925:
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135:
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110:
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after he thrust it into the ground while visiting
Glastonbury in the first century AD. The tree was noteworthy because it flowered twice in a year, once in the late spring which is normal, but also once after the harshness of midwinter had passed. The original tree at Glastonbury Abbey, felled in the
1160:
for the same purpose. Hawthorn was sometimes placed on the coffin of a deceased person, on top of the person's corpse, or in the corpse's sock. In Bosnia, women would sometimes place a piece of hawthorn behind the headcloth of a recently deceased person, and then throw away the remaining twig on
567:) by its more upright growth, the leaves being deeply lobed, with spreading lobes, and the flowers having just one style, not two or three. They are interfertile, however, so hybrids occur frequently; they are only entirely distinct in their more typical forms.
881:, but they look similar to berries. A haw is small and oblong, similar in size and shape to a small olive or grape, and red when ripe. The haws develop in groups of two or three along smaller branches. They are pulpy and delicate in taste. In this species (
2061:
1104:
are known, including the very popular 'Paul's
Scarlet' with dark pink double flowers. Other garden shrubs that have sometimes been suggested as possible hybrids involving the common hawthorn, include the
893:
The petals are also edible, as are the leaves, which if picked in spring when still young are tender enough to be used in salads. Hawthorn petals are used in the medieval
English recipe for spinee, an
646:
1333:
1148:
As protection against witchcraft, hawthorn was sometimes placed in the cradles of infants, or around houses and doorways. The Greeks reportedly placed pieces of hawthorn in
240:
256:
1849:
57:
877:
The fruit of hawthorn, called haws, are edible raw but commonly made into jellies, jams, syrups, or wine, or to add flavour to brandy. Botanically, they are
1918:
506:, and deeply lobed, sometimes almost to the midrib, with the lobes spreading at a wide angle. The upper surface is dark green above and paler underneath.
2724:
1071:
use. Its spines and close branching habit render it effectively livestock- and human-proof, with some basic maintenance. The traditional practice of
790:
trees in the open field are eaten by animals. This does not allow them to grow and causes them to take a horizontally irregular shape on the ground.
1161:
their way home. If the deceased person was a vampire, it would focus its attention on the hawthorn instead of following the woman home. Among the
943:. The plant parts used are usually sprigs with both leaves and flowers, or alternatively the fruit ("berries"). Hawthorn has been investigated by
2338:
1329:
1757:
2031:
1216:, has been propagated as the cultivar 'Biflora'. A replacement was planted by the local council in 1951, but was cut down by vandals in 2010.
520:
of 5–25 together; numerous red stamens and a single style; they are moderately fragrant. The flowers are white, frequently pink pollinated by
2560:
2426:
2219:
2659:
715:
618:
2521:
1199: ft). The inscription on the plaque beneath reads: "This hawthorn is probably the oldest tree in France. Its origin goes back to
44:
924:
684:
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2364:
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1042:
984:
2039:
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1014:
662:
1413:
1231:, south of Norwich, in Norfolk. It is reputed to be more than 700 years old, having been planted in the thirteenth century.
2500:
703:
2369:
1527:) Scrub in North Wales in Relation to Sheep Grazing." Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 27, no. 1, 1990, pp. 272-83. JSTOR,
1508:
379:. It is native to Europe, northwestern Africa, and Western Asia, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world.
1021:
2714:
2704:
1488:
838:
2214:
1961:
1722:
Oztürk N, Tunçel M (2011). "Assessment of
Phenolic Acid Content and In Vitro Antiradical Characteristics of Hawthorn".
678:
2709:
1995:
1674:
864:
134:
1177:
An ancient specimen, and reputedly the oldest tree of any species in France, is to be found alongside the church at
1028:
846:
2694:
2601:
2431:
1985:
1503:
Clapham,A.R., Tutin, T.G. and
Warburg,E.F. 1968 "Excursion Flora of the British Isles." Cambridge University Press.
1857:
793:
A study in Wales indicted that current levels of overgrazing by sheep might extirpate the species in 60-70 years.
2325:
1922:
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2002:
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forces, and was also thought to be sacred in nature due to an association between the hawthorn bush and the
2258:
2113:
2170:
2547:
2351:
2160:
2155:
2132:
751:
299:
524:, bees, and other insects, and later in the year bear numerous haws. The haw is a small, oval, dark red
464:
is dull brown with vertical orange cracks. The younger stems bear sharp thorns, about 12.5 millimetres (
2534:
2294:
1369:
1364:
594:
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49:
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995:
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389:
1541:
Zhang, Juan; Chai, Xiaoyun; Zhao, Fenglan; Hou, Guige; Meng, Qingguo (15 September 2022).
1088:
8:
2621:
1208:
1185:. As of 2009, the tree had a height of 9 m (30 ft) and a girth of 2.65 m (
1121:
In pre-modern Europe, hawthorn was used as a symbol of hope, and also as a charm against
99:
2047:
2664:
2629:
1978:
1600:
1577:
1542:
1242:
1203:(third century)"; this has not yet been verified. A famous specimen in England was the
321:
129:
20:
2565:
1284:
885:), they have only one seed, but other species of hawthorn may have up to five seeds.
393:, a name that has been rejected by the botanical community as too ambiguous. In 1793,
2475:
2188:
1991:
1957:
1953:
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1701:
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1582:
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1504:
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24:
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1731:
1698:
University of
Maryland Medical Center: Complementary and Alternative Medicine Guide
1572:
1554:
1302:
1224:
1083:
560:
2462:
2392:
2137:
2124:
1850:"Common Hawthorn next to the church in Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne, France"
1664:
1391:
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722:
510:
372:
172:
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exist, some of which are used as garden shrubs. The most widely used hybrid is
957:
529:
159:
1355:
1249:
1240:
The hawthorn button-top gall on hawthorn is caused by the dipteran gall-midge
991:
2653:
2377:
2098:
1666:
Oxford
Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1986: The Cooking Medium: Proceedings
1568:
1293:
1138:
545:
461:
119:
114:
2017:
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2356:
1743:
1586:
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929:
308:
1735:
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559:
The common hawthorn is distinguished from the related but less widespread
2400:
2302:
2147:
2107:
1642:
1220:
1162:
1129:. Hawthorn was believed by some to have the ability to inhibit intruding
1068:
954:
894:
2467:
2268:
939:
is one of the most common species used as the "hawthorn" of traditional
739:
2281:
1166:
1122:
906:
689:
786:
Due to excessive animal grazing in the area, new shoots of vulnerable
516:
are produced in late spring (May to early June in its native area) in
2307:
2240:
1157:
1076:
940:
228:
2069:
2046:
973:
816:
2573:
2092:
2042:(photographs of a number of such trees, including Hethel Old Thorn)
1879:
1263:
1110:
1101:
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376:
218:
185:
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898:
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549:
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208:
90:
35:
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2001:
Kheloufi, A., Mansouri, L. M., & Vanbellinghen, C. (2019).
1474:
1228:
775:
669:
517:
513:
475:
198:
1875:"BBC News – The mystery over who attacked the Holy Thorn Tree"
1113:, which is only very occasionally found in parks and gardens.
460:
up to about 10 metres (33 feet) tall, with a dense crown. The
1543:"Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Hawthorn"
1282:
1142:
878:
525:
521:
453:
387:
This species is one of several that have been referred to as
146:
1276:
1227:, and is located in the churchyard in the small village of
1075:
is most commonly practised with this species. It is a good
553:
537:
533:
457:
1523:"Distribution, Longevity and Survival of Upland Hawthorn (
778:. Therefore, the trees in the region multiply with seeds.
1818:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1787:
1785:
770:
Ireland and
Britain The mountains are very young in the
1207:
which, according to legend, sprouted from the staff of
960:, especially extracts of hawthorn leaves with flowers.
1223:, and possibly in the United Kingdom, is known as the
16:
Species of flowering plant in the rose family
Rosaceae
2018:"Phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacities of
1830:
1797:
1782:
1169:
wood were considered effective in impaling vampires.
1721:
1079:, which burns with a good heat and little smoke.
19:"May blossom" redirects here. For the films, see
2651:
1950:The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead
1901:Phipps, J.B.; O’Kennon, R.J.; Lance, R.W. 2003.
1540:
1252:about hawthorns, primarily the European species
1308:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T203426A68083007.en
1152:to prevent witches from entering houses, while
1905:. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, UK.
1869:
1867:
1475:Parnell, J.; Curtis, T.; Webb, D.A. (2012).
1348:
1063:Common hawthorn is extensively planted as a
1000:introducing citations to additional sources
963:
552:; these birds eat the haws and disperse the
1468:
1389:
845:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1283:Rivers, M.C.; Khela, S.; Mark, J. (2017).
428:, (as the plant generally flowers in May)
307:
108:
89:
2725:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
1913:
1911:
1864:
1662:
1576:
1558:
1408:. American Society of Plant Taxonomists.
1306:
865:Learn how and when to remove this message
990:Relevant discussion may be found on the
923:
401:for a European hawthorn now included in
60:of all important aspects of the article.
2652:
1947:
1908:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1791:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
2074:
2073:
1921:. Wildlifetrusts.org/. Archived from
1688:
1686:
1405:(Rosaceae-Maloideae) in the Old World
1156:placed hawthorn on the thresholds of
2602:89ce8787-657a-4a79-b9fe-035acb2d3d95
2442:af8c241e-1bf2-4767-af5d-7b01c947e73b
1442:
1219:The oldest known living specimen in
967:
947:for treating cardiac insufficiency.
843:adding citations to reliable sources
810:
734:
29:
2660:IUCN Red List least concern species
1422:
1294:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
905:' by the Chief Master-Cook of King
640:General view of the Saint-Mars tree
13:
2016:Bahorun, Theeshan, et al. (2003).
1941:
1683:
1456:. International Dendrology Society
14:
2736:
2007:—a species with a stony endocarp"
1980:Trees of North America and Europe
1971:
1336:from the original on 15 July 2023
1330:"Mutel, Fl. Franç. 1: 358 (1834)"
2540:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:723820-1
1758:"The burning properties of wood"
1172:
983:relies largely or entirely on a
972:
815:
738:
714:
702:
677:
661:
645:
633:
617:
605:
593:
584:
572:
133:
34:
1895:
1842:
1750:
1715:
1656:
1635:
1622:
1593:
1534:
1529:https://doi.org/10.2307/2403584
1435:International Plant Names Index
730:
48:may be too short to adequately
2685:Trees of Mediterranean climate
1513:
1497:
1383:
1322:
447:
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1609:Survival and Self Sufficiency
1390:Christensen, Knud Ib (1992).
1269:
1165:, stakes made of hawthorn or
910:
624:Bole of ancient specimen at
7:
2022:(Hawthorn) callus extracts"
1531:. Accessed 8 February 2024.
1260:and hybrids between the two
1234:
919:
656:cut down by vandals in 2010
416:Other common names include
10:
2741:
2715:Medicinal plants of Europe
2705:Medicinal plants of Africa
1990:. New York: Random House.
1948:Melton, J. Gordon (1994).
1370:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1365:Plants of the World Online
1116:
781:
532:-like, but structurally a
18:
2082:
1450:"Crataegus monogyna Jacq"
1205:Glastonbury or Holy Thorn
964:Gardening and agriculture
888:
806:
654:Glastonbury or Holy Thorn
540:. Haws are important for
452:The common hawthorn is a
327:
320:
315:
306:
289:
282:
130:Scientific classification
128:
106:
97:
88:
81:
2710:Medicinal plants of Asia
1763:. Scouts. Archived from
1632:, Collins, October 2001.
1179:Saint Mars sur la Futaie
721:Pink may on farmland in
626:Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie
544:in winter, particularly
382:
2695:Garden plants of Europe
1454:Bean's Trees and Shrubs
1137:that, according to the
1107:various-leaved hawthorn
945:evidence-based medicine
801:
796:
709:Fruit containing a seed
528:about 10 mm long,
2054:Encyclopedia Americana
1301:: e.T203426A68083007.
1067:plant, especially for
933:
478:are 20 to 40 mm (
411:botanical nomenclature
369:single-seeded hawthorn
2700:Garden plants of Asia
2675:Flora of Western Asia
2670:Flora of North Africa
2028:47.3 (2003): 191–198.
2003:"Seed germination of
1986:registration required
1903:Hawthorns and medlars
1736:10.1089/jmf.2010.0063
1560:10.3390/foods11182861
1481:Cork University Press
1477:Webb's an Irish Flora
1430:"Crataegus apiifolia"
927:
342:Crataegus polyacantha
1977:Philips, R. (1978).
1100:), of which several
1011:"Crataegus monogyna"
996:improve this article
839:improve this section
556:in their droppings.
536:containing a single
390:Crataegus oxyacantha
1925:on 24 February 2007
1770:on 23 December 2012
1209:Joseph of Arimathea
928:'Crimson Cloud' in
652:Replacement of the
409:under the rules of
397:published the name
375:in the rose family
100:Conservation status
2491:Crataegus_monogyna
2220:Crataegus_monogyna
2181:crataegus-monogyna
2114:Crataegus monogyna
2084:Crataegus monogyna
2063:Crataegus monogyna
2033:Crataegus monogyna
2020:Crataegus monogyna
2005:Crataegus monogyna
1919:"Hethel Old Thorn"
1827:, p. 295–296.
1669:, Prospect Books,
1663:Jaine, T. (1987),
1643:"Foods of England"
1603:Crataegus monogyna
1525:Crataegus Monogyna
1358:Crataegus monogyna
1287:Crataegus monogyna
1243:Dasineura crataegi
934:
788:Crataegus monogyna
750:. You can help by
371:, is a species of
356:Crataegus monogyna
293:Crataegus monogyna
83:Crataegus monogyna
21:May Blossom (film)
2645:
2644:
2476:Open Tree of Life
2076:Taxon identifiers
1954:Visible Ink Press
1415:978-0-912861-35-7
1214:English Civil War
1212:1640s during the
1098:C. laevigata
1061:
1060:
1046:
903:The Forme of Cury
875:
874:
867:
772:Eastern Anatolian
768:
767:
565:C. laevigata
405:but that name is
403:C. monogyna,
399:C. apiifolia
365:one-seed hawthorn
352:
351:
334:Crataegus elegans
329:Many, including:
316:Distribution map
123:
75:
74:
25:Mayblossom (film)
2732:
2720:Ornamental trees
2638:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2591:
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2581:
2569:
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2543:
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2529:
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2516:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2493:
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2483:
2471:
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2458:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2419:NBNSYS0000003430
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2372:
2360:
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2347:
2346:
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2320:
2311:
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2249:
2248:
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2235:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2173:
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2151:
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2141:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2071:
2070:
2065:at Flora Iberica
2058:
2050:
2048:"Hawthorn"
2040:Hawthorn Gallery
1989:
1967:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1856:. Archived from
1854:Monumental trees
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1700:, archived from
1690:
1681:
1679:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1280:
1258:C. monogyna
1225:Hethel Old Thorn
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1150:casement windows
1141:, was placed on
1094:C. monogyna
1056:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1004:
976:
968:
915:
912:
883:C. monogyna
870:
863:
859:
856:
850:
819:
811:
763:
760:
742:
735:
718:
706:
693:
681:
665:
649:
637:
621:
609:
597:
588:
576:
561:Midland hawthorn
502: in) long,
501:
500:
496:
493:
487:
486:
482:
474:inch) long. The
473:
472:
468:
346:
338:
311:
295:
275:C. monogyna
261:
245:
138:
137:
117:
112:
111:
93:
79:
78:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2680:Trees of Europe
2650:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2577:
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2559:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2463:Observation.org
2461:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2390:MichiganFlora:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2293:
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2275:
2267:
2265:
2257:
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2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2078:
2045:
1983:
1974:
1964:
1944:
1942:Further reading
1939:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1860:on 19 May 2023.
1848:
1847:
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1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1773:
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1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1704:on 30 June 2017
1692:
1691:
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1677:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1628:Richard Mabey,
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1539:
1535:
1519:J. E. G. Good,
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1498:
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1490:978-185918-4783
1473:
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1135:crown of thorns
1119:
1089:C. × media
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1005:
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989:
977:
966:
953:is a source of
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361:common hawthorn
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2014:
1999:
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1972:External links
1970:
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1963:978-1578590766
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1883:. 4 April 2012
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1052:September 2023
994:. Please help
980:
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52:the key points
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2027:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:0-394-50259-0
1993:
1987:
1982:
1981:
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1676:9780907325369
1672:
1668:
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1644:
1638:
1631:
1630:Food for Free
1625:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1588:
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1509:0 521 04656 4
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1455:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1431:
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1403:Crataeguineae
1402:
1398:
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1184:
1180:
1173:Notable trees
1170:
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1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:New Testament
1136:
1132:
1128:
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1041:
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1016:
1013: –
1012:
1008:
1007:Find sources:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
986:
985:single source
981:This section
979:
975:
970:
969:
961:
959:
956:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
931:
926:
917:
908:
904:
901:recorded in '
900:
896:
886:
884:
880:
869:
866:
858:
848:
844:
840:
834:
833:
829:
824:This section
822:
818:
813:
812:
794:
791:
789:
779:
777:
773:
762:
753:
749:
746:This section
744:
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531:
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512:
511:hermaphrodite
507:
505:
477:
463:
459:
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337:(Poir.) Mutel
335:
332:
331:
330:
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314:
310:
305:
301:
296:
294:
288:
285:
284:Binomial name
281:
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160:Tracheophytes
158:
155:
152:
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148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
121:
116:
115:Least Concern
105:
101:
96:
92:
87:
84:
80:
77:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2647:
2083:
2062:
2052:
2032:
2026:Food/Nahrung
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1979:
1949:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1902:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1878:
1858:the original
1853:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1772:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1752:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1706:, retrieved
1702:the original
1697:
1665:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1637:
1629:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
1602:
1595:
1553:(18): 2861.
1550:
1546:
1536:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1499:
1476:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1433:
1424:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:Revision of
1392:
1385:
1375:27 September
1373:. Retrieved
1363:
1357:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1298:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1257:
1254:C. laevigata
1253:
1241:
1218:
1176:
1147:
1131:supernatural
1120:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1073:hedge laying
1069:agricultural
1062:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1006:
982:
950:
949:
936:
935:
892:
882:
876:
861:
852:
837:Please help
825:
792:
787:
785:
769:
756:
752:adding to it
747:
731:Distribution
564:
558:
508:
451:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
415:
407:illegitimate
402:
398:
388:
386:
368:
364:
360:
355:
354:
353:
341:
333:
328:
292:
290:
274:
273:
257:
241:
229:
192:
179:
166:
153:
82:
76:
63:
47:
45:lead section
2401:NatureServe
2303:iNaturalist
2108:Wikispecies
2035:in Topwalks
2013:(7), 73–80.
1929:18 February
1837:Melton 1994
1825:Melton 1994
1813:Melton 1994
1792:Melton 1994
1614:9 September
1314:19 November
1221:East Anglia
1163:South Slavs
955:antioxidant
951:C. monogyna
937:C. monogyna
914: 1390
895:almond milk
688: [
448:Description
359:, known as
173:Angiosperms
2654:Categories
2609:WisFlora:
2509:Plant List
2168:Calflora:
1774:1 November
1724:J Med Food
1694:"Hawthorn"
1460:5 November
1270:References
1167:blackthorn
1158:cow houses
1123:witchcraft
1022:newspapers
907:Richard II
774:region of
434:whitethorn
430:quickthorn
422:mayblossom
258:Crataegus
242:Crataegus
2665:Crataegus
2259:250100133
2178:Cal-IPC:
2011:Reforesta
1708:3 October
1569:2304-8158
1399:Crataegus
1395:Crataegus
1201:St Julien
1154:Bohemians
1102:cultivars
1082:Numerous
1077:fire wood
992:talk page
941:herbalism
826:does not
725:, England
672:Old Thorn
456:or small
438:motherdie
269:Species:
262:Crataegus
246:Crataegus
237:Section:
230:Crataegus
143:Kingdom:
50:summarize
2597:VicFlora
2586:VASCAN:
2579:27800045
2574:Tropicos
2488:PalDat:
2406:2.735801
2344:10696520
2331:723820-1
2215:eFloraSA
2145:BioLib:
2093:Wikidata
1887:15 March
1880:BBC News
1744:21554133
1648:16 April
1587:36140986
1334:Archived
1264:Haweater
1250:Folklore
1235:See also
1127:vampires
1111:Caucasus
932:, Nevada
920:Medicine
759:May 2024
628:, France
612:Close-up
550:waxwings
546:thrushes
542:wildlife
426:maythorn
377:Rosaceae
322:Synonyms
253:Series:
219:Rosaceae
215:Family:
186:Eudicots
120:IUCN 3.1
66:May 2022
2282:9220780
2202:Ecocrop
2099:Q161511
2057:. 1920.
1578:9498108
1340:15 July
1256:and/or
1194:⁄
1183:Mayenne
1117:Culture
1109:of the
1084:hybrids
1036:scholar
899:pottage
897:-based
847:removed
832:sources
782:Grazing
696:Belgium
685:Joncret
600:Flowers
579:Flowers
518:corymbs
514:flowers
504:obovate
497:⁄
483:⁄
469:⁄
395:Medikus
225:Genus:
209:Rosales
205:Order:
147:Plantae
118: (
2566:3447-2
2522:PLANTS
2514:rjp-49
2481:653070
2439:NZOR:
2432:140997
2383:203426
2269:cramon
2266:FoIO:
2233:628306
2161:288718
2122:APDB:
1994:
1960:
1742:
1673:
1585:
1575:
1567:
1521:et al.
1507:
1487:
1412:
1397:sect.
1229:Hethel
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
889:Petals
807:Fruits
776:Turkey
670:Hethel
522:midges
476:leaves
440:, and
199:Rosids
2619:WoI:
2561:SANBI
2527:CRMO3
2498:PFI:
2450:NZPCN
2370:24586
2357:16496
2339:IRMNG
2315:IPA:
2308:51147
2295:12122
2246:CSCMO
2194:6BB5X
2148:39595
2138:84219
2125:83785
1768:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1680:p. 70
1547:Foods
1360:Jacq"
1143:Jesus
1065:hedge
1043:JSTOR
1029:books
879:pomes
692:]
554:seeds
530:berry
526:fruit
454:shrub
383:Names
367:, or
300:Jacq.
244:sect.
193:Clade
180:Clade
167:Clade
154:Clade
2612:3271
2589:8700
2553:4775
2535:POWO
2501:2208
2468:6656
2455:3788
2427:NCBI
2393:2466
2378:IUCN
2365:ITIS
2326:IPNI
2318:5392
2290:GRIN
2277:GBIF
2241:EPPO
2207:4935
2171:8429
2156:BOLD
2133:APNI
1992:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1931:2007
1889:2014
1776:2010
1740:PMID
1710:2016
1671:ISBN
1650:2016
1616:2011
1583:PMID
1565:ISSN
1505:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1462:2021
1410:ISBN
1377:2022
1342:2023
1316:2021
1299:2017
1125:and
1015:news
930:Elko
830:any
828:cite
802:Food
797:Uses
668:The
548:and
538:seed
534:pome
509:The
462:bark
458:tree
260:ser.
23:and
2630:WFO
2622:453
2548:RHS
2414:NBN
2352:ISC
2254:FNA
2228:EoL
2189:CoL
1732:doi
1573:PMC
1555:doi
1303:doi
998:by
841:by
754:.
488:to
442:haw
418:may
345:Jan
2656::
2632::
2599::
2576::
2563::
2550::
2537::
2524::
2511::
2478::
2465::
2452::
2429::
2416::
2403::
2380::
2367::
2354::
2341::
2328::
2305::
2292::
2279::
2256::
2243::
2230::
2217::
2204::
2191::
2158::
2135::
2110::
2095::
2051:.
2024:.
2009:.
1956:.
1952:.
1910:^
1877:.
1866:^
1852:.
1799:^
1784:^
1738:.
1728:14
1726:.
1696:,
1685:^
1607:.
1581:.
1571:.
1563:.
1551:11
1549:.
1545:.
1483:.
1479:.
1452:.
1432:.
1368:.
1362:.
1332:.
1297:.
1291:.
1181:,
1145:.
1096:×
916:.
911:c.
909:,
694:,
690:fr
444:.
436:,
432:,
424:,
420:,
413:.
363:,
195::
182::
169::
156::
1998:.
1988:)
1984:(
1966:.
1933:.
1891:.
1778:.
1746:.
1734::
1652:.
1618:.
1605:"
1601:"
1589:.
1557::
1493:.
1464:.
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