178:
39:, in the 16th and 17th centuries. Their objective was to author a body of literature that matched or surpassed that of Europe's and would prove that literariness indeed thrived in Spain's remotest colonies. Members of this collective together published several anthologies of original writings and translations, the most famous of which are the
123:
around that same time. Because no records documenting the society's gatherings or membership roster remain, little else is known for certain about the
Academia. Most of the information we have about its mission and affiliates comes from only three sources: (1) a sonnet composed by Gaspar de Villaroel
466:
Two important pieces of
Peruvian lyric poetry, "Epístola a Belardo" and "Discurso en loor de la poesía", were composed while the Academia Antártica was active, and both are attributed to anonymous women known only by their pen names: Amarilis and Clarinda, respectively. See Sabat de Rivers for more
305:
The two afore-mentioned publications, and the lost third volume, are the publications most often associated with the
Academia Antártica as a collective. However, many of the society's members published other works independently and collectively that also reflect the Academia's influences. These
144:
world-caliber literary geniuses thrived. Under the scrutiny of recent post-colonial theorists, the society's name has been interpreted as a deliberately hybrid intended to unite literary customs ("Academia") and spaces where they existed without recognition ("Antártica"). The original poetry
139:
Scholars debate the organization and membership of the
Academia Antártica—at least one critic has even suggested that it was actually just a branch of the University of San Marcos; however, there is little disagreement about the society's mission to spread the word that in
152:
To modern readers, the
Academia's writing may seem more European in style and theme than American. This may be due to the collective's emphasis on the translation and imitation of classical works, the adherence to then-popular
118:
was keenly attentive to cultural trends in Europe. It is likely that certain Limeño writers felt compelled to form the
Academia Antártica in the last decades of the 16th century because similar societies had sprung up in
149:'s "Discurso en loor de la poesía" ("Discourse in Praise of Poetry"), seems to confirm that its members resented Europe's reluctance to acknowledge as talented the poets who lived and wrote in the American colonies.
322:
This list is adopted from the one presented in Sonia Rose's essay, and the categorization is hers; however, the
Spanish-language Knowledge article includes additional names that could not be verified.
79:, was a vibrant cultural center characterized by a widespread appreciation for literature. Even in "mills, mines and haciendas", not to mention in the homes of the aristocracy, classical
270:" ("Discourse in Praise of Poetry"), which also invokes figures from Greek and Roman mythology to lionize the literary genius of colonial Peruvian writers. Due in part to 20th-century
457:
has been published in
English. These titles have been translated by Dustin Hixenbaugh, a Ph.D. student at the University of Texas at Austin, solely to achieve clarity in this article.
224:
and was a fundamental member of the
Academia. The volume also contains Mexía's "El autor a sus amigos" ("From the Author to His Friends"), a narrative of his travels through the
3157:
157:
tropes, and the general absence of references to indigenous peoples and folklore. Nevertheless, the
Academia represents an important step toward the achievement of a
2287:
231:
The publication's cover features an emblem and motto that more or less summarize the Academia's objective (see the facsimile to the right). The motto reads: "
1296:
2307:
1222:
278:
analyses, Clarinda's "Discurso" has surpassed Mexía's translation in respect and canonization and has become the Academia's "most celebrated" product.
253:
and the Antarctic."). The Antarctic was, in the time of Spanish colonization, a nickname for Peru—the place Mexía says the gods now favor with poetry.
3225:
348:
2772:
2267:
794:
Rose, Sonia V. (2008). "Hacia un estudio de las élites letradas en el Perú virreinalel: caso de la Academia Antártica". In Myers, Jorge (ed.).
3230:
2317:
1922:
1280:
3314:
3269:
876:
169:(1583) celebrates the literature generated in Spain's American colonies, though he does not mention the Academia Antártica by name.
3137:
2241:
919:
2221:
128:(1596) and is dedicated to the society; (2) the lyric poem "Discurso en loor de la poesía", which is attributed to the enigmatic
1359:
2995:
1106:
803:
1957:
1826:
1453:
1449:
161:
and its recognition by European intellectuals. This recognition may have come from Spain's most influential author himself,
3324:
3090:
3085:
2453:
1859:
1502:
955:
867:
3329:
3152:
2272:
1141:
859:
2919:
2236:
2172:
1894:
1874:
1349:
1081:
1044:
3284:
2388:
2985:
2894:
2292:
1836:
1389:
1019:
768:
260:
written by fellow members of the Academia Antártica and in praise of the author's work. The most notable of these is
3185:
1869:
1353:
1131:
2561:
2496:
3122:
2914:
2701:
2501:
2050:
1985:
1571:
1473:
3040:
2556:
2000:
1884:
3142:
3080:
2879:
2297:
2010:
1990:
1962:
1879:
1854:
1714:
1522:
1429:
1369:
1336:
744:
Chang-Rodríguez, Raquel. (2005). "Gendered Voices from Lima and Mexico: Clarinda, Amarilis, and Sor Juana". In
3105:
2934:
2691:
3319:
3257:
3235:
3190:
3132:
3110:
2924:
2696:
2378:
2167:
2152:
1237:
1101:
1054:
293:) has thus far received less critical scrutiny than its predecessor. The final volume, the third part of the
2486:
852:
3127:
3095:
2626:
2491:
1927:
1307:
1116:
912:
384:
3115:
2448:
107:. Indeed, one of the Academia's most distinguishing features is its members' imitations of—and relentless
3309:
3100:
3000:
2631:
2083:
2015:
984:
2551:
2458:
815:
Estudios de literatura hispanoamericana: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz y otras poetas barrocas de la colonia
3035:
2398:
2045:
1932:
1844:
1816:
1443:
1413:
1218:
1049:
2418:
2373:
2954:
2904:
2762:
2661:
2157:
2030:
1995:
1947:
1849:
1461:
1345:
1034:
1004:
999:
745:
1579:
2899:
2782:
2742:
2681:
2676:
2616:
2035:
2025:
1811:
1514:
1425:
1126:
796:
Historia de los intelectuales en América Latina I: La ciudad letrada, de la conquista al modernismo
334:
3279:
2358:
1591:
1111:
845:
132:
and praises many of the Academia's members; and (3) a sonnet named "Academia" that was written by
2949:
2807:
2651:
2591:
2541:
2443:
2040:
2005:
1952:
1587:
1457:
1421:
1151:
1024:
1009:
905:
185:, which includes Clarinda's "Discourse in Praise of Poetry". Published in 1608 in Seville, Spain.
2142:
656:
467:
about the challenges confronted by women who were interested in writing in the Spanish colonies.
3240:
2812:
2747:
2251:
2137:
2020:
1980:
1624:
1417:
1076:
1066:
826:: la fundación de un sistema literario en la Academia Antártica de Diego de Mexía y Clarinda".
2383:
758:
2686:
2096:
1917:
1806:
1745:
1673:
1583:
1284:
964:
2621:
2408:
2368:
2327:
1301:
721:
3195:
2864:
2827:
2817:
2757:
2656:
2636:
2531:
2343:
2162:
1039:
1029:
2721:
2511:
2433:
8:
3264:
3020:
3005:
2889:
2869:
2822:
2802:
2606:
2601:
2546:
2516:
2282:
1907:
1864:
1821:
1750:
1719:
1490:
1469:
1435:
1341:
1311:
1242:
1086:
1059:
959:
162:
158:
3010:
2711:
220:, penned by Diego Mexía de Fernangil, a Spaniard who traveled extensively in Mexico and
3025:
3015:
2990:
2944:
2909:
2767:
2476:
2353:
2226:
1724:
1704:
1364:
1252:
979:
708:
353:
2348:
2277:
779:
234:
Si Marte llevó a ocaso las dos colunas; Apolo llevó a Antártico las Musas y al Parnaso
3205:
3147:
2980:
2752:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2641:
2596:
2526:
2506:
2481:
2428:
2403:
1668:
1195:
1136:
1091:
950:
799:
764:
712:
1226:
2837:
2832:
2797:
2777:
2536:
2413:
2312:
2216:
1678:
1518:
700:
238:
28:
24:
3215:
1247:
3280:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
3030:
2970:
2884:
2792:
2666:
2646:
2611:
2393:
2363:
2302:
1912:
1902:
1798:
1683:
1575:
1532:
1292:
1200:
1071:
668:
339:
261:
250:
146:
129:
2939:
704:
646:
644:
642:
369:
133:
2874:
2787:
2671:
2423:
2246:
2231:
2132:
2106:
2091:
1972:
1567:
1561:
1465:
1232:
1146:
1096:
974:
928:
691:
Cañizares Esguerra, Jorge (2001). "La tradición clásica en el Perú virreinal".
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
225:
1379:
3303:
2438:
1288:
1205:
1014:
869:
Calíope: Journal of the Society for Renaissance & Baroque Hispanic Poetry
639:
275:
177:
574:
541:
3210:
3200:
2929:
2468:
2322:
2147:
1663:
1439:
1121:
969:
733:
Calíope: Journal of the Society for Renaissance and Baroque Hispanic Poetry
84:
2521:
760:
The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature: Discovery to Modernism
2111:
1937:
1506:
1384:
2101:
2975:
1709:
989:
257:
1942:
1699:
1599:
1374:
1276:
1210:
92:
88:
529:
210:
in 1603. Its centerpiece is the new Spanish-language translation of
2116:
994:
271:
216:
154:
108:
96:
3274:
3245:
1755:
1740:
897:
757:
González Echevarria, Roberto; Pupo-Walker, Enrique, eds. (1996).
505:
285:
series with two subsequent collections. The immediate follow-up,
207:
120:
517:
2211:
1765:
1760:
1537:
891:
242:
100:
80:
756:
674:
662:
650:
627:
580:
556:
189:
87:
texts were circulated heavily. These included the writings of
3252:
1526:
1190:
562:
246:
481:
194:
The most influential of the Academia Antártica's works, the
1595:
1510:
864:(ed. González Echevarria & Pupo-Walker) at GoogleBooks.
221:
211:
141:
115:
104:
76:
72:
36:
32:
1488:
16:
Society of writers, poets, and intellectuals in Lima, Peru
886:
752:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 277–291.
846:
Knowledge's Spanish-language Academia Antártica article
493:
183:
Primera parte del Parnaso Antártico de obras amatorias
43:
Primera parte del Parnaso Antártico de obras amatorias
1243:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
615:
603:
593:
591:
589:
287:
Segunda parte del Parnaso Antártico de divinos poemas
198:
Primer parte del Parnaso Antártico de obras amotorias
55:
Segunda parte del Parnaso Antártico de divinos poemas
894:(the Latin American History list-serv) at h-Net.org.
872:. Published biannually at the University of Houston.
877:recommended reading on Spanish colonial literature
853:
critical edition of "Discurso en loor de la poesía"
861:The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature
690:
586:
535:
523:
291:Antarctic Parnassus, Part Two: Poems of the Divine
61:Antarctic Parnassus, Part Two: Poems of the Divine
27:of writers, poets and intellectuals—mostly of the
256:Preceding Mexía's translation is a collection of
3301:
750:Companion to the Literatures of Colonial America
63:). These are dated 1608 and 1617, respectively.
1787:
887:The Conference on Latin American History (CLAH)
812:
743:
719:
633:
568:
511:
487:
204:Antarctic Parnassus, Part One: Poems of Romance
49:Antarctic Parnassus, Part One: Poems of Romance
822:Vélez-Sainz, Julio (2009). "De traducciones y
1432:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
913:
265:
232:
196:
53:
41:
1107:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
722:"Ecos andinos: Clarinda y Diego Mexía en la
145:associated with the Academia, in particular
66:
821:
499:
190:The Antarctic Parnassus (1608 & c.1617)
920:
906:
724:Primera parte del Parnaso Antártico (1605)
675:González Echevarria & Pupo-Walker 1996
663:González Echevarria & Pupo-Walker 1996
651:González Echevarria & Pupo-Walker 1996
581:González Echevarria & Pupo-Walker 1996
557:González Echevarria & Pupo-Walker 1996
3226:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
851:Partial text of Antonio Cornejo Polar's
763:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3231:Colonial universities in the Philippines
176:
2222:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
777:
621:
310:(1586) and Diego Dávalos de Figueroa's
241:bore the two columns off to the West,
3302:
3175:
3174:
3070:
3069:
2193:
2071:
1786:
1645:
1613:
1550:
1487:
1402:
1325:
1265:
1179:
1168:
940:
939:
901:
839:
300:
281:Mexía followed the first part of the
1503:Captaincy General of the Philippines
995:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
793:
609:
597:
3206:Indochristian painting in New Spain
1326:
787:Reader in Latin American Literature
693:Hispanic American Historical Review
665:, p. 202, adapted translation.
431:Authors of questionable membership:
376:Authors with poem fragments intact:
326:Authors with complete poems intact:
13:
2173:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
1646:
927:
813:Sabat de Rivers, Georgina (1992).
317:
14:
3341:
1403:
1266:
1147:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
3258:Criollos in the colonial society
3186:Spanish missions in the Americas
2308:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
720:Chang-Rodríguez, Raquel (2003).
409:Authors known only by reference:
3315:Peruvian writers' organisations
3285:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
1169:
684:
460:
172:
1614:
1337:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1045:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
875:Roberto González Echevarria's
447:
111:to—classical canonical texts.
1:
3236:General Archive of the Indies
2497:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
2168:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2153:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1102:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
1055:War of the Spanish Succession
1020:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
780:"Literature in Colonial Peru"
404:Gaspar de Villarroel y Coruña
267:Discurso en loor de la poesía
2194:
1308:Captaincy General of Yucatan
1238:Union with Holy Roman Empire
1217:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
1132:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
474:
401:Juan de Salcedo Villandrando
366:Juan de Miramontes y Zuázola
159:Peruvian national literature
23:("Antarctic Academy") was a
7:
3325:17th-century Peruvian poets
2072:
1788:Administrative subdivisions
985:War of the League of Cognac
705:10.1215/00182168-81-3-4-786
306:include Carlos de Balboa's
10:
3346:
3330:Viceroyalty of Peru people
2502:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
2487:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2389:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
1551:
1287:), Western United States (
1180:
1050:Portuguese Restoration War
817:. Barcelona, Spain: P.P.U.
789:. University of Liverpool.
748:; Schweitzer, Ivy (eds.).
331:Diego de Aguilar y Córdoba
114:The literary community in
71:In the late 16th century,
3270:Slavery in Spanish Empire
3181:
3170:
3076:
3065:
2963:
2857:
2850:
2735:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2557:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
2467:
2336:
2298:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
2260:
2204:
2200:
2189:
2158:Barcelona Trading Company
2125:
2082:
2078:
2067:
1971:
1923:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
1893:
1835:
1797:
1793:
1782:
1733:
1692:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1620:
1557:
1498:
1430:Venezuela, part of Guyana
1409:
1332:
1283:, Central United States (
1272:
1186:
1175:
1164:
1015:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
1000:Expulsion of the Moriscos
946:
935:
398:Juan de Portilla y Agüero
67:Inspiration and influence
3211:Quito painting tradition
3201:Cusco painting tradition
2562:García López de Cárdenas
2552:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
2459:Felipe González de Ahedo
2379:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
956:Conquest of the Americas
440:
360:Diego Mexía de Fernangil
345:Diego Dávalos y Figueroa
335:Miguel Cabello de Balboa
31:caste—that assembled in
2996:Comuneros (New Granada)
2773:Balearic Islands (1558)
2492:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2419:Ruy López de Villalobos
2374:Miguel López de Legazpi
2288:García de Toledo Osorio
1152:Western Sahara conflict
1142:Independence of Morocco
1082:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
1025:Piracy in the Caribbean
1010:French Wars of Religion
881:Encyclopædia Britannica
778:Higgins, James (1984).
536:Cañizares Esguerra 2001
524:Cañizares Esguerra 2001
342:("The Unknown Poetess")
3241:Colonial Spanish Horse
2915:Colonia del Sacramento
2138:Spanish treasure fleet
1715:Royal Decree of Graces
453:Neither volume of the
395:Cristóbol Pérez Rincón
389:Pedro de Montes de Oca
266:
233:
197:
186:
54:
42:
2399:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
2359:Juan Sebastián Elcano
1674:Council of the Indies
1035:Spanish–Moro conflict
1005:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
965:Treaty of Tordesillas
385:Francisco de Figueroa
180:
3320:Poetry organizations
3196:Mesoamerican Codices
2920:Comuneros (Paraguay)
2758:Siege of Castelnuovo
2344:Christopher Columbus
2163:Consulate of the Sea
2143:Casa de Contratación
1734:Titles and positions
1127:Spanish–American War
1117:Liberal constitution
960:Asia and the Pacific
634:Chang-Rodríguez 2005
569:Chang-Rodríguez 2005
512:Chang-Rodríguez 2005
488:Chang-Rodríguez 2003
381:Cristóbol de Arriaga
308:Miscelánea Antártica
124:that appears in the
2925:Cartagena de Indias
2547:Diego de Mazariegos
2517:Pere Fages i Beleta
2384:Sebastián de Ocampo
1865:Provincias Internas
1837:Captaincies General
1751:Municipal president
1720:School of Salamanca
1491:Spanish East Indies
1470:Misiones Orientales
1342:Spanish West Indies
1306:, Central America (
1253:Pyrénées-Orientales
1206:Union with Portugal
1097:Napoleonic invasion
1077:War of Jenkins' Ear
295:Antarctic Parnassus
283:Antarctic Parnassus
163:Miguel de Cervantes
3310:16th-century poets
3221:Academia Antártica
3176:Other civil topics
2542:Pánfilo de Narváez
2444:Sebastián Vizcaíno
2409:Andrés de Urdaneta
2369:Juan Ponce de León
2354:Ferdinand Magellan
2328:Bernardo de Gálvez
2227:Indian auxiliaries
1725:Trial of residence
1705:Laws of the Indies
1489:Asia and Oceania (
1350:Dominican Republic
840:External resources
677:, p. 200-202.
538:, p. 786-787.
514:, p. 278-279.
312:Miscelánea Austral
301:Other publications
187:
21:Academia Antártica
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3166:
3165:
3071:Spanish conquests
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
2846:
2845:
2527:Pedro de Alvarado
2512:Gaspar de Portolà
2507:Pedro de Valdivia
2482:Francisco Pizarro
2434:Nicolás de Ovando
2429:Alonso de Ercilla
2404:Alonso de Salazar
2237:Ships of the line
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1609:
1608:
1566:Northern Africa (
1562:Equatorial Guinea
1546:
1545:
1483:
1482:
1398:
1397:
1321:
1320:
1312:Spanish Caribbean
1285:Spanish Louisiana
1261:
1260:
1196:Crown of Castille
1160:
1159:
1137:Spanish Civil War
1112:Adams–Onís Treaty
1092:Nootka Convention
1040:Thirty Years' War
1030:Eighty Years' War
951:Catholic Monarchs
941:Timeline–immersed
805:978-84-96859-36-4
455:Parnaso Antártico
414:Pedro de Carvajal
297:, has been lost.
206:) was printed in
3337:
3172:
3171:
3138:Chibchan Nations
3067:
3066:
3036:Santiago de Cuba
2895:Guadalupe Island
2855:
2854:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2537:Diego de Almagro
2414:Antonio de Ulloa
2318:Ambrosio Spinola
2313:Pedro de Zubiaur
2283:Alfonso d'Avalos
2273:Antonio de Leyva
2217:Army of Flanders
2202:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2068:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1611:
1610:
1584:Peñón of Algiers
1548:
1547:
1485:
1484:
1400:
1399:
1323:
1322:
1305:
1263:
1262:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1087:Seven Years' War
1060:Queen Anne's War
937:
936:
922:
915:
908:
899:
898:
858:Partial text of
835:
818:
809:
790:
784:
774:
753:
740:
730:
716:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
612:, p. 87-88.
607:
601:
595:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
500:Vélez-Sainz 2009
497:
491:
485:
468:
464:
458:
451:
420:Duarte Fernández
392:Luis Pérez Ángel
357:
269:
245:carried off the
236:
200:
181:Title Page from
57:
45:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3289:
3265:Old inquisition
3177:
3162:
3072:
3045:
3001:Trinidad (1797)
2971:La Noche Triste
2959:
2955:San Juan (1797)
2905:San Juan (1595)
2842:
2731:
2571:Notable battles
2566:
2532:Martín de Ursúa
2463:
2394:Alonso de Ojeda
2364:Juan de la Cosa
2349:Pinzón brothers
2332:
2303:John of Austria
2278:Martín de Goiti
2256:
2196:
2177:
2121:
2074:
2055:
1967:
1963:Terra Australis
1958:Río de la Plata
1903:Castilla de Oro
1889:
1831:
1827:Río de la Plata
1789:
1770:
1729:
1688:
1684:Santa Hermandad
1648:
1629:
1625:Terra Australis
1616:
1605:
1572:Spanish Morocco
1553:
1542:
1533:Northern Taiwan
1494:
1479:
1450:Río de la Plata
1405:
1394:
1328:
1327:Central America
1317:
1299:
1268:
1257:
1201:Crown of Aragon
1182:
1171:
1156:
1072:Bourbon Reforms
942:
931:
926:
855:at GoogleBooks.
842:
806:
782:
771:
746:Castillo, Susan
728:
687:
682:
681:
673:
669:
661:
657:
649:
640:
632:
628:
620:
616:
608:
604:
596:
587:
579:
575:
567:
563:
555:
542:
534:
530:
522:
518:
510:
506:
498:
494:
486:
482:
477:
472:
471:
465:
461:
452:
448:
443:
351:
349:Diego de Hojeda
320:
318:List of members
303:
192:
175:
167:Canto a Calíope
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Canary Islands
3077:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Túpac Amaru II
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Bogotá savanna
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Spanish Armada
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:White Mountain
2679:
2677:Cape Celidonia
2674:
2672:English Armada
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Juan Fernández
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Diego Columbus
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2252:Army of Africa
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Spanish Armada
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Manila galleon
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1647:Administration
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1568:Western Sahara
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1466:Banda Oriental
1447:
1433:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1281:Coastal Alaska
1273:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
953:
947:
944:
943:
933:
932:
929:Spanish Empire
925:
924:
917:
910:
902:
896:
895:
889:
884:
873:
865:
856:
849:
841:
838:
837:
836:
819:
810:
804:
798:(in Spanish).
791:
775:
769:
754:
741:
735:(in Spanish).
717:
686:
683:
680:
679:
667:
655:
653:, p. 202.
638:
636:, p. 277.
626:
614:
602:
585:
583:, p. 200.
573:
571:, p. 279.
561:
559:, p. 201.
540:
528:
526:, p. 786.
516:
504:
492:
479:
478:
476:
473:
470:
469:
459:
445:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
428:
427:
426:Juan de Gálvez
424:
421:
418:
417:Antonio Falcón
415:
406:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
382:
373:
372:
367:
364:
363:Enrique Garcés
361:
358:
346:
343:
337:
332:
319:
316:
302:
299:
226:Spanish Empire
191:
188:
174:
171:
68:
65:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Tapada limeña
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3068:
3064:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Montes Claros
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Vienna (1529)
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Hernán Cortés
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2469:Conquistadors
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Juan de Ayala
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Duke of Savoy
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Dollar (Peso)
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2052:
2051:Santo Domingo
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:New Andalusia
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Santo Domingo
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1799:Viceroyalties
1796:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1404:South America
1401:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:Spanish Texas
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:North America
1264:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:Franche-Comté
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
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829:
828:Neophilologus
825:
824:translationes
820:
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770:9780521340694
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62:
58:
56:
50:
46:
44:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3220:
3191:Architecture
3086:The Americas
2950:Newfoundland
2940:Túpac Katari
2930:Cuerno Verde
2865:Tenochtitlan
2697:Valenciennes
2454:Luis Fajardo
2323:Blas de Lezo
2268:Duke of Alba
2148:Spanish Road
1986:Buenos Aires
1895:Governorates
1664:Ayuntamiento
1657:Organization
1122:Carlist Wars
970:Italian Wars
880:
868:
860:
831:
827:
823:
814:
795:
786:
759:
749:
736:
732:
723:
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685:Bibliography
670:
658:
629:
622:Higgins 1984
617:
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564:
531:
519:
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483:
462:
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436:Pérez Rincón
430:
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408:
407:
375:
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370:Pedro de Oña
325:
324:
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311:
307:
304:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
255:
230:
215:
203:
195:
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182:
173:Publications
166:
151:
138:
134:Pedro de Oña
125:
113:
70:
60:
52:
48:
40:
20:
18:
3158:Philippines
3123:El Salvador
2743:Capo d'Orso
2627:St. Quentin
2602:Rome (1527)
2261:Strategists
2011:Guadalajara
1938:New Navarre
1933:New Castile
1918:La Luisiana
1870:Puerto Rico
1860:Philippines
1817:New Granada
1507:Philippines
1468:(Uruguay),
1464:(Bolivia),
1414:New Granada
1354:Puerto Rico
1300: [
1170:Territories
990:Encomiendas
699:: 786–789.
423:Luis Sedeño
352: [
258:lyric poems
3304:Categories
2828:Somosierra
2818:Manila Bay
2692:Nördlingen
2632:Gravelines
2112:Columnario
2084:Currencies
2001:Concepción
1973:Audiencias
1948:New Toledo
1913:La Florida
1746:Corregidor
1710:Papal bull
1615:Antarctica
1523:Micronesia
980:Golden Age
262:Clarinda's
155:Petrarchan
51:) and the
3133:Nicaragua
3111:Guatemala
3021:Pichincha
3006:Chacabuco
2945:Pensacola
2890:Mataquito
2870:Cajamarca
2851:New World
2823:Trafalgar
2727:Alhucemas
2607:Landriano
2592:Comuneros
2578:Old World
2522:Joan Orpí
2242:Royalists
2016:Guatemala
1943:New Spain
1880:Venezuela
1855:Guatemala
1812:New Spain
1807:Columbian
1700:Exequatur
1600:Cape Juby
1454:Argentina
1277:New Spain
1211:Gibraltar
975:Habsburgs
713:142100123
610:Rose 2008
598:Rose 2008
475:Citations
251:Parnassus
109:allusions
93:Herodotus
89:Aristotle
3143:Colombia
3128:Honduras
3041:Asomante
3026:Ayacucho
3016:Carabobo
2991:Curalaba
2768:Ceresole
2662:Gembloux
2622:Mühlberg
2337:Mariners
2195:Military
2117:Doubloon
2102:Maravedí
2046:Santiago
1953:Paraguay
1679:Germania
1519:Caroline
1474:Malvinas
1458:Paraguay
1418:Colombia
1360:Trinidad
1227:Sardinia
1067:Bourbons
739:: 67–80.
340:Clarinda
314:(1602).
272:feminist
217:Heroides
147:Clarinda
130:Clarinda
97:Petrarch
3275:Asiento
3246:Mustang
3106:Yucatán
3101:Chiapas
2981:Tucapel
2813:Passaro
2763:Algiers
2753:Preveza
2722:Tetouan
2717:Vitoria
2707:Bitonto
2647:Antwerp
2642:Lepanto
2597:Bicocca
2073:Economy
1996:Charcas
1991:Caracas
1885:Yucatán
1756:Regidor
1741:Alcalde
1669:Cabildo
1576:Tripoli
1515:Mariana
1462:Charcas
1438:(Peru,
1422:Ecuador
1385:Bonaire
1380:Curazao
1365:Jamaica
1293:Florida
892:H-LATAM
237:" ("If
208:Seville
121:Seville
29:criollo
25:society
3253:Castas
3011:Boyacá
2986:Guiana
2976:Iguape
2900:Recife
2838:Mactan
2833:Annual
2798:Rocroi
2793:Leiden
2778:Djerba
2712:Bailén
2667:Ostend
2652:Azores
2247:Legión
2212:Tercio
2205:Armies
2107:Escudo
2036:Panamá
2031:Mexico
2026:Manila
1981:Bogotá
1766:Vecino
1761:Syndic
1592:Béjaïa
1552:Africa
1538:Tidore
1426:Panama
1390:Belize
1297:Mexico
1223:Sicily
1219:Naples
1181:Europe
802:
767:
711:
243:Apollo
101:Cicero
3148:Chile
3116:Petén
3091:Aztec
2910:Bahia
2885:Penco
2875:Cusco
2803:Downs
2783:Tunis
2702:Ceuta
2687:Breda
2637:Malta
2617:Tunis
2612:Pavia
2126:Trade
2041:Quito
2006:Cusco
1845:Chile
1580:Tunis
1527:Palau
1444:Chile
1375:Aruba
1370:Haiti
1304:]
1233:Milan
1191:Spain
783:(PDF)
729:(PDF)
709:S2CID
441:Notes
356:]
247:Muses
85:Roman
81:Greek
3153:Inca
3096:Maya
3031:Guam
2964:Lost
2736:Lost
2657:Mons
2097:Real
2021:Lima
1908:Cuba
1850:Cuba
1822:Perú
1598:and
1596:Ifni
1588:Oran
1511:Guam
1440:Acre
1436:Peru
1346:Cuba
1225:and
800:ISBN
765:ISBN
274:and
239:Mars
222:Peru
212:Ovid
142:Lima
116:Lima
105:Ovid
103:and
83:and
77:Peru
73:Lima
37:Peru
33:Lima
19:The
2858:Won
2585:Won
1693:Law
1590:,
1310:),
1291:),
879:at
701:doi
249:to
214:'s
3306::
1594:,
1586:,
1582:,
1578:,
1574:,
1570:,
1525:,
1521:,
1517:,
1513:,
1509:,
1472:,
1460:,
1456:,
1442:,
1428:,
1424:,
1420:,
1352:,
1348:,
1302:es
1295:,
1221:,
958:,
832:93
830:.
785:.
731:.
707:.
697:81
695:.
641:^
588:^
543:^
354:es
228:.
136:.
99:,
95:,
91:,
75:,
35:,
1602:)
1529:)
1505:(
1493:)
1476:)
1452:(
1446:)
1416:(
1356:)
1344:(
1314:)
1279:(
1229:)
921:e
914:t
907:v
883:.
848:.
834:.
808:.
773:.
737:9
726:"
715:.
703::
502:.
289:(
264:"
202:(
59:(
47:(
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