S. Army Signal Corps

1974: 894: 889: 832:, for the winter, flying from a leased farm. One of its students, Lt. Col. 787: 693: 656: 607: 356:, a former infantry officer and non-aviator assigned to the Signal School. 300: 3982: 3933:, May 2005, Vol. 88, No. 5, the Air Force Association, Arlington, Virginia 1101:

Signal Corps Plane No. 1 and crew at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, in May 1910.

442: 3655:"Looking Skyward: The Emergence of an Airminded Culture in the U.S. Army" 2886: 1078: 1010: 931: 919: 760: 728:, immediately withdrew permission to fly at Fort Sam. Foulois, who was a 660:, on February 21. Foulois and Parmalee landed the rented airplane in the 603: 214: 156: 3646: 3329:

Table 3, "AAF Military personnel—number and percent of US Army strength"

2002:, Signal Corps – first pilot trained overseas (killed September 4, 1913) 744: 2577: 2319: 2302: 1162:

delivered 1 Sep 1908, fatal crash during acceptance trials (Selfridge)

960: 863: 704:) who had been partially trained as prospective Curtiss instructors by 661: 619: 611: 477:

Crashed Wright Flyer that took the life of Selfridge September 17, 1908

436: 317:

balloons. Squier became executive officer to the Chief Signal Officer,

288: 242: 238: 129: 1970:, Coast Artillery Corps – only member to retire (1948) as part of USAF 1085:

and was abolished altogether by the War Department on April 24, 1918.

998:

became the first permanent unit of the air force on December 8, 1913.

3936: 2238: 879: 797:

In June, he and Milling completed their instruction and were sent to

713: 463: 416: 388:

In 1908, the Aeronautical Division, at the intercession of President

78: 3867:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

2026:, 10th Infantry – first licensed pilot fatality (September 18, 1912) 253:, was manufactured by members of the Signal Corps in 1897 using the 30:

The first Wright airplane arriving at Ft. Myer, VA, 1 September 1908

1977:, Signal Corps – first FAI certified enlisted pilot (June 14, 1912) 1820: 1025: 839:

Arnold accepted delivery of the Army's first tractor plane (with a

775: 582: 467: 428: 344:. Lahm had earned renown the year before when he won the inaugural 329: 2116:

Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps August 1, 1907 – July 18, 1914

982:

airplanes were sent from the Aviation School's winter location at

109: 4753:

Military communications units and formations of the United States

3725: 3530:

The Logbook of Signal Corps No. 1, The U.S. Army's First Airplane

2019:, Philippine Scouts – first overseas fatality (November 14, 1913) 586: 512:

Lahm flew with Wright on July 27, and on July 30, with President

393: 3623:. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air Force Historical Research Agency. 1319:

trainer with 40 hp engine, swapped engines with S.C. No. 2

3842:. Washington, D.C.: Center For Military History. Archived from 2563: 975: 964: 867: 809: 458:

satisfying the requirements for $ 25,000 (they also received a

296: 525: (equivalent to $ 847,778 in 2023) plus an added bonus of 3534:

AFD-100928-011 (Air Force Historical Studies Office document)

2749: 2747: 978:, Chandler, four pilots, 21 enlisted men and a detachment of 910:

In 1911, the Aeronautical Division received its first direct

3429:

Cullum, Bvt-Brig-Gen George W. (Col. Wirt Robinson, editor)

3403:

National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1831:

Damaged beyond repair in a ground accident on 20 April 1915

955:, who had been among the first class of student pilots, and 898:

Captain Charles Chandler (with prototype Lewis Gun) and Lt.

481:

On the afternoon of September 17, 1908, two officers of the

3950:

Provisional Aero Company in flight, Fort Sam Houston, Texas

3497:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. 1923:

Lt. Col. John B. Bennet (February 19, 1917 – July 29, 1917)

291:, in 1905. In 1906, the commandant of the Signal School in 3532:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Museums and History Program. 2744: 284:

and entered into protracted negotiations for an airplane.

2576:

S.C. No. 10 crashed on February 9, 1914, killing 1st Lt.

2110: 1951:

Military aviation pioneers with the Aeronautical Division

1913:

Chiefs of Division (and Aviation Section head), 1916–1918

1888:

Maj. Edgar Russel (December 15, 1912 – September 9, 1913)

1402:

fatal crash during acceptance trials (Welsh, Hazelhurst)

1109:

The crashed aircraft Signal Corps No. 4 September 28,1912

1105: 364:

reported to New York City along with civilian balloonist

2258:

since the summer of 1907 after being turned down by the

1940:

Col. Laurence Brown (February 28, 1918 – April 24, 1918)

1116:

The United States Army Air Arm, April 1861 to April 1917

1092: 4129:

Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

2340:(Pool, pp. 344–345; Allen, "Wright Military Training") 1901:

Capt. George S. Gibbs (March 17, 1916 – April 2, 1916)

313:—was also a student of aviation and taught the use of 4748:

Signal units and formations of the United States Army

4112:

House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

3785:"The Origin of Military Aviation in Texas, 1910–1913" 3399:"Biographical Memoir of George Owen Squier 1865–1934" 1861:

1st Lt. Frank P. Lahm (May 14, 1908 – December 1909)*

1837: 4773:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1914

3537:

Greely, Gen. Adolphus W. (1900). "Balloons in War",

1869:

Capt. Arthur S. Cowan (July 1, 1910 – June 19, 1911)

1043: 4763:

20th-century history of the United States Air Force

3695:. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University. 3495:

Training to Fly: Military Flight Training 1907–1945

3358:

Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society

2858:Correll, John T. (2007). "The First of the Force", 2443:

Regulations for the army of the United States, 1910

200:

Brigadier General, Chief Signal Officer of the Army

4758:20th-century military history of the United States 4107:House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces 3900:Turnbull, Archibald D.; Lord, Clifford L. (1949). 3450:"Wright Military Training at College Park in 1909" 2946:"Wright Military Training at College Park in 1909" 2526:"left seat" experience for instructing purposes. ( 4768:Military units and formations established in 1907 1070:Army Air Forces Statistical Digest (World War II) 862:In October 1912, Arnold and Milling were sent to 392:in the acquisition process, purchased a nonrigid 4734: 3081: 3079: 2203:'s balloon in trees trying to deliver it to the 2187:and Fort Myer, Virginia, were named for Colonel 1956:1st Lt. Henry H. Arnold, 29th Infantry – second 3057: 3055: 3053: 2887:Long Island Unit Gave Birth to “Citizen Airmen” 3649:, "The Engines of Our Ingenuity" Episode 1974. 3599: 3167: 3097: 2980: 2922: 2898: 2831: 2804: 2753: 2632: 2601: 2208: 890:Appropriations, growth, and "incipient mutiny" 336:Joseph E. Barrett as his assistants. 1st Lt. 3998: 3520:Cragg, Dan, ed., Sgt.Maj. USA (Ret.) (1983). 3076: 3899: 3863:"The Present Status of Military Aeronautics" 3050: 2910: 2306: 1081:, the Aeronautical Division was renamed the 4783:1914 disestablishments in the United States 4012: 3509:Correll, John T. "The First of the Force", 376:. The company was organized to provide the 4005: 3991: 3885:. Washington D.C.: Army Times Publishing. 3527: 3413: 3411: 3118: 3070: 2815: 2813: 2351: 533: (equivalent to $ 1,017,333 in 2023). 383: 3937:Paul W. Beck, The Early Birds of Aviation 3723: 3685: 3653:Machoian, Major Ronald G. (USAF) (2002). 3317: 3085:Correll, "The First of the Force", p. 49. 3034: 3032: 2819: 2776: 2774: 886:in 1917 in memory of Arnold's classmate. 450:The Wright Brothers, who had been asking 328:was named to head the new division, with 4778:1907 establishments in the United States 3652: 3618: 3478:Bowman, Martin W., "Background to War", 3417: 3392: 3386: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3179: 3038:Correll, "The First of the Force", p.48. 2992: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2874: 2842: 2840: 2792: 2780: 2765: 2503: 2392: 1885:(September 18, 1912 – December 14, 1912) 1104: 1096: 893: 743: 664:during their second flight, on March 5. 472: 441: 147:Following statutory authorization of an 3908: 3902:History of United States Naval Aviation 3880: 3811:"Military Aviation in Texas, 1913–1917" 3728:A Concise History of the U.S. Air Force 3492: 3420:, p. 191 (Documenting relief date) 3408: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3191: 3093: 3091: 2846: 2810: 2734: 2732: 2527: 2486: 2355: 2297:at the Experimental Model Basin at the 1864:Unknown (December 1909 – June 30, 1910) 974:In anticipation of a possible war with 98:(1913) 18 pilots, 100 support personnel 4735: 4201:Operational Test and Evaluation Center 4065:Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 3857: 3835: 3751: 3671:Air Force Combat Units of World War II 3351: 3349: 3347: 3338: 3130: 3029: 2771: 2111:Lineage of the United States Air Force 1937:(November 5, 1917 – February 14, 1918) 940:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 536: 170: 3986: 3815:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3789:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3548: 3447: 3373: 3371: 3355: 3305: 3124: 3004: 2943: 2928: 2837: 2738: 1093:Aircraft of the Aeronautical Division 1036:tractors and shipped them by rail to 739: 541: 3966:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps 3782: 3735:Defense Technical Information Center 3088: 2880: 2729: 1690:built in San Diego from spare parts 1022:landed Marines and armed Bluejackets 257:as a model, and served in combat in 249:deteriorated, a second balloon, the 3904:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3657:. USAF: Air University, Maxwell AFB 3522:The guide to Military Installations 3344: 2998: 2698:Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps 2105:Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps 2064:Lt. Foulois and Orville Wright 1909 1232:2 fatal crashes (G. Kelly and Park) 672:1911 "Type IV military aeroplane" ( 576: 126:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps 19:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps 13: 4702:Air & Space Forces Association 4119:Senate Committee on Armed Services 3368: 2653:Approximately $ 10,000,000 in 2012 2558:A third school was established at 2146:June 20, 1941 – September 18, 1947 1930:(July 30, 1917 – November 5, 1917) 1920:(May 20, 1916 – February 18, 1917) 1838:Heads of the Aeronautical Division 1502:fatal crash (Ellington, H. Kelly) 14: 4794: 3943: 3493:Cameron, Rebecca Hancock (1999). 3448:Allen, Catherine Wallace (2002). 2944:Allen, Catherine Wallace (2002). 1876:(June 20, 1911 – April 1, 1913)** 1847:August 1, 1907, to July 18, 1914: 1044:Expansion of the aviation service 4716: 4715: 4614:Division of Military Aeronautics 4139: 4038:Under Secretary of the Air Force 3909:Warnock, Dr. A. Timothy (2002). 3836:Raines, Rebecca Robbins (1996). 3562:: Center For Air Force History. 3528:Cunningham, Meghan, ed. (2004). 2126:Division of Military Aeronautics 2084: 2070: 2056: 2042: 790:, for flight instruction at the 637:, Foulois and Wright instructor 372:, in the use of hydrogen-filled 108: 63: 48: 24: 3674:, Office of Air Force History, 3513:, August 2007, Vol. 90, No. 8, 3423: 3380: 3332: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3112: 3103: 3064: 3041: 2986: 2974: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2868: 2852: 2825: 2768:, pp. 236–238, Appendix 14 2703: 2696:"The Goodier court-martial" at 2684: 2675: 2666: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2620: 2607: 2593: 2583: 2570: 2552: 2543: 2533: 2519: 2509: 2492: 2479: 2462: 2448: 2418: 2408: 2398: 2384: 2371: 2361: 2343: 2328: 2312: 2277: 2264: 2244: 2231: 2132:Air Service, United States Army 1960:Military Aviator (July 5, 1912) 1856:(August 1, 1907 – May 13, 1908) 1462:fatal crash Philippines (Rich) 1121: 4525:Reserve Officer Training Corps 4482:Judge Advocate General's Corps 4124:Senate Subcommittee on Airland 4102:House Armed Services Committee 3975:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 3724:McFarland, Stephen L. (1997). 3619:Hennessy, Juliette A. (1958). 2798: 2786: 2759: 2325:, at the end of a test flight. 2214: 2177: 2168: 2120:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 1276:fatal crash (Rockwell, Scott) 1062:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 953:2nd Lt. Leighton W. Hazelhurst 1: 4673:Women Airforce Service Pilots 3881:Tillman, Stephen L. (2010) . 3524:, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg 3440: 2144:United States Army Air Forces 1908:(April 3, 1916– May 20, 1916) 2722: 2431:National Defense Act of 1920 2161: 2152:September 18, 1947 – present 2140:July 2, 1926 – June 20, 1941 2138:United States Army Air Corps 2122:July 18, 1914 – May 20, 1918 1830: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1030:United States Atlantic Fleet 918:for aviation ($ 125,000 for 732:and a combat veteran of the 421:Signal Corps Dirigible No. 1 100:31 total airplanes 1909–1914 7: 4743:United States Army aviation 4028:Department of the Air Force 3686:McClendon, R. Earl (1996). 2199:. Ironically, Myer snagged 2134:May 24, 1918 – July 2, 1926 2128:May 20, 1918 – May 24, 1918 2098: 552:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 518:Shuter's (or Shooters) Hill 504:Orville Wright, along with 151:in the Signal Corps by the 10: 4799: 4033:Secretary of the Air Force 3168:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 3098:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 3007:"The College Park Century" 2981:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 2923:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 2899:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 2832:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 2805:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 2795:, p. 217, Appendix 1. 2754:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 2741:, p. 149, Appendix 2 2633:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 2602:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 2209:Heimdahl & Hurley 1997 1524:fatal crash (R. Chandler) 1234:restored and displayed at 924:Burgess Company and Curtis 680:of the Wright Company and 415:flew the test trials over 39:1 August 1907–18 July 1914 4710: 4591: 4553: 4437: 4375: 4272: 4214: 4188: 4157: 4148: 4137: 4020: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3783:Pool, William C. (1955). 3752:Miller, Roger G. (2002). 3549:Greer, Thomas H. (1985). 3539:Harper's Monthly Magazine 3401:, by Arthur E. Kennelly, 3142:(January). Archived from 3131:Miller, Roger G. (2002). 2877:, p. 225, Appendix 6 1874:Charles deForest Chandler 1854:Charles deForest Chandler 326:Charles deForest Chandler 229:. In 1892, Major General 104: 94: 84: 74: 59: 43: 35: 23: 18: 4535:Airman Leadership School 4337:Thirteenth Expeditionary 4175:Field Operating Agencies 3763:(Winter). Archived from 3480:USAAF Handbook 1939–1945 3459:(Winter). Archived from 2955:(Winter). Archived from 2911:Turnbull & Lord 1949 2307:Turnbull & Lord 1949 2191:, Signal Officer of the 2156: 1898:Acting Chief of Division 822:Providence, Rhode Island 818:Worcester, Massachusetts 227:Union Army Balloon Corps 179:OFFICE MEMORANDUM NO. 6 4520:Officer Training School 4014:United States Air Force 3689:Autonomy of the Air Arm 3668:Maurer, Maurer (1983). 3647:Inventing the Air Force 2150:United States Air Force 1809:fatal crash (Gerstner) 1184:Smithsonian Institution 1024:in the Mexican city of 945:military aviator rating 857:Wright C "speed scouts" 759:While stationed in the 718:Smithsonian Institution 548:Wright A Military Flyer 384:Acquisition of aircraft 378:New York National Guard 278:Smithsonian Institution 274:Samuel Pierpont Langley 225:was named chief of the 213:became associated with 134:United States Air Force 4563:Awards and decorations 4196:District of Washington 4189:Direct Reporting Units 3821:(April): 429–454. 1956 3560:Maxwell Air Force Base 3545:(DCI), pp. 33–50. 2426:Detached Officers List 1110: 1102: 907: 799:College Park, Maryland 756: 629:". In March 1911 near 556:College Park, Maryland 546:The Army accepted the 478: 447: 370:71st New York Infantry 191: 153:United States Congress 138:U.S. Army Signal Corps 4606:Aeronautical Division 3517:, Arlington, Virginia 3515:Air Force Association 3377:Maurer (1983), p. 14. 3005:Grier, Peter (2009). 2500:Santa Ana, California 2256:Alexander Graham Bell 2078:Thomas Dewitt Milling 1108: 1100: 897: 880:San Diego, California 870:, to experiment with 814:Nashua, New Hampshire 810:Boston, Massachusetts 751:at the controls of a 747: 714:San Diego, California 678:Frank Trenholm Coffyn 646:, Foulois rented the 618:bolted wheels from a 563:Frederic E. Humphreys 491:Secretary of the Navy 476: 445: 270:Alexander Graham Bell 175: 136:. A component of the 4477:Aeronautical ratings 4076:Three-star generals 3203:Pool (1955), p. 360. 3061:Cragg (1983), p. 272 2692:United States Senate 2299:Washington Navy Yard 2205:Bull Run battlefield 1015:Aero Club of America 904:Wright Model B Flyer 734:Spanish–American War 687:panoramic photograph 639:Philip Orin Parmelee 602:, an Army post near 565:, detailed from the 433:St. Joseph, Missouri 398:Thomas Scott Baldwin 350:Aero Club of America 289:Fort Omaha, Nebraska 4274:Numbered Air Forces 4055:Vice Chief of Staff 3859:Squier, George Owen 3645:Lienhard, John H., 3212:Pool (1955), p. 362 3109:Pool (1955), p. 351 3047:Pool (1955), p. 346 2617:on August 20, 1910. 2439:revolution in China 2193:Army of the Potomac 1928:Benjamin D. Foulois 1587:fatal crash (Love) 1442:fatal crash (Call) 1422:fatal crash (Post) 1114:SOURCES: Hennessy, 702:John C. Walker, Jr. 650:privately owned by 537:Airplane operations 362:Thomas E. Selfridge 334:Private First Class 276:, Secretary of the 223:Thaddeus S. C. Lowe 171:Birth of an air arm 4632:The U.S. Air Force 4545:Fitness Assessment 4502:Chief of Chaplains 4421:Civilian auxiliary 4170:Air National Guard 4072:Four-star generals 3931:Air Force Magazine 3795:(January): 342–371 3511:AIR FORCE Magazine 3296:, pp. 105–106 3236:, pp. 118–120 3011:AIR FORCE Magazine 2860:AIR FORCE Magazine 2530:, pp. 25, 45) 2354:, p. 32, and 2337:Ralph H. Van Deman 2197:American Civil War 2092:Henry "Hap" Arnold 1687:grounded as unsafe 1606:grounded as unsafe 1541:grounded as unsafe 1316:grounded as unsafe 1295:grounded as unsafe 1254:grounded as unsafe 1229:grounded as unsafe 1111: 1103: 1020:The United States 908: 757: 740:Arnold and Milling 604:San Antonio, Texas 567:Corps of Engineers 542:First solo flights 483:United States Navy 479: 448: 390:Theodore Roosevelt 346:Gordon Bennett Cup 245:in 1894. When the 219:American Civil War 208:United States Army 69:United States Army 4730: 4729: 4515:Air Force Academy 4433: 4432: 4060:Director of Staff 3981: 3980: 3972:Succeeded by 3915:Air Power History 3892:978-1-162-98799-6 3761:Air Power History 3611:978-1-4102-0901-6 3604:. Minerva Group. 3457:Air Power History 3140:Air Power History 3121:, pp. 18, 28 2953:Air Power History 2489:, pp. 33–34) 2291:William S. Cowles 2024:Lewis C. Rockwell 2007:Herbert L. Marcus 1968:Lewis H. Brereton 1935:Alexander L. Dade 1835: 1834: 1209:Robert J. Collier 1204:returned to owner 1119: 1064:on 18 July 1914. 1003:George P. Scriven 996:1st Aero Squadron 988:Texas City, Texas 834:Charles B. Winder 803:Curtiss E "scout" 784:Thomas D. Milling 726:William H. Carter 698:George E.M. Kelly 652:Robert J. Collier 627:Maneuver Division 610:from the Cavalry 494:Victor H. Metcalf 319:Brigadier General 142:1st Aero Squadron 119: 118: 4790: 4719: 4718: 4618:Army Air Service 4610:Aviation Section 4425:Civil Air Patrol 4155: 4154: 4143: 4142: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3959:Preceded by 3956: 3955: 3929:"2005 Almanac", 3926: 3924: 3922: 3905: 3896: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3770:on 24 March 2012 3769: 3758: 3748: 3732: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3711: 3705:. Archived from 3694: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3642: 3615: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3586: 3580:. Archived from 3557: 3533: 3506: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3466:on 24 March 2012 3465: 3454: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3320:, pp. 16–17 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3272:, pp. 78–84 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3248:, pp. 48–49 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3194:, pp. 38–39 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3149:on 24 March 2012 3148: 3137: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3086: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2962:on 24 March 2012 2961: 2950: 2941: 2926: 2925:, pp. 13–14 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2629:Henry L. Stimson 2624: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2597: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2466: 2460: 2452: 2446: 2422: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2316: 2310: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2250:Selfridge was a 2248: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2218: 2212: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2088: 2074: 2060: 2046: 1918:George O. Squier 1122: 1113: 1050:Infantry Journal 984:Augusta, Georgia 830:Augusta, Georgia 657:Collier's Weekly 600:Fort Sam Houston 577:Foulois and Beck 532: 528: 524: 461: 453: 425:Benjamin Foulois 407: 403: 332:Edward Ward and 304:George O. Squier 293:Fort Leavenworth 264:In 1898–99, the 202: 149:Aviation Section 112: 67: 54: 52: 51: 28: 16: 15: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4706: 4697:Service numbers 4668:National Museum 4626:Army Air Forces 4593: 4587: 4555: 4549: 4507:Chief Scientist 4497:Medical Service 4492:Security Forces 4439: 4429: 4414:Security Forces 4371: 4268: 4210: 4184: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4016: 4011: 3977: 3968: 3962: 3946: 3941: 3920: 3918: 3893: 3872: 3870: 3849: 3847: 3824: 3822: 3809: 3798: 3796: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3756: 3745: 3733:. Ft. Belvoir: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3692: 3660: 3658: 3631: 3612: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3570: 3555: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3452: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3354: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3119:Cunningham 2004 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3071:Cunningham 2004 3069: 3065: 3060: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3017:(September): 86 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2948: 2942: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2865:(August): p. 46 2857: 2853: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2625: 2621: 2615:Jacob E. Fickel 2612: 2608: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2560:Fort Kamehameha 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2470:Beckwith Havens 2467: 2463: 2456:Roy C. Kirtland 2453: 2449: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2352:Cunningham 2004 2348: 2344: 2333: 2329: 2317: 2313: 2295:David W. Taylor 2282: 2278: 2272:Washington Post 2269: 2265: 2260:Wright Brothers 2252:Field Artillery 2249: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2219: 2215: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2113: 2101: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2047: 1975:Vernon L. Burge 1953: 1883:Henry H. Arnold 1840: 1233: 1095: 1089:operationally. 1046: 957:Arthur L. Welsh 892: 876:field artillery 853:Arthur L. Welsh 792:Wright brothers 768:Henry H. Arnold 749:Henry H. Arnold 742: 730:mustang officer 674:Curtiss Model D 579: 544: 539: 530: 526: 522: 514:William H. Taft 459: 451: 405: 401: 386: 354:Arthur S. Cowan 282:Wright Brothers 231:Adolphus Greely 204: 193: 190: 177:August 1, 1907 173: 122: 99: 49: 47: 31: 12: 11: 5: 4796: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4643:Airman's Creed 4640: 4638:Air Force Band 4635: 4628: 4622:Army Air Corps 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4530:Basic Training 4527: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4472:Specialty Code 4469: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4264:USAFE–AFAFRICA 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4216:Major commands 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4050:Chief of Staff 4042: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3944:External links 3942: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3878: 3855: 3832: 3831: 3806: 3805: 3780: 3749: 3743: 3721: 3701: 3683: 3682:"Introduction" 3666: 3650: 3643: 3629: 3616: 3610: 3597: 3568: 3546: 3535: 3525: 3518: 3507: 3490: 3476: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3422: 3407: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3343: 3331: 3322: 3318:McClendon 1996 3310: 3308:, pp. 1–2 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3123: 3111: 3102: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3049: 3040: 3028: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2851: 2836: 2834:, pp. 7–8 2824: 2820:McFarland 1997 2809: 2797: 2785: 2770: 2758: 2743: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2702: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2619: 2606: 2592: 2582: 2569: 2551: 2549:$ 2.9M in 2012 2542: 2532: 2518: 2508: 2491: 2478: 2461: 2447: 2435:Manchu dynasty 2417: 2407: 2397: 2383: 2379:Albert Stevens 2370: 2360: 2342: 2327: 2311: 2286:Octave Chanute 2276: 2263: 2243: 2230: 2213: 2189:Albert J. Myer 2176: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031:Frank S. Scott 2027: 2020: 2013: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1971: 1964: 1961: 1952: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1924: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906:Billy Mitchell 1902: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1490:by 26 Oct 1912 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410:by 26 Oct 1912 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1094: 1091: 1055:Representative 1045: 1042: 891: 888: 884:Rockwell Field 882:, later named 765:2nd Lieutenant 753:Wright Model B 741: 738: 700:, and 2nd Lt. 689:linked below. 648:Wright B Flyer 616:Oliver Simmons 578: 575: 543: 540: 538: 535: 456:Wright Model A 385: 382: 315:reconnaissance 311:Billy Mitchell 266:War Department 176: 174: 172: 169: 161:War Department 120: 117: 116: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 89:Aerial warfare 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 61: 57: 56: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 32: 29: 21: 20: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4795: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4723: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Air Force Two 4679: 4678:Air Force One 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438:Personnel and 4436: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4367:Twenty-Second 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4180:Installations 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3846:on 2010-12-31 3845: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3744:0-16-049208-4 3740: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3722: 3712:on 2016-11-23 3708: 3704: 3702:0-16-045510-3 3698: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3680:0-912799-02-1 3677: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3630:0-912799-34-X 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3587:on 2013-03-13 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3569:0-912799-25-0 3565: 3561: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3488:0-8117-1822-0 3485: 3481: 3477: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3418:Hennessy 1958 3414: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3389:, p. 156 3388: 3387:Hennessy 1958 3383: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3341:, p. 134 3340: 3335: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3294:Hennessy 1958 3290: 3283: 3282:Hennessy 1958 3278: 3271: 3270:Hennessy 1958 3266: 3259: 3258:Hennessy 1958 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3180:Hennessy 1958 3176: 3169: 3164: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3035: 3033: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2993:Hennessy 1958 2989: 2982: 2977: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2875:Hennessy 1958 2871: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2793:Hennessy 1958 2789: 2783:, p. 112 2782: 2781:Hennessy 1958 2777: 2775: 2767: 2766:Hennessy 1958 2762: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2635:, p. 24) 2634: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2586: 2579: 2578:Henry B. Post 2573: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2512: 2506:, p. 88) 2505: 2504:Hennessy 1958 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2472:of New York, 2471: 2465: 2457: 2451: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2421: 2411: 2401: 2395:, p. 42) 2394: 2393:Hennessy 1958 2387: 2380: 2374: 2364: 2358:, p. 40) 2357: 2353: 2346: 2338: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2226:San Juan Hill 2223: 2217: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2167: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2087: 2082: 2073: 2068: 2059: 2054: 2050:Lt. Selfridge 2045: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2017:C. Perry Rich 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1822: 1812: 1800: 1790: 1771: 1751: 1731: 1712: 1693: 1673: 1654: 1634: 1631:experimental 1622: 1612: 1609:experimental 1600: 1590: 1578: 1568: 1556: 1546: 1527: 1515: 1505: 1485: 1465: 1445: 1425: 1405: 1393: 1383: 1372: 1362: 1342: 1322: 1310: 1300: 1289: 1279: 1259: 1240: 1237: 1223: 1213: 1210: 1198: 1188: 1185: 1165: 1153: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1134:Date disposed 1133: 1131:Aircraft type 1130: 1128:Date acquired 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1107: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1038:Fort Crockett 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:Fort McKinley 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 948: 946: 942: 941: 937:Rules of the 935: 933: 929: 928:Fort McKinley 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:appropriation 905: 901: 896: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 849:Massachusetts 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 766: 762: 755:airplane 1911 754: 750: 746: 737: 735: 731: 727: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 683: 679: 675: 671: 665: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 640: 636: 635:Laredo, Texas 632: 631:Fort McIntosh 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 595: 592: 591:Nancy, France 588: 584: 574: 570: 568: 564: 561: 557: 553: 549: 534: 519: 515: 510: 507: 502: 499: 495: 492: 488: 484: 475: 471: 469: 465: 457: 444: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413:Glenn Curtiss 409: 399: 395: 391: 381: 379: 375: 374:kite balloons 371: 367: 363: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338:Frank P. Lahm 335: 331: 327: 322: 320: 316: 312: 309: 305: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 203: 201: 197: 187: 183: 180: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 121:Military unit 115: 111: 107: 103: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 55:United States 46: 42: 38: 34: 27: 22: 17: 4714: 4692:Thunderbirds 4605: 4554:Uniforms and 4206:USAF Academy 4095:2020–present 3965: 3930: 3919:. Retrieved 3914: 3901: 3883:Man Unafraid 3882: 3871:. Retrieved 3866: 3848:. Retrieved 3844:the original 3838: 3823:. Retrieved 3818: 3814: 3797:. Retrieved 3792: 3788: 3772:. Retrieved 3765:the original 3760: 3727: 3714:. Retrieved 3707:the original 3688: 3670: 3659:. Retrieved 3620: 3601: 3589:. Retrieved 3582:the original 3551: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3521: 3510: 3494: 3479: 3468:. Retrieved 3461:the original 3456: 3430: 3425: 3394: 3382: 3361: 3357: 3334: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3284:, p. 80 3277: 3265: 3260:, p. 64 3253: 3246:Cameron 1999 3241: 3234:Tillman 2010 3229: 3224:, p. 36 3222:Cameron 1999 3217: 3208: 3199: 3192:Cameron 1999 3187: 3182:, p. 45 3175: 3170:, p. 18 3163: 3151:. Retrieved 3144:the original 3139: 3126: 3114: 3105: 3100:, p. 15 3073:, p. 41 3066: 3043: 3019:. Retrieved 3014: 3010: 3000: 2995:, p. 34 2988: 2983:, p. 14 2976: 2964:. Retrieved 2957:the original 2952: 2918: 2906: 2901:, p. 12 2894: 2882: 2870: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2849:, p. 18 2847:Cameron 1999 2827: 2800: 2788: 2761: 2756:, p. 10 2712:General Myer 2711: 2705: 2697: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2622: 2609: 2604:, p. 30 2595: 2585: 2572: 2554: 2545: 2535: 2528:Cameron 1999 2521: 2511: 2494: 2487:Cameron 1999 2481: 2464: 2450: 2442: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2400: 2386: 2373: 2363: 2356:Cameron 1999 2345: 2330: 2321: 2314: 2309:, p. 5. 2279: 2271: 2266: 2246: 2233: 2221: 2216: 2211:, p. 5) 2185:General Myer 2184: 2179: 2170: 2000:Moss L. Love 1946: 1943: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1565:Philippines 1482:Philippines 1388:not acquired 1339:Philippines 1207:leased from 1148:not acquired 1137:How disposed 1115: 1112: 1087: 1083:Air Division 1082: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1049: 1047: 1019: 1000: 992:2nd Division 980:Curtiss JN-3 973: 949: 938: 936: 909: 900:Roy Kirtland 861: 838: 826: 807: 796: 788:Dayton, Ohio 772:Signal Corps 758: 722: 720:in October. 710:North Island 706:Glen Curtiss 694:Paul W. Beck 691: 666: 655: 624: 596: 580: 571: 545: 511: 503: 487:Marine Corps 480: 449: 410: 387: 358: 323: 286: 263: 259:Cuba in 1898 255:General Myer 254: 250: 247:General Myer 246: 241:in 1893 and 235:General Myer 234: 211:Signal Corps 205: 199: 195: 192: 184: 181: 178: 146: 125: 123: 114:Signal Corps 105:Part of 4687:Honor Guard 4648:Core Values 4592:History and 3339:Raines 1996 2913:, p. 4 2822:, p. 2 2807:, p. 6 2195:during the 1933:Brig. Gen. 1803:21 Dec 1914 1795:24 Jun 1914 1782:25 Aug 1915 1776:25 May 1914 1762:25 Aug 1915 1756:15 May 1914 1742:20 Aug 1915 1684:24 Feb 1914 1678:21 Oct 1913 1645:12 Nov 1914 1639:28 Aug 1913 1603:24 Feb 1914 1559:12 Jan 1915 1538:24 Feb 1914 1532:22 Nov 1912 1510:27 Nov 1912 1496:24 Nov 1913 1476:17 Sep 1913 1470:21 May 1913 1456:14 Nov 1913 1450:by Nov 1912 1396:11 Jun 1912 1375:27 May 1914 1367:12 Aug 1912 1353:12 Nov 1914 1347:19 Mar 1912 1333:28 Aug 1913 1327:21 Mar 1912 1313:24 Feb 1914 1305:27 Jul 1911 1292:24 Feb 1914 1270:28 Sep 1912 1251:24 Feb 1914 1245:27 Apr 1911 1226:24 Feb 1914 1218:27 Apr 1911 1201:21 Jun 1911 1193:21 Feb 1911 1182:donated to 1156:17 Sep 1908 1079:World War I 1011:Philippines 932:Philippines 920:Fiscal Year 761:Philippines 654:, owner of 608:cinch strap 452:US$ 100,000 366:Leo Stevens 342:balloonists 237:, based at 217:during the 215:aeronautics 165:Air Service 159:caused the 157:World War I 4737:Categories 4594:traditions 4513:Training: 4357:Nineteenth 4352:Eighteenth 4021:Leadership 3969:1907–1914 3873:2009-08-07 3850:2012-06-02 3716:2012-05-31 3661:2012-05-29 3441:References 3306:Greer 1985 2739:Greer 1985 2437:ousted by 2303:Navy Cross 1817:2 Jul 1914 1768:sold 1916 1748:sold 1916 1659:1 Dec 1913 1625:2 Jun 1914 1617:6 Jun 1913 1595:3 May 1913 1581:4 Sep 1913 1518:8 Apr 1913 1436:8 Jul 1913 1430:3 Oct 1912 1416:9 Feb 1914 1264:1 Jul 1911 1176:4 May 1911 1170:2 Aug 1909 961:Fort Riley 864:Fort Riley 696:, 2nd Lt. 682:Eugene Ely 662:Rio Grande 620:cultivator 594:training. 573:branches. 531:US$ 30,000 523:US$ 25,000 437:state fair 406:US$ 25,000 243:Fort Logan 239:Fort Riley 189:direction. 130:progenitor 4573:Equipment 4556:equipment 4487:RED HORSE 4447:Personnel 4404:Squadrons 4362:Twentieth 4347:Sixteenth 4342:Fifteenth 4150:Structure 4090:2010–2019 4085:2000–2009 4080:1940–1959 4045:Air Staff 3869:: 132–133 3503:606500804 3364:(3): 197. 2723:Citations 2201:John Wise 2162:Footnotes 1916:Lt. Col. 1828:condemned 1806:destroyed 1799:Curtiss J 1785:condemned 1779:Burgess H 1765:condemned 1759:Burgess H 1745:condemned 1739:Burgess H 1720:Burgess H 1701:Burgess H 1681:Curtiss E 1662:Curtiss G 1642:Curtiss G 1584:destroyed 1577:Burgess J 1562:destroyed 1555:Burgess I 1521:condemned 1514:Curtiss F 1499:destroyed 1479:destroyed 1459:destroyed 1439:destroyed 1419:destroyed 1399:destroyed 1371:Burgess H 1350:Curtiss E 1309:Curtiss E 1288:Burgess F 1273:destroyed 1222:Curtiss D 1159:destroyed 1058:James Hay 1034:Burgess H 841:propeller 763:in 1908, 527:US$ 5,000 498:propeller 464:Fort Myer 460:US$ 5,000 417:Fort Myer 402:US$ 6,750 394:dirigible 79:Air force 4721:Category 4663:Memorial 4583:Uniforms 4578:Aircraft 4465:enlisted 4455:officers 4440:training 4327:Eleventh 4158:Commands 3917:(Winter) 3861:(1908). 3639:12553968 3578:12558056 2715:Section. 2454:1st Lt. 2239:deserted 2222:Santiago 2099:See also 1881:2nd Lt. 1852:Captain 1825:Oct 1916 1821:Martin T 1736:Jan 1914 1723:unk date 1717:Nov 1913 1704:unk date 1698:Nov 1913 1665:unk date 1621:Wright D 1599:Wright D 1573:Jan 1913 1551:Jan 1913 1535:Wright C 1493:Wright C 1473:Wright C 1453:Wright C 1433:Wright C 1413:Wright C 1392:Wright C 1330:Wright B 1284:Oct 1911 1267:Wright B 1248:Wright B 1197:Wright B 1173:Wright A 1152:Wright A 1125:S.C. No. 1026:Veracruz 969:"pusher" 916:Congress 874:for the 872:spotting 845:Plymouth 780:New York 776:Fort Jay 612:saddlery 583:hydrogen 468:Virginia 435:, for a 429:Infantry 330:Corporal 251:Santiago 196:J. Allen 4601:History 4332:Twelfth 4307:Seventh 4165:Reserve 3961:Created 2022:2d Lt. 2015:2d Lt. 1998:2d Lt. 1966:2d Lt. 1651:Hawaii 1628:retired 1378:wrecked 1359:Hawaii 1336:wrecked 1179:retired 1009:in the 930:in the 670:Curtiss 587:auction 308:Captain 221:, when 132:of the 44:Country 4658:Symbol 4568:Badges 4460:cadets 4392:Groups 4312:Eighth 4297:Fourth 4287:Second 3921:14 Sep 3889: 3774:13 Sep 3741: 3730: 3699: 3678: 3637: 3627: 3608: 3591:10 Nov 3576: 3566: 3501: 3486: 3470:13 Sep 3153:13 Sep 3021:18 Sep 2966:13 Sep 2564:Hawaii 2322:Cygnet 2029:Corp. 1904:Major 1872:Capt. 1407:10 (2) 1385:10 (1) 1140:Notes 976:Mexico 965:Kansas 868:Kansas 644:dollar 560:2nd Lt 506:Wilbur 297:Kansas 60:Branch 53: 36:Active 4451:Rank 4380:Wings 4322:Tenth 4317:Ninth 4302:Fifth 4292:Third 4282:First 4259:PACAF 4249:AFSOC 4234:AFGSC 3825:6 Sep 3799:6 Sep 3793:LVIII 3768:(PDF) 3757:(PDF) 3710:(PDF) 3693:(PDF) 3585:(PDF) 3556:(PDF) 3464:(PDF) 3453:(PDF) 3147:(PDF) 3136:(PDF) 2960:(PDF) 2949:(PDF) 2468:Pfc. 2157:Notes 2005:Sgt. 1973:Cpl. 1958:rated 1926:Maj. 986:, to 914:from 902:in a 820:, to 816:, to 812:, to 396:from 301:Major 4653:Flag 4540:SERE 4244:AFRC 4239:AFMC 4229:AETC 3923:2011 3887:ISBN 3827:2011 3801:2011 3776:2011 3739:ISBN 3697:ISBN 3676:ISBN 3635:OCLC 3625:ISBN 3606:ISBN 3593:2010 3574:OCLC 3564:ISBN 3499:OCLC 3484:ISBN 3472:2011 3155:2011 3023:2009 2968:2011 2690:The 2415:44). 2320:AEA 2305:. 2220:The 2183:The 1648:sold 1356:sold 1236:NASM 1190:none 1145:none 400:for 206:The 124:The 95:Size 85:Role 75:Type 4409:ANG 4397:ANG 4385:ANG 4254:AMC 4224:ACC 3819:LIX 2562:in 2516:50) 2474:FAI 2459:44) 1726:unk 1707:unk 1668:unk 786:to 708:at 633:at 554:at 4739:: 4680:/ 4624:/ 4620:/ 4616:/ 4612:/ 4608:/ 4423:: 3913:. 3865:. 3817:. 3813:. 3791:. 3787:. 3759:. 3737:. 3633:. 3572:. 3558:. 3543:CI 3541:, 3482:, 3455:. 3410:^ 3370:^ 3362:18 3360:. 3346:^ 3138:. 3090:^ 3078:^ 3052:^ 3031:^ 3015:92 3013:. 3009:. 2951:. 2930:^ 2863:90 2839:^ 2812:^ 2773:^ 2746:^ 2731:^ 1814:31 1792:29 1773:28 1753:27 1733:26 1714:25 1695:24 1675:23 1656:22 1636:21 1614:20 1592:19 1570:18 1548:17 1529:16 1507:15 1487:14 1467:13 1447:12 1427:11 963:, 866:, 859:. 847:, 778:, 712:, 668:a 466:, 427:, 299:, 295:, 261:. 198:, 167:. 4634:" 4630:" 4006:e 3999:t 3992:v 3925:. 3895:. 3876:. 3853:. 3829:. 3803:. 3778:. 3747:. 3719:. 3664:. 3641:. 3614:. 3595:. 3505:. 3474:. 3157:. 3025:. 2970:. 2580:. 2445:. 2391:( 1364:9 1344:8 1324:7 1302:6 1281:5 1261:4 1242:3 1215:2 1167:1 194:—

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Knowledge

Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps

Index