209:, by providing sound methodological advice. The advice may take different forms. In some cases the advisor collaborates with a researcher in a more long-term process, and guides them through the more technical parts of the research (this type of advising is called longitudinal consultancy). In complex, longterm projects it is not uncommon for the advisor to help by doing part of the work themself (interactive consultancy). In other cases a researcher may have a specific question that can be answered in a brief conversation with a consultant (cross-sectional consultancy, or advisory consulting). The advisors role can also take a didactic form, when the client is not familiar with suggested (statistical) methods. Sometimes the best advice is not statistically ideal, but is comprehensible for the client.
27:
139:) has long been considered a critical factor in entrepreneurial success. At the same time, some economists have argued that entrepreneurs should not simply act on all advice given to them, even when that advice comes from well-informed sources, because the entrepreneurs themselves possess far deeper and richer local knowledge about their own firm than any outsider. Indeed, measures of advice-taking are
151:
In the social sciences in general, and in psychological research in particular, advice has typically been defined as a recommendation to do something. For example, in response to a client's question regarding whether to invest in stocks, bonds, or T-notes, a financial planner (the advisor) might say:
212:
Depending on the function of the methodological advisor, the advice that is given may not be free. If a student conducts research commissioned by a professor, this professor will probably help this student for free, if needed. However, if a researcher contacts an independent advisor, this probably
244:
A researcher will usually know more about the field in which the study is conducted than the methodological advisor. The advisor on the other hand will know more about the method. By combining their expertise and, through dialog and cooperation, researcher and consultant may achieve better, more
64:, recommendations or guidance about certain situations relayed in some context to another person, group or party. Advice is often offered as a guide to action and/or conduct. Put a little more simply, an advice message is advice about what might be thought, said, or otherwise done to address a
152:"I recommend going with bonds at this time." However, Dalal and Bonaccio (2010) have argued, based on a review of the research literature, that such a definition is incomplete and leaves out several important types of advice These authors have provided the following taxonomy of advice:
116:
In psychology, seminal articles include
Brehmer and Hagafors (1986), Hollenbeck et al. (1995), and Sniezek and Buckley (1995). The Sniezek and Buckley (1995) and Hollenbeck et al. (1995) articles, in particular, introduced researchers to standardized ways of studying advice in the
213:
costs them. In this case the methodological advisor is basically being hired by the researcher. In other cases the advisor may be incorporated into research team, leading to co-authorship. It is advisable to make clear agreements about the advisors compensation on fore hand.
216:
Researchers may seek advice on a wide range of subjects concerning their research. One of the major tasks of the methodological advisor is to help their clients think about what they really want to accomplish. This may involve helping them to formulate the
181:, which is a related form of interpersonal assistance that often accompanies advice), Dalal and Bonaccio (2010) found that decision-makers reacted most favorably to the provision of information, because this form of advice not only increased decision
428:
MacGeorge, E. L., Graves, A. R., Feng, B., Gillihan, S. J., & Burleson, B. R. (2004). The myth of gender cultures: Similarities outweigh differences in men’s and women’s provision of and responses to supportive communication.
362:
Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Sego, D. J., Hedlund, J., Major, D. A., & Phillips, J. (1995). Multilevel theory of team decision making: decision performance in teams incorporating distributed expertise.
201:. This kind of advice is, as opposed to some forms of advising mentioned above, usually initiated by the person who receives the advice, thus not unrequested. The goal of the advisor (see
336:
Bonaccio, S., & Dalal, R. S. (2006). Advice taking and decision-making: An integrative literature review, and implications for the organizational sciences.
389:
Humphrey, S. E., Hollenbeck, J. R., Meyer, C. J., & Ilgen, D. R.(2002). Hierarchical team decision making. In G. R. Ferris & J. J. Martocchio (Eds.).
143:
actually predictive of subsequent entrepreneurial success (e.g., measured as success in subsequent funding rounds, acquisitions, pivots, and firm survival).
415:
MacGeorge, E. L., Feng, B., & Thompson, E. R. (2008). "Good" and "bad" advice: How to advise more effectively. In M. T. Motley (Ed.),
128:
Communication researchers have tended to study advice as part of their research on supportive communication. Much research has focused on
166:
Providing additional information about a particular course of action without explicitly prescribing or proscribing that course of action
486:
349:
Brehmer, B., & Hagafors, R. (1986). The use of experts in complex decision-making: a paradigm for the study of staff work.
284:
135:
In economics, the willingness of entrepreneurs to take advice from early investors and other partners (i.e., entrepreneurial
443:
Timmons, Jeffry A.; Bygrave, William D. (1986-03-01). "Venture capital's role in financing innovation for economic growth".
306:
299:
Asking for a Friend: Three
Centuries of Advice on Life, Love, Money, and Other Burning Questions from a Nation Obsessed
402:
Burleson, B. R., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2002). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.),
125:
by
Bonaccio and Dalal (2006), and a portion of this literature was also reviewed by Humphrey et al. (2002).
376:
Sniezek, J. A., & Buckley, T. (1995). Cueing and cognitive conflict in judge–advisor decision making.
173:
to go about making the decision (here, too, no courses of action are explicitly prescribed or proscribed)
571:
274:
129:
576:
269:
102:
225:). Clients may also seek advice on the construction of a measurement instrument (for instance a
202:
548:
514:
238:
222:
156:
Recommending a particular course of action (this is the usual form of advice that is studied)
198:
16:
Relayed to another person, group or party often offered as a guide to action and/or conduct
490:
8:
472:
Dalal, R. S., & Bonaccio, S. (2010). What types of advice do decision-makers prefer?
279:
264:
110:
38:
226:
456:
302:
218:
122:
89:
Advice-taking and advice-giving are of interest to researchers in the disciplines of
20:
452:
230:
106:
98:
69:
65:
178:
57:
510:
565:
254:
234:
132:(and similarities) in the provision and receipt of supportive communication.
544:
79:
205:) is to guarantee the quality of research undertaken by their client, a
259:
206:
118:
90:
73:
543:
Derr, J. (2008). Having an impact in a multi-disciplinary setting. In
121:. The psychological literature on advice-giving and advice-taking was
94:
553:
Proceedings of the 2007 KNAW colloquium
Advising on research methods
186:
182:
146:
19:"Exhortation" redirects here. For the hymn tune by that name, see
53:
26:
61:
229:). Or, they may want to know how to implement an appropriate
474:
Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 112,
338:
Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 101,
378:
Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62,
351:
Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 38,
521:
Huizen, The
Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
233:. Often questions arise on how to analyze the data (see
519:
Advising on research methods: A consultants companion.
80:
Advice-giving and advice-taking in the social sciences
391:
Research in personnel and human resources management
332:
330:
328:
326:
237:), and how to interpret and report the results (see
468:
466:
52:) is a form of relating personal or institutional
323:
563:
406:(3rd ed., pp. 374-424). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
393:(Vol. 21, pp. 175–213). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
296:
197:Methodological advice concerns expert advice on
185:but also allowed the decision-maker to maintain
487:"Difficult Times – How to give a friend Advice"
463:
442:
417:Studies in applied interpersonal communication
221:and relatedly, the research hypothesis (see
534:New York: Wiley: Chapter 10 (pp. 217-235).
489:. Sapients.net. 2011-07-25. Archived from
84:
192:
25:
419:(pp. 145-164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
404:Handbook of interpersonal communication
564:
147:Social science definitions of "advice"
532:Statistical rules of thumb (2nd ed.).
285:Category:Family and parenting writers
177:Of these four types of advice (and
13:
365:Journal of Applied Psychology, 80,
290:
14:
588:
537:
524:
504:
479:
436:
422:
409:
396:
383:
370:
356:
343:
1:
445:Journal of Business Venturing
316:
163:a particular course of action
517:, & Hand, D. J. (2008).
457:10.1016/0883-9026(86)90012-1
7:
248:
10:
593:
18:
297:Jessica Weisberg (2018).
275:Protrepsis and paraenesis
179:socio-emotional support
103:organizational behavior
530:Van Belle, G. (2008).
203:statistical consultant
85:Background information
42:
265:Business consultation
239:scientific publishing
223:scientific hypothesis
193:Methodological advice
29:
270:Judge–advisor system
199:research methodology
301:. Bold Type Books.
280:Public consultation
111:human communication
39:Jean-Baptiste Madou
245:reliable results.
227:psychological test
130:gender differences
43:
549:G. J. Mellenbergh
515:Mellenbergh G. J.
219:research question
33:(original title:
21:Eliakim Doolittle
584:
572:Advice (opinion)
556:
541:
535:
528:
522:
508:
502:
501:
499:
498:
483:
477:
470:
461:
460:
440:
434:
426:
420:
413:
407:
400:
394:
387:
381:
374:
368:
360:
354:
347:
341:
334:
312:
113:, among others.
592:
591:
587:
586:
585:
583:
582:
581:
577:Decision-making
562:
561:
560:
559:
542:
538:
529:
525:
509:
505:
496:
494:
485:
484:
480:
471:
464:
441:
437:
427:
423:
414:
410:
401:
397:
388:
384:
375:
371:
361:
357:
348:
344:
335:
324:
319:
309:
293:
291:Further reading
251:
231:research design
195:
149:
107:human resources
99:decision-making
97:, judgment and
87:
82:
31:The Good Advice
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
590:
580:
579:
574:
558:
557:
536:
523:
503:
478:
462:
451:(2): 161–176.
435:
431:Sex Roles, 50,
421:
408:
395:
382:
369:
355:
342:
321:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
308:978-1568585345
307:
292:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
250:
247:
194:
191:
175:
174:
167:
164:
157:
148:
145:
86:
83:
81:
78:
58:belief systems
35:Le bon conseil
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
589:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
567:
554:
550:
546:
540:
533:
527:
520:
516:
512:
507:
493:on 2012-03-21
492:
488:
482:
475:
469:
467:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
412:
405:
399:
392:
386:
379:
373:
366:
359:
352:
346:
339:
333:
331:
329:
327:
322:
310:
304:
300:
295:
294:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:Advice column
253:
252:
246:
242:
240:
236:
235:data analysis
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
184:
180:
172:
169:Recommending
168:
165:
162:
159:Recommending
158:
155:
154:
153:
144:
142:
138:
133:
131:
126:
124:
120:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
77:
76:a situation.
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:(also called
47:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
555:: pp. 11-20.
552:
539:
531:
526:
518:
506:
495:. Retrieved
491:the original
481:
473:
448:
444:
438:
430:
424:
416:
411:
403:
398:
390:
385:
377:
372:
364:
358:
350:
345:
337:
298:
243:
215:
211:
196:
176:
170:
160:
150:
140:
137:coachability
136:
134:
127:
115:
88:
49:
45:
44:
34:
30:
511:Adèr, H. J.
50:exhortation
566:Categories
545:H. J. Adèr
497:2012-03-15
317:References
260:Astrologer
207:researcher
119:laboratory
91:psychology
95:economics
68:, make a
551:(Eds.),
433:144-175.
380:159–174.
367:292–316.
353:181–195.
340:127-151.
249:See also
187:autonomy
183:accuracy
123:reviewed
70:decision
54:opinions
161:against
66:problem
547:&
476:11-23.
305:
109:, and
74:manage
62:values
46:Advice
37:), by
72:, or
303:ISBN
105:and
453:doi
241:).
171:how
141:not
568::
513:,
465:^
447:.
325:^
189:.
101:,
93:,
60:,
56:,
500:.
459:.
455::
449:1
311:.
41:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
