506:) camped to hunt in the winter and fish in the summer. He said that he once wanted to find out how far the land extended to the north, or if anyone lived north of the waste. He sailed north along the coast for three days, as far north as whale-hunters would go, and continued to travel north as far as he could sail in three days. Then the land there turned east (near North Cape), and he had to wait for a west wind and slightly north and then sailed east along the land for four days. Then he had to wait there for a wind from due north, for the land there turned to the south. He then sailed south along the land for another five days. There a large river stretched up into the land, and they turned up into that river because they dared not sail on beyond the river because of "unfrið" (usually translated as "hostility"), since the land was all settled on the other side of the river. He had not previously encountered any cultivated land since he travelled from his own home, but there was waste land all the way on his starboard side, except for fishermen and fowlers and hunters, and they were all
252:, has led to this view being refuted on lexical and syntactic grounds. Janet Bately believes that the Old English version of Orosius was created between 889 and 899, probably in the early 890s, but there is no way of knowing whether Ohthere's account was previously in existence and incorporated from the outset, or if it was written down later and incorporated into a subsequent copy. The events that Ohthere described may have taken place at any time from the 870s to the late 890s, and Ohthere's account is given in the form of a third-person report of what he said to King Alfred, rather than as reported speech, as exemplified by the opening sentence: "Ohthere sæde his hlaforde Ælfrede kynincge þæt he ealra Norðmanna norðmest bude." ("Ohthere told his lord Alfred king that he lived northmost of all Norwegians.") Dorothy Whitelock wrote that "Ohthere's account reads like a set of replies to questions put to him."
342:. He is reported as saying that his own land was best for whale-hunting, with walrus up to 7 ells long and whales mostly 50 ells long, and that with five men he had killed sixty of them in two days. While the killing of this number of whales in two days seems unlikely, historian Kjell-Olav Masdalen suggests that, rather than whales, Ohthere intended the number killed to refer to walrus; Janet Bately suggests that it might best be seen as an indication of how many whales could be caught in good conditions. Ropes of whale skin were of sufficient value to be included in the tax paid to Ohthere by the Sami, and Ohthere said that walrus had "very noble bones in their teeth", some of which he brought to King Alfred.
677:
665:-sentence is not about Ohthere's own travelling experience nor does it refer to normal sailing speeds in his period, as was often assumed by critics, but answers a question of King Alfred's court (see D. Whitelock above) about distances, "how long is the North Way?", or "how long is it from your home to the south?". Korhammer claims that Ohthere here uses the worst-case scenario of a theoretical sailing voyage lasting longer than one month for a description of the very great length of the Norwegian coast-line to his Anglo-Saxon audience. This interpretation is strengthened by the immediately following sentence "and all the time he will sail
1156:. In opposition to this Michael Korhammer in two contributions based his theory of "contrary wind" on logical and nautical reasoning: a) "Camping at night" (= impediment to travelling, negative) in the conditional clause does not logically go together with the bonus of a positive wind; this was also W.A. Craigie's position in 1924. b) Assuming twelve hours per day for sailing, a moon month of 28 days, and a distance of roughly 1000 nautical miles would result in daily averages of less than 36 nautical miles and an average sailing speed of less than 3 knots = 3 nautical miles per hour = 5.5 km/h, which Korhammer regards as much too slow if
711:. While it is possible that the original text of Ohthere's account read "Isaland", for "Iceland", and that the "s" was at some point replaced by "r", geographically the circumstances described are better suited for Iceland than for Ireland. Alternatively, given that "Iraland" occurs in the same form, with an "r", twice on the same manuscript page, and given that Ohthere was a seafarer, it may be that he was describing sea-routes to Ireland and Britain rather than actual directions, with no thought for Iceland. Britain, or England, is regarded as self-evident, represented in Ohthere's account through the phrase "this land" (
431:
1068:"due south" (2x). This interpretation was apparently widespread in the 19th (and partly 20th) centuries and, supported by the angle of the Norwegian coastline to the N-S meridian, led to a theory of a special "Old Scandinavian orientation system" which shifted all the cardinal points clockwise by 45 (or even 60) degrees; its most outspoken defender was R. Ekblom. His theory was finally refuted in detail as "methodically inconsistent, impractical and historically improbable". Korhammer proved that in Old English the suffix
947:"North of Namdal lay Hálogaland, the 'Land of High Fire', under the aurora borealis. This region, which was probably only being colonised by Scandinavians in the eighth century, was inhospitable and for the most part north of the Arctic Circle. Háleygir made a nod towards agricultural subsistence in scattered settlements in sheltered coves or islands but their main support lay in their ability to extort Arctic produce from the Sami."
457:
33:
733:) in almost all relevant historical writing since the early 19th century, mainly by reason of the superficial similarity of the names, to the extent that some modern translations of Ohthere's account feature the name "Skiringssal" in place of "Sciringes heal". Skiringssal is a historical location, mentioned in Scandinavian
303:, of which six were "decoys" used for catching wild reindeer. Conversely, according to the report in the Old English Orosius, Ohthere "had not more than twenty horned cattle, and twenty sheep, and twenty swine, and the little that he ploughed he ploughed with horses." But his main wealth was in tax paid by the
233:, which was begun in Alfred's reign. The Old English version of Orosius is an adaptation rather than a direct translation, one of its features being the addition and correction of information concerning European geography. The addition of Ohthere's account of his travels, and that of another traveller named
660:
to Hedeby ("When he sailed", "before he came to Hedeby" etc.), Ohthere does not employ the past tense when he describes sailing south along the
Norwegian coast; he does not report a story from his own viewpoint but speaks in general terms for an anonymous mariner: "One cannot sail", "if one camped at
655:
in Old
English. Since around 1600 the traditionally accepted rendering of the phrase in English has been, without ultimate proof, "fair/favourable wind" in translations and dictionaries; on the other hand only a handful of scholars have supported the meaning "contrary". In contrast to the account of
614:
ships. The author revives the old theory that
Ohthere was an exile and had left Norway for good by pointing to the exclusive use of the Old English preterite tense regarding Ohthere's person; he sees King Alfred's interview with the Norwegian seafarer in the context of efforts to advance the economic
999:
The relevant sentence reads in full: "This whale is much less than other whales, it being not longer than seven ells; but in his own country is the best whale-hunting, there they are eight-and-forty ells long, and most of them fifty ells; of these he said that he and five others had killed sixty in
600:
Possible answers to incongruities and questions connected with
Ohthere's account of the journey to the north are offered in a recent contribution by Michael Korhammer. Most important of them is his proposal of a simple syntactical emendation of the traditional text after which the clause telling the
1240:
at the southernmost extremity of modern Norway. Linguistically, the "heal" in "Sciringes heal" is grammatically a masculine word in the Old
English Orosius, indicating "healh", a word referring to a feature of the landscape. Conversely the "sal" in "Skíringssalr" is an Old Norse word referring to a
1160:
is really supposed to be a favourable breeze. He points to the high speeds attained by replicas of Viking ships (see
Masdalen above) and record daily averages of 146 to 223 nautical miles by 19th-century Norwegian square-rigged boats. Etymology: From a comparison of words in Germanic languages that
605:
will refer directly to the walruses, thus reducing
Ohthere's mention of the big whales in Norway to a mere aside. The logical consequences of this (well substantiated) emendation, if accepted, would be that Ohthere was no whale-hunter at all, that his killing of the sixty walruses took place in the
482:
xperiments with replicas of Viking ships have shown that, somewhat depending on the hull form and cargo, under optimal conditions, with a cross wind or more to aft, they can hold an average speed of 6–8 knots over a day's voyage, and that they may reach speeds of 10–12 knots in a breeze.
812:
inlet in what was then south-eastern
Denmark. It is in Ohthere's description of this part of the journey that the earliest copy of the Old English Orosius gives the first known mention of the term "Denmark", in the form "dena mearc". However, his first reference to Denmark being on his port side
388:
in
Denmark by between 40 and 80 years. He describes Norway as being very long and very narrow, saying that it was about 60 miles (97 km) across "to the east", about 30 miles (48 km) across in the middle, and about 3 miles (5 km) across in the north. While Ohthere is here
1206:
While the place-name "Huseby" indicates a location historically connected with kings and chieftains, the place-name "Kaupang" represents an Old Norse word "kaupangr", meaning "market" or "trading place". The archaeological discovery of a Viking Age trading place at
Kaupang has been taken as
1131:
In 1983 Alfred Bammesberger, an advocate of "favourable wind", postulated a Germanic root *bur-u > *bur-ja- (from Indo-European *bher- "carry") with the meaning "suitable"; for the prefix he assumed an original *an(a), claiming an intensifying function for it, and arrived at the meanings
820:
The reason for Ohthere's visit to King Alfred of Wessex is not recorded. There is also no mention in the Old English Orosius of how recent the journeys were when Ohthere described them to the king, where the meeting took place, or the route by which Ohthere arrived in southern England.
1228:, with Britain ultimately on the starboard side, a journey from Hålogaland to the vicinity of Larvik would also involve subsequently sailing east and north, with Britain no longer on the starboard side. Historically, whereas Ohthere said that he had Norway to port all the way to
460:
A Norwegian map of the voyages of Ohthere. The arrow pointing towards the southern coast of the White Sea conflicts with Ohthere's statement that "there was waste land all the way on his starboard side", and the port of London is an educated guess, but is not
477:
via a Norwegian "port" which, in the Old English Orosius, is called "Sciringes heal". He described his journeys partly through the lands and peoples he encountered, and partly through the number of days it took to sail from one point to the next:
541:
had told him much about their own land and those of their neighbours, but he says nothing further of this: "he knew not what was true, because he did not see it himself". This incongruity may be explained by his learning of these things from
1117:
term "Vína", which was "used as a metaphoric description of a river in general." Historiographical localisations of Bjarmaland have varied greatly, including on both eastern and western sides of the White Sea, and from the White Sea to the
1245:
and "Skíringssalr" have understood the word "heal" to be the Old English word "heall", for "hall", this word is feminine; and, if a translation for "sal" were intended in the Old English Orosius, then the Old English cognate "sele" was
990:, pp. 5–6 uses the words "tribute" and "tax", and suggests that the Sami (to whom Whitaker refers as Lapps) paid Ohthere a fee to be able to trade their goods "for iron and other imported goods which their own environment lacked."
389:
referring broadly to the width of Norwegian territory between the sea and the mountains, the land described as being about 60 miles across "to the east" is probably to be understood as representing the modern Norwegian region of
267:. The second manuscript dates from early in the 11th century, is of unknown English provenance, and is kept at the British Library under the reference "Cotton Tiberius B. i". Both manuscripts are copies of a "common ancestor".
345:
Anthropologist Ian Whitaker notes that Ohthere has been described as primarily a merchant, and that his visit to King Alfred has been connected with the king's plans for a navy, a desire to escape the Norwegian King
108:. The Old English version of this book is believed to have been written in Wessex in King Alfred's lifetime or soon after his death, and the earliest surviving copy is attributed to the same place and time.
350:, or a need to rebuild a lost fortune. Whitaker notes also that there is "no shred of evidence" to support any of these ideas, but for the fact that he had visited the trading centres of "Skiringshal" (
275:
Ohthere said that he lived furthest north of all Norwegians, and that his home was in "Halgoland", in the north of Norway, by the sea. Halgoland is identified in modern historiography as
761:
with Skiringssal is impossible to reconcile with the detail of Ohthere's account, and is unlikely for historical and linguistic reasons. According to this interpretation, a location for
699:
While sailing along the Norwegian coast, the mariner will first have "Iraland" to starboard, then the islands between "Iraland" and Britain, and finally Britain itself until he comes to
579:
on the Kola Peninsula": the latter forms the north-western coast of the White Sea, and is defined in part by an inlet of the sea leading to the town of Kandalaksha. The ethnicity of the
639:, to which he said one could not sail in one month if one camped at night and each day had a fair wind ("Þyder he cwæð þæt man ne mihte geseglian on anum monðe gyf man on niht wicode
396:
The land of the Norwegians is further delineated through reference to their neighbours. Away from the sea, a wilderness of moors, or mountains, lay to the east and was inhabited by
796:, he reported having first had Denmark to port and a wide sea to starboard for three days, after which for two days he had islands belonging to Denmark on his port side and
777:
was identical with Skiringssal, or was located in Tjølling parish or west of Lindesnes, it is described in Ohthere's account in the Old English Orosius as a "port" (
661:
night", "he will sail", "to him will be at first", "until he comes". Michael Korhammer, a proponent of "contrary wind", concludes from this change of aspect that the
1009:
The mile was not commonly used as a measure of distance in 9th-century Scandinavia, and is probably used here as an interpretation of distances given by Ohthere.
550:. Historian Christine Fell suggests that the Old English Orosius' use of the word "unfrið" might rather indicate that Ohthere made a diplomatic approach to the
986:, pp. 250–1 uses the word "rent" rather than "tax": the Old English Orosius uses the word "gafol", which has the meanings "tax, tribute, rent, interest".
537:
because it was so well cultivated and because of "unfrið", the report of Ohthere's travels then indicates that he had spoken with them. He explained that the
1177:
is to be explained as *ana- *and- + burja- "rising up against"; this negative meaning of "contrary, adverse", he claims, would also make better sense with
3056:
360:. Ohthere said that he had travelled north chiefly to hunt walrus, and his journey south to the Danish trading settlement of Hedeby, via the "port" of
50:. Nevertheless, he told that the land was very long from the north, but it is all uninhabited, except in a few places here and there where the Finns (
299:. He claimed to be a leading man in his homeland, perhaps to be understood as a chieftain, and described himself as wealthy, owning 600 tame
244:
believed that it was the work of King Alfred himself, but scholarly scrutiny of the text since the mid-20th century, including by the historians
3088:
533:, on the eastern side of the White Sea, and place Bjarmaland accordingly. Having just explained how Ohthere did not dare enter the land of the
17:
1165:, Korhammer deduces that the original meaning of the Germanic root *bur- (cf. Bammesberger) must have been "to rise, to raise" (cf. Dutch
1497:
1255:
Citing Janet Bately, Kjell-Olav Masdalen notes that the Old English word "port" may not have been in the Norwegian Ohthere's vocabulary.
3203:. University of Texas. Retrieved on May 18, 2008. Excerpt only of original text; detailed grammatical analysis, English translation.
3083:
The Life of Alfred The Great Translated From The German of Dr. R. Pauli To Which Is Appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius
833:'s poem "The Discoverer of the North Cape: A Leaf from King Alfred's Orosius", and Ohthere and his journey appear in the 1957 novel
452:, the southern tip of modern Norway. Also it is unclear whether it is Ireland or Iceland that was mentioned in his original account.
2840:
Iverson, F. (2011), "The beauty of bona regalia and the growth of supra-regional powers in Scandinavia", in Sigmundsson, S. (ed.),
2747:
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary based on the Manuscript Collections of Joseph Bosworth: Enlarged Addenda and Corrigenda to the Supplement
1132:"favourable, appropriate, suitable, fitting" in Old English. In a later article he derived the adjecive from the Old English noun
606:
White Sea, and that a ship's crew of five (or six) men there would indicate the use of an early cargo-ship comparable to the later
364:, may have been a trading mission. There is no account of Ohthere's journey to Wessex or explanation for his visit to King Alfred.
2707:
1236:, what is now south-eastern Norway was probably part of the kingdom of Denmark towards the end of the 9th century, as far west as
1136:"time, opportunity", Germanic *ana-burja thus originally meaning "occurring at a favourable time". In 2016 Bammesberger narrowed
2930:
Korhammer, M. (1985b), "The orientation system in the Old English Orosius: shifted or not?", in Lapidge, M.; Gneuss, H. (eds.),
498:
Ohthere said that the land stretched far to the north of his home, and that it was all wasteland, except for a few places where
223:
2932:
Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England: Studies Presented to Peter Clemoes on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday
965:
An amber is defined as a dry measure of 4 bushels, a bushel being a measure of 8 imperial gallons (36 L) wet or dry.
213:, or members of his court, appear to have seen it as a useful basis for a world-history written in their own language, and an
3216:
3179:
2939:
2849:
2831:
2230:
2194:
2175:
2120:
2101:
1747:
1423:
1312:
1026:, were inhabited by people of Swedish origin by the late-9th century, though they may have considered themselves North Danes.
909:. "In addition, several translations were prepared by other scholars at this time, apparently as part of Alfred's scheme".
2792:
115:, where he lived "north-most of all Norwegians … no-one to the north of him". Ohthere spoke of his travels north to the
3246:
2693:
Ohthere's Voyages: a Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context,
3122:
Annotated Bibliographies of Old and Middle English Literature VI. Old English Prose Translations of King Alfred's Reign
3108:
680:
Page from the 11th-century copy of the Old English Orosius (BL Cotton Tiberius B.i) featuring the place-names Denmark (
434:
Map showing the principal places mentioned in Ohthere's account: modern scholarship has commonly identified Ohthere's
3130:
2921:
2899:
2762:
2700:
2686:
263:
under the reference "Additional 47967". This manuscript was written in Wessex between about 892 and 925, possibly at
259:
manuscripts. The earliest is known variously as the Tollemache, Helmingham or Lauderdale Orosius, and is kept at the
3226:
2822:
Helle, K. (1991), "Tiden fram til 1536", in Danielsen, R.; Dyrvik, S.; Grønlie, T.; Helle, K.; Hovland, E. (eds.),
1056:
Old English "hu longe þæt land norþryhte læge". Thorpe, whose translation was first published in 1853, interprets
483:
Moreover, they can maintain an effective speed of approximately 2 knots at 55–60° to the wind when tacking.
3251:
3045:
891:
676:
546:
encountered elsewhere, or from Sami, whose language Ohthere reports as being almost the same as that of the
3256:
3231:
3221:
789:
may have been similar in nature, though the Old English word "port" can signify nothing more than a haven.
875:
King Alfred is believed to have been the principal translator into Old English of four works, namely Pope
1181:
in the context of Aelfric's homily. He bolsters his theory by two words in a German psalter of ca. 1200,
1113:
Jackson argues that an association with the Northern Dvina River is essentially a misinterpretation of a
956:"Archaeological excavations have shown that Norse settlements existed north of Troms in Ohthere's time."
3197:. University of Victoria. Retrieved on May 18, 2008. Excerpt only of original text; English translation.
1060:
as denoting a cardinal point and in the journey north translates it as "due north" three times; so also
406:. Alongside the southern part of the land, on the other side of the mountains and continuing north, was
830:
1500:". (not dated). British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
703:. The principal interpretations of "Iraland" in the Old English Orosius are that it might mean either
3236:
1658:
974:
An ell is defined as the length of a grown man's arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.
643:ælce dæge hæfde ambyrne wind"). This sentence has very often been quoted in literature. Old English
901:
849:
656:
his journey to the north ("He sailed north", "the land turned eastwards" etc.) and the voyage from
2842:
Viking Settlements and Viking Society Papers from the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Viking Congress
1140:
down to an "appropriate wind", relying here on John Pope, who in his edition of homilies by Abbot
565:, for example through late-medieval treaties dealing with, among other things, a territory called
205:, with about 250 manuscript copies from that period surviving today. Late in the 9th century King
2988:
Korhammer, M. (2022), "Ohthere's Northern Voyage: A Close Reading and Practical Interpretation",
2065:, pp. 113–147. The article's abstract and bibliography ('References') are freely accessible.
413:
139:
46:, that he lived northmost of all Norwegians⁖ He said that he lived on the land northwards by the
2753:
Brink, S. (2007), "Skiringssal, Kaupang, Tjølling – the toponymic evidence", in Skre, D. (ed.),
814:
3200:
3169:
3120:
1047:
is a means by which a sailing vessel can be made to travel against the direction of the wind.
607:
288:
241:
229:
2740:
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary based on the Manuscript Collections of Joseph Bosworth: Supplement
1929:
923:
214:
37:
2733:
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary based on the Manuscript Collections of the late Joseph Bosworth,
8:
808:) and many islands to starboard, before arriving at Hedeby, which lay at the head of the
597:" may have originated as a word used for nomadic tradesmen, rather than an ethnic group.
562:
488:
Kjell-Olav Masdalen, "Uden Tvivl – med fuldkommen Ret Hvor lå Sciringes heal?", 2010
430:
283:. While greater precision is impossible, suggested localities for Ohthere's home include
256:
89:
81:
3194:
3241:
3033:
3025:
2977:
2879:
2723:
2595:
1318:
1141:
1080:+ geographic direction that stood for an exact cardinal point. Ohthere only uses it in
896:
737:, which has been identified with some certainty as an area comparable to the parish of
708:
513:
According to Ohthere, the far bank of the river was "well cultivated" and inhabited by
234:
120:
62:
813:
presumably makes reference to areas of the 9th-century Danish kingdom that lay on the
3175:
3157:
3126:
3104:
3037:
2981:
2935:
2917:
2895:
2883:
2845:
2827:
2811:
2758:
2715:
2696:
2682:
2599:
1308:
1190:
1044:
797:
781:). Ohthere's account uses the same word for the Danish trading settlement of Hedeby (
245:
2557:
online (2018), ed. A. Cameron, A. Crandell Amos, A. diPaolo Healey et al., Toronto,
934:, MS Reg. Lat. 497. There are indications that further copies existed, including in
769:, the southernmost extremity of Norway, is to be preferred, perhaps at Lunde on the
279:, a historical region of northern Norway comparable in area to the modern region of
3017:
2997:
2969:
2871:
2780:
2667:
2639:
2619:
2585:
2577:
919:
838:
611:
292:
206:
77:
42:
296:
1023:
715:): Ohthere is reported as giving his account in person to King Alfred of Wessex.
652:
398:
376:) in the earliest copy of the Old English Orosius pre-dates the earliest written
347:
280:
260:
51:
2875:
1119:
1019:
935:
876:
530:
466:
385:
284:
93:
2973:
2784:
2623:
1144:
had suggested the meanings "aptly, appropriately, opportunely" for the adverb
465:
Ohthere described two journeys that he had made, one northward and around the
422:, the "land of the Cwenas", and to the north of the Norwegians was wasteland.
3210:
3152:
Whitelock, D. (1966), "The prose of Alfred's reign", in Stanley, E.G. (ed.),
2815:
2719:
2681:
Early English Text Society, Supplementary Series 6, Oxford University Press,
1040:
1018:
Einar Gunnar Birgisson maintains that the southern regions of modern Norway,
881:
845:
2892:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources
2671:
753:, near the shoreline south-west of Tjølling, in the south-eastern county of
276:
112:
3001:
1322:
1302:
927:
249:
3161:
1072:
gave only a general direction and was etymologically comparable to German
1043:
per hour: 1 knot is equal to 1.852 km/h or about 1.15 mph.
529:, while noting that others have identified Ohthere's "large river" as the
240:
The authorship of the Old English Orosius is unknown. In the 12th century
2643:
2590:
1661:. (2013). Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
1036:
722:
522:
503:
440:
403:
377:
308:
202:
130:
2914:
Problems of Old English Lexicography: Studies in Memory of Angus Cameron
738:
76:
seafarer known only from an account of his travels that he gave to King
3029:
2581:
746:
518:
390:
264:
151:
73:
70:
2908:
Korhammer, M. (1985a), "Viking Seafaring and the Meaning of Ohthere's
1215:, for example by Charlotte Blindheim, the lead archaeologist involved.
572:, a place-name which "must have emerged as a designation of a land of
1237:
766:
726:
526:
470:
449:
116:
47:
40:
account, from Thorpe's edition of 1900: "Ohthere told his lord, king
3021:
2495:
2459:
2455:
2431:
1702:
1670:
1642:
1224:
Geographically, whereas Ohthere only mentions sailing southwards to
179:
3077:
2 vols., Early English Text Society 259–60, Oxford University Press
2218:
886:
757:
in modern Norway. An alternative view is that an identification of
754:
623:
Ohthere's account of a journey to the Danish trading settlement of
517:: historian T.N. Jackson suggests a location for this land – "
418:
408:
332:
300:
255:
The Old English version of Orosius survives almost complete in two
162:
Ohthere's story is the earliest known written source for the term "
155:, whom he found living by the White Sea. Ohthere reported that the
145:
125:
2771:
Ekblom, R. (1930), "Ohthere's voyage from Skiringssal to Hedeby",
635:, begins with a reference to a place in the south of Norway named
111:
In his account, Ohthere said that his home was in "Halgoland", or
2249:
1307:. Vol. 16. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 149.
906:
750:
704:
338:
Another source of Ohthere's wealth was the hunting of whales and
194:
163:
97:
2728:(link is to contents page with further link to downloadable PDF)
2708:"National historiographies and the Viking Age: A re-examination"
2163:
186:
county, northern Norway. Ohthere was involved in the fur trade.
3154:
Continuations and Beginnings: Studies in Old English Literature
918:
There are fragments of two other copies: two folios are in the
809:
749:
archaeological sites at Huseby, just south of Tjølling, and at
742:
624:
474:
456:
445:
357:
339:
312:
210:
171:
85:
3091:(instantly readable, includes parallel edition of Old English
2533:
2502:. Charles University, Prague. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
2466:. Charles University, Prague. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
2438:. Charles University, Prague. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
2151:
2127:
2108:
1898:
1677:. Charles University, Prague. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
1649:. Charles University, Prague. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
1530:
319:
skin, 10 ambers of feathers, 1 coat of bear skin or
54:) live, hunting in winter & fishing by the sea in summer."
3008:
Malone, K. (1933), "On King Alfred's geographical treatise",
2357:
2206:
2139:
2089:
1709:. Charles University, Prague. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
1401:
1399:
1114:
770:
381:
328:
320:
183:
2289:
926:, MS Eng. Hist. e.49, (30481), and a single folio is at the
521:" – in the vicinity of the present day Russian town of
123:, describing both journeys in some detail. He also spoke of
2469:
2237:
1988:
1964:
931:
734:
316:
218:
88:
in about 890 AD. His account was incorporated into an
3046:"Uden Tvivl – med fuldkommen Ret. Hvor lå Sciringes heal?"
2558:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1396:
32:
2824:
Grunntrekk i Norsk Historie: Fra vikingtid til våre dager
2301:
1936:
352:
324:
2261:
1976:
1886:
1833:
1759:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1603:
1601:
1360:
1241:
building: while proponents of an identification between
647:(accusative singular masculine; the nominative would be
473:, and one southward to the Danish trading settlement of
3139:
Whitaker, I. (1981), "Ohthere's account reconsidered",
2229:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFBately_&_Englert2007 (
2068:
1771:
1613:
1447:
1264:
A detailed discussion of Ohthere's possible route from
2505:
2044:
2016:
1910:
1858:
1586:
1508:
1506:
96:
historical book written early in the fifth century by
3115:(In the appendix: Ohthere's Voyage, pp. 187–190)
2804:
Saga-Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research
2650:
Bammesberger, A. (2016), "The Meaning of Old English
1712:
1598:
1558:
1518:
1459:
1435:
1384:
1334:
1332:
829:
Ohthere's audience with King Alfred is dramatised in
2606:
Bammesberger, A. (1983), "The Old English adjective
2224:
1492:
1490:
2345:
1875:
1873:
1503:
673:, by "and all the way on the port side North Way".
178:). Ohthere's home may have been in the vicinity of
2119:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosworth-Toller1921 (
2100:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosworth-Toller1898 (
1372:
1329:
1487:
3208:
3075:Homilies of Aelfric: a Supplementary Collection,
1933:. (2006). BIPM. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
1870:
1232:, and only drew alongside Denmark after leaving
448:, but it may have been located slightly west of
2934:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 251–69,
2564:Allport, Ben (2020), "Home Thoughts of Abroad:
2193:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKorhammer1985 (
2114:
2095:
554:because he had no trading agreement with them.
510:and open sea had always been on his port side.
217:version may have been seen as complementary to
159:spoke a language related to that of the Sami.
2889:
1405:
1354:
372:Ohthere's reported use of the term "Norway" (
2649:
2629:
2605:
2157:
2145:
2133:
1746:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBately1980 (
1422:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBately1980 (
741:, a little over 3 miles (5 km) east of
224:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
2695:Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde,
2929:
2907:
2844:, University of Iceland, pp. 225–44,
2174:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPope1967–68 (
1942:
618:
3151:
2987:
2947:
2916:, Regensburg F. Pustet, pp. 151–73,
2826:, Universitetsforlaget, pp. 13–106,
2735:ed. T. N. Toller, Oxford University Press
2705:
2589:
2475:
2447:
2411:
2391:
2375:
2255:
2243:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2062:
1892:
1552:
1477:
1084:"wind from due north"; the adverb/prefix
199:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
106:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
3138:
3098:
3043:
2539:
2511:
2491:
2451:
2427:
2415:
2395:
2379:
2363:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2279:
2267:
2038:
2010:
1958:
1916:
1880:
1864:
1852:
1839:
1827:
1806:
1753:
1737:
1725:
1690:
1607:
1592:
1580:
1548:
1481:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1269:
987:
675:
455:
429:
323:skin and two ship's ropes, each 60
311:, of whom the highest-born paid 15
31:
2857:
2839:
2749:by A. Campbell, Oxford University Press
2742:by T.N. Toller, Oxford University Press
2563:
2339:
2169:
2050:
2034:
1994:
1982:
1970:
669:", and later when the mariner comes to
493:
14:
3209:
3080:
3007:
2890:Keynes, S.; Lapidge, M., eds. (1983),
2770:
2691:Bately, J.; Englert, A., eds. (2007),
2630:Bammesberger, A. (2011), "Old English
2527:
2523:
2500:Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
2487:
2464:Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
2436:Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
2407:
2283:
2083:
1954:
1904:
1819:
1802:
1790:
1765:
1741:
1707:Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
1686:
1675:Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
1647:Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
1630:
1536:
1465:
1417:
983:
938:, but none are known to have survived.
102:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII
3167:
3118:
3103:. New Haven, CT: Troth Publications.
2821:
2757:, Aarhus University, pp. 53–64,
2752:
2714:, Aust-Agder Kulturhistorike Senter,
2351:
2335:
2323:
2006:
1823:
1576:
1564:
1524:
1512:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1350:
1338:
1300:
1211:confirmation that this was Ohthere's
315:skins, 5 reindeer skins, 1
201:was a popular work of history in the
2790:
2022:
1498:Detailed record for Additional 47967
1304:Early state formation in Scandinavia
824:
425:
393:, in the south-west of the country.
384:form "Nuruiak", on the 10th-century
149:to the north of the Swedes, and the
3062:from the original on 13 August 2019
367:
237:, represents part of that process.
24:
1161:are etymologically connected with
25:
3268:
3188:
2555:Dictionary of Old English: A to I
1930:The International System of Units
590:remains uncertain, but the term "
416:. To the north of the Swedes was
137:), and of two peoples called the
1258:
905:and the first fifty psalms of a
615:recovery of the city of London.
291:, and the areas surrounding the
3095:and Modern English translation)
2990:Viking and Medieval Scandinavia
2548:
2517:
2481:
2441:
2421:
2401:
2385:
2369:
2329:
2313:
2273:
2182:
2056:
2028:
2000:
1948:
1922:
1845:
1812:
1796:
1731:
1696:
1680:
1664:
1652:
1636:
1570:
1542:
1471:
1411:
1291:Thorpe, 1900, pp. 249–253.
1249:
1218:
1200:
1125:
1107:
1050:
1029:
1012:
1003:
993:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
912:
3171:From Pictland to Alba 789–1070
2912:", in Bammesberger, A. (ed.),
2797:: An approach to a definition"
1344:
1294:
1285:
1189:, which are recorded there as
869:
412:, the "land of the Svear", or
13:
1:
2738:Bosworth-Toller (1921),
2568:in its Anglo-Saxon Context",
1173:), and that the etymology of
1039:is a measurement of speed in
892:The Consolation of Philosophy
857:
525:, on the western side of the
3217:9th-century Norwegian people
3201:Old English Online: Lesson 4
862:
792:When Ohthere sailed on from
631:" at the heaths" and German
270:
18:Account of the Viking Othere
7:
3156:, Nelson, pp. 67–103,
3073:Pope, J.C., ed. (1967–68),
1088:here corresponds to German
1076:, while it was Old English
721:has been held to represent
602:
36:Opening lines of Ohthere's
10:
3273:
3247:9th-century businesspeople
2876:10.1080/080038302321117579
2418:, pp. 54, 61–3, 71–3.
1152:and certaily cognate with
831:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
561:have been linked with the
189:
2974:10.1017/S0263675118000054
2785:10.1080/00393273908586845
2712:Aust-Agder-Arv Årbok 2008
2624:10.1080/00138388308598236
2225:Bately & Englert 2007
2172:, pp. 257–8, n. 141.
1406:Keynes & Lapidge 1983
1355:Keynes & Lapidge 1983
835:The Lost Dragon of Wessex
444:, a historical site near
170:), and perhaps also for "
3174:, Edinburgh University,
3081:Thorpe, B., ed. (1900),
3044:Masdalen, K.-O. (2010),
2745:Bosworth-Toller (1972),
2731:Bosworth-Toller (1898),
2706:Birgisson, E.G. (2008),
2679:The Old English Orosius,
2258:, pp. 101–102, 105.
1907:, pp. 248–9, 250–1.
1879:Janet Bately, quoted in
1851:Janet Bately, quoted in
1539:, pp. 248–9, 252–3.
1480:, p. 66, quoted in
1279:
848:in the historical drama
844:Ohthere is portrayed by
380:use of the term, in the
3227:Explorers of the Arctic
2950:Ambyrne wind, amberlice
2948:Korhammer, M. (2017), "
2858:Jackson, T.N. (2002), "
2677:Bately, J. ed. (1980),
1022:and most if not all of
619:Journey south to Hedeby
3195:Ohthere's First Voyage
3099:Waggoner, Ben (2012).
3002:10.1484/J.VMS.5.132124
2755:Kaupang in Skiringssal
2542:, pp. 68–9, 73–6.
1420:, pp. lxxxvi–xcii
1301:Bagge, Sverre (2009).
1148:, another Old English
815:Scandinavian peninsula
696:
491:
462:
453:
129:(central Sweden), the
90:Old English adaptation
66:
55:
3252:9th-century explorers
2773:Studia Neophilologica
2672:10.1093/notesj/gjw074
2570:Early Medieval Europe
2366:, pp. 1–2, 80–1.
679:
480:
459:
433:
402:, a reference to the
327:long, made of either
242:William of Malmesbury
230:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
59:Ohthere of Hålogaland
35:
2644:10.1075/nowele.60-61
2298:, pp. 50–1, 58.
2115:Bosworth-Toller 1921
2096:Bosworth-Toller 1898
1997:, pp. 167, 170.
1973:, pp. 167, 171.
1369:, pp. 38, 41–2.
1193:over forms of Latin
1064:"due east" (1x) and
924:University of Oxford
494:Journey to the north
67:Ottar fra Hålogaland
3257:9th-century Vikings
3232:Norwegian explorers
3222:Explorers of Europe
3141:Arctic Anthropology
3101:The Hrafnista Sagas
2962:Anglo-Saxon England
2791:Fell, C.E. (1982),
2726:on 15 February 2012
2454:, pp. 42, 81;
2215:, p. 99, n. 6.
1191:interlinear glosses
1098:rechtweisender Kurs
785:), suggesting that
773:peninsula. Whether
80:(r. 871–99) of the
3168:Woolf, A. (2007),
3119:Waite, G. (2000),
2660:News & Queries
2582:10.1111/emed.12395
2526:, pp. 252–3;
2494:, pp. 39–41;
2490:, pp. 252–3;
2478:, pp. 149–50.
2450:, pp. 148–9;
2410:, pp. 252–3;
2378:, pp. 144–9;
2326:, p. 55(map).
2246:, pp. 97–114.
2203:, pp. 97–114.
2160:, pp. 179–80.
2136:, pp. 97–101.
2025:, pp. 85–100.
1957:, pp. 248–9;
1822:, pp. 252–3;
1805:, pp. 252–3;
1768:, pp. 248–51.
1689:, pp. 250–1;
1484:, p. 2(note).
1357:, pp. 113–20.
1197:"rise up against".
1100:"true course" and
1096:"straight ahead",
897:Augustine of Hippo
697:
563:Old Permic culture
463:
454:
56:
27:Norwegian explorer
3181:978-0-7486-1233-8
2941:978-0-521-12871-1
2851:978-9979-54-923-9
2833:978-82-00-21273-7
2530:, pp. 186–7.
2430:, pp. 41–2;
2338:, pp. 62–3;
2322:, pp. 45–9;
2310:, pp. 26–36.
2191:, pp. 151–73
2158:Bammesberger 2016
2148:, pp. 39–44.
2146:Bammesberger 2011
2134:Bammesberger 1983
2086:, pp. 252–3.
1985:, pp. 170–2.
1793:, pp. 248–9.
1633:, pp. 250–1.
1393:, pp. 39–40.
1314:978-3-7001-6604-7
1102:rechtweisend Nord
825:In modern culture
745:, with important
601:killing of sixty
426:Ohthere's travels
246:Dorothy Whitelock
16:(Redirected from
3264:
3237:Viking explorers
3184:
3164:
3148:
3135:
3114:
3089:Internet Archive
3086:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3050:
3040:
3004:
2984:
2944:
2926:
2904:
2886:
2854:
2836:
2818:
2801:
2787:
2767:
2727:
2722:, archived from
2674:
2646:
2638:, 60/61: 39–44,
2626:
2602:
2593:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2445:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2405:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2277:
2271:
2270:, pp. 13–5.
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1842:, pp. 17–8.
1837:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1568:
1567:, pp. 51–2.
1562:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1527:, pp. 38–9.
1522:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1273:
1272:, pp. 76–9.
1268:to Hedeby is at
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1222:
1216:
1204:
1198:
1129:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1082:ryhtnorþanwindes
1054:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
997:
991:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
939:
920:Bodleian Library
916:
910:
873:
839:Gwendolyn Bowers
595:
588:
577:
570:
489:
368:Ohthere's Norway
21:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3207:
3206:
3191:
3182:
3133:
3111:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3048:
3022:10.2307/2846850
2942:
2924:
2902:
2852:
2834:
2799:
2765:
2654:and the Adverb
2612:English Studies
2576:(28): 256–288,
2566:Ohtere's Voyage
2559:doe.utoronto.ca
2551:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2446:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2414:, p. 146;
2406:
2402:
2394:, p. 146;
2390:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:, p. 171;
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1945:, pp. 268.
1943:Korhammer 1985b
1941:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:, pp. 3–4.
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1223:
1219:
1205:
1201:
1150:hapax legomenon
1130:
1126:
1112:
1108:
1055:
1051:
1034:
1030:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
917:
913:
874:
870:
865:
860:
827:
653:hapax legomenon
621:
593:
586:
575:
568:
496:
490:
487:
428:
370:
348:Harald Fairhair
273:
261:British Library
221:'s 8th-century
192:
119:, and south to
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3190:
3189:External links
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3165:
3149:
3136:
3131:
3116:
3110:978-0557729418
3109:
3096:
3078:
3071:
3041:
3005:
2985:
2945:
2940:
2927:
2922:
2905:
2900:
2887:
2870:(2): 165–179,
2855:
2850:
2837:
2832:
2819:
2788:
2779:(2): 177–190,
2768:
2763:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2703:
2689:
2675:
2647:
2627:
2603:
2561:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2516:
2504:
2480:
2476:Birgisson 2008
2468:
2448:Birgisson 2008
2440:
2420:
2412:Birgisson 2008
2400:
2392:Birgisson 2008
2384:
2382:, pp. 1–2
2376:Birgisson 2008
2368:
2356:
2344:
2328:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2282:, p. 15;
2272:
2260:
2256:Korhammer 2017
2248:
2244:Korhammer 2017
2236:
2227:, p. 124.
2217:
2213:Korhammer 2017
2205:
2201:Korhammer 2017
2189:Korhammer 1985
2181:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2117:, p. 756.
2107:
2088:
2067:
2063:Korhammer 2022
2055:
2053:, p. 171.
2043:
2027:
2015:
2009:, p. 21;
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1947:
1935:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1895:, p. 147.
1893:Birgisson 2008
1885:
1869:
1857:
1844:
1832:
1826:, p. 41;
1811:
1795:
1770:
1758:
1740:, p. 13;
1730:
1711:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1651:
1635:
1612:
1597:
1585:
1579:, p. 20;
1569:
1557:
1555:, p. 153.
1553:Birgisson 2008
1541:
1529:
1517:
1502:
1486:
1478:Whitelock 1966
1470:
1468:, p. 248.
1458:
1446:
1434:
1410:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1353:, p. 38;
1343:
1328:
1313:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1266:Sciringes heal
1257:
1248:
1243:Sciringes heal
1234:Sciringes heal
1230:Sciringes heal
1226:Sciringes heal
1217:
1213:Sciringes heal
1199:
1171:empor, empören
1124:
1120:Ural Mountains
1106:
1049:
1041:nautical miles
1028:
1011:
1002:
992:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
911:
867:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
826:
823:
794:Sciringes heal
787:Sciringes heal
775:Sciringes heal
763:Sciringes heal
759:Sciringes heal
719:Sciringes heal
701:Sciringes heal
694:Sciringes heal
671:Sciringes heal
658:Sciringes heal
637:Sciringes heal
627:, Old English
620:
617:
531:Northern Dvina
495:
492:
485:
467:Kola Peninsula
436:Sciringes heal
427:
424:
386:Jelling stones
369:
366:
362:Sciringes heal
293:Malangen fjord
272:
269:
197:' 5th-century
191:
188:
182:, in southern
98:Paulus Orosius
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3269:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3132:0-85991-591-3
3128:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2923:9783791709925
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2901:0-14-044409-2
2897:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:Acta Borealia
2861:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2764:9788779342590
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2701:9788785180476
2698:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:9780197224069
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:(2): 179–80,
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:(2): 97–101,
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2591:11250/2762330
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2541:
2540:Masdalen 2010
2536:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2514:, p. 41.
2513:
2512:Masdalen 2010
2508:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:Masdalen 2010
2489:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:Masdalen 2010
2449:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:Masdalen 2010
2424:
2417:
2416:Masdalen 2010
2413:
2409:
2404:
2398:, p. 58.
2397:
2396:Masdalen 2010
2393:
2388:
2381:
2380:Masdalen 2010
2377:
2372:
2365:
2364:Masdalen 2010
2360:
2354:, p. 63.
2353:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2320:Masdalen 2010
2316:
2309:
2308:Masdalen 2010
2304:
2297:
2296:Masdalen 2010
2292:
2286:, p. 78.
2285:
2281:
2280:Masdalen 2010
2276:
2269:
2268:Masdalen 2010
2264:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2098:, p. 36.
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2039:Whitaker 1981
2036:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2013:, p. 13.
2012:
2011:Masdalen 2010
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1961:, p. 13.
1960:
1959:Masdalen 2010
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1919:, p. 79.
1918:
1917:Masdalen 2010
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1883:, p. 50.
1882:
1881:Masdalen 2010
1876:
1874:
1867:, p. 18.
1866:
1865:Masdalen 2010
1861:
1855:, p. 17.
1854:
1853:Masdalen 2010
1848:
1841:
1840:Masdalen 2010
1836:
1830:, p. 54.
1829:
1828:Masdalen 2010
1825:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1807:Masdalen 2010
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1756:, p. 13.
1755:
1754:Masdalen 2010
1749:
1744:, p. 188
1743:
1739:
1738:Masdalen 2010
1734:
1727:
1726:Whitaker 1981
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1691:Whitaker 1981
1688:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:Masdalen 2010
1604:
1602:
1595:, p. 13.
1594:
1593:Masdalen 2010
1589:
1582:
1581:Masdalen 2010
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1551:, p. 4;
1550:
1549:Masdalen 2010
1545:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1515:, p. 39.
1514:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:Whitaker 1981
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1454:Masdalen 2010
1450:
1443:
1442:Masdalen 2010
1438:
1431:
1430:Masdalen 2010
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:, p. 29.
1407:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1381:, p. 41.
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1341:, p. 38.
1340:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1270:Masdalen 2010
1267:
1261:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1104:"true north".
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1006:
996:
989:
988:Whitaker 1981
985:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
883:
882:Pastoral Care
878:
872:
868:
855:
853:
852:
847:
846:Ray Stevenson
842:
840:
836:
832:
822:
818:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
674:
672:
668:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
616:
613:
609:
604:
598:
596:
589:
582:
578:
571:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
484:
479:
476:
472:
468:
458:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
432:
423:
421:
420:
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
400:
394:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
365:
363:
359:
355:
354:
349:
343:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
231:
226:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
153:
148:
147:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3170:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3121:
3100:
3092:
3082:
3074:
3064:, retrieved
3052:
3016:(1): 67–78,
3013:
3009:
2993:
2989:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2931:
2913:
2910:ambyrne wind
2909:
2891:
2867:
2863:
2862:revisited",
2859:
2841:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2776:
2772:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:the original
2711:
2692:
2678:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:ambyrne wind
2651:
2635:
2634:Revisited",
2631:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2554:
2549:Bibliography
2535:
2519:
2507:
2499:
2483:
2471:
2463:
2443:
2435:
2423:
2403:
2387:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2340:Iverson 2011
2331:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2220:
2208:
2184:
2170:Pope 1967–68
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2110:
2091:
2058:
2051:Jackson 2002
2046:
2041:, p. 4.
2035:Jackson 2002
2030:
2018:
2002:
1995:Jackson 2002
1990:
1983:Jackson 2002
1978:
1971:Jackson 2002
1966:
1950:
1938:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1860:
1847:
1835:
1814:
1809:, p. 4.
1798:
1761:
1733:
1728:, p. 6.
1706:
1698:
1693:, p. 6.
1682:
1674:
1666:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1610:, p. 4.
1588:
1583:, p. 4.
1572:
1560:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1444:, p. 3.
1437:
1432:, p. 3.
1413:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1346:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1265:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:ambyrne wind
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:ambyrne wind
1137:
1133:
1127:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1094:recht voraus
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1031:
1014:
1005:
995:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
914:
900:
890:
880:
871:
850:
843:
834:
828:
819:
805:
801:
793:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
762:
758:
731:Skíringssalr
730:
718:
717:
712:
700:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
670:
666:
663:ambyrne-wind
662:
657:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
622:
599:
591:
584:
580:
573:
566:
558:
556:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
514:
512:
507:
499:
497:
481:
464:
441:Skíringssalr
439:
435:
417:
407:
397:
395:
378:Scandinavian
373:
371:
361:
351:
344:
337:
304:
274:
254:
250:Janet Bately
239:
228:
222:
198:
193:
175:
167:
161:
156:
150:
144:
143:, living in
138:
134:
124:
110:
105:
101:
58:
57:
41:
29:
2996:: 113–148,
2894:, Penguin,
2528:Ekblom 1930
2524:Thorpe 1900
2488:Thorpe 1900
2408:Thorpe 1900
2284:Malone 1933
2084:Thorpe 1900
1955:Thorpe 1900
1905:Thorpe 1900
1820:Thorpe 1900
1803:Thorpe 1900
1791:Thorpe 1900
1766:Thorpe 1900
1742:Bately 1980
1687:Thorpe 1900
1631:Thorpe 1900
1537:Thorpe 1900
1466:Thorpe 1900
1428:, cited in
1418:Bately 1980
1323:j.ctt3fgk28
984:Thorpe 1900
902:Soliloquies
723:Skiringssal
684:), Norway (
612:Skuldelev 3
608:Skuldelev 1
603:(see above)
523:Kandalaksha
404:Sami people
309:Sami people
295:, all near
257:Anglo-Saxon
215:Old English
203:Middle Ages
131:Sami people
84:kingdom of
82:Anglo-Saxon
38:Old English
3211:Categories
3125:, Brewer,
2968:: 97–114,
2958:DOE Online
2860:Bjarmaland
2498:. (2010).
2462:. (2010).
2434:. (2010).
2352:Brink 2007
2336:Brink 2007
2324:Brink 2007
2007:Helle 1991
1824:Waite 2000
1705:. (2010).
1673:. (2010).
1645:. (2010).
1577:Helle 1991
1565:Woolf 2007
1525:Waite 2000
1513:Waite 2000
1391:Waite 2000
1379:Waite 2000
1367:Waite 2000
1351:Waite 2000
1339:Waite 2000
1246:available.
1209:ipso facto
1187:aneborende
1000:two days."
858:References
747:Viking Age
682:dena mearc
519:Bjarmaland
391:Vestlandet
281:Nord-Norge
277:Hålogaland
265:Winchester
168:dena mearc
146:Cwena land
113:Hålogaland
71:Viking Age
3242:White Sea
3066:13 August
3038:161276707
2982:167046040
2884:218661115
2816:760237349
2720:759728174
2656:amberlice
2600:216214005
2023:Fell 1982
1752:cited in
1238:Lindesnes
1195:insurgere
1183:anboriden
1179:amberlice
1169:, German
1146:amberlice
1062:eastryhte
1058:norþryhte
1024:Sørlandet
1020:Østlandet
936:Byzantium
877:Gregory I
863:Footnotes
783:þæm porte
767:Lindesnes
727:Old Norse
567:Koloperem
527:White Sea
471:White Sea
469:into the
461:attested.
450:Lindesnes
419:Cwenaland
271:Biography
117:White Sea
100:, called
74:Norwegian
63:Norwegian
3057:archived
3010:Speculum
1659:"bushel"
1074:Richtung
1066:suþrihte
887:Boethius
806:Sillende
765:west of
755:Vestfold
739:Tjølling
713:þis land
667:be lande
633:Haithabu
629:æt hæþum
583:and the
486:—
409:Sweoland
331:skin or
301:reindeer
235:Wulfstan
227:and the
126:Sweoland
69:) was a
48:West Sea
3093:Orosius
3030:2846850
2956:in the
2810:(1–2),
2456:"heall"
2432:"healh"
1703:"gafol"
1643:"amber"
1142:Aelfric
1115:skaldic
1045:Tacking
928:Vatican
922:of the
907:psalter
851:Vikings
802:Gotland
798:Jutland
779:an port
751:Kaupang
709:Iceland
705:Ireland
690:Iraland
686:norðweg
651:) is a
645:ambyrne
581:Beormas
559:Beormas
552:Beormas
548:Beormas
544:Beormas
539:Beormas
535:Beormas
515:Beormas
508:finnas,
374:norðweg
289:Kvaløya
195:Orosius
190:Sources
176:norðweg
164:Denmark
157:Beormas
152:Beormas
121:Denmark
3178:
3162:367426
3160:
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3060:(PDF)
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