1072:
704:
33:
335:. The walls had been built in December 1934 to separate the established homeowners of older, private homes from the residents of newly built social housing immediately adjacent. The barriers were 7 feet (2.1 m) high, reinforced by buttresses and topped off with rotating spikes. For residents of the council estate, the walls cut off access to Banbury road, forcing them to take long diversions in order to get in and out of the estate.
292:
212:
workers walked out and the deputation became a provisional strike committee. The wife of one of the members of this provisional committee had recalled the
Communist Party's assistance during a previous strike in South Wales and, although there were no communists on the committee itself, they decided to approach the local party branch in Oxford for support.
320:
culminating in a march of 200 people on the Town Hall on 11 April. In May the tenants held a rent strike which was defeated when 4 of the strikers were evicted for rent arrears. Nevertheless, the estate was later sold on to another owner who made some improvements, and the
Florence Park tenants association survives to this day.
216:
1,000 leaflets to try to extend the strike to other groups in the factory and by
Tuesday, 180 workers were on strike. In recognition of the importance of the strike, the party sent Lazarus to Oxford to support the local branch. He came to the city on Tuesday night along with two full-time organisers from the
211:
plant in Oxford went on strike. Employees on the night shift in the press shop were paid short on their wages, they stopped work and elected a deputation, consisting of four women and twelve men, to see management the next morning. The deputation was turned down. The following Monday, 100 night shift
160:
Lazarus contracted rheumatic fever during his childhood and this affected his education, because of his condition he was taught at home by his mother. His health recovered in 1928 so he got a job working as a professional driver and a mechanic, later on in 1930 he joined the
Hammersmith branch of the
315:
The estate had been established in 1934 on the land of George Allen who owned the Steam Plough factory nearby. He had been refused permission to extend the factory onto what was at the time boggy farmland but planning permission was given for
Frederick Moss to build 600 houses there. The houses were
307:
Oxford's population grew rapidly in the 1920s and 1930s as people were brought in to work at the Morris Motors and
Pressed Steel factories. Organisation in the factories increased the profile of the Communist Party and led to its involvement in non-industrial disputes, such as struggles over housing
342:
that the walls were illegal, Lazarus organised a demonstration for 11 May 1935 to march on the wall and knock it down. On the day a crowd of 2,000 people gathered at Wren road. Lazarus and a companion then walked to one of the walls wielding pickaxes. They were blocked by a line of police officers
215:
At this time there were a number of communists in the factory, many with a history of industrial militancy in South Wales and elsewhere. Communists advised the strike committee to include demands for higher pay, better conditions and trades union recognition. That night, the
Communist Party printed
248:
On Monday 23rd, the strike committee met with management for the first time. After two hours, they returned with a printed statement signed by Otto Müeller the managing director. Lazarus translated it into more understandable
English. There was no reference to wages and conditions and a refusal to
227:
held a special meeting at which they voted to back the strike to "make
Pressed Steel 100% union". A 'council of action' was formed and two mass meetings were organised in St Giles. Lazarus addressed both meetings and drew large crowds, the first meeting on Friday had 1,000 people and the second on
311:
Many of the new workers at
Pressed Steel moved onto the recently built Florence Park estate in Cowley, there was such a large in-migration from South Wales that the area was dubbed 'little Rhondda'. These workers also brought with them a tradition of collective involvement in the labour movement,
319:
On hearing of the problems tenants were facing Lazarus made his way to the tenant manager’s office, he spoke to the residents and a large crowd formed. Lazarus suggested they retire to the Pembroke Hall, where a committee was organised and a large campaign was launched. Daily meetings were held,
187:
Lazarus was Jewish by background. He married Mabel Browning in 1937 and together they had one daughter. Mabel worked as a scientific assistant. Lazarus often took his family on holiday to France, but this ended in 1951 when he was deported and forbidden to return. Earlier in February 1951 he had
271:
intervened behind the scenes, appealing to the factory management to accept the strikers' demands. Pressed Steel was also coming under increasing pressure to fulfill orders and get production moving again. By Saturday 28th the factory management had capitulated, and on Monday 30th the strikers
260:
collected food and money, and the Oxford Co-operative Society set up a system of vouchers for the strikers. Railway workers were asked not to move parts from the factory, and workers in other car plants in Dagenham, Coventry and Birmingham refused to handle goods from Pressed Steel.
316:
built in a hurry by unqualified labourers on muddy land, and this meant they were very poorly constructed. Tenants complained of unsanitary living conditions and they commissioned an architectural report which upheld their grievances.
343:
who threatened to arrest them for assault if they went any further. Defeated, Lazarus returned to the crowd and climbed up a tree to make a speech. A long campaign ensued before the walls were finally taken down on 9 March 1959.
137:(1911–1967) was a leading British Communist activist, charity worker, and anti-fascist, most famous for leading numerous high profile factory strikes in London and Oxford, and for organising communists and Jews to resist the
252:
The strike had also gained support within the local community. The Trades Council donated £150 to the strike fund, the strike committee independently raised £100 on its own, while the
1227:
934:
997:
249:
recognise the union. The statement was unanimously rejected and a new set of demands was agreed by the strikers who by Wednesday numbered nearly 1,000.
1439:
150:
669:
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elections. He was never elected, although he did gain a significant proportion of the votes. In 1937 he stood for Cowley on a joint ticket with
296:
272:
returned to work with a guaranteed basic hourly rate, no victimization and full union recognition. 1,500 workers joined unions at the factory.
1429:
179:
and this earned him the nickname 'Bill Firestone'. After the strike he became the South Midlands organiser for the Communist Party.
257:
166:
609:
1298:
1116:
Schofield, Ann; Michael, Noble (23 January 1994). "Communities and Corporations: Rethinking the Connections". In Hayter, Taylor;
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they were inclined to organisation and militancy. Lazarus was called upon when issues arose with the quality of their new homes.
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which segregated poor working class communities from wealthier ones. While living in Oxford he led tenant strikes in
1434:
170:
162:
109:
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527:
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itself contributed £300. A soup kitchen had been set up by Cowley Labour Party women, the Oxford branch of the
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884:
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422:
1051:
Exell, Arthur (1979). "Morris Motors in the 1930s. Part II: Politics and Trade Unionism".
867:
The 1934 strike for union recognition at Pressed Steel: a victory for the people of Oxford
797:
The 1934 strike for union recognition at Pressed Steel: a victory for the people of Oxford
767:"'You Can't Stop Them Singing': Welsh Experiences of Exodus and Exile in England, 1927-47"
331:
The major event of 1935 in which Lazarus took a leading role was the campaign against the
8:
429:, which was significant as one of the few British elections contested by an anti-fascist
352:
146:
811:
1259:
692:
462:
430:
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Lazarus stood multiple times as a communist in the Cowley & Iffley ward during the
220:(TGWU), and shortly after his arrival Lazarus was made chair of the strike committee.
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910:
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154:
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Motherhood in Oxfordshire c. 1945-1970: A Study of Attitudes, Experiences and Ideals
1177:
1060:
865:
Saunders, Annabel; Peretz, Liz; Velluti, Dona; MacKeith, Bill (17 September 2004).
795:
Saunders, Annabel; Peretz, Liz; Velluti, Dona; MacKeith, Bill (17 September 2004).
684:
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332:
300:
452:
442:
339:
276:
323:
A similar campaign was waged on the Great Headley Estate of Headington in 1939.
552:
457:
224:
80:
62:
1122:
The factory and the city: the story of the Cowley automobile workers in Oxford
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571:
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1117:
813:
The view from Cowley: the impact of industrialisation upon Oxford 1918-1939
447:
268:
1383:
1366:
1349:
1332:
1064:
688:
553:"The Basque Refugee Children in Oxfordshire during the Spanish Civil War"
520:
Red shirts and Black: Fascists & Anti-fascists in Oxford in the 1930s
142:
717:
Fryer, Peter (1 September 1951). "Communist on holiday is deported".
1182:
299:, a theatrical production set during the Florence Park rent strike.
32:
291:
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outside Belsize Park tube station. In 1933 he led a strike at the
141:. He was also the leader of a protest movement to topple Oxford's
939:
730:
728:
99:
864:
794:
725:
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travelled to Czechoslovakia as a guest of the miners' union.
780:
Lazarus, Abraham (September 1934). "The years of struggle".
265:
253:
630:
A Woman in Law: Reflections on Gender, Class and Politics
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committee. Later on in October 1938 he was involved in a
421:
On 8 June 1938 he was elected to the Oxford City Council
295:
An actor playing the role of Abraham Lazarus performs in
1249:
Wynn, Arthur (August 1935). "Cutteslowe wall campaign".
1166:
Radicalism, Socialism and Labourism in Oxford, 1890-1980
1086:
The Oxford rent and housing scandal: who is responsible?
956:
The British Communist Party and the Trade Unions 1933-45
878:
876:
1088:. Florence Park Tenant's Committee. 1935. pp. 2–5.
873:
670:"Abe Lazarus and the Lost World of British Communism"
583:
581:
998:"Oxford's population is growing at its fastest ever"
1307:
The Outcasts' Outcast: A Biography of Lord Longford
513:
511:
1258:
578:
1105:. Oxford: Communist Party of Great Britain. 1939.
1396:
1174:Reform and Revolt in the City of Dreaming Spires
1115:
734:
508:
169:. While in London he was often seen selling the
1097:
1095:
892:(PhD). University of Warwick. pp. 178–184.
359:, and he came very close to winning the seat.
275:In recognition of his role in the strike, the
1261:The Cutteslowe walls: a study in social class
1209:"50th anniversary of 'snob walls' demolition"
1172:Bowie, Duncan (2018). Horne, Alastair (ed.).
1092:
816:. Oxford University Press. pp. 67, 95.
223:On Thursday 19th, the Oxford & District
1176:. London: University of Westminster Press.
1017:The development of modern Farmoor 1900-1974
735:Morgan, Kevin; Cohen, G; Flinn, A (2007).
31:
1181:
929:
590:"West Middlesex District Communist Party"
238:1s 6d flat rate bonus for all departments
98:Anti-fascist and trade union activity in
1440:Communist Party of Great Britain members
1304:
1256:
1206:
1144:
995:
906:How trade unionism came to Pressed Steel
764:
738:Communists and British Society 1920-1991
290:
958:. Aldershot: Scolar Press. p. 68.
953:
935:"Pressed Steel Works, Cowley (Dispute)"
902:
844:. Socialist Workers Party. p. 13.
836:
809:
779:
667:
231:The strikers put forward four demands:
207:On Friday 13 July 1934, workers at the
202:
1397:
1265:. London: Faber & Faber. pp.
1103:A long climb beyond dreaming monuments
1013:
882:
606:
587:
517:
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279:office in Oxford was officially named
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1050:
1040:(PhD). Oxford University. p. 53.
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1003:. Oxford City Council. Archived from
716:
627:
433:shortly before the Second World War.
370:
367:
167:National Unemployed Workers' Movement
1248:
886:Organised Labour in a Market Economy
842:The case for the socialist newspaper
550:
228:Sunday attracted over 3,000 people.
193:World Festival of Youth and Students
1297:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
943:. House of Commons. col. 1780.
588:Walker, Michael (15 January 2008).
364:
326:
218:Transport and General Workers Union
13:
1228:"And the walls came tumbling down"
14:
1461:
1207:Williams, Amanda (9 March 2009).
765:Chandler, Andrew (1 March 2012).
744:. Rivers Oram Press. p. 43.
1430:Trade unionists from Oxfordshire
1070:
996:Fransham, Mark (February 2014).
909:. London: Militant. p. 13.
903:Edwards, Dudley (October 1979).
869:. TGWU 5/624 Branch. p. 10.
702:
645:
286:
182:
163:Communist Party of Great Britain
110:Communist Party of Great Britain
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1145:Boughton, John (29 July 2020).
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1023:(2nd ed.). pp. 20–21.
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985:. Unite. June 2013. p. 10.
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940:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
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896:
858:
830:
803:
799:. TGWU 5/624 Branch. p. 7.
788:
773:
758:
632:. Waterside Press. p. 61.
607:Fraser, Pauline (21 May 2016).
195:in Bucharest as a reporter for
1226:Lisle, Nicola (9 March 2009).
710:
668:Andrews, Geoff (7 June 2017).
661:
648:"British political pseudonyms"
621:
600:
544:
522:. Ruskin College. p. 13.
485:
1:
1387:. 2 November 1946. p. 3.
1370:. 2 November 1945. p. 3.
1353:. 2 November 1937. p. 5.
1336:. 3 November 1936. p. 4.
883:Salmon, John (January 1983).
478:
338:After having been advised by
610:"Interview with Jean Turner"
191:In 1953 he attended the 4th
54:1967 (aged 55–56)
7:
1147:"Council Housing in Oxford"
980:"Executive Council Minutes"
518:Renton, David (July 1996).
436:
165:and became involved in the
10:
1466:
1124:. Routledge. p. 259.
810:Richard, Whitting (1983).
235:Abolition of all piecework
16:British communist activist
427:parliamentary by-election
264:General Secretary of the
139:British Union of Fascists
124:
116:
105:
94:
86:
76:
68:
58:
50:
42:
30:
23:
1450:Jewish British activists
1305:Stanford, Peter (2003).
1257:Collison, Peter (1963).
1053:History Workshop Journal
677:History Workshop Journal
1435:Politicians from Oxford
1281:The Contemporary Review
244:Trade union recognition
149:, and raised money for
1309:. Sutton. p. 90.
1164:Bowie, Duncan (1983).
1034:Davis, Angela (2007).
954:Fishman, Nina (1995).
594:Hayes People's History
551:Jump, Meirian (2007).
304:
177:Firestone tyre factory
1415:British anti-fascists
1170:later republished as
1014:Hanson, John (1992).
628:Wells, Celia (2019).
294:
1445:Jewish anti-fascists
203:Pressed Steel strike
197:World News and Views
90:Trade union activist
353:Oxford City Council
347:Elections contested
1238:on 2 January 2015.
1065:10.1093/hwj/7.1.45
689:10.1093/hwj/dbx003
463:Thora Silverthorne
305:
1425:Jewish socialists
1193:978-1-912656-12-7
1131:978-0-720-12139-1
1010:on 4 August 2014.
751:978-1-85489-145-7
655:Left on the Shelf
639:978-1-909976-66-5
468:Charlie Hutchison
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281:Abe Lazarus House
155:Spanish Civil War
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37:Abe Lazarus, 1934
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1234:. Archived from
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933:(25 July 1934).
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473:Battle of Carfax
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333:Cutteslowe Walls
327:Cutteslowe Walls
301:Museum of Oxford
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241:No victimisation
151:refugee children
69:Other names
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443:Michael Carritt
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340:Stafford Cripps
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143:Cutteslowe Wall
135:Abraham Lazarus
106:Political party
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1168:. p. 233.
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838:Bambery, Chris
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646:Cope, David.
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617:. p. 12.
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498:"Index entry"
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1293:cite journal
1287:: 105. 1986.
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1410:1967 deaths
1405:1911 births
1384:Oxford Mail
1367:Oxford Mail
1350:Oxford Mail
1333:Oxford Mail
77:Citizenship
59:Nationality
1399:Categories
1316:0750932481
916:0950491594
683:(1): 276.
560:Oxoniensia
529:0900183195
479:References
128:1 daughter
87:Occupation
46:April 1911
931:Tom Smith
697:158044090
572:0308-5562
538:0261-5649
493:UK census
283:in 2013.
153:from the
1381:"none".
1364:"none".
1347:"none".
1330:"none".
1120:(eds.).
840:(1995).
437:See also
125:Children
502:FreeBMD
303:, 2023.
63:British
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504:. ONS.
368:Votes
147:Cowley
117:Spouse
112:(CPGB)
100:Oxford
1267:61–62
1021:(PDF)
1008:(PDF)
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890:(PDF)
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693:S2CID
673:(PDF)
651:(PDF)
556:(PDF)
491:1911
365:Year
277:Unite
1311:ISBN
1299:link
1188:ISBN
1126:ISBN
960:ISBN
911:ISBN
846:ISBN
818:ISBN
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634:ISBN
568:ISSN
534:ISSN
524:ISBN
409:1946
401:2184
398:1945
390:1536
387:1937
379:1488
376:1936
266:TGWU
258:NUWM
254:TGWU
51:Died
43:Born
1285:249
1178:doi
1061:doi
685:doi
423:ARP
412:940
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