180:
641:
168:
705:
625:
689:
657:
49:
31:
673:
199:, commonly named "shield bugs" or "stink bugs". Kumar in his 1974 world revision recognized 47 genera; now this number is 55 genera, with about 200 species, and it is one of the least diverse families within Pentatomoidea. The Acanthosomatidae species are found throughout the world, being most abundant in high-latitude
356:, guarding the eggs and nymphs. In these species, the Pendergrast's organs are absent or reduced and non-functional. Other species have a more limited form of care: females smear their eggs with secretions from the Pendergrast's organs (which may repel predators and
283:
In general appearance, Acanthosomatidae are similar to
Pentatomidae. Various sources distinguish them based on the number of tarsal segments being 2 in acanthosomatids and 3 in pentatomids. However, some pentatomids have 2-segmented tarsi as well.
274:. In males, sternite VIII is exposed and there is a specialised genital capsule. In females, one or two pairs of Pendergrast's organs are present in the abdomen (sometimes absent, e.g.
184:
735:"A revision of world Acanthosomatidae (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae): Keys to and descriptions of subfamilies, tribes and genera, with designation of types"
484:
226:; this species is typically green or brown in color and has a distinctive shape with two projections on its thorax. It feeds on a variety of plants, including
695:
514:
494:
462:
763:
Faúndez, E. I. 2009. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus
Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Zootaxa. 2137: 57-65
504:
373:
150:
550:
876:
Fauna of New
Zealand 35: Cydnidae, Acanthosomatidae, and Pentatomidae (Insecta: Heteroptera): systematics, geographical distribution, and bioecology
1956:
600:
158:
3001:
2677:
2418:
2178:
2003:
2687:
2376:
2350:
3040:
582:
557:
154:
900:"Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and parent bugs (Acanthosomatidae) of Ontario and adjacent areas: A key to species and a review of the fauna"
2975:
640:
3014:
3019:
975:"Maternal care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)—correlated evolution with morphological change"
1058:
3045:
2954:
624:
2967:
704:
951:
656:
3122:
3027:
179:
48:
688:
932:
2889:
2884:
2861:
647:
451:
259:
2852:
631:
391:
3094:
3117:
3055:
663:
428:
405:
1051:
135:
3081:
2814:
167:
672:
3076:
3006:
263:
3068:
933:"Stirotarsinae, New Subfamily for Stirotarsus abnormis Bergroth (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)"
2923:
986:
774:
567:
172:
8:
538:
399:
211:
2866:
990:
849:
246:
Acanthosomatidae have heads that are keeled laterally and possess a pair of 5-segmented
1977:
1854:
1845:
1044:
1017:
974:
955:
433:
227:
43:
3063:
2910:
1637:
1597:
1359:
1022:
1004:
899:
802:
794:
572:
255:
247:
200:
959:
2915:
2720:
2662:
2657:
2402:
2165:
1943:
1935:
1862:
1645:
1507:
1012:
994:
947:
911:
880:
786:
746:
679:
524:
456:
874:
824:
2715:
2682:
2621:
2525:
2520:
2457:
2432:
2173:
2026:
1867:
1831:
1821:
1803:
1739:
1394:
1127:
3032:
775:"A new genus for a Chilean species of Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)"
292:
Acanthosomatidae are mostly herbivores on trees and shrubs. Host plants include
2962:
2949:
2837:
2741:
2499:
2381:
2144:
2115:
1917:
1826:
1811:
1682:
1669:
1576:
1547:
1427:
1331:
1215:
1174:
999:
790:
3111:
2789:
2777:
2749:
2608:
2548:
2530:
2486:
2470:
2355:
2340:
2238:
1987:
1972:
1964:
1698:
1621:
1613:
1523:
1399:
1336:
1301:
1262:
1249:
1184:
1164:
1008:
798:
441:
353:
271:
120:
1036:
2710:
2561:
2386:
2345:
2307:
2290:
2276:
2264:
2217:
2209:
2055:
2042:
2008:
1816:
1783:
1729:
1605:
1568:
1531:
1486:
1311:
1236:
1228:
1139:
1111:
1026:
806:
418:
734:
476:
2988:
2876:
2846:
2785:
2728:
2639:
2574:
2556:
2538:
2507:
2335:
2136:
1884:
1776:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1629:
1560:
1552:
1515:
1384:
1379:
1321:
1293:
1276:
916:
381:
333:
267:
251:
110:
30:
884:
2902:
2672:
2631:
2613:
2394:
2299:
2196:
2188:
2152:
2069:
1711:
1584:
1502:
1389:
1374:
1369:
1346:
1254:
1241:
1179:
1169:
1148:
590:
532:
357:
204:
2993:
2936:
2692:
2652:
2644:
2584:
2569:
2543:
2441:
2315:
2094:
2086:
2050:
1901:
1752:
1744:
1690:
1589:
1476:
1306:
1099:
1087:
1068:
471:
337:
329:
276:
196:
100:
80:
60:
2980:
2808:
898:
Paiero, S. M.; Marshall, S. A.; McPherson, J. E.; Ma, M.-S. (2013).
750:
2941:
2897:
2831:
2757:
2700:
2600:
2592:
2512:
2449:
2410:
2323:
2230:
2107:
2034:
1922:
1909:
1661:
1653:
1539:
1447:
1439:
1354:
1341:
1326:
1316:
1105:
360:), then abandon the eggs. Egg smearing is the ancestral behaviour.
324:
2705:
2667:
2368:
2360:
2243:
2123:
1364:
711:
608:
341:
318:
223:
1210:
1194:
1093:
1081:
312:
235:
219:
90:
70:
210:
3089:
2781:
2263:
1774:
1460:
306:
300:
294:
231:
2928:
973:
Tsai, Jing-Fu; Kudo, Shin-ichi; Yoshizawa, Kazunori (2015).
952:
10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0802:SNSFSA]2.0.CO;2
258:
of the legs are 2-segmented. The second visible abdominal
897:
280:) and sternite VII has an emarginate posterior margin.
1608:(cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)
2788:. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as
825:"The Acanthosomatidae (Heteroptera) of North America"
266:
of the second abdominal segment are concealed by the
739:Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series
262:has an elongate spine that projects forwards. The
972:
3109:
2397:(assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)
2025:
1802:
940:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1066:
1052:
371:
1125:
904:Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification
1425:
598:
1059:
1045:
29:
1016:
998:
915:
872:
580:
178:
166:
772:
3110:
822:
2813:
2812:
1773:
1424:
1124:
1040:
930:
732:
3095:1D1F87EE-BB21-E827-11A7-4227FAF7FA4F
3056:3f7c9025-dd6b-476b-a4b1-93b52d6490cd
2968:52d84c63-e7ce-47f9-9249-f745f9428c1a
2551:(jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)
844:
842:
818:
816:
270:. Abdominal sternite III has paired
254:has a strongly projecting keel. The
2363:(plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)
2310:(minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)
1967:(marsh treaders or water measurers)
13:
773:FaúNdez, Eduardo I. (2014-02-28).
38:Acanthosomatidae - relative sizes
14:
3134:
2502:(giant shield bugs and relatives)
1257:(typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)
839:
813:
703:
687:
671:
655:
639:
623:
368:Examples of genera and species:
352:Many species have females which
347:
47:
2695:(milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)
2603:(squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)
1870:(unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)
2126:(water scorpions, needle bugs)
966:
924:
891:
866:
766:
757:
726:
241:
1:
719:
218:), which is found throughout
829:The Pan-Pacific Entomologist
354:take care of their offspring
328:. There are also records of
7:
2752:(red bugs, cotton stainers)
931:Rider, D. A. (2000-07-01).
648:Elasmostethus interstinctus
452:Elasmostethus interstinctus
207:regions at high altitudes.
10:
3139:
823:Thomas, Donald B. (1991).
632:Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale
616:
392:Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale
287:
216:Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale
2821:
2773:
2740:
2630:
2583:
2469:
2440:
2431:
2298:
2289:
2259:
2229:
2208:
2187:
2164:
2135:
2106:
2085:
2068:
2021:
1986:
1955:
1934:
1900:
1883:
1853:
1844:
1798:
1794:
1769:
1710:
1681:
1579:(pupillarial palm scales)
1485:
1459:
1438:
1434:
1420:
1292:
1275:
1227:
1193:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1120:
1076:
1000:10.1186/s12862-015-0537-4
850:"Family ACANTHOSOMATIDAE"
791:10.11646/zootaxa.3768.5.7
363:
148:
143:
44:Scientific classification
42:
37:
28:
23:
979:BMC Evolutionary Biology
879:. Manaaki Whenua Press.
664:Cyphostethus tristriatus
429:Cyphostethus tristriatus
406:Acanthosoma labiduroides
185:Rhopalimorpha lineolaris
1693:(woolly conifer aphids)
873:Larivière, M-C (1995).
2616:(scentless plant bugs)
1616:(Mediterranean scales)
189:
176:
3077:Paleobiology Database
2760:(bordered plant bugs)
2533:(includes ebony bugs)
2199:(creeping water bugs)
188:juvenile, last instar
182:
170:
3123:Heteroptera families
2963:Fauna Europaea (new)
2731:(ash-grey leaf bugs)
2723:(atypical seed bugs)
2389:(old world bat bugs)
2318:(bed bugs, bat bugs)
2246:(pygmy backswimmers)
2155:(velvety shore bugs)
1747:(jumping plant lice)
917:10.3752/cjai.2013.24
568:Oncacontias vittatus
485:Elasmucha cordillera
173:Oncacontias vittatus
2595:(broad-headed bugs)
1946:(velvet water bugs)
1534:(ornate pit scales)
991:2015BMCEE..15..258T
854:biodiversity.org.au
696:Elasmucha ferrugata
539:Elasmucha lateralis
515:Elasmucha flammatum
495:Elasmucha ferrugata
463:Elasmostethus minor
400:Hawthorn shield bug
212:hawthorn shield bug
16:Family of true bugs
2118:(giant water bugs)
2045:(spiny shore bugs)
1978:Paraphrynoveliidae
1891:(semiaquatic bugs)
1846:Enicocephalomorpha
1640:(phenacoleachiids)
1638:Phenacoleachiidae
1600:(false pit scales)
1598:Lecanodiaspididae
733:Kumar, R. (1974).
434:Juniper shield bug
412:— Green shield bug
222:and also northern
190:
177:
3105:
3104:
3064:Open Tree of Life
2815:Taxon identifiers
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2732:
2724:
2721:Rhyparochromidae
2696:
2648:
2617:
2604:
2596:
2565:
2552:
2534:
2516:
2503:
2495:
2492:Acanthosomatidae
2479:
2461:
2453:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2406:
2405:(royal palm bugs)
2403:Thaumastocoridae
2398:
2390:
2372:
2364:
2331:
2319:
2311:
2285:
2284:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2221:
2200:
2156:
2148:
2127:
2119:
2098:
2078:
2076:(true water bugs)
2064:
2063:
2046:
2038:
2017:
2016:
1996:
1968:
1947:
1926:
1913:
1893:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1840:
1839:
1789:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1702:
1694:
1673:
1665:
1664:(giant mealybugs)
1657:
1649:
1646:Phoenicococcidae
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1508:Asterolecaniidae
1495:
1469:
1451:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1360:Hypochthonellidae
1350:
1285:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1245:
1219:
1203:
1157:
885:10.7931/j2/fnz.35
573:Forest shield bug
563:
544:
530:
520:
510:
505:Elasmucha fieberi
500:
499:(Fabricius, 1787)
490:
480:
447:
424:
411:
397:
387:
165:
164:
139:
24:Acanthosomatidae
3130:
3118:Acanthosomatidae
3098:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3033:NBNSYS0000159286
3023:
3022:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2867:ACANTHOSOMATIDAE
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:Acanthosomatidae
2842:
2841:
2840:
2823:Acanthosomatidae
2810:
2809:
2780:are a different
2775:
2759:
2751:
2730:
2722:
2694:
2663:Cryptorhamphidae
2658:Colobathristidae
2646:
2615:
2602:
2594:
2563:
2550:
2532:
2515:(burrowing bugs)
2514:
2501:
2493:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2459:
2458:Termitaphididae
2451:
2438:
2437:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2370:
2362:
2328:Curalium cronini
2325:
2317:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2219:
2198:
2166:Aphelocheiroidea
2154:
2146:
2125:
2117:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2044:
2036:
2023:
2022:
1997:
1995:
1994:(water treaders)
1992:
1966:
1945:
1924:
1912:(water striders)
1911:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1869:
1868:Enicocephalidae
1863:Aenictopecheidae
1855:Enicocephaloidea
1851:
1850:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1746:
1700:
1692:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1578:
1570:
1563:(armored scales)
1562:
1554:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1348:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1256:
1243:
1217:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1002:
970:
964:
963:
937:
928:
922:
921:
919:
895:
889:
888:
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
846:
837:
836:
820:
811:
810:
770:
764:
761:
755:
754:
730:
707:
691:
680:Elasmucha grisea
675:
659:
643:
627:
561:
542:
529:(Linnaeus, 1758)
528:
525:Elasmucha grisea
518:
509:(Jakovlev, 1864)
508:
498:
488:
475:
457:Birch shield bug
445:
422:
409:
396:(Linnaeus, 1758)
395:
385:
374:Acanthosomatinae
193:Acanthosomatidae
151:Acanthosomatinae
134:
131:Acanthosomatidae
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2817:
2807:
2794:
2765:
2736:
2716:Pachygronthidae
2683:Heterogastridae
2626:
2622:Stenocephalidae
2579:
2526:Parastrachiidae
2521:Thaumastellidae
2500:Tessaratomidae
2476:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2433:Pentatomomorpha
2423:
2281:
2268:(Coleorrhyncha)
2267:
2266:
2265:Peloridiomorpha
2251:
2225:
2204:
2183:
2174:Aphelocheiridae
2160:
2145:Gelastocoridae
2131:
2116:Belostomatidae
2102:
2097:(water boatmen)
2075:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2027:Leptopodomorpha
2013:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1951:
1930:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1836:
1832:Stemmocryptidae
1822:Hypsipterygidae
1804:Dipsocoromorpha
1790:
1786:
1780:
1757:
1740:Phacopteronidae
1706:
1677:
1672:(stictococcids)
1670:Stictococcidae
1654:Pseudococcidae
1632:(ensign scales)
1577:Halimococcidae
1493:(scale insects)
1492:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1430:
1404:
1395:Tettigometridae
1282:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1223:
1218:(hairy cicadas)
1216:Tettigarctidae
1200:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1130:
1128:Auchenorrhyncha
1116:
1072:
1065:
1035:
1034:
971:
967:
935:
929:
925:
896:
892:
871:
867:
858:
856:
848:
847:
840:
821:
814:
771:
767:
762:
758:
751:10.1071/ajzs034
731:
727:
722:
715:
708:
699:
692:
683:
676:
667:
660:
651:
644:
635:
628:
619:
604:
586:
519:(Distant, 1893)
377:
366:
350:
290:
244:
203:regions and in
195:is a family of
157:
153:
133:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3086:
3073:
3060:
3050:
3037:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2950:Fauna Europaea
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2871:
2858:
2843:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2750:Pyrrhocoridae
2746:
2744:
2742:Pyrrhocoroidea
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2549:Scutelleridae
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:Thyreocoridae
2528:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2460:(termite bugs)
2455:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2382:Plokiophilidae
2379:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2321:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2220:(backswimmers)
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:Hydrometridae
1961:
1959:
1957:Hydrometroidea
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1918:Hermatobatidae
1915:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:Schizopteridae
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Ceratocombidae
1808:
1806:
1792:
1791:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1701:(phylloxerans)
1699:Phylloxeridae
1696:
1687:
1685:
1683:Phylloxeroidea
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1624:(giant scales)
1622:Monophlebidae
1619:
1614:Micrococcidae
1611:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1553:Dactylopiidae
1550:
1548:Conchaspididae
1545:
1537:
1529:
1526:(carayonemids)
1524:Carayonemidae
1521:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1432:
1431:
1428:Sternorrhyncha
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1349:(lanternflies)
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Dictyopharidae
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1283:(planthoppers)
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Clastopteridae
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1032:
965:
946:(4): 802–806.
923:
890:
865:
838:
835:(3): 159––170.
812:
785:(5): 596–600.
765:
756:
724:
723:
721:
718:
717:
716:
712:Uhlunga typica
709:
702:
700:
693:
686:
684:
677:
670:
668:
661:
654:
652:
645:
638:
636:
629:
622:
618:
615:
614:
613:
603:
601:Ditomotarsinae
597:
596:
595:
594:Kirkaldy, 1904
585:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
554:
547:
546:
545:
535:
521:
511:
501:
491:
468:
467:
466:
459:
438:
437:
436:
415:
414:
413:
410:Jakovlev, 1880
402:
376:
370:
365:
362:
349:
346:
289:
286:
243:
240:
163:
162:
159:Ditomotarsinae
146:
145:
141:
140:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3135:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2791:
2790:Prosorrhyncha
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:Coleorrhyncha
2772:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Henicocoridae
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2609:Hyocephalidae
2607:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2562:Pentatomidae
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2494:(shield bugs)
2490:
2488:
2487:Urostylididae
2485:
2484:
2482:
2477:(shield bugs)
2472:
2471:Pentatomoidea
2468:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2419:Velocipedidae
2417:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:Polyctenidae
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2371:(damsel bugs)
2367:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2356:Microphysidae
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Lasiochilidae
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:Anthocoridae
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2239:Helotrephidae
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:Notonectidae
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2210:Notonectoidea
2207:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2179:Potamocoridae
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:Leptopodidae
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Madeoveliidae
2002:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1988:Mesovelioidea
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Macroveliidae
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1925:(riffle bugs)
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1784:Coleorrhyncha
1778:
1772:
1768:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1648:(palm scales)
1644:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:Margarodidae
1604:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1571:(felt scales)
1569:Eriococcidae
1567:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:(soft scales)
1538:
1536:
1532:Cerococcidae
1530:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1401:
1400:Tropiduchidae
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Eurybrachidae
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Acanaloniidae
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1278:
1277:Fulgoromorpha
1274:
1264:
1263:Myerslopiidae
1261:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1250:Melizoderidae
1248:
1246:
1244:(leafhoppers)
1242:Cicadellidae
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1185:Machaerotidae
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:Aphrophoridae
1163:
1162:
1160:
1155:(froghoppers)
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
927:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
886:
882:
878:
877:
869:
855:
851:
845:
843:
834:
830:
826:
819:
817:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
725:
714:
713:
706:
701:
698:
697:
690:
685:
682:
681:
674:
669:
666:
665:
658:
653:
650:
649:
642:
637:
634:
633:
626:
621:
620:
612:Distant, 1892
611:
610:
606:
605:
602:
593:
592:
588:
587:
584:
574:
570:
569:
565:
564:
562:Breddin, 1903
560:
559:
555:
553:
552:
548:
541:
540:
536:
534:
527:
526:
522:
517:
516:
512:
507:
506:
502:
497:
496:
492:
487:
486:
482:
481:
478:
474:
473:
469:
465:
464:
460:
458:
454:
453:
449:
448:
444:
443:
442:Elasmostethus
439:
435:
431:
430:
426:
425:
421:
420:
416:
408:
407:
403:
401:
394:
393:
389:
388:
384:
383:
379:
378:
375:
369:
361:
359:
355:
348:Maternal care
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
320:
315:
314:
309:
308:
303:
302:
297:
296:
285:
281:
279:
278:
273:
272:trichobothria
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:
169:
161:
160:
156:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:Pentatomoidea
119:
117:Superfamily:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2822:
2729:Piesmatidae
2711:Oxycarenidae
2688:Idiostolidae
2647:(stilt bugs)
2564:(stink bugs)
2491:
2377:Pachynomidae
2351:Medocostidae
2346:Lyctocoridae
2327:
2291:Cimicomorpha
2277:Peloridiidae
2056:Aepophilidae
2037:(shore bugs)
2009:Mesoveliidae
1817:Dipsocoridae
1730:Carsidaridae
1630:Ortheziidae
1592:(lac scales)
1561:Diaspididae
1555:(cochineals)
1518:(beesoniids)
1516:Beesoniidae
1510:(pit scales)
1450:(whiteflies)
1448:Aleyrodidae
1440:Aleyrodoidea
1312:Achilixiidae
1255:Membracidae
1237:Aetalionidae
1229:Membracoidea
1140:Cicadomorpha
1112:Paraneoptera
1110:Superorder:
1104:Infraclass:
982:
978:
968:
943:
939:
926:
907:
903:
893:
875:
868:
857:. Retrieved
853:
832:
828:
782:
778:
768:
759:
745:(34): 1–60.
742:
738:
728:
710:
694:
678:
662:
646:
630:
607:
589:
566:
556:
549:
537:
523:
513:
503:
493:
489:Thomas, 1991
483:
470:
461:
450:
446:Fieber, 1860
440:
427:
423:Fieber, 1860
419:Cyphostethus
417:
404:
390:
386:Curtis, 1824
380:
367:
351:
323:
317:
311:
305:
299:
293:
291:
282:
275:
245:
215:
209:
192:
191:
183:
171:
149:
144:Subfamilies
130:
18:
2989:iNaturalist
2847:Wikispecies
2786:Heteroptera
2640:Artheneidae
2614:Rhopalidae
2575:Megarididae
2557:Plataspidae
2539:Lestoniidae
2508:Dinidoridae
2452:(flat bugs)
2413:(lace bugs)
2395:Reduviidae
2336:Joppeicidae
2324:Curaliidae
2197:Naucoridae
2189:Naucoroidea
2153:Ochteridae
2147:(toad bugs)
2137:Ochteroidea
1885:Gerromorpha
1777:Heteroptera
1735:Homotomidae
1725:Calophyidae
1720:Aphalaridae
1656:(mealybugs)
1385:Nogodinidae
1380:Meenoplidae
1347:Fulgoridae
1322:Delphacidae
1294:Fulgoroidea
1149:Cercopoidea
583:Blaudusinae
558:Oncacontias
543:(Say, 1831)
382:Acanthosoma
358:parasitoids
334:cannibalism
332:(including
252:mesosternum
242:Description
205:subtropical
155:Blaudusinae
111:Heteroptera
3112:Categories
2693:Lygaeidae
2673:Geocoridae
2645:Berytidae
2632:Lygaeoidea
2316:Cimicidae
2300:Cimicoidea
2095:Corixidae
2087:Corixoidea
2070:Nepomorpha
1745:Psyllidae
1712:Psylloidea
1691:Adelgidae
1590:Kerriidae
1585:Kermesidae
1503:Aclerdidae
1461:Aphidoidea
1390:Ricaniidae
1375:Lophopidae
1370:Kinnaridae
1195:Cicadoidea
1180:Epipygidae
1170:Cercopidae
1098:Subclass:
1088:Arthropoda
985:(1): 258.
859:2023-10-30
720:References
599:Subfamily
581:Subfamily
533:Parent bug
372:Subfamily
338:scavenging
268:metapleura
107:Suborder:
81:Arthropoda
2758:Largidae
2653:Blissidae
2601:Coreidae
2593:Alydidae
2585:Coreoidea
2570:Canopidae
2544:Phloeidae
2513:Cydnidae
2450:Aradidae
2442:Aradoidea
2411:Tingidae
2051:Omaniidae
2035:Saldidae
1944:Hebridae
1936:Hebroidea
1923:Veliidae
1910:Gerridae
1902:Gerroidea
1775:Suborder
1753:Triozidae
1662:Putoidae
1540:Coccidae
1487:Coccoidea
1477:Aphididae
1426:Suborder
1307:Achilidae
1211:Cicadidae
1201:(cicadas)
1126:Suborder
1100:Pterygota
1080:Kingdom:
1069:Hemiptera
1009:1471-2148
799:1175-5334
551:Eupolemus
472:Elasmucha
330:predation
277:Elasmucha
264:spiracles
201:temperate
197:Hemiptera
101:Hemiptera
67:Kingdom:
61:Eukaryota
2898:BugGuide
2874:BioLib:
2838:Q2301203
2832:Wikidata
2701:Malcidae
2369:Nabidae
2361:Miridae
2244:Pleidae
2231:Pleoidea
2124:Nepidae
2108:Nepoidea
1467:(aphids)
1355:Gengidae
1342:Flatidae
1327:Derbidae
1317:Cixiidae
1106:Neoptera
1086:Phylum:
1082:Animalia
1071:families
1027:26586480
960:85843310
807:24871197
325:Dactylis
260:sternite
248:antennae
228:hawthorn
136:Signoret
127:Family:
77:Phylum:
71:Animalia
57:Domain:
2706:Ninidae
2668:Cymidae
1365:Issidae
1094:Insecta
1092:Class:
1067:Extant
1018:4653913
987:Bibcode
779:Zootaxa
617:Gallery
609:Uhlunga
342:carrion
319:Cladium
288:Ecology
224:Siberia
97:Order:
91:Insecta
87:Class:
3082:249339
3069:215958
3053:NZOR:
3046:236378
3020:108538
3007:101150
2942:1ACAHF
2890:160800
2776:Note:
1025:
1015:
1007:
958:
805:
797:
479:, 1864
364:Genera
336:) and
313:Juncus
250:. The
236:cherry
234:, and
220:Europe
138:, 1864
3090:Plazi
3002:IRMNG
2994:51159
2955:12858
2916:7NFSF
2903:14006
2877:17116
2784:from
2782:clade
1781:(with
956:S2CID
936:(PDF)
307:Carex
301:Hakea
295:Ficus
256:tarsi
232:rowan
3041:NCBI
3015:ITIS
2981:4303
2976:GBIF
2937:EPPO
2885:BOLD
1023:PMID
1005:ISSN
803:PMID
795:ISSN
783:3768
591:Xosa
477:Stål
322:and
3028:NBN
2929:541
2924:EoL
2911:CoL
2862:AFD
1013:PMC
995:doi
948:doi
912:doi
881:doi
787:doi
747:doi
340:on
3114::
3092::
3079::
3066::
3043::
3030::
3017::
3004::
2991::
2978::
2965::
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2926::
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2887::
2864::
2849::
2834::
1021:.
1011:.
1003:.
993:.
983:15
981:.
977:.
954:.
944:93
942:.
938:.
910:.
908:24
906:.
902:.
852:.
841:^
833:67
831:.
827:.
815:^
801:.
793:.
781:.
777:.
743:22
741:.
737:.
571:—
531:—
455:—
432:—
398:—
344:.
316:,
310:,
304:,
298:,
238:.
230:,
2792:.
2330:)
2326:(
1787:)
1060:e
1053:t
1046:v
1029:.
997::
989::
962:.
950::
920:.
914::
887:.
883::
862:.
809:.
789::
753:.
749::
214:(
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