64:, a rudimentary body of masters existed to regulate professional matters of mutual concern and masters were responsible for renting suitable premises for their lectures. Oxford's informal association of masters had no real authority and relied upon its members' clerical status and prestige for protection. Unsurprisingly, the association of masters was unable to curb the behaviour of the unsupervised hordes of students taking up residence in Oxford. The ongoing feuds between the university cohort and the townsfolk threatened the existence of higher education in Oxford. To counter this threat, the masters sought to combat the public disorder by curbing profiteering by the townspeople as landlords and tradespeople and reining in the student's freedoms. These attempts led to the gradual introduction of academic halls as the officially recognised accommodation for students.
164:
to consider and implement reform of the university and its colleges. The commissioners came to the view that the four remaining medieval halls were not viable and should merge with colleges on the death or resignation of the incumbent principals. In 1881, the commissioners issued
University Statutes
56:
Historians believe that by the beginning of the 13th
Century Oxford's student population exceeded fifteen hundred and was equal in size to the town's non-student population. Throughout this period, students and their masters lived either as lodgers or as private tenants in accommodation owned by the
114:
In around 1413 the university issued a statute requiring all academics to live in colleges or halls. This was followed by a royal ordinance in 1420 requiring students to swear to obey the university statutes, be governed by a principal and not live in private houses. In about 1440–50 the antiquary
83:
developed into the medieval academic halls. A typical hall would have been a house with a narrow street frontage consisting of a single-storey communal hall and smaller rooms for students, two to four to a room. Later in the 13th century the first colleges were founded:
111:(1379) admitted undergraduates from the beginning, and from that time colleges increasingly competed with the halls. The colleges had statutes and an endowment to ensure their permanence, whereas the halls depended on the ability and resources of their principals.
148:
made the appointment. In the 19th century the halls were able to offer a less expensive education than the colleges; however this advantage was removed by the admission of unattached students, who could live in lodgings, in 1868 and the opening of Keble in 1870.
57:
townsfolk. The students and their masters depended on the townsfolk for their basic needs, namely food and accommodation. Essentially, half of Oxford's population were consumers only, leaving the other half of the town's population to profit from them.
99:
The religious privileges enjoyed by students and masters and the presence of so many clerks lead to jurisdictional disputes between the university's attendees and the townsfolk. Moreover, differences between academics related to
England's
119:
compiled a list of 63 current halls, together with six halls which had closed before his time and six halls which had been replaced by All Souls
College. In 1483–90 the university issued the first aularian statutes (from
200:. In 1912 a statute was passed preserving the independence of the hall, which enabled Moore to retire. In 1957 St Edmund Hall became a college, keeping its old name as the last surviving academic hall.
196:
wished to retire and become a resident canon in
Canterbury Cathedral. Queen's College proposed an amended statute for complete rather than partial merger, which was rejected by
144:
halls had become colleges. Their principals were chosen by the chancellor of the university, except for St Edmund Hall, where the provost of
677:
104:
and an influx of poorly behaved young students with no higher authority to answer to made
Thirteenth-Century Oxford a volatile place.
382:
157:
28:
644:
101:
145:
60:
At this point in time, the nascent university owned no buildings. Like in Europe's other fledgling
University,
333:
85:
257:
197:
291:
274:
238:
636:
659:
329:
245:
182:
137:
133:
89:
387:
359:
310:
193:
170:
93:
40:
352:
298:
166:
116:
72:
591:
35:
of the college, the halls were governed by their principals. Of over a hundred halls in the
518:
Catto, J. I.; Evans, Ralph; Aston, Trevor Henry (1992). "14 Colleges and Halls 1380–1500".
340:
317:
178:
174:
24:
75:
to resolve a dispute over two clerks who had been hanged by townspeople. The rent of all "
8:
471:
108:
61:
32:
640:
161:
153:
141:
551:
Brock, Michael G.; Curthoys, Mark C., eds. (2000). "4 The
Colleges in the New Era".
632:
553:
The
History of the University of Oxford, Vol. 7: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 2
189:
671:
656:
An Oxford Hall in
Medieval Times: Being the Early History of St Edmund Hall
68:
36:
596:
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford
520:
The History of the University of Oxford, Vol. 2: Late Medieval Oxford
476:
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford
43:
survived into the mid-20th century, becoming a college in 1957.
132:
In 1603 only eight Oxford halls survived, and by 1842 five, as
16:
Former educational institutions within the University of Oxford
571:
559:
107:
The earliest colleges were intended for graduates; however
31:
and a hall was that whereas the former are governed by the
67:
Student housing was regulated as early as 1214, when a
490:
185:
and for a partial merger of St Edmund with Queen's.
79:
let to clerks" was to be halved for ten years. These
598:. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 319–335
544:
416:
Hibbert, Christopher, ed. (1988). "Academic halls".
478:. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 1–38
203:
669:
517:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
124:, the Latin for "hall") to regulate the halls.
550:
590:Salter, H. E.; Lobel, Mary D., eds. (1954).
470:Salter, H. E.; Lobel, Mary D., eds. (1954).
400:
589:
469:
637:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243563.001.0001
626:
577:
565:
496:
465:
463:
383:Private halls of the University of Oxford
23:were educational institutions within the
535:
531:
529:
583:
555:. Oxford University Press. p. 119.
415:
670:
460:
653:
526:
27:. The principal difference between a
678:History of the University of Oxford
629:The University of Oxford: A History
13:
14:
689:
536:Thompson, Craig Ringwalt (1979).
522:. Clarendon Press. p. 627.
511:
502:
451:
442:
433:
424:
204:List of academic halls in 1600
156:appointed commissioners under
51:
1:
538:Universities in Tudor England
393:
7:
631:. Oxford University Press.
418:The Encyclopaedia of Oxford
376:
10:
694:
627:Brockliss, L.W.B. (2016).
614:
540:. Folger Books. p. 3.
472:"The University of Oxford"
420:. Macmillan. pp. 3–5.
370:Incorporated as a College
46:
654:Emden, Alfred B. (1927).
290:Refounded as the second
127:
273:Refounded as the first
209:Academic halls in 1600
152:In 1877 Prime Minister
388:Permanent private hall
192:remained. Principal
25:University of Oxford
580:, pp. 370–371.
568:, pp. 364–365.
210:
165:which provided for
334:St Peter's College
208:
102:north south divide
592:"St. Edmund Hall"
374:
373:
258:Worcester College
162:Mountague Bernard
685:
663:
650:
608:
607:
605:
603:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
556:
548:
542:
541:
533:
524:
523:
515:
509:
506:
500:
494:
488:
487:
485:
483:
467:
458:
455:
449:
446:
440:
437:
431:
428:
422:
421:
413:
292:Hertford College
275:Hertford College
239:Pembroke College
228:Broadgates Hall
211:
207:
693:
692:
688:
687:
686:
684:
683:
682:
668:
667:
666:
660:Clarendon Press
647:
617:
612:
611:
601:
599:
588:
584:
576:
572:
564:
560:
549:
545:
534:
527:
516:
512:
507:
503:
495:
491:
481:
479:
468:
461:
456:
452:
447:
443:
438:
434:
429:
425:
414:
401:
396:
379:
332:, site part of
330:Balliol College
246:Gloucester Hall
206:
146:Queen's College
130:
54:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
691:
681:
680:
665:
664:
651:
645:
623:
616:
613:
610:
609:
582:
578:Brockliss 2016
570:
566:Brockliss 2016
558:
543:
525:
510:
501:
499:, pp. 58.
497:Brockliss 2016
489:
459:
450:
448:Emden, pp. 8-9
441:
432:
423:
398:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
385:
378:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
360:St Edmund Hall
356:
355:
349:
346:
343:
337:
336:
326:
323:
320:
314:
313:
311:Merton College
307:
304:
301:
295:
294:
288:
285:
282:
281:Magdalen Hall
278:
277:
271:
268:
265:
261:
260:
254:
251:
248:
242:
241:
235:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
205:
202:
190:St Edmund Hall
169:to merge with
129:
126:
53:
50:
48:
45:
41:St Edmund Hall
21:academic halls
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
690:
679:
676:
675:
673:
661:
657:
652:
648:
646:9780199243563
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
624:
622:
621:
597:
593:
586:
579:
574:
567:
562:
554:
547:
539:
532:
530:
521:
514:
505:
498:
493:
477:
473:
466:
464:
454:
445:
436:
427:
419:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
399:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
369:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:Oriel College
350:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
331:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
308:
305:
302:
300:
299:St Alban Hall
297:
296:
293:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
272:
269:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:Refounded as
255:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:Refounded as
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
201:
199:
195:
191:
188:In 1903 only
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
158:Lord Selborne
155:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
125:
123:
118:
112:
110:
105:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
58:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
655:
628:
619:
618:
600:. Retrieved
595:
585:
573:
561:
552:
546:
537:
519:
513:
504:
492:
480:. Retrieved
475:
457:Emden, p. 10
453:
444:
435:
426:
417:
351:Merged with
341:St Mary Hall
328:Merged with
318:New Inn Hall
309:Merged with
217:Established
198:Congregation
194:Edward Moore
187:
177:with Oriel,
151:
131:
121:
113:
106:
98:
80:
76:
69:papal legate
66:
59:
55:
20:
18:
508:Emden, p. 8
439:Emden, p. 8
430:Emden, p. 7
109:New College
92:(1263) and
52:Middle Ages
37:Middle Ages
658:. Oxford:
602:9 December
482:9 December
394:References
264:Hart Hall
160:and later
138:Gloucester
134:Broadgates
86:University
71:issued an
117:John Rous
96:(1264).
73:ordinance
672:Category
377:See also
167:St Alban
154:Disraeli
88:(1249),
81:hospitia
77:hospitia
615:Sources
220:Closed
183:Balliol
179:New Inn
175:St Mary
90:Balliol
47:History
39:, only
33:fellows
29:college
643:
223:Notes
171:Merton
94:Merton
620:Books
367:1957
364:1278
348:1902
345:1326
325:1887
322:1360
306:1882
303:1230
287:1874
284:1490
270:1740
267:1282
253:1714
250:1283
234:1624
231:1254
214:Name
181:with
128:Later
62:Paris
641:ISBN
604:2020
484:2020
142:Hart
140:and
122:aula
19:The
633:doi
674::
639:.
594:.
528:^
474:.
462:^
402:^
173:,
136:,
662:.
649:.
635::
606:.
486:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.