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pressure (source terms) and those that limit flow (permeability and drainage path length). Sediment permeability and incoming sediment thickness are the most important factors, whereas fault permeability and the partitioning of sediment have a small effect. In one such study, it was found that as sediment permeability is increased, pore pressure decreases from near-lithostatic to hydrostatic values and allows stable taper angles to increase from ~2.5° to 8°–12.5°. With increased sediment thickness (from 100–8,000 m (330–26,250 ft)), increased pore pressure drives a decrease in stable taper angle from 8.4°–12.5° to <2.5–5°. In general, low-permeability and thick incoming sediment sustain high pore pressures consistent with shallowly tapered geometry, whereas high-permeability and thin incoming sediment should result in steep geometry. Active margins characterized by a significant proportion of fine-grained sediment within the incoming section, such as northern
378:
overpressured fluid. Dilatant fracturing will create escape routes, so the fluid pressure is likely to be buffered at the value required for the transition between shear and oblique tensile (dilatant) fracture, which is slightly in excess of the load pressure if the maximum compression is nearly horizontal. This in turn buffers the strength of the wedge at the cohesive strength, which is not pressure-dependent, and will not vary greatly throughout the wedge. Near the wedge front the strength is likely to be that of the cohesion on existing thrust faults in the wedge. The shear resistance on the base of the wedge will also be fairly constant and related to the cohesive strength of the weak sediment layer that acts as the basal detachment. These assumptions allow the application of a simple plastic continuum model, which successfully predicts the observed gently convex taper of accretionary wedges.
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margin of North
America. This process formed a stacking sequence in which the structurally highest rocks (on the east) are the oldest, and in which each major thrust wedge to the west becomes younger. Within each of the terrane blocks, however, the rocks become younger upsection, but the sequence may be repeated multiple times by thrust faults.
393:
basement, where imaged, appears to diverge from the sedimentary package, dipping under the wedge while the overlying sediments are often lifted up against it. Backthrusting may be favored where relief is high between the crest of the wedge and the surface of the forearc basin because the relief must be supported by
392:
of accretionary wedges dip back toward the arc, and that accreted material is emplaced below such backstops, is contradicted by observations from many active forearcs that indicate (1) backthrusting is common, (2) forearc basins are nearly ubiquitous associates of accretionary wedges, and (3) forearc
562:
in Italy are largely an accretionary wedge formed as a consequence of subduction. This region is tectonically and geologically complex, involving both subduction of the Adria micro-plate beneath the
Apennines from east to west, continental collision between the Eurasia and Africa plates building the
554:
range in age from about 200 million to 80 million years old. The
Franciscan Complex is composed of a complex amalgamation of semi-coherent blocks, called tectonostratigraphic terranes, that were episodically scraped from the subducting oceanic plate, thrust eastward, and shingled against the western
338:
of the South China Sea slope. The existence of the South China Sea slope also leads the strike of impinging folds with NNW-trend to turn more sharply to a NE-strike, parallel to strike of the South China Sea slope. Analysis shows that the pre-orogenic mechanical/crustal heterogeneities and seafloor
333:
margin, suggesting that pre-orogenic sediment thickness is the major control on the geometry of frontal structures. The preexisting South China Sea slope that lies obliquely in front of the advancing accretionary wedge has impeded the advancing of frontal folds resulting in a successive termination
500:
is dominated by two major lithologic units, the Valdez Group (Late
Cretaceous) and the Orca Group (Paleocene and Eocene). The Valdez Group is part of a 2,200-km-long by 100-km-wide belt of Mesozoic accretionary complex rocks called the Chugach terrane. This terrane extends along the Alaska coastal
473:
and trench rollback of the Ionian basin under
Eurasia, causing the opening of the Liguro-Provençal and Tyrrhenian back-arc basins and the formation of the Calabrian accretionary wedge. The Calabrian accretionary wedge is a partially submerged accretionary complex located in the Ionian offshore and
353:
as critically tapered wedges of sediment demonstrate that pore pressure controls their taper angle by modifying basal and internal shear strength. Results from some studies show that pore pressure in accretionary wedges can be viewed as a dynamically maintained response to factors which drive pore
177:, are transported toward the subduction zone and accreted to the continental margin. Since the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous periods, some 360 million years ago, subduction beneath the western margin of North America has resulted in several collisions with terranes, each producing a
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Rapid tectonic loading of wet sediment in accretionary wedges is likely to cause the fluid pressure to rise until it is sufficient to cause dilatant fracturing. Dewatering of sediment that has been underthrust and accreted beneath the wedge can produce a large steady supply of such highly
962:, and Campbell R.B., 1979, The Border Ranges fault in the Saint Elias Mountains in Johnson, K.M., and Williams, J.L., eds., Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 804-B, p. 102–104.
251:
The topographic expression of the accretionary wedge forms a lip, which may dam basins of accumulated materials that, otherwise, would be transported into the trench from the overriding plate. Accretionary wedges are the home of
318:, are preserved on land. They provide a valuable natural laboratory for studying the composition and character of the oceanic crust and the mechanisms of their emplacement and preservation on land. A classic example is the
1032:
Nemcok, M., Coward, M. P., Sercombe, W. J. and
Klecker, R. A., 1999: Structure of the West Carpathian Accretionary Wedge: Insights from Cross Section Construction and Sandbox Validation. Phys. Chem. Earth (A), 24, 8, pp.
374:, have steep taper angles. Observations from active margins also indicate a strong trend of decreasing taper angle (from >15° to <4°) with increased sediment thickness (from <1 to 7 km).
950:
Jones, D.L., Siberling, N.J., Coney, P.J., and Monger, J.W.H., 1987, Lithotectonic terrane map of Alaska (west of the 141st meridian): U.S. Geological Survey
Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF 1847-A.
840:
Tsang, Man-Yin; Bowden, Stephen A.; Wang, Zhibin; Mohammed, Abdalla; Tonai, Satoshi; Muirhead, David; Yang, Kiho; Yamamoto, Yuzuru; Kamiya, Nana; Okutsu, Natsumi; Hirose, Takehiro (February 1, 2020).
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Saffer, D. M., and B. A. Bekins (2006), An evaluation of factors influencing pore pressure in accretionary complexes: Implications for taper angle and wedge mechanics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B04101,
535:, Alaska – Subduction accretion and repeated terrane collision shaped the Alaskan convergent margin. The Yakutat Terrane is currently colliding with the continental margin below the central
117:
are not equivalent to tectonic plates, but rather are associated with tectonic plates and accrete as a result of tectonic collision. Materials incorporated in accretionary wedges include:
941:
Schrader, F.C., 1900, A reconnaissance of a part of Prince
William Sound and the Copper River District, Alaska, in 1898: U.S. Geological 20th Anniversary Report, pt. 7, p. 341–423.
971:
Fruehn, J., R. von Huene, and M. Fisher (1999), Accretion in the wake of terrane collision: The
Neogene accretionary wedge off Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Tectonics, 18(2), 263–277.
326:
Period, roughly 170 million years ago, in an extensional regime within either a back-arc or a forearc basin. It was later accreted to the continental margin of
Laurasia.
388:
Backthrusting of the rear of the accretionary wedge, arcward over the rocks of the forearc basin, is a common aspect of accretionary tectonics. An older assumption that
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Material exposed in the forearc ridge may include fragments of oceanic crust or high pressure metamorphic rocks thrust from deeper in the subduction zone.
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Pelayo, A., and D. Wiens (1992), Tsunami Earthquakes: Slow Thrust-Faulting Events in the Accretionary Wedge, J. Geophys. Res., 97(B11), 15321–15337.
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event. The piecemeal addition of these accreted terranes has added an average of 600 km (370 mi) in width along the western margin of the
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543:. This wedge incorporates sediment eroded from the continental margin and marine sediments carried into the subduction zone on the Pacific plate.
441:. In recent years, this is the site of attention for studying the temperature of subseafloor life and underground hot fluids in subducting zones.
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Longitudinal sedimentary tapering of pre-orogenic sediments correlates strongly with curvature of the submarine frontal accretionary belt in the
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A Seismic Sequence from Northern Apennines (Italy) Provides New Insight on the Role of Fluids in the Active Tectonics of Accretionary Wedges.
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of California, which is one of the most extensive ophiolite terranes in North America. This oceanic crust likely formed during the middle
721:"Tectonic Features Associated with the Overriding of an Accretionary Wedge on top of a Rifted Continental Margin: An Example from Taiwan"
842:"Hot fluids, burial metamorphism and thermal histories in the underthrust sediments at IODP 370 site C0023, Nankai Accretionary Complex"
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In accretionary wedges, seismicity activating superimposed thrusts may drive methane and oil upraising from the upper crust.
513:. The Orca Group is part of an accretionary complex of Paleogene age called the Prince William terrane that extends across
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539:. During the Neogene the terrane's western part was subducted after which a sediment wedge accreted along the northeast
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238:
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Platt, J. (1990), Thrust Mechanics in Highly Overpressured Accretionary Wedges, J. Geophys. Res., 95(B6), 9025–9034.
74:
is a current (in modern use) or former accretionary wedge. Accretionary complexes are typically made up of a mix of
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220:
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have resulted from rupture through the sedimentary rock along the basal decollement of an accretionary wedge.
271:
are formed with the youngest most outboard structures progressively uplifting the older more inboard thrusts.
362:, exhibit thin taper angles, whereas those characterized by a higher proportion of sandy turbidites, such as
55:. Most of the material in the accretionary wedge consists of marine sediments scraped off from the downgoing
1105:
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Minelli, L. and C. Faccenna (2010), Evolution of the Calabrian accretionary wedge (central Mediterranean),
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282:. This failure will result in a mature wedge that has an equilibrium triangular cross-sectional shape of a
805:
Silver, E., and D. Reed (1988), Backthrusting in Accretionary Wedges, J. Geophys. Res., 93(B4), 3116–3126.
720:
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256:, intensely deformed packages of rocks that lack coherent internal layering and coherent internal order.
286:. Once the wedge reaches a critical taper, it will maintain that geometry and grow only into a larger
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The internal structure of an accretionary wedge is similar to that found in a thin-skinned foreland
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821:. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program. International Ocean Discovery Program.
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Piggy-back basins, which are small basins located in surface depression on the accretionary prism.
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Alpine mountain belt further to the north and the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin to the west.
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located in Washington State. The mountains began to form about 35 million years ago when the
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The small sections of oceanic crust that are thrust over the overriding plate are said to be
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The sediments accreted onto the non-subducting tectonic plate at a convergent plate boundary
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Pelagic sediments – typically immediately overlying oceanic crust of the subducting plate
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morphology exert strong controls on the thrust-belt development in the incipient Taiwan
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The shape of the wedge is determined by how readily the wedge will fail along its basal
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Lin, Andrew T.; Liu, Char-Shine; Lin, Che-Chuan; et al. (December 5, 2008).
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Material transported into the trench by gravity sliding and debris flow from the
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640:"Introduction to the Landforms and Geology of Japan: Japan in a subduction zone"
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414:- part of the active collision zone between the African and Eurasian plates
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Ocean-floor basalts – typically seamounts scraped off the subducting plate
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Davis, George H. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions. (1996). pp583.
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thin-skinned zone of Carpathian thrustbelt, which is thrust over the
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Calderoni, Giovanna et al. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
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Calabrian Accretionary Wedge in the Central Mediterranean – The
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605:. Represents a continuation of Alpine Rhenodanubian Flysch of
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314:. Where this occurs, rare slices of ocean crust, known as
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Adjacent continental masses located along strike (such as
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laterally bounded by the Apulia and Malta escarpments.
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Volume 281, Issues 1-2, April 30, 2009, pages 99–109.
485:collided with and was forced (subducted) under the
818:Temperature Limit of the Deep Biosphere off Muroto
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278:and in its interior; this is highly sensitive to
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137:Continental volcanic arc and cordilleran orogen
25:Diagram of the geological process of subduction
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501:margin from Baranof Island in southeastern
381:Pelayo and Weins have postulated that some
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696:van Andel, Tjeerd H. (December 2, 2015).
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239:Learn how and when to remove this message
815:Heuer; et al. (November 23, 2017).
550:of California – Franciscan rocks in the
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173:(such as Madagascar or Japan), known as
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1047:Visual Glossary - Accretionary Wedge. (
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1010:. US Geological Survey. Archived from
983:"Geology of the Golden Gate Headlands"
109:Materials within an accretionary wedge
105:is made up of accretionary complexes.
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221:adding citations to reliable sources
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1321:List of tectonic plate interactions
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14:
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113:Accretionary wedges and accreted
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67:formed on the overriding plate.
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1008:"Magnitude 6.3 - CENTRAL ITALY"
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208:needs additional citations for
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668:. Britannica. January 22, 2014
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165:such as linear island chains,
1:
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521:area, underlying much of the
349:Mechanical models that treat
127:Trench sediments – typically
846:Marine and Petroleum Geology
745:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.002
620:Subduction zone metamorphism
161:Elevated regions within the
134:Oceanic, volcanic island arc
7:
827:10.14379/iodp.proc.370.2017
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431:Nankai accretionary complex
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334:of folds against and along
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97:. For example, most of the
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437:is subducting beneath the
263:belt. A series of thrusts
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1406:Thick-skinned deformation
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465:tectonics of the central
131:that may be derived from:
78:of terrestrial material,
53:convergent plate boundary
1411:Thin-skinned deformation
1187:Stereographic projection
1177:Orthographic projection
1160:Measurement conventions
1106:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
988:. National Park Service
531:accretionary wedge off
498:Chugach National Forest
454:between 38°S and 43°S (
406:Currently active wedges
603:East European Platform
567:Carpathian Flysch Belt
446:Exhumed ancient wedges
424:is subducting beneath
397:along the backthrust.
351:accretionary complexes
307:
26:
1688:Paleostress inversion
1381:Strike-slip tectonics
1251:Extensional tectonics
1231:Continental collision
1101:Deformation mechanism
646:on September 16, 2016
517:westward through the
496:– The geology of the
320:Coast Range ophiolite
301:
24:
1266:Fold and thrust belt
908:10.1029/2009TC002562
776:10.1029/2005JB003990
548:Franciscan Formation
515:Prince William Sound
492:Kodiak Shelf in the
487:North American Plate
435:Philippine Sea Plate
422:South American Plate
302:Accretionary wedge (
217:improve this article
151:ridge (olistostrome)
72:accretionary complex
1698:Section restoration
1574:Rock microstructure
1236:Convergent boundary
1136:Strain partitioning
1121:Overburden pressure
1111:Mohr–Coulomb theory
921:"Olympic Mountains"
858:2020MarPG.11204080T
737:2008MGeol.255..186L
511:southwestern Alaska
469:are related to the
452:Chilean Coast Range
412:Mediterranean Ridge
280:pore fluid pressure
99:geological basement
1675:Kinematic analysis
1331:Mountain formation
1246:Divergent boundary
1211:Accretionary wedge
1087:Structural geology
981:Elder, William P.
483:Juan de Fuca Plate
308:
35:accretionary prism
31:accretionary wedge
27:
1752:
1751:
1683:3D fold evolution
1569:Pressure solution
1564:Oblique foliation
1444:Exfoliation joint
1434:Columnar jointing
1094:Underlying theory
1014:on April 14, 2010
698:"Plate Tectonics"
666:"Deep-sea Trench"
523:continental shelf
479:Olympic Mountains
249:
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179:mountain-building
171:crustal fragments
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1487:Detachment fault
1482:Cataclastic rock
1416:Thrust tectonics
1386:Structural basin
1361:Pull-apart basin
1301:Horst and graben
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288:similar triangle
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952:
943:
934:
912:
902:, 29, TC4004,
891:
832:
807:
798:
789:
780:
763:
750:
725:Marine Geology
711:
688:
679:
657:
630:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
615:
612:
611:
610:
564:
556:
544:
537:Gulf of Alaska
526:
494:Gulf of Alaska
490:
475:
459:
447:
444:
443:
442:
428:
418:Barbados Ridge
415:
407:
404:
402:
399:
383:tsunami events
295:
292:
284:critical taper
247:
246:
205:
203:
196:
190:
187:
183:North American
159:
158:
155:
152:
145:
138:
135:
132:
125:
122:
110:
107:
49:tectonic plate
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1777:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Transfer zone
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Mohr's circle
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1003:
984:
977:
968:
961:
956:
947:
938:
922:
916:
909:
905:
901:
895:
887:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
828:
824:
820:
819:
811:
802:
793:
784:
777:
773:
767:
760:
754:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
699:
692:
683:
667:
661:
645:
641:
635:
631:
621:
618:
617:
608:
607:Penninic Unit
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:
524:
520:
519:Kodiak Island
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Mediterranean
464:
460:
457:
453:
450:
449:
440:
436:
432:
429:
427:
423:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
398:
396:
391:
386:
384:
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
347:
344:
342:
341:arc-continent
337:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
300:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
243:
240:
232:
222:
218:
212:
211:
206:This section
204:
200:
195:
194:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
119:
118:
116:
106:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
61:oceanic crust
58:
54:
50:
47:
44:onto the non-
43:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
1512:Thrust fault
1210:
1201:Large-scale
1172:Inclinometer
1146:Stress field
1048:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:the original
1002:
990:. Retrieved
976:
967:
955:
946:
937:
925:. Retrieved
923:. Britannica
915:
899:
894:
849:
845:
835:
817:
810:
801:
792:
783:
766:
758:
753:
728:
724:
714:
702:. Retrieved
700:. Britannica
691:
682:
670:. Retrieved
660:
648:. Retrieved
644:the original
634:
525:to the west
507:Sanak Island
395:shear stress
387:
380:
376:
358:and eastern
348:
345:
328:
309:
294:Significance
273:
267:towards the
258:
250:
235:
226:
215:Please help
210:verification
207:
169:, and small
167:ocean ridges
163:ocean basins
160:
112:
71:
69:
34:
30:
28:
18:
1693:Paleostress
1579:Slickenside
1554:Crenulation
1507:Fault trace
1502:Fault scarp
1492:Disturbance
1477:Cataclasite
1366:Rift valley
1286:Half-graben
1256:Fault block
1241:DĂ©collement
1018:January 14,
992:January 14,
927:January 14,
704:January 14,
672:January 14,
276:decollement
229:August 2021
185:continent.
92:hemipelagic
84:ocean floor
65:island arcs
37:forms from
1765:Subduction
1721:Pure shear
1708:Shear zone
1665:Competence
1549:Compaction
1426:Fracturing
1221:Autochthon
1216:Allochthon
877:2164/13157
852:: 104080.
650:August 12,
626:References
591:Cretaceous
589:represent
471:subduction
439:Amur Plate
316:ophiolites
129:turbidites
76:turbidites
46:subducting
1657:Boudinage
1637:Monocline
1632:Homocline
1612:Anticline
1594:Tectonite
1584:Stylolite
1559:Fissility
1536:lineation
1532:Foliation
1396:Syneclise
1341:Obduction
1311:Inversion
1203:tectonics
900:Tectonics
886:0264-8172
560:Apennines
390:backstops
95:sediments
82:from the
39:sediments
1759:Category
1744:Category
1716:Mylonite
1647:Vergence
1642:Syncline
1544:Cleavage
1469:Faulting
614:See also
575:Slovakia
552:Bay Area
401:Examples
364:Cascadia
356:Antilles
324:Jurassic
312:obducted
189:Geometry
175:terranes
142:Barbados
115:terranes
42:accreted
1617:Chevron
1604:Folding
1449:Fissure
1401:Terrane
1346:Orogeny
1326:MĂ©lange
1261:Fenster
1151:Tension
1033:659-665
854:Bibcode
733:Bibcode
595:Neogene
587:Romania
583:Ukraine
571:Bohemia
529:Neogene
463:Neogene
265:verging
254:mélange
149:forearc
88:pelagic
80:basalts
1391:Suture
1376:Saddle
1316:Klippe
1281:Graben
1141:Stress
1131:Strain
884:
579:Poland
503:Alaska
433:- the
420:- the
372:Mexico
370:, and
360:Nankai
336:strike
269:trench
261:thrust
86:, and
1726:Shear
1454:Joint
1336:Nappe
1296:Horst
1291:Horse
986:(PDF)
368:Chile
103:Japan
51:at a
1627:Dome
1534:and
1459:Vein
1439:Dike
1371:Rift
1182:Rake
1020:2016
994:2016
929:2016
882:ISSN
706:2016
674:2016
652:2016
601:and
585:and
558:The
546:The
477:The
304:USGS
90:and
57:slab
904:doi
872:hdl
862:doi
850:112
823:doi
772:doi
741:doi
729:255
593:to
569:in
509:in
505:to
219:by
101:of
70:An
59:of
33:or
29:An
1761::
880:.
870:.
860:.
848:.
844:.
739:.
727:.
723:.
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577:,
573:,
458:).
366:,
290:.
144:).
1079:e
1072:t
1065:v
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1022:.
996:.
931:.
910:.
906::
888:.
874::
864::
856::
829:.
825::
778:.
774::
747:.
743::
735::
708:.
676:.
654:.
609:.
489:.
242:)
236:(
231:)
227:(
213:.
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