282:, fresh acetate film stored at a temperature of 21 °C (70 °F) and 40% relative humidity will last approximately 50 years before the onset of vinegar syndrome. Reducing the temperature by −9 °C (15 °F) while maintaining the same level of humidity brings a dramatic improvement: at a temperature of 13 °C (55 °F) and 40% relative humidity, the estimated time until onset of vinegar syndrome is 150 years. A combination of low temperature and low relative humidity represents the optimum storage condition for cellulose acetate base films, with the caveat that relative humidity should not be lowered below 20%, or the film will dry out too much and become brittle.
167:
302:. Once the film becomes too brittle or the shrinkage is excessive, it cannot be copied. Because the gelatin emulsion usually stays intact during the degradation process, it is possible to save the image on sheet film using solvents to dissolve the base off the emulsion. Once the emulsion has been freed from the shrunken support, it can be photographed or transferred to a new support. Because of the solvents used, this is a delicate and potentially hazardous procedure and is an expensive process for a large collection. Degraded motion picture film cannot be restored in this way, but sheet films often can.
206:
126:, from a process they devised in 1901 for the direct acetylation of cellulose at a low temperature to prevent its degradation, which permitted the degree of acetylation to be controlled, thereby avoiding total conversion to its triacetate. Cellit was a stable, non-brittle cellulose acetate polymer that could be dissolved in acetone for further processing. A cellulose diacetate film more readily dissolved in
175:
Benobor
Syndicate, who had worked on other patents for artificial silk and other fabrics. BOROID was a by-product of that work by Borzykowski, but was not patented. ("The process has not been patented and will not be; it is a secret formula known only to the inventor and two trustees in England. He has never sold the process itself, merely the right to manufacture and market…")
33:
286:
and medium-sized collections, to free-standing freezer units, which can be cost-effective for small collections, but necessitate vapor-proof packaging of the films to protect against relative humidity extremes and condensation. Commercial storage facilities may offer varying environmental conditions at different rates.
285:
Cold storage options for the preservation of acetate film range from insulated cold storage rooms, or vaults, with relative humidity control (typical settings in the range of 2–4 °C (35–40 °F) temperature, and 30–35% relative humidity), which might be used by archival institutions for large
310:
are not uncommon. Transferring is now done without film-damaging sprocket transport, hence, the original film stock suffers little, if any, damage. The
Godfather trilogy is one of the best and earliest examples of full resolution digital transfer and ultimate restoration. This seminal project was
190:
of 'Our Navy', in which he proposed to move his entire production to 'non-flam' BOROID film: 'BOROID' had most of its assets in
Germany, and the Great War of 1914-1919 put an immediate end to the business in the UK when BOROID film stock became unavailable. A Receiver was appointed by the debenture
174:
In 1910, a newly discovered, non-inflammable, film format 'BOROID' was presented to the
British cinematographic trade using acetate-based cellulose. It was developed, he claimed 'accidentally', by the prolific inventor Benno Borzykowski, a partner in Photochemie G.m.b.H. Berlin, and Director of the
289:
Microenvironments—the conditions inside an enclosure—can also affect the condition of cellulose acetate film. Enclosures that are breathable or that contain an acid absorbent are instrumental in reducing the rate of decay due to vinegar syndrome. Sealed metal containers can trap the decay products
241:
laboratories during the 1960s. Film degradation can only be delayed by storage in dry and cold conditions. It was initially thought that storage under recommended conditions might delay decay by 450 years, but some films are developing vinegar syndrome after just 70 years of cold dry storage. Arri
178:
Borzykowski published other UK patents including "Original printed patent application number 21,719 for a new or improved process for the production of a substitute for glass sheets or plates and other articles…" in 1910. The Boroid company commenced trading on 21 November 1910, being originally
236:
Company within a decade of its introduction in 1948. The first report came from the
Government of India, whose film materials were stored in hot, humid conditions. It was followed by further reports of degradation from collections stored in similar conditions. These observations resulted in
262:, cinema film, and microfilm. They provide a nondestructive method of determining the extent of vinegar syndrome in film collections." These tools can be used to determine the extent of damage to a film collection and which steps should be taken to prolong their usability.
258:, A-D, or "acid-detection" indicator strips change color from blue through shades of green to yellow with increasing exposure to acid. According to the test User's Guide, they were "created to aid in the preservation of collections of photographic film, including sheet and
305:
Digitization is now the best way to preserve the contents of cellulose acetate film. Current standards now allow for scanning at more than ample resolution to produce a copy of the same picture and sound quality as the original. Transfer processes at
321:. The 10K transfer resolution standard seems to accommodate most, or all 65–75 mm wide-screen variants. These film variants were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, (e.g., Spectra-vision, Vista-Vision, CinémaScope, etc.)
540:
Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Horie, C.V.; Jewitt, T.S. & Appleyard, J.H. (1998). "Degradation of
Historic Cellulose Triacetate Cinematograph Film: Influence of Various Film Parameters and Prediction of Archival Life".
1036:
Allen, N.S.; Appleyard, J.H.; Edge, E.; Francis, D.; Horie, C.V. & Jewitt, T.S. (1988). "The Nature of the
Degradation of Archival Cellulose-Ester Base Motion-Picture Film: The Case for Stabilization".
274:
tablets but it is not known what the long term effects on the film would be. While there has been significant research regarding various methods of slowing degradation, such as storage in
957:
Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Horie, C.V.; Jewitt, T.S. & Appleyard, J.H. (1988). "The
Degradation and Stabilization of the Historic Cellulose acetate/ Nitrate Base Motion-picture Film".
337:
can be used to understand the distribution, for example, of different types of iron in carbon steel samples, or the fine distribution of damage to a sample subject to mechanical wear.
928:
Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W.; Erbland, C.J. & Bigourdan, J.L. (July 1995). "Stability of
Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part V- Recent Findings".
899:
Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W. & Erbland, C.J. (May 1995). "Stability of
Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part III-Measurement of Film Degradation".
601:
Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W. & Erbland, C.J. (May 1992). "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part II-Practical Storage Considerations".
143:
77:
442:
Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W. & Erbland, C.J. (May 1992). "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part I-Laboratory Testing Procedures".
986:
Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Horie, C.V.; Jewitt, T.S. & Appleyard, J.H. (1998). "The Degradation Characteristics of Archival Cellulose Triacetate Base Cinematograph Film".
191:
holders on 12 May 1914 (The London Project). Borzykowski moved to America and was interviewed in an article in the Educational Film Magazine in the April 1919 edition.
1182:
217:
Beginning in the 1980s, there was a great deal of focus upon film stability following frequent reports of cellulose triacetate degradation. Cellulose acetate releases
698:
99:
supports until the introduction of cellulose triacetate in 1948, which met the rigorous safety and performance standards set by the cinematographic industry. The
646:
389:
1135:
Meyer, Mark-Paul; Read, Paul (2000). "Restoration and Preservation of Vinegar Syndrome Decayed Acetate Film". In Aubert, Michelle; Billeaud, Richard (eds.).
481:
498:
246:
specifically for recording video onto film for archival purposes based on the assumption that vinegar syndrome could be delayed for long periods of time.
1087:
Edge, M.; Allen, N.S.; Jewitt, T.S. & Horie, C.V. (1989). "Fundamental Aspects of the Degradation of Cellulose Triacetate Base Cinematograph Film".
429:
748:"Effectiveness of Storage Conditions in Controlling the Vinegar Syndrome: Preservation Strategies for Acetate Base Motion-Picture Film Collections"
103:
of cellulose acetate material, unrecognized at the time of its introduction, has since become a major problem for film archives and collections.
1007:
Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Jewitt, T.S. & Horie, C.V. (1990). "Initiation of the Degradation of Cellulose Triacetate Base Motion Picture Film".
860:
Higham, P.A.; Stott, F.H. & Bethune, B. (1978). "Mechanisms of Wear of the Metal Surface During Fretting Corrosion of Steel on Polymers".
130:
was developed by the American chemist George Miles in 1904. Miles's process (partially hydrolysing the polymer) was employed commercially for
1197:
747:
1137:
Archiver et communiquer l'image et le son :les enjeux du 3ème millenaire : actes du Symposium Technique Mixte—JTS Paris 2000
1066:
Allen, N.S.; Edge, M.; Jewitt, T.S. & Horie, C.V. (1990). "Stabilization of Cellulose Triacetate Base Motion Picture Film".
579:
IPI Storage Guide for Acetate Film: Instructions for Using the Wheel, Graphs, and Table: Basic Strategy for Film Preservation
179:
registered in London at 58 Coleman St., moving to 104 High Holborn in May 1911, and finally to 48 Rupert St. in June 1913.
675:
1144:
759:
399:
229:". This accelerates degradation within the film, and can also contribute to damage to surrounding films and metals.
1227:
652:
405:
270:
Currently there is no practical way of halting or reversing the course of degradation. Many film collectors use
1222:
728:
825:
Vander Voort, G.F. & Roósz, A. (February 1984). "Measurement of the Interlamellar Spacing of Pearlite".
333:. The techniques were developed for metallographic needs to examine the grain structure of polished metals.
17:
511:
334:
278:, temperature and moisture are the two key factors affecting the rate of deterioration. According to the
279:
255:
147:
81:
1154:
Ram, A.T.; Kopperl, D.F. & Sehlin, R.C. (1994). "The Effects and Prevention of Vinegar Syndrome".
1117:
329:
Cellulose acetate film is also used to make replicates of materials and biological samples for
52:
482:"Historical films may be decaying much faster than we thought thanks to 'vinegar syndrome'"
151:
100:
85:
55:. It was introduced in the early 20th century by film manufacturers and intended as a safe
1202:
765:
577:
119:
8:
166:
115:
69:
298:
During early stages of decay, the film content can be rescued by transferring it to new
1217:
807:
317:, often available for home viewing, will deliver quality equal to an original analogue
1100:
873:
1163:
1140:
1123:
1104:
1075:
1054:
1024:
995:
974:
945:
916:
877:
842:
838:
811:
799:
755:
690:
618:
583:
558:
459:
395:
370:
366:
311:
completed several years ago, and the process has significantly improved since then.
205:
131:
96:
73:
63:
1122:. Louisville, KY: Ekstrom Library Photographic Archives, University of Louisville.
1096:
1050:
1046:
1020:
1016:
970:
966:
937:
908:
869:
834:
791:
610:
554:
550:
451:
362:
318:
226:
200:
187:
651:. San Francisco: National Film Preservation Foundation. p. 62. Archived from
353:
Ram, A. Tulsi (1990). "Archival Preservation of Photographic Film-A Perspective".
158:
bases. These less flammable substitutes for nitrate film were called safety film.
782:
Reilly, James M (November 2007). "Basic Strategy for Acetate Film Preservation".
275:
307:
32:
1211:
1187:
1167:
1108:
1079:
1058:
1028:
999:
978:
949:
920:
881:
846:
803:
694:
622:
562:
463:
374:
314:
243:
186:: A number of testimonials were provided, including a very detailed one from
135:
1127:
648:
The Film Preservation Guide: The Basics for Archives, Libraries, and Museums
587:
391:
The Film Preservation Guide: The Basics for Archives, Libraries, and Museums
232:
The first instance of cellulose triacetate degradation was reported to the
104:
795:
225:, which is responsible for its acidic smell. The problem became known as "
142:
Frères. Starting with cellulose diacetate, this innovation continued with
1192:
218:
48:
752:
Archiver et communiquer l'image et le son: les enjeux du 3ème millenaire
107:
is now the best way to preserve the contents of cellulose acetate film.
1188:
Care, Handling, and Storage of Motion Picture Film, Library of Congress
330:
299:
210:
644:
387:
259:
155:
89:
60:
56:
754:. Joint Technical Symposium Paris 2000. Paris: CNC. pp. 14–34.
732:
941:
912:
614:
455:
394:. San Francisco: National Film Preservation Foundation. p. 9.
1183:
Article on the long term archival of triacetate photographic films
139:
271:
222:
184:(Westminster Gazette of Monday 16 January 1911 (P12 col. 1 and 2)
127:
290:
released by the film, promoting the spread of vinegar syndrome.
927:
898:
600:
499:
Laser recording system colour microfilm creating digital copies
441:
238:
233:
194:
1203:
Vinegar Syndrome: An Action Plan, Image Permanence Institute
527:
User's Guide for A-D Strips: Film Base Deterioration Monitor
524:
1035:
182:
Boroid Ltd. issued its detailed share prospectus in the
88:
in the late 1940s. Acetate films were later replaced by
676:"Cold Storage Options: Costs and Implementation Issues"
582:. Rochester: Image Permanence Institute. pp. 5–6.
750:. In Aubert, Michelle & Billeaud, Richard (eds.).
1086:
1065:
1006:
985:
956:
539:
122:
and Theodore Becker, who patented it under the name
746:Bigourdan, Jean-Louis & Reilly, J. (May 2000).
432:(p. 22-25. p. 136 in the linked PDF file)
430:
Educational Film Magazine in the April 1919 edition
859:
824:
1209:
1153:
745:
645:National Film Preservation Foundation (2004).
388:National Film Preservation Foundation (2004).
118:film was first created by the German chemists
1156:The Journal of Imaging Science and Technology
150:in the 1930s, and finally in the late 1940s,
95:The motion picture industry continued to use
529:. Rochester, NY: Image Permanence Institute.
265:
249:
1134:
72:film was first employed commercially for
1119:The Acetate Negative Survey Final Report
425:
423:
293:
204:
165:
31:
27:Base material for photographic emulsions
1115:
731:. Bonded Services Group. Archived from
475:
473:
14:
1210:
781:
673:
575:
479:
420:
470:
59:replacement for unstable and highly
1068:The Journal of Photographic Science
1039:The Journal of Photographic Science
1009:The Journal of Photographic Science
988:The Journal of Photographic Science
959:The Journal of Photographic Science
704:from the original on 28 April 2021.
683:Topics in Photographic Preservation
543:The Journal of Photographic Science
525:Image Permanence Institute (2001).
352:
254:A testing product developed by the
24:
891:
84:were introduced in the 1930s, and
25:
1239:
1198:UCLA Film and Television Archives
1176:
1089:Polymer Degradation and Stability
355:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1193:National Film Preservation Board
195:Decay and the "vinegar syndrome"
170:BOROID advertisement 'The Stage'
853:
818:
775:
739:
721:
708:
667:
638:
629:
594:
569:
1139:. Paris: CNC. pp. 54–65.
1051:10.1080/00223638.1988.11736956
1021:10.1080/00223638.1989.11737073
971:10.1080/00223638.1988.11736978
555:10.1080/00223638.1988.11736999
533:
518:
504:
492:
435:
381:
346:
13:
1:
1101:10.1016/S0141-3910(89)81016-X
874:10.1016/S0010-938X(78)80071-7
480:Ahmad, Ida R. (19 May 2020).
340:
324:
930:SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal
901:SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal
839:10.1016/0026-0800(84)90002-8
784:Microform and Imaging Review
603:SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal
444:SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal
367:10.1016/0141-3910(90)90019-4
144:cellulose acetate propionate
78:Cellulose acetate propionate
7:
716:The Film Preservation Guide
36:Ilford HP5 Plus Safety Film
10:
1244:
1116:Horvath, David G. (1987).
280:Image Permanence Institute
256:Image Permanence Institute
237:continuing studies in the
213:caused by vinegar syndrome
198:
154:was introduced, and later
148:cellulose acetate butyrate
110:
82:cellulose acetate butyrate
674:Wagner, Sarah S. (2007).
576:Reilly, James M. (1993).
209:Shrinking and warpage of
161:
729:"Film and Media Storage"
266:Preservation and storage
221:, the key ingredient in
1228:Photographic film types
714:Wagner (2007), p. 226;
250:Testing for degradation
51:as a base material for
308:10K (pixel) resolution
214:
188:Alfred J West F.R.G.S.
171:
53:photographic emulsions
41:Cellulose acetate film
37:
1223:Photography equipment
796:10.1515/MFIR.2002.117
771:on 16 September 2019.
735:on 14 September 2010.
315:4K digital resolution
294:Rescuing damaged film
208:
169:
35:
635:Reilly (1993), p. 4.
152:cellulose triacetate
101:chemical instability
86:cellulose triacetate
512:"Filmmaker Stories"
116:Cellulose diacetate
70:Cellulose diacetate
215:
172:
38:
862:Corrosion Science
718:(2007), p. 63–64.
132:photographic film
120:Arthur Eichengrün
97:cellulose nitrate
74:photographic film
16:(Redirected from
1235:
1171:
1150:
1131:
1112:
1095:(2–4): 345–362.
1083:
1062:
1032:
1003:
982:
953:
924:
886:
885:
857:
851:
850:
822:
816:
815:
779:
773:
772:
770:
764:. Archived from
743:
737:
736:
725:
719:
712:
706:
705:
703:
680:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
655:on 14 April 2019
642:
636:
633:
627:
626:
598:
592:
591:
573:
567:
566:
537:
531:
530:
522:
516:
515:
508:
502:
496:
490:
489:
486:The Conversation
477:
468:
467:
439:
433:
427:
418:
417:
415:
413:
408:on 14 April 2019
404:. Archived from
385:
379:
378:
350:
276:molecular sieves
242:and others sold
227:vinegar syndrome
201:Vinegar syndrome
21:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1208:
1207:
1179:
1174:
1147:
894:
892:Further reading
889:
858:
854:
823:
819:
780:
776:
768:
762:
744:
740:
727:
726:
722:
713:
709:
701:
678:
672:
668:
658:
656:
643:
639:
634:
630:
599:
595:
574:
570:
538:
534:
523:
519:
510:
509:
505:
497:
493:
478:
471:
440:
436:
428:
421:
411:
409:
402:
386:
382:
351:
347:
343:
327:
319:35 mm film
296:
268:
252:
211:16 mm film
203:
197:
164:
113:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1241:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1177:External links
1175:
1173:
1172:
1162:(3): 249–261.
1151:
1145:
1132:
1113:
1084:
1063:
1033:
1004:
994:(6): 199–203.
983:
965:(3): 103–106.
954:
942:10.5594/J17707
936:(7): 439–447.
925:
913:10.5594/J15292
907:(5): 281–291.
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:
852:
817:
774:
760:
738:
720:
707:
666:
637:
628:
615:10.5594/J02285
593:
568:
532:
517:
503:
491:
469:
456:10.5594/J02284
434:
419:
400:
380:
344:
342:
339:
326:
323:
295:
292:
267:
264:
251:
248:
244:film recorders
199:Main article:
196:
193:
163:
160:
112:
109:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1240:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1146:9782910202033
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
896:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:Metallography
821:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
767:
763:
761:9782910202033
757:
753:
749:
742:
734:
730:
724:
717:
711:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
670:
654:
650:
649:
641:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
589:
585:
581:
580:
572:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
528:
521:
513:
507:
500:
495:
487:
483:
476:
474:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
431:
426:
424:
407:
403:
401:9780974709901
397:
393:
392:
384:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
349:
345:
338:
336:
332:
322:
320:
316:
312:
309:
303:
301:
291:
287:
283:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
247:
245:
240:
235:
234:Eastman Kodak
230:
228:
224:
220:
212:
207:
202:
192:
189:
185:
180:
176:
168:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:Eastman Kodak
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
108:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:, is used in
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
1159:
1155:
1136:
1118:
1092:
1088:
1074:(1): 26–29.
1071:
1067:
1045:(2): 34–39.
1042:
1038:
1015:(2): 54–59.
1012:
1008:
991:
987:
962:
958:
933:
929:
904:
900:
865:
861:
855:
830:
826:
820:
787:
783:
777:
766:the original
751:
741:
733:the original
723:
715:
710:
686:
682:
669:
657:. Retrieved
653:the original
647:
640:
631:
606:
602:
596:
578:
571:
546:
542:
535:
526:
520:
506:
494:
485:
447:
443:
437:
410:. Retrieved
406:the original
390:
383:
358:
354:
348:
328:
313:
304:
297:
288:
284:
269:
253:
231:
216:
183:
181:
177:
173:
123:
114:
105:Digitization
94:
68:
64:nitrate film
44:
40:
39:
29:
18:Acetate film
868:(1): 3–13.
833:(1): 1–17.
689:: 224–238.
501:tate.org.uk
335:Replication
219:acetic acid
134:in 1909 by
49:photography
45:safety film
1212:Categories
790:(4): 118.
609:(5): 353.
549:(6): 194.
450:(5): 336.
341:References
331:microscopy
325:Other uses
300:film stock
260:roll films
1218:Cellulose
1168:1062-3701
1109:0141-3910
1080:0022-3638
1059:0022-3638
1029:0022-3638
1000:0022-3638
979:0022-3638
950:1545-0279
921:1545-0279
882:0010-938X
847:0026-0800
812:161088393
804:0949-5770
695:1048-4388
659:5 January
623:1545-0279
563:0022-3638
464:1545-0279
412:5 January
375:0141-3910
156:polyester
90:polyester
76:in 1909.
61:flammable
57:film base
1128:16441840
699:Archived
588:28283222
361:(1): 4.
138:and the
272:camphor
223:vinegar
128:acetone
111:History
92:bases.
1166:
1143:
1126:
1107:
1078:
1057:
1027:
998:
977:
948:
919:
880:
845:
810:
802:
758:
693:
621:
586:
561:
462:
398:
373:
162:Boroid
124:Cellit
808:S2CID
769:(PDF)
702:(PDF)
679:(PDF)
239:Kodak
140:Pathé
43:, or
1164:ISSN
1141:ISBN
1124:OCLC
1105:ISSN
1076:ISSN
1055:ISSN
1025:ISSN
996:ISSN
975:ISSN
946:ISSN
917:ISSN
878:ISSN
843:ISSN
800:ISSN
756:ISBN
691:ISSN
661:2013
619:ISSN
584:OCLC
559:ISSN
460:ISSN
414:2013
396:ISBN
371:ISSN
146:and
80:and
1097:doi
1047:doi
1017:doi
967:doi
938:doi
934:104
909:doi
905:104
870:doi
835:doi
792:doi
611:doi
607:101
551:doi
452:doi
448:101
363:doi
1214::
1160:38
1158:.
1103:.
1093:25
1091:.
1072:30
1070:.
1053:.
1043:36
1041:.
1023:.
1013:38
1011:.
992:36
990:.
973:.
963:36
961:.
944:.
932:.
915:.
903:.
876:.
866:18
864:.
841:.
831:17
829:.
806:.
798:.
788:31
786:.
697:.
687:12
685:.
681:.
617:.
605:.
557:.
547:36
545:.
484:.
472:^
458:.
446:.
422:^
369:.
359:29
357:.
66:.
1170:.
1149:.
1130:.
1111:.
1099::
1082:.
1061:.
1049::
1031:.
1019::
1002:.
981:.
969::
952:.
940::
923:.
911::
884:.
872::
849:.
837::
814:.
794::
663:.
625:.
613::
590:.
565:.
553::
514:.
488:.
466:.
454::
416:.
377:.
365::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)