Abortion in Africa

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healthcare systems of PAC are greater than the costs of safe abortion. Stigma about abortion and unawareness of PAC among medical workers contribute to low availability. As of 2018, PAC is offered by fewer than 10% of primary care facilities in Kenya, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. Training and intervention programs are effective in expanding access, reducing delays, and improving midwives' and nurses' willingness and ability to provide PAC. Rollout of misoprostol, community health education, and community partnerships have been shown to increase access to PAC in many countries. PAC is less available in countries where abortion is illegal. Scholars have criticized metrics of PAC use for overlooking the harm caused by illegal abortion.

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professionals, especially in rural areas, where 60% of the population lives. Laws requiring abortion to be authorised by medical professionals are difficult to adhere to. The option for conscientious objection limits the number of doctors who can perform abortions. Male partners of women who have abortions may be involved through financial or emotional support. Some men avoid involvement due to denial of responsibility or suspicion of promiscuity, and some women do not tell their partners as they fear lack of support. Those who are involved may decide the method of abortion.

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women lack information about how to use misoprostol. Knowledge of mifepristone and misoprostol is higher in younger women. Providers and clients in several countries widely approve of medical abortion as it can be done privately, is more accessible and affordable than other methods, and is considered safe and painless. Access to medical abortion may lessen the stigma of abortion. Implementing misoprostol at lower-level health centers has been shown to be effective. It may lead to lower rates of unsafe abortion with a lower need for physicians and resources.

1688: 890: 974:(ACHPR) has said, "Women must not be subjected to criminal proceedings and should not incur any legal sanctions for having benefited from health services reserved to them, such as abortion and post-abortion care," and has called for countries to "immediately place a moratorium on the prosecution and detention of women who have illegal abortions." The ACHPR interprets that Articles 3 and 4 of the Protocol, which guarantee rights to respect and dignity, includes the right to make personal decisions without government involvement. 2140: 1820: 3348: 120: 2988: 447:

million women have an unmet need for contraception. As of 2019, the rate of use of modern contraceptives is 29% among married women, which has tripled since 1990. Though Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest average desired fertility, the desire for large families is declining. Sexually active unmarried women have higher-than-average rates of modern contraceptive use than married women, but are more likely to not want to be pregnant, so they have more unmet need for contraception.

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causes 86% of unintended pregnancies among Sub-Saharan adolescents. Some adolescents cannot afford birth control or fear stigma from providers. Adolescents have higher rates of abortion in all African regions. Adolescents, especially students, have knowledge of abortion services but do not use them due to the cost and stigma. Though international treaties guarantee the medical autonomy of minors, many African countries' laws do not guarantee access to abortion for minors.

2856: 2790: 1457: 2889: 1655: 8850: 3228: 2757: 2404: 1556: 2503: 2305: 2008: 2437: 3120: 1942: 1754: 1424: 2955: 1886: 1523: 3021: 2625: 2239: 1853: 1490: 2823: 2724: 2559: 2470: 2206: 1325: 573:. Methods of ineffective abortions include ingesting herbal remedies, caustics, or store-bought products falsely believed to induce abortions; using over-the-counter drugs in large quantities; or inserting cassava sticks, metal objects, or branches into the vagina. Safe self-managed abortion is considered a possible safe option by the WHO. In Africa, people who receive or provide self-managed abortions may face prosecution or stigma. 3087: 3054: 2658: 2338: 2074: 1358: 2922: 1975: 2592: 2272: 2173: 2041: 1787: 1391: 2371: 1622: 3315: 3303: 19: 547:

formal services. Women and girls in rural areas are more likely to more likely to use traditional methods. Abortions outside of the formal health system are more likely to cause complications. Though women wish for safe abortions, fears of legal and social repercussions may lead to more unsafe abortions. Some women who know about safe methods cannot afford them.

3748:, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life. In 626:. In Southern Africa, where abortion is widely legal, there are fewer cases of treatment of abortion complications. Young and unmarried women comprise large proportions of PAC patients in Sub-Saharan Africa. Statistics vary by country. PAC patients comprise large proportions of adolescents receiving gynecological care. 4756:

Moseson, Heidi; Shaw, Jessica; Chandrasekaran, Sruti; Kimai, Esther; Maina, Jedidiah; Malisau, Pearson; Musa, Yiga; Nmezi, Sybil; Philipo, Kitungano; Bonnefoy Borjas, Eva; Young, Yves-Yvette; Janssen, Kantjil (1 August 2019). "Contextualizing medication abortion in seven African nations: A literature

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The Maputo Plan of Action calls to "compile and disseminate data on the magnitude and consequences of unsafe abortion." Since the Maputo Protocol, 21 African countries have expanded their legal grounds for abortion. As of 2023, 44 member states have ratified the it, 8 have signed but not ratified it,

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Many women purchase misoprostol without prescriptions. Pharmacies are a preferred source for healthcare as they are accessible and affordable. Some providers clandestinely offer misoprostol pills which may be expired or adulterated or not contain enough of the active ingredient to be effective. Many

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influence women's decisions about abortion. Many women make multiple attempts at abortions, as they seek out professional services after inexpensive methods often fail. This delays the final procedure, which leads to higher risk. Women often keep abortions secret. They may opt for folk remedies over

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Little data exists on methods of abortion. Some abortion patients do not know what methods they use. Lack of knowledge causes women to obtain unsafe abortions or face delays that limit their options. Women who are older, less educated, in rural areas, or do not know health workers are less likely to

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depending on the severity of their cases and national guidelines. PAC is provided by varied professionals at public and private providers. In some countries, nurses and clinical officers have been shown to treat abortion as well as physicians. PAC services are concentrated in urban facilities owned

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In countries where abortion is conditionally legal, abortion is not accessible in practice due to complicated legal processes. Many women think abortion is illegal, regardless of whether it is. Those who think abortion is illegal are more likely to undergo unsafe treatments, fearing legal issues of

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The penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but the UN source says that abortion to save the woman's life is permitted as a general legal principle. The law on child protection prohibits abortion except for a "proven medical need", and the law on reproductive health prohibits

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The abortion rate is 26 per 1,000 for married women and 36 per 1,000 for unmarried women. Premarital pregnancy is stigmatised, so unmarried women often want to terminate their pregnancies. Sexually active adolescents have much higher rates of abortion than the average. Unmet need for contraception

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cause the overwhelming majority of abortions. Sub-Saharan Africa has the world's highest unintended pregnancy rate. As of 2017, the continent's unintended pregnancy rate is 89 per 1,000 women of reproductive age. Of the 21.6 million unintended pregnancies annually, 38% result in abortion. About 58

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allows abortion for any health or socioeconomic reason. As of 2019, 45% of women of reproductive age in Sub-Saharan Africa live in countries with highly restrictive laws, 47% are under moderately restrictive laws, and 8% in countries where abortion is broadly legal. Some countries with restrictive

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Delayed or deficient PAC is a major factor in abortion mortality. Many women delay PAC because they expect the problem to be go away, lack the money or transportation, or fear social consequences or arrest. Most arrests for abortion are initiated by healthcare providers. Some PAC providers refuse

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Demographics of women who are more likely to receive abortions are those who are young, are unmarried, are in school, do not have children, live in cities, are better educated, and are wealthier. Reasons for seeking abortions include wanting to delay being a mother, being unmarried, family honor,

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Abortion rates are higher in cities. Services and providers are concentrated in cities. Although urban women have lower rates of unintended pregnancy, due to higher contraceptive use, they are more likely to want fewer children or to have higher agency. Sub-Saharan Africa has few trained medical

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Constitutions, judicial decisions, health codes, and laws may mention abortion. Many countries' reproductive health laws specify legal grounds for abortion, often following the terms of international laws. Guidelines and codes of medical ethics may describe implementation of the law or may be

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under certain grounds. It reviewed the law in 2003 to develop a plan for implementation. In the 1990s, nearly three-quarters of emergency gynecological admissions in Africa were due to unsafe abortion. The rate of abortions resulting in hospitalisation was over two-thirds in Egypt and nearly

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The annual spending on PAC in Sub-Saharan Africa is $ 228 million, as of 2019. Costs to national health systems vary based on population, unsafe abortion rate, and provisions for care in primary and secondary facilities. Less expensive abortions result in more expensive PAC. The costs to the

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Pasquier, Estelle; Owolabi, Onikepe O.; Fetters, Tamara; Ngbale, Richard Norbert; Adame Gbanzi, Mariette Claudia; Williams, Timothy; Chen, Huiwu; Fotheringham, Claire; Lagrou, Daphne; Schulte-Hillen, Catrin; Powell, Bill; Baudin, Elisabeth; Filippi, Veronique; Benova, Lenka (4 March 2023).

1142:, which impacted the abortion debate in Africa. Abortion providers faced an increase in threats. American groups provided funding for anti-abortion activists. Anti-abortion groups in Kenya challenged the country's recent ruling that abortion is a constitutional right, which had cited 1193:

in Africa. It had previously had bipartisan support despite concerns about abortion. African aid recipients who lost funding included many abortion opponents. In September, 350 African religious leaders wrote that PEPFAR should be re-implemented and denied that it led to abortions.

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A 2024 survey found that over half of people in South Africa and about 90% in Kenya and Nigeria oppose legal abortion. People in rural South Africa view abortion as a form of killing that violated traditional values. Men in Kenya view abortion as a way for women to hide

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About 44% of abortions require care for complications or incompleteness. Of women who require treatment, 43% do not receive it. These rates are highest among poor rural women and lowest among non- poor urban women. Severe complications are more likely to occur in later

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Feminist activists advocate for more permissive abortion laws. Public health frameworks, emphasising the rates of morbidity and mortality from unsafe abortion, are effective. These frameworks often do not address psychological effects of unsafe abortion. The

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c) protect the reproductive rights of women by authorising medical abortion in cases of sexual assault, rape, incest, and where the continued pregnancy endangers the mental and physical health of the mother or the life of the mother or the foetus.

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Izugbara, Chimaraoke; Murunga Wekesah, Frederick; Sebany, Meroji; Echoka, Elizabeth; Amo-Adjei, Joshua; Muga, Winstoun (1 July 2020). "Availability, accessibility and utilization of post-abortion care in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review".

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argument is popular in the Western world, but less effective in Africa. African feminists criticise this stance for focusing on choice regarding abortion rather than other factors of women's sexual and reproductive experiences. The framework of

3453:, is prohibited and punishable by law." It is unclear whether the therapeutic ground means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source says that only the ground to save the woman's life is accepted as a general 1002: 422:

in Africa (16,000 deaths) were caused by abortions. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rate of abortions resulting in deaths, at 185 per 100,000, as of 2019. The rate has gone down from 315 per 100,000 in 2010. The highest fatality rate is in

6657:, 24 January 2014. "This interpretation of the Offences Against the Person Act has not been tested in case law in Sierra Leone and therefore it remains unclear whether women terminating a pregnancy on such grounds would be criminally liable." 3414:

The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law. The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain

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pledged to increase access to family planning services, safe and legal abortion, and post-abortion care, which influenced reforms in Africa. Before the conference, African governments had avoided the stigmatised topic of unsafe abortion.

634:. Patients in rural areas face delays since services are more available in cities. Many providers lack adequate training in PAC methods, violate standards, and perform unsafe procedures. Some national abortion laws are unclear about PAC. 3987:

Ajayi, Anthony Iwodu; Ouedraogo, Ramatou; Juma, Kenneth; Kibunja, Grace; Cheruiyot, Collins; Mwoka, Meggie; Igonya, Emmy Kageha; Opondo, Winnie; Otukpa, Emmanuel; Kabiru, Caroline W.; Ushie, Boniface Ayanbekongshie (15 February 2021).

645:(D&C), a surgical method not recommended by WHO. Sublingual administration of misoprostol is effective and accepted in many African countries. Post-abortion family planning services effectively inform patients of options such as 3696:

in England in 1938 clarified that this law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health. It is unclear whether Sierra Leone applies only the original

3353: 529:. A decolonisation framework is common, which argues that abortion has been imposed on Africa by colonial powers. The argument is based on the fact that American organisations lead advocacy efforts for legal abortion in Africa. 3663:

The penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but the code of medical ethics permits abortion to save the woman's life. The government has stated that abortion is authorised in case of risk to the woman's

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created legal networks to advocate for safe abortion in East Africa. The program began in 2011; in the following decade, it trained 75 lawyers were trained and seven cases were brought to court, all of which succeeded. The

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Some legal scholars have criticized the Maputo Protocol for listing specific grounds to allow abortion. Others have argued that the continent's human rights guidelines provide for the complete legalisation of abortion. The

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was strongly correlated with higher abortion rates in Sub-Saharan African countries affected by it. Countries that had lost more aid funding had higher pregnancy rates and lower contraceptive use than those less affected.

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and 3 have not signed it. Of those that have ratified it, 12 exceed its provisions, 11 fully comply with the provisions, 16 partially comply, and 4 do not comply. Few countries in North Africa have signed the protocol.

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secures the right to abortion in the cases of rape, incest, or threat to the life or health of the pregnant woman. As of 2022, 42 out of 55 countries in Africa have signed it. Most countries in Africa have ratified the

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Bornstein, Marta; Young, Yves-Yvette; Berro Pizzarossa, Lucia; Cohen, Margot Jeanne; Maina, Jade (January 2023). "Documenting activism and advocacy around medication abortion in Central, East, and West Africa".

641:(MVA) or misoprostol for PAC. Use of misoprostol leads to higher safety, as misoprostol can be easily purchased, stored, and used, and it can be stocked in primary care facilities. Many places continue to use 6242: 1074:, and the ACHPR said that criminalizing abortion is a form of gender discrimination. The ACHPR began a campaign for African governments to decriminalize abortion in 2016 and reiterated this goal in 2021. The 3535:

Permitted up to 28 weeks of gestation if the woman is unfit to raise the child due to a physical or mental disability or for being under age 18. The penalty for abortion may be mitigated in case of extreme

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restricted abortion information in Africa, Latin America and Asia. MSI said that Google flagged the term "pregnancy options" and Facebook deleted its advertisements while allowing advertisements including

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Memorandum no. 04/SPCSM/CFLS/EER/2018 of 6 April 2018 regarding the execution of the provisions of article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in

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Baguiya, Adama; Mehrtash, Hedieh; Bonet, Mercedes; Adu-Bonsaffoh, Kwame; Compaoré, Rachidatou; Bello, Folasade Adenike; Govule, Philip; Msusa, Ausbert Thoko; Kim, Caron R.; Kouanda, Séni (January 2022).

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has written policy frameworks to decriminalise abortion. Article 5 of its SADC Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights Strategy (2019–2030) aims to reduce unsafe abortion and teenage pregnancy rates.

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with delegates from 20 African countries. Its leader said in a speech in Malawi that it was combatting a "sexual social recolonization of Africa". Days after the ruling, Sierra Leone's president

1218:. Meta said it would review the claims and Google said it did not restrict the subject. Online barriers to information contributed to women in Africa not knowing about the legality of abortion. 1006:

that the ban on cruel punishment extends to "lack of access to medicine or medical care." The following year, Nigeria became the first country in the world to include misoprostol for PAC in its

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Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, The Republic of the Congo

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Sierra Leone established that the laws in force in England in 1880 would be in force in Sierra Leone from 1965. One of these laws prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it. A

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led the Woman-Centred Abortion Care program, which addressed the use of MVA and the availability of providers. South Africa decriminalised abortion in 1996 through a political coalition. The

744:. All of the countries that colonised Africa have since decriminalised abortion. Colonial abortion laws were based on laws developed by European governments in the 18th century—civil law of 6402: 1055:'s Advocacy for Safe Abortion project, launched in 2019, has partnered with OB/GYN societies of African countries. The MAMA network has worked to expand access to self-managed abortion. 5128:"Professional societies of obstetrics and gynecology as agents of change in sexual and reproductive health: FIGO's 10-country safe abortion advocacy project in Africa and Latin America" 4601:

Macleod, Catriona; Chiweshe, Malvern (22 April 2016). "A critical review of sanctioned knowledge production concerning abortion in Africa: Implications for feminist health psychology".

6170: 3765:, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence. 597:

followed by misoprostol, or use of only the latter if the former is unavailable. Mifepristone is more expensive and has fewer uses than misoprostol, so it is not widely available.

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Supplementary Information on Sierra Leone, scheduled for review by the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women during its 57th Session (February 2014)

3570:

This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision. It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.

7518: 7514: 6574: 6873: 6314: 5645: 9118: 3493: 3200: 2013: 981: 6330: 5594: 4418:"High severity of abortion complications in fragile and conflict-affected settings: a cross-sectional study in two referral hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa (AMoCo study)" 7275: 3639:, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial 2112: 1108:, which bans federal funding for NGOs operating abroad from performing or advocating for abortion as family planning. It was introduced in 1984 by the administration of 298: 5930: 4649:

Malvern, Chiweshe; Macleod, Catriona (June 2018). "Cultural De-colonization versus Liberal Approaches to Abortion in Africa: The Politics of Representation and Voice".

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The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion. It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.

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Arthur-Holmes, Francis; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Dadzie, Louis Kobina; Agbaglo, Ebenezer; Okyere, Joshua; Seidu, Abdul-Aziz; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku (January 2023).

3233: 2762: 2508: 2409: 558:. Abortion providers use coded language in their advertising to avoid objections. Religious NGOs are a major source of abortion care but are more likely to choose 7501: 6938: 3320: 101:

laws, constitutional amendments, and judicial decisions have been passed to permit abortion under varying grounds. International treaties have influenced reform.

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decision, which established necessity – that is, threats to a woman's mental and physical health – as grounds for legal abortion."

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As of 2010–2014, Africa has an annual average of 8.2 million abortions, a rate of 34 per 1,000 women of reproductive age. The rate varies from 31 per 1,000 in

368: 7497: 7488: 7479: 7410: 7380: 7240: 6498: 4246: 4052:"How, when and where? A systematic review on abortion decision making in legally restricted settings in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean" 3308: 3026: 2828: 1858: 1660: 1029: 314: 992:, which had removed its reservation to the Maputo Protocol in 2012, implemented the WHO's definition of health, which provides for the terms of Article 14. 9328: 7355: 2663: 989: 364: 6990: 7475: 7395: 7345: 7300: 7255: 5132: 4905: 4518: 4269: 2927: 2597: 2277: 1980: 854: 5404: 415:

estimated in 2023 that abortions in hospitals in poor or conflict-affected places are five to seven times more likely to lead to serious complications.

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is often unsafe. Traditional methods are common. Abortion has existed in Africa since ancient times. Many bans on abortions were implemented during the

9241: 7315: 6824: 5931:"Federal Ministry of Health - National Norms & Guidelines for Safe Abortion Services in Ethiopia second edition - original 2013/2014 modified 2018" 4686: 2376: 971: 846: 618:

by the government or NGOs and referral hospitals. In countries where abortion is illegal, many patients have their abortions recorded as miscarriages.

6650: 5502: 1290:. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019, with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources. 6258: 5598: 768:

system. Laws were influenced by Christian and Islamic law. Islamic societies often practiced abortion. Islamic schools had differing opinions of it.

613:(PAC). National average annual rates range from 4–7 per 1,000 women in Nigeria to about 15 per 1,000 women in Uganda. PAC patients may be treated as 5461:, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Policies 2017: Abortion laws and policies. 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 6669:, Catholics for Choice, 19 February 2014. "Sierra Leone is one of several Commonwealth countries to model its abortion policy after England's 1938 3596:

abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life. The government has stated that the law of the country permits abortion on therapeutic grounds.

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care or demand bribes. Delays occur after women seek treatment, as local health centers lack the training or equipment and must make referrals to

9579: 6226: 1138: 5990: 5578: 5546: 435:. About 10% of women treated for abortion complications have infections. The abortion mortality rate is higher among women who have infections. 8499: 290:

contradicted by the law. Most African countries where abortion is legal do not implement them in a way that makes abortion broadly available.

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In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the

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This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.

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Morris, Jessica L.; Armitage, Sinéad; Davis, Jema; Kaur, Jameen; Pretty, Matthew; Ea, Sophie; Seok, Jane; de Vries, Irene (February 2024).

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but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.

6856: 6808: 5056:"The Democratic Republic of the Congo Leads the Way on Abortion Access: A Pathway for Reproductive Rights Advocates in Francophone Africa" 4050:

Hinson, Laura; Bhatti, Anam M.; Sebany, Meroji; Bell, Suzanne O.; Steinhaus, Mara; Twose, Claire; Izugbara, Chimaraoke (10 October 2022).

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List of issues and questions in relation to the combined second and third periodic reports of Mauritania, Addendum, Replies of Mauritania

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Countries with legal abortion have implemented guidelines from international medical standards and offer abortions in public facilities.

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This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the

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are the only Sub-Saharan countries that have passed reproductive health laws without specifying legal grounds for abortion, as of 2020.

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https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/01-Cape-Verde-Law-and-Regulation-on-Voluntary-Interruption-of-Pregnancy-1987.pdf

3651:, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life. 6911:

In practice, it is extremely difficult to obtain a legal abortion; as a result, most abortions are clandestine and potentially unsafe.

6694: 6526: 5811: 4474:

Atuhaire, Shallon (9 July 2019). "Abortion among adolescents in Africa: A review of practices, consequences, and control strategies".

5203: 3446: 1071: 690:

about herbs that worked as contraceptives or abortifacients. Abortion was practiced by over 400 cultures in pre-colonial Africa. The

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Ministerial Order no. 002/MoH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion

6450: 5322: 1594: 6042: 9574: 8939: 8927: 8886: 342:, most women do not know the laws legalising abortion. Medical providers may be uncomfortable providing abortions out of fear of 6362: 6070: 9494: 9323: 9216: 8662: 6666: 6614: 4943:

Brookman-Amissah, Eunice; Moyo, Josephine Banda (November 2004). "Abortion Law Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa: No Turning Back".

4855: 4651: 4203: 3994: 3990:"Research priorities to support evidence-informed policies and advocacy for access to safe abortion care in sub-Saharan Africa" 1182: 376: 9260: 7658: 6141: 646: 590: 8687: 7022: 7006: 6779: 6466: 5376: 9547: 9280: 8647: 8154: 7718: 5473:, Med Ould-Kada, December 2020. Law 85-05 of 16 February 1985 regarding the protection and promotion of health. Article 72 5085:"Preventing State Harassment of Abortion Providers: The Work of the Legal Support Network in Latin America and East Africa" 4170: 6282: 5861: 5562: 9527: 8667: 8267: 7793: 7713: 4759: 4127: 1287: 559: 9039: 8652: 6718: 6542: 5458: 8438: 8207: 7798: 7743: 7653: 7556: 6886: 6840: 6086: 6014: 5486: 1215: 1198: 5629: 3932: 9532: 9221: 8478: 6482: 6434: 6390: 6346: 5534: 4561: 395:. The ratio of pregnancies resulting in abortion is 15%. This percentage varies from 12% in Western Africa to 24% in 3786:

The 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for

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The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 10 weeks.

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The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.

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A technical guide to understanding the legal and policy framework on termination of pregnancy in mainland Tanzania

5599:

https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/documents/countries/15-Cabo-Verde-Resolution-ratifying-Maputo-Protocol-2005.pdf

9591: 9368: 9313: 8534: 8473: 7803: 6766: 5836: 5710: 3157: 1101: 1016:, the Women's Act 2010 provides for safe abortion if there is a risk to the life of the mother or fetus. Kenya's 6205: 6183: 5741: 4851:"The Imperative to Expand Provision, Access and Use of Misoprostol for Post-Abortion Care in sub-Saharan Africa" 8971: 8966: 8728: 8397: 6979: 6812: 6654: 5032: 960:

Article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa

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has made abortions safer. It has been available in the region since 2005, when the WHO added it to its list of

499: 372: 7058: 7023:

Mayotte, Wallis and Futuna Islands and French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia and French Polynesia

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proposed the Termination of Pregnancy Bill in July 2015, but legislators have not yet debated it, as of 2020.

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Abortion laws were liberalised in Ethiopia in 2006 and Ghana in 2006 and 2012. In 2008, the ACHPR decided in

102: 6626: 6005:, Gambia, International Labour Organization. Chapter XV, sections 140–142, and chapter XX, sections 198–199. 5661: 4701: 4514:"Abortion-related infections across 11 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: Prevalence, severity, and managemen" 948:

is the only human rights treaty that provides criteria for abortion. Article 14(2)(c) of the Protocol says:

42:. Most women in Africa live in countries with restrictive laws. Most countries in Africa are parties to the 8813: 8524: 7758: 7589: 5170: 4603: 4422: 4321:"Safe abortion policy provisions in the SADC region: Country responses, key barriers, main recommendations" 3762: 3636: 1242: 984:

invoked an article saying national treaties take precedence over national law. It was the first country in

62:, the primary motive for abortion. The most likely women to have abortions are young, unmarried, or urban. 7038: 6298: 6002: 5958: 4389:"Fatal abortion in sub-Saharan Africa: 'She dilated my cervix with a cassava root and the fetus fell out'" 9777: 9353: 9049: 8879: 8327: 8322: 8124: 8119: 7683: 7123: 7042: 6209: 6187: 5083:

Casas, Ximena; Kimathi-Osiemo, Mitchelle; Redwine, Dee; Tebbets, Claire; Plafker, Karen (February 2024).

5060: 649:. These services increase the use of effective contraception. The most common contraceptives offered are 7106: 6593:, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 13 December 2013. Page 55. 3579:

This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The UN source says that it is accepted as a general

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Bankole, Akinrinola; Remez, Lisa; Owolabi, Onikepe; Philbin, Jesse; Williams, Patrice (December 2020).

3702: 1151: 1125: 1064: 192: 7094: 6243:

Legalization of abortion in Madagascar – The revision of the law again on the parliamentarians' carpet

5602: 4805:"Self-Managed Abortion in Africa: The Decriminalization Imperative in Regional Human Rights Standards" 3609:

did not approve the proposal, and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.

1086:

suspended its programs in Kenya and Uganda. Health workers predicted a rise in unsafe abortion cases.

1082:, a major provider of such products, ran low on its stock after disruptions in manufacturing in Asia. 9611: 9417: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9072: 9001: 8922: 8808: 8287: 7622: 6381:, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 17 March 2014. Page 20. 5409: 5377:"Republican opposition to abortion threatens global HIV/AIDS program that has saved 25 million lives" 5175: 4171:"Abortions are legal in much of Africa. But few women may be aware, and providers don't advertise it" 3706: 3635:

on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the

834: 483: 452: 408: 67: 5827: 58:

and abortion mortality. Most abortions in the region are unsafe. The region has the highest rate of

9637: 9407: 9343: 9246: 9175: 9013: 8996: 8835: 8134: 7963: 7958: 7863: 7668: 7385: 7375: 7180: 5089: 4809: 4263:

Kangaude, Godfrey Dalitso; Macleod, Catriona; Coast, Ernestina; Fetters, Tamara (17 October 2022).

3648: 2861: 2795: 1462: 1202: 1083: 1060: 1007: 842: 761: 698:

used it when women were impregnated by men who could not provide for the child. The Maasai and the

650: 638: 310: 6558: 5252:"USA aid policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of the Mexico City Policy" 3583:, but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar. 9402: 9397: 9287: 9082: 8718: 8519: 8443: 8413: 8387: 8094: 8089: 8004: 7678: 7579: 7390: 6706: 5725: 4987: 4890: 2894: 1150:, Nigeria suspended guidelines for therapeutic abortion. Ethiopian groups such as the U.S.-based 1033: 869:

to allow abortion in the cases of rape, incest, and fetal impairment. In 2004, lawmakers debated

654: 519: 498:

has been proposed to be relevant to African experiences. International organisations such as the

490: 412: 71: 6742: 5323:"After the fall of Roe, emboldened religious conservatives lobby to restrict abortion in Africa" 1028:

changed its penal code from completely banning abortion to allowing it without restriction, and

9606: 9586: 9566: 9449: 9265: 9226: 9092: 9077: 8976: 8872: 8723: 8428: 8357: 8317: 8297: 8277: 8084: 8054: 8024: 8014: 7933: 7903: 7878: 7783: 7663: 7627: 7549: 7305: 7260: 7195: 6017:, Office of the Vice President and Ministry for Women Affairs of Gambia, July 2010. Section 30. 3395: 2310: 1561: 1013: 878: 741: 642: 593:, off of which many African countries base their guidelines. The WHO recommends a procedure of 563: 510: 443: 302: 94: 6924: 4320: 9782: 9236: 8820: 8803: 8795: 8780: 8738: 8677: 8620: 8565: 8494: 8463: 8448: 8292: 8139: 7778: 7703: 6171:

Offenses Against the Family, Chapter 16: Penal Law – Title 26 – Liberian Code of Laws Revised

4680: 4240: 4056: 3606: 3265: 1247:

If this limit is known and does not vary by subdivision, it is shown instead of "permitted".

1017: 570: 90: 8682: 6098: 5909: 4265:"Integrating child rights standards in contraceptive and abortion care for minors in Africa" 3962: 614: 8986: 8830: 8743: 8733: 8610: 8600: 8585: 8509: 8453: 8372: 8367: 8342: 8212: 8109: 8039: 7988: 7968: 7898: 7873: 7858: 7768: 7425: 7400: 7250: 7245: 7190: 7175: 6906: 6045:, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, April 2017, pages 14–15. 5470: 4850: 4364: 3937: 3509: 3450: 3125: 2960: 1947: 1891: 1528: 1429: 1128:

have chosen to lose federal funding when it is in effect. The instatement of the policy by

838: 826: 814: 794: 753: 526: 495: 323: 204: 59: 6902: 5815: 5632:, University of Alicante Intellectual Property and Information Technologyart. Article 304 8: 9422: 9412: 9338: 9211: 9206: 9106: 9008: 8991: 8934: 8692: 8657: 8615: 8590: 8570: 8549: 8392: 8347: 8307: 8262: 8257: 8247: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8217: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8159: 8104: 8019: 8009: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7928: 7923: 7868: 7843: 7788: 7773: 7738: 7584: 7365: 7350: 7340: 7330: 7295: 7290: 7185: 7160: 6602: 5799: 4734: 3787: 3693: 3632: 2729: 2630: 2564: 2475: 2244: 2211: 1495: 1330: 1227: 1163: 874: 830: 810: 806: 757: 749: 662: 196: 98: 6089:, revised edition of 2012, National Council for Law Reporting. Articles 158–160 and 240. 5757: 5027: 4823: 4804: 4359: 3804:

Defined as 14 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 16 weeks from the last menstrual period.

431:, where most abortions are legal. The most commonly treated complication of abortion is 9596: 9489: 9469: 9427: 9348: 9275: 8956: 8825: 8595: 8575: 8544: 8468: 8458: 8423: 8418: 8382: 8362: 8352: 8337: 8332: 8312: 8282: 8252: 8242: 8174: 8149: 8144: 8074: 8049: 8034: 8029: 7983: 7978: 7938: 7913: 7848: 7763: 7723: 7708: 7420: 7415: 7310: 7270: 7165: 6796: 6365:, Official Journal of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, 27 December 2017. Article 21 5964:. Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia. 2014. 5227: 5198: 5103: 5084: 5001: 4982: 4557:"Intimate Partner Violence and Pregnancy Termination Among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa" 4446: 4417: 4293: 4264: 4220: 4080: 4051: 4018: 3989: 3390: 3092: 3059: 2343: 2079: 1363: 1121: 1105: 1056: 1047: 985: 850: 822: 818: 802: 745: 610: 551: 400: 335: 318: 63: 51: 6965: 6487:

International Law Students' Association Journal of International & Comparative Law

5375:

Musambi, Evelyne; Amiri, Farnoush; Anna, Cara; Knickmeyer, Ellen (11 September 2023).

5270: 5251: 4956: 3680:

In some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.

9735: 9552: 9437: 9358: 9301: 8981: 8949: 8907: 8853: 8713: 8580: 8539: 8529: 8377: 8302: 8272: 8164: 8129: 8114: 8079: 8064: 8044: 7918: 7908: 7893: 7853: 7818: 7542: 7285: 7265: 7230: 7170: 6882: 5878: 5275: 5232: 5151: 5108: 5006: 4960: 4882: 4874: 4828: 4776: 4668: 4620: 4580: 4537: 4493: 4451: 4298: 4228: 4144: 4085: 4023: 3745: 3644: 2178: 2046: 1792: 1396: 1171: 1079: 1075: 1021: 870: 862: 798: 790: 777: 703: 533:

have criticised this philosophy for presenting a homogenous view of African culture.

339: 327: 294: 86: 6575:

Sénégal – Marième N'Diaye on the decriminalization of abortion: "the debate is open"

889: 569:

Legal restrictions and social stigma lead to women getting clandestine abortions or

9522: 9459: 9251: 8748: 8605: 8504: 8433: 8099: 8069: 7973: 7888: 7753: 7405: 7205: 6333:, Official Journal of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, 9 July 1983. Article 293 5381: 5327: 5265: 5222: 5212: 5141: 5098: 4996: 4952: 4864: 4818: 4768: 4660: 4612: 4570: 4527: 4485: 4441: 4431: 4332: 4288: 4278: 4212: 4175: 4136: 4075: 4065: 4013: 4003: 3942: 3818: 3817:

in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.

3722:

This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general

3628: 3466:

This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general

2993: 1627: 1167: 858: 586: 78: 6149: 5471:

Collection of Regulatory Texts relative to the Management of Health Establishments

4772: 4140: 4008: 631: 451:

financial pressure, and wanting to continue education. Women who have experienced

9751: 9623: 9504: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9464: 9163: 9034: 8961: 8944: 8785: 7813: 7733: 7698: 7594: 6783: 6682: 4337: 3710: 3558: 3489: 3471: 3385: 945: 866: 765: 691: 530: 472: 428: 419: 404: 399:. The abortion rate is the same in places where abortion is or is not permitted. 396: 392: 359: 141: 55: 47: 6709:, University of Minnesota: Human Rights Library, 7 September 2012. Article 15.5. 6110: 5773: 4869: 4664: 4216: 9700: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9270: 9148: 7808: 5850: 4730:"Support for legal abortion is widespread in many places, especially in Europe" 4706: 4436: 4070: 3822: 3761:

This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the

3723: 3698: 3580: 3467: 3454: 3272:

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in other autonomous jurisdictions

1263: 1206: 1129: 1078:

led to disruption in the supply chains of medical abortion and contraceptives.

555: 543: 403:

is the region with the most unsafe abortions. As of 2024, 77% of abortions are

388: 188: 74:

argue that the practice of abortion was imposed upon Africa by foreign powers.

6501:, 30 September 1960. Police and Human Rights Resources, Amnesty International. 6403:

Moroccan women are still waiting for the abortion reform wanted by Mohammed VI

4575: 4556: 3933:"From Unsafe to Safe Abortion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Slow but Steady Progress" 623: 346:

backlash. In some countries, unclear laws deter them from providing abortion.

9771: 9756: 9517: 9201: 8753: 7728: 7673: 6378: 5711:

Ordinance 70–158 of 30 April 1970 determining the rules of medical deontology

4878: 4803:

Berro Pizzarossa, Lucía; Maziwisa, Michelle; Durojaye, Ebenezer (June 2023).

4616: 1109: 941: 699: 695: 687: 683: 424: 355: 343: 43: 6721:, Global Abortion Policies Database, 6 December 1962. Article 36 and part X. 6349:, Military Council for Justice and Democracy of Mauritania, 5 December 2005 6259:

In Madagascar, clandestine abortions are the second cause of maternal deaths

5991:

The Gambia's Political Transition to Democracy: Is Abortion Reform Possible?

3164:

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in partially recognised states

9542: 9158: 8763: 8758: 8672: 8634: 7693: 7606: 7082: 6980:"THE 2000 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND - english translation" 5437: 5279: 5236: 5155: 5112: 5010: 4964: 4886: 4832: 4780: 4672: 4624: 4584: 4541: 4497: 4455: 4302: 4232: 4148: 4089: 4027: 3618:

May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.

594: 200: 114: 39: 23: 6529:, Government of São Tomé and Príncipe, 2012. Book II, title I, chapter II 5217: 1042:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

119: 9537: 9454: 9168: 9153: 8768: 6483:

Re-characterizing abortion in Nigeria: an appraisal of the necessity test

6054: 5729:, Official Journal of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5 June 2008. 3814: 1286:

The table below summarises the legal grounds for abortion in all African

1159: 1147: 1143: 723: 711: 707: 582: 432: 82: 9189: 6939:"National Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion care in Zimbabwe - 2014" 6561:, National Order of Physicians of Senegal, 10 February 1967. Article 35 6229:, Ministry of Justice of Madagascar, updated 31 March 2005. Article 317 5879:"Swaziland National Policy on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights" 5505:, Journal of the Republic of Angola, 11 November 2020. Articles 154–158 5433:"Meta and Google accused of restricting reproductive health information" 4224: 609:

In Sub-Saharan Africa, an average of 1.7 million women per year receive

85:

is available from health providers and pharmacies, and is usually safe.

6605:, consolidated to 30 June 2012, Seychelles Legal Information Institute. 6453:, consolidated version of 14 June 2021, Ministry of Justice of Morocco 5518: 5299: 5256: 5146: 5127: 4532: 4513: 4283: 3947: 3705:

passed a law allowing abortion on request but it was not signed by the

330:

states that no evidence is needed to prove grounds for legal abortion.

6437:, consolidated version of 5 July 2018, Ministry of Justice of Morocco 5579:

Norms and Standards in Reproductive Health-Family Planning in Cameroon

4393: 1294:

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in independent countries

89:

is regulated by national guidelines in countries with legal abortion.

7115: 6697:, Women's Health and Reproductive Rights Organization, 20 April 2021. 6590: 6213: 6191: 5199:"United States aid policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa" 4983:"The Limits of the Law: Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa" 4489: 3640: 3264:

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in African

3156:

The table below summarises the legal grounds for abortion in African

70:

emphasize public health arguments about the maternal mortality rate.

6868: 5405:"Will U.S. Abortion Wars End a Successful Foreign Policy in Africa?" 1136:

The United States overturned its right to abortion in the 2022 case

8773: 7748: 7688: 7565: 6545:, 21 July 1965, with amendments up to 29 January 1999. Article 305 6419:

In Morocco, the Hajar Raissouni case revives the debate on abortion

6055:

Ivory Coast: advocacy for medical abortions as in the case of rapes

5977:, Official Journal of the Gabonese Republic, 30 June 2020. Title X 5790: 5758:

Decree no. 2008-0098/PR/MS regarding the Code of Medical Deontology

5603:

https://www.parlamento.cv/GDRevisoesContitucionais.aspx?ImagemId=30

5563:

Law no. 1/27 of 29 December 2017 bearing revision of the penal code

4199: 4123: 3749: 1190: 1154:

challenged its law legalizing abortion, and protestors gathered in

719: 715: 281:* Does not apply to some countries or territories in that category 35: 8864: 6925:"Termination Of Pregnancy Act [Chapter 15:10] – law.co.zw" 5910:"The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" 50:, the only international treaty that defines a right to abortion. 6142:"Penal Code Act, 2012 | Lesotho Legal Information Institute" 5683:, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2020. 5082: 4554: 4510: 1155: 6683:

Sierra Leone abortion bill blocked by President Bai Koroma again

6347:

Ordinance no. 2005-015 bearing the penal protection of the child

6073:, Official Journal of the Republic of Ivory Coast, 10 July 2019 5915:. World Intellectual Property Organization. Articles 545 to 552. 5648:, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of the Congo. Article 317 4802: 3752:, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200. 216:

Risk to woman's life, to her health*, rape, or fetal impairment

8895: 6591:

Combined third to seventh periodic reports due in 2010, Senegal

5489:, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization 1210: 1186: 658: 31: 6315:

Law no. 02-044 of 24 June 2002 relative to reproduction health

5028:"Maputo Protocol at 20: Progress on Abortion Rights in Africa" 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4755: 1003:

Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa v. Angola

7025:, Public Health Code articles L2421-1 to L2446-3, Légifrance 7009:, Public Health Code articles L2211-1 to L2223-2, Légifrance 6827:, Official Journal of the Togolese Republic, 10 January 2007 6125:

National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence in Kenya

6029:, Judicial Police of Guinea-Bissau, 20 May 2019. Article 112 5351:"Roe's Repeal Inspires Abortion Rollbacks in Other Countries" 3488:

This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is

6695:

Fighting Unsafe Abortion and Abortion Stigma in Sierra Leone

5696:

Is the abortion of a rape victim permitted in Congolese law?

5549:, Police Academy of Burkina Faso. Articles 513-10 to 513–19 5295:"Roe's repeal has energized Africa's anti-abortion movement" 5250:

Brooks, Nina; Bendavid, Eran; Miller, Grant (27 June 2019).

4414: 837:

noted that unsafe abortion had a disproportionate impact on

665:. Many PAC providers do not offer family planning services. 7534: 6469:, Bulletin of the Republic of Mozambique, 24 December 2019 5993:, Satang Nabaneh, Health and Human Rights, 9 December 2019. 4925: 4262: 1174:

implemented one of Africa's most permissive abortion laws.

952:

2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to...

18: 6101:, National Council for Law Reporting, 2010. Article 26(4). 5681:

World Population Policies 2017: Abortion Laws and Policies

5459:

Table 2: Countries by legal grounds for abortion (recoded)

5374: 4906:"In Hospitals Across Africa, A Lack Of Post-Abortion Care" 3930: 1241:

In many cases, abortion is permitted only up to a certain

710:

used it if they predicted birth defects. In South Africa,

226:

Risk to woman's life, to her health*, or fetal impairment

5171:"The Coronavirus Is Cutting Off Africa's Abortion Access" 4910: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 3986: 6299:

Law no. 2001-79 of 20 August 2001 bearing the Penal Code

4976: 4974: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4314: 4312: 3557:

The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only

1067:

in 2015 and 2016, but the president refused to sign it.

6769:, European Country of Origin Information Network, 1991. 5125: 4477:

International Journal of Health Planning and Management

3631:

prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A

6782:. Tanzania Legal Information Institute. Archived from 5197:

Bendavid, Eran; Avila, Patrick; Miller, Grant (2011).

4787: 4049: 1053:

International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

783:

International Conference on Population and Development

369:

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

5959:"Standard Treatment Guidelines for General Hospitals" 5928: 5742:

Law 59/AN/94 of 5 January 1995 bearing the Penal Code

4971: 4631: 4309: 1120:

presidents have reinstated it. Organisations such as

407:

and nearly half are least safe, as classified by the

7071:

Abortion Act (UK) (Tristan da Cunha) Ordinance, 1967

6903:"Induced Abortion and Postabortion Care in Zimbabwe" 6281:. Malawi Legal Information Institute. Archived from 6112:

FIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others

5760:, National Order of Medical Professions of Djibouti 5565:, President of the Republic of Burundi. Article 534 5249: 5133:

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

4942: 4519:

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

4270:

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

1089: 980:, Article 14 was enacted after a 2018 ruling by the 365:

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

6799:, Zanzibar House of Representatives, 16 March 2018. 6513:, Official Gazette of Rwanda, no. 14, 8 April 2019 6499:

Penal Code (Northern States) Federal Provisions Act

5196: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3774:

Abortion is not permitted for rape within marriage.

3526:

Abortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18.

3508:The penal code says that abortion is permitted for 1070:In a 2015 joint statement, the United Nations, the 5829:Chapter 3, Section 1, Law No. 4 of 5 November 2020 502:work to establish safe, legal abortion in Africa. 6617:, Ministry of Health of Seychelles, January 2012. 6184:"Law No. 106 of 1973 Promulgating the Health Law" 5521:, General Secretariat of the Government of Benin 4245:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 4195: 4193: 4119: 9769: 6317:, President of the Republic of Mali. Article 13 4728:Fetterolf, Janell; Clancy, Laura (15 May 2024). 4596: 4594: 4258: 4256: 4155: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 1221: 77:Many women keep abortions secret due to stigma. 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 4727: 4600: 4318: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 1162:. Family Watch International held a meeting at 972:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 566:, a method that is not recommended by the WHO. 236:Risk to woman's life*, to her health*, or rape 22:Flyers advertising illegal abortion clinics in 7043:Ministry of Health and of Prevention of France 6393:, Official Gazette of Mauritius, 23 June 2012. 6363:Law no. 2017-025 regarding reproductive health 6261:, Radio France Internationale, 1 October 2021 6043:Report on the Right to Health in Guinea-Bissau 4981:Maffi, Irene; Tønnessen, Liv (December 2019). 4980: 4685:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 4648: 4190: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 3504: 3502: 3151: 686:until the 15th century, women would consult a 54:is the world region with the highest rates of 8880: 7550: 7131: 4749: 4591: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4253: 4096: 1252:permitted, with complex legality or practice 1024:if there is risk to life or health. In 2012, 5667: 4844: 4842: 4702:"Abortion: Is Africa becoming more liberal?" 4169:Cheng, Maria; Apawu, Misper (2 April 2024). 3851: 3647:. In the states corresponding to the former 3561:, not by law and not implemented as of 2020. 3354:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 1139:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 865:revised their strict abortion bans from the 781:one-quarter in Nigeria. Parties to the 1994 694:used it to limit the sizes of families. The 124:Legality of abortion by country or territory 6881:(1st ed.). Harare: Hunyani Printopak. 5430: 5292: 5076: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4034: 3821:explicitly applies the abortion law of the 3701:or also the judicial decision. In 2015 the 3499: 3259: 1189:, a foreign aid plan that lowered rates of 153:Gestational limit after the first 17 weeks 8887: 8873: 7557: 7543: 7138: 7124: 6875:National Guidelines for Post Abortion Care 6489:, vol. 11, issue 1, article 8, March 2005. 5848: 5452: 4386: 4345: 4168: 3045: 3042: 3036: 2937: 1040:, influenced by a Mauritian member of the 727: 6780:"The Penal Code, revised edition of 2019" 6629:, Government of Sierra Leone. Article 74. 6615:Reproductive health policy for Seychelles 6206:"Law No. 17 of 1986 on Medical Liability" 5547:Law no. 025-018/AN bearing the penal code 5402: 5348: 5269: 5226: 5216: 5204:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 5145: 5102: 5000: 4868: 4848: 4839: 4822: 4574: 4531: 4445: 4435: 4387:Lecumberri, Beatriz (11 September 2023). 4336: 4325:Southern African Journal of Public Health 4292: 4282: 4079: 4069: 4017: 4007: 3946: 1116:presidents have rescinded the policy and 1072:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 740:Laws banning abortion are inherited from 6825:Law No. 2007-005, On Reproductive Health 6071:Law no. 2019-574 carrying the Penal Code 5792:Article 61 and Chapter 3, Law 58 of 1937 5503:Law that approves the Angolan Penal Code 5293:Hellerstein, Erica (19 September 2023). 4473: 4462: 3492:, whose application is requested by the 1170:announced his plan to protect abortion. 888: 771: 509: 326:uses a broad interpretation of its law. 163:Gestational limit in the first 17 weeks 118: 17: 6978:Jama, Ibrahim Hashi (30 January 2012). 6667:Understanding Abortion Access in Africa 5867:from the original on 18 September 2015. 5597:law no. 9/iii/86 & decree no. 7/87 5581:, Ministry of Health of Cameroon, 2018 5431:Strzyżyńska, Weronika (27 March 2024). 5168: 4699: 4319:Matshalaga, N; Mehlo, M (August 2022). 978:In the Democratic Republic of the Congo 9770: 7145: 6391:The Criminal Code (Amendment) Act 2012 5924: 5922: 5904: 5902: 5537:, Government of Botswana. Article 160. 5022: 5020: 4856:African Journal of Reproductive Health 4652:African Journal of Reproductive Health 4204:African Journal of Reproductive Health 3995:Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 3833: 3831: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3782: 3780: 3688: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3659: 3657: 3591: 3589: 1183:United States House of Representatives 377:Southern African Development Community 246:Risk to woman's life or to her health 8868: 7538: 7119: 7097:, British Pregnancy Advisory Service. 6955:from the original on 18 October 2021. 6641:, Legislation.gov.uk. Articles 58–59. 6515:(in Kinyarwanda, English, and French) 5947:from the original on 1 November 2021. 5691: 5689: 5403:Gbadamosi, Nosmot (1 November 2023). 5349:Ferragamo, Mariel (5 February 2024). 4903: 4849:Kulczyski, Andrzej (September 2016). 3553: 3551: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3441: 3439: 1262:prohibited, with complex legality or 647:long-acting reversible contraceptives 604: 542:have adequate knowledge of abortion. 514:An anti-abortion sculpture in Nigeria 334:seeking professional care. In Ghana, 293:Abortion is unconditionally legal in 7719:Libertarian perspectives on abortion 7100: 7088: 7076: 6977: 6870:Ministry of Health and Child Welfare 6639:Offences Against the Person Act 1861 5851:"PENAL CODE OF THE STATE OF ERITREA" 5802:. With amendments as 15 August 2021. 5320: 4760:Health Care for Women International 897: 894:Participation in the Maputo Protocol 349: 105:has influenced the abortion debate. 8894: 7794:Societal attitudes towards abortion 7714:Legalized abortion and crime effect 7107:Know Your Abortion Rights in the UK 7059:General Introduction to Legislation 7007:Voluntary interruption of pregnancy 6834: 6520: 5919: 5899: 5519:Law no. 2012-12 of 20 December 2021 5017: 4128:Health Care for Women International 3828: 3793: 3777: 3683: 3667: 3654: 3621: 3586: 1288:Member states of the United Nations 1063:'s Safe Abortion Act was passed by 988:to expand legal abortion. In 2019, 789:In the late 1990s and early 2000s, 677: 576: 455:are more likely to have abortions. 438: 13: 7744:Misinformation related to abortion 7654:Beginning of pregnancy controversy 6190:. 13 December 1978. Archived from 6104: 6020: 6003:Criminal Code (Act No. 25 of 1933) 5686: 3548: 3515: 3477: 3449:, says that "Abortion, other than 3436: 1216:misinformation related to abortion 1199:Center for Countering Digital Hate 929: Territories of non-AU states 884: 373:sexual and reproductive healthcare 14: 9794: 9533:Confederation of African Football 7659:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis 6996:from the original on 18 May 2012. 6946:Ministry of Health and Child Care 6467:Law of Revision of the Penal Code 6212:. 4 November 1986. Archived from 4700:Cascais, Antonio (16 July 2022). 4562:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1228:Abortion law § National laws 1090:Influence of United States policy 554:is always legal and obligated by 8849: 8848: 7446:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 7216:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7073:, Saint Helena Government, 2017. 7064: 7052: 7039:What are the deadlines to abort? 7032: 7016: 7000: 6971: 6959: 6931: 6917: 6895: 6862: 6857:The Termination of Pregnancy Act 6850: 6818: 6802: 6790: 6772: 6760: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6660: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6568: 6552: 6536: 6504: 6492: 6476: 6460: 6444: 6428: 6412: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6356: 6340: 6324: 6308: 6292: 6268: 5938:St. Paul's Hospital, Addis Ababa 5698:, Leganews.cd, 29 October 2019. 3807: 3768: 3755: 3738: 3729: 3716: 3643:remain in force in the southern 3612: 3599: 3346: 3313: 3301: 3268:of countries outside of Africa. 3226: 3193: 3118: 3085: 3052: 3019: 2986: 2953: 2920: 2887: 2854: 2821: 2788: 2755: 2722: 2689: 2656: 2623: 2590: 2557: 2501: 2468: 2435: 2402: 2369: 2336: 2303: 2270: 2237: 2204: 2171: 2138: 2105: 2072: 2039: 2006: 1973: 1940: 1884: 1851: 1818: 1785: 1752: 1727:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1719: 1686: 1653: 1620: 1587: 1554: 1521: 1488: 1455: 1422: 1389: 1356: 1323: 1274: 505: 178:Legally restricted to cases of: 7804:Termination for medical reasons 6421:, France 24, 24 September 2019 6252: 6236: 6220: 6198: 6176: 6164: 6134: 6118: 6092: 6080: 6064: 6048: 6036: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5968: 5951: 5871: 5842: 5837:Parliament of Equatorial Guinea 5821: 5805: 5783: 5767: 5751: 5735: 5719: 5704: 5655: 5639: 5623: 5607: 5588: 5572: 5556: 5540: 5528: 5512: 5496: 5480: 5464: 5424: 5396: 5368: 5342: 5314: 5286: 5243: 5190: 5162: 5119: 5048: 4904:Adams, Patrick (9 March 2021). 4897: 4721: 4693: 4548: 4504: 4408: 4380: 3790:women if they choose to do so." 3573: 3564: 3539: 3529: 3460: 3427: 3418: 3408: 3158:states with limited recognition 1102:Presidents of the United States 995: 735: 591:its list of essential medicines 477: 108: 38:is subject to various national 6859:, National Assembly of Zambia. 6813:Center for Reproductive Rights 6655:Center for Reproductive Rights 6173:, Legal Information Institute. 5929:Dr. Yirgu Gebrehiwoth (2020). 5525:. Published on 7 January 2022. 5033:Center for Reproductive Rights 3980: 3967:Center for Reproductive Rights 3955: 1197:According to reporting by the 722:people used thorn bushes, and 562:. Many surgical abortions use 500:Center for Reproductive Rights 1: 7649:Beginning of human personhood 6732:"Penal Code Act. Article 216" 6301:, Droit Afrique. Article 211 6245:, La Vérité, 9 February 2021 6115:, Kenyalaw.org, 12 June 2019. 5849:Andemariam, Senai W. (2015). 5812:Profession Ethics Regulations 5664:, United Nations, 1 May 2014. 5271:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30267-0 4957:10.1016/s0968-8080(04)24026-5 4773:10.1080/07399332.2019.1608207 4219:(inactive 7 September 2024). 4141:10.1080/07399332.2019.1703991 4009:10.1080/26410397.2021.1881207 3844: 1222:Abortion laws by jurisdiction 1096:Abortion in the United States 382: 322:laws apply them inclusively. 7759:Paternal rights and abortion 7564: 6603:Termination of Pregnancy Act 6210:Ministry of Justice of Libya 6188:Ministry of Justice of Libya 6057:, Abidjan.net, 19 July 2020 5776:, Human Village, April 2015 5169:Wadekar, Neha (4 May 2020). 4604:Journal of Health Psychology 4423:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 4338:10.7196/SAJPH.2022.v5.i3.133 3763:East African Court of Appeal 3637:West African Court of Appeal 3470:, allowed by regulation and 1281: 1164:Uganda's presidential office 7: 9261:International organisations 7684:Ethical aspects of abortion 6914:Updated as of 16 July 2019. 6129:Ministry of Health of Kenya 6027:Penal Code of Guinea-Bissau 5601:resolution no. 131/vi/2005 5061:Population Reference Bureau 4945:Reproductive Health Matters 3963:"The World's Abortion Laws" 3379: 3152:Partially recognised states 1030:Somalia authorised abortion 527:culturally deviant behavior 371:, which provide a right to 266:Illegal with no exceptions 10: 9799: 9513:Africa Cricket Association 9319:Countries by GDP (nominal) 7644:Abortion and mental health 7061:, Saint Helena Government. 6685:, BBC News, 12 March 2016. 6577:, Le Point, 11 April 2019 6405:, Le Monde, 18 March 2018 5321:Anna, Cara (1 July 2023). 4437:10.1186/s12884-023-05427-6 4071:10.1186/s12905-022-01962-0 3703:parliament of Sierra Leone 1225: 1152:Family Watch International 1126:Marie Stopes International 1093: 1038:Mauritius reformed its law 1020:, passed by a referendum, 911: Acceded or succeeded 672: 536: 517: 481: 470: 269: 259: 249: 239: 229: 219: 209: 181: 173:Unclear gestational limit 166: 156: 146: 133: 112: 9729: 9636: 9565: 9528:Australian-rules football 9503: 9445: 9436: 9388: 9381: 9309: 9300: 9197: 9188: 9119:Countries and territories 9114: 9105: 9065: 9022: 8915: 8906: 8844: 8794: 8706: 8633: 8558: 8487: 8406: 8173: 7997: 7834: 7827: 7636: 7623:Abortion-rights movements 7615: 7572: 7459: 7434: 7153: 6276:"Penal Code. Article 243" 6131:, 2014. Pages 15, 25, 78. 6099:The Constitution of Kenya 5090:Health & Human Rights 4870:10.29063/ajrh2016/v20i3.3 4810:Health & Human Rights 4665:10.29063/ajrh2018/v22i2.5 4576:10.1177/08862605221098405 4217:10.29063/ajrh2023/v27i1.8 3825:with minor modifications. 3627:The Criminal Code of the 1240: 905: Signed and ratified 841:. Between 1996 and 2003, 835:African National Congress 829:introduced PAC services. 615:inpatients or outpatients 484:Abortion-rights movements 466: 453:intimate partner violence 409:World Health Organization 280: 177: 129: 68:Abortion-rights movements 7884:Central African Republic 7669:Abortion under communism 7201:Central African Republic 6707:Provisional Constitution 4667:(inactive August 2024). 4617:10.1177/1359105316644294 3401: 3260:Autonomous jurisdictions 1595:Central African Republic 1203:MSI Reproductive Choices 1084:MSI Reproductive Choices 1008:essential medicines list 778:Ghana legalised abortion 655:oral contraceptive pills 639:manual vacuum aspiration 637:WHO standards recommend 9575:Countries by population 9288:United States of Africa 8719:Dilation and evacuation 8668:Conscientious objection 8653:History of abortion law 7679:Crisis pregnancy center 7628:Anti-abortion movements 6485:, Victor Nnamdi Opara, 4988:Health and Human Rights 4891:African Journals OnLine 632:higher-level facilities 560:conscientious objection 520:Anti-abortion movements 413:Doctors Without Borders 72:Anti-abortion movements 9324:Countries by GDP (PPP) 9266:Pan-African Parliament 9057:Science and technology 8724:Dilation and curettage 8688:Late-term restrictions 8208:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7784:Sex-selective abortion 7664:Anti-abortion violence 7095:Britain's abortion law 6559:Code of Medical Ethics 3629:predecessor of Nigeria 3396:Human rights in Africa 1257:varies by subdivision 963: 937: 760:, and, in the case of 728: 643:dilation and curettage 581:The widespread use of 571:self-induced abortions 564:dilation and curettage 531:Postcolonial theorists 515: 444:Unintended pregnancies 286: 27: 8977:European colonisation 8940:Pre-colonial kingdoms 8781:Self-induced abortion 7779:Self-induced abortion 7704:Genetics and abortion 7600:Philosophical aspects 7361:São Tomé and Príncipe 7221:Republic of the Congo 6543:Penal Code of Senegal 5218:10.2471/BLT.11.091660 3559:established by treaty 3490:established by treaty 3472:established by treaty 3266:dependent territories 2697:São Tomé and Príncipe 1694:Republic of the Congo 1026:São Tomé and Príncipe 950: 892: 772:Post-independence era 513: 427:and the lowest is in 307:São Tomé and Príncipe 256:Risk to woman's life 205:socioeconomic factors 122: 91:Self-induced abortion 66:is widely available. 21: 9548:Stadiums by capacity 9495:World Heritage Sites 8972:European exploration 8744:Menstrual extraction 8693:Parental involvement 8155:United Arab Emirates 7769:Prenatal development 6968:, Somalilandlaw.com. 6907:Guttmacher Institute 6843:, 2012. Article 214 5774:Abortion in Djibouti 4365:Guttmacher Institute 4360:"Abortion in Africa" 3938:Guttmacher Institute 3510:therapeutic purposes 3494:Constitutional Court 1034:its new constitution 982:Constitutional Court 839:Black South Africans 726:used a shrub called 702:used it in cases of 663:intrauterine devices 496:reproductive justice 189:Risk to woman's life 103:United States policy 60:unintended pregnancy 9232:Freedom of religion 9217:Heads of government 9009:Scramble for Africa 8754:Abortifacient drugs 8474:Trinidad and Tobago 7789:Sidewalk counseling 7774:Reproductive rights 7739:Minors and abortion 7436:States with limited 6786:on 4 December 2021. 6216:on 6 February 2023. 6194:on 31 January 2023. 5818:on 3 November 2021. 5800:Parliament of Egypt 5789:"قانون العقوبات" . 5616:, 2010. Article 79 5355:Think Global Health 4735:Pew Research Center 3273: 3165: 1295: 1275:unknown or unclear 1234: 624:stages of pregnancy 391:to 34 per 1,000 in 99:reproductive health 9778:Abortion in Africa 8957:Indian Ocean trade 8648:Constitutional law 8439:Dominican Republic 7764:Post-abortion care 7724:Limit of viability 7709:Late-term abortion 7147:Abortion in Africa 6748:on 16 October 2021 6152:on 26 January 2019 5264:(8): E1046–E1053. 5147:10.1002/ijgo.15334 5140:(Suppl 1): 31–41. 4569:(1–2): 2092–2111. 4533:10.1002/ijgo.14032 4484:(4): e1378–e1386. 4284:10.1002/ijgo.14502 4057:BMC Women's Health 3948:10.1363/2020.32446 3391:Abortion in Europe 3292:Economic or social 3271: 3184:Economic or social 3163: 2548:Economic or social 1931:Economic or social 1314:Economic or social 1293: 1232: 1146:. The governor of 1122:Planned Parenthood 1106:Mexico City policy 1104:have instated the 1048:Planned Parenthood 1032:in emergencies in 986:Francophone Africa 938: 762:South Africa's law 611:post-abortion care 605:Post-abortion care 552:Post-abortion care 516: 418:As of 2014, 9% of 401:Sub-Saharan Africa 287: 130:Legal on request: 64:Post-abortion care 52:Sub-Saharan Africa 28: 9765: 9764: 9632: 9631: 9561: 9560: 9377: 9376: 9354:Natural resources 9296: 9295: 9242:Linguistic rights 9184: 9183: 9101: 9100: 8862: 8861: 8714:Vacuum aspiration 8629: 8628: 7532: 7531: 7463:other territories 7236:Equatorial Guinea 7109:, 123 Healthwise. 7083:Rape and abortion 6015:Women's Act, 2010 5064:. 28 October 2021 3746:mainland Tanzania 3694:judicial decision 3645:states of Nigeria 3633:judicial decision 3377: 3376: 3257: 3256: 3149: 3148: 1826:Equatorial Guinea 1279: 1278: 1080:DKT International 1076:COVID-19 pandemic 1036:. The same year, 1018:2010 constitution 935: 934: 917: Only signed 871:abortion in Kenya 704:teenage pregnancy 587:medical abortions 350:International law 285: 284: 142:gestational limit 87:Surgical abortion 9790: 9745: 9738: 9523:Afro-Asian Games 9443: 9442: 9386: 9385: 9364:Renewable energy 9329:Countries by HDI 9307: 9306: 9195: 9194: 9112: 9111: 8913: 8912: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8866: 8865: 8852: 8851: 8749:Medical abortion 8683:Informed consent 8673:Fetal protection 8525:Papua New Guinea 8515:Marshall Islands 7832: 7831: 7754:One-child policy 7559: 7552: 7545: 7536: 7535: 7524: 7523:(United Kingdom) 7519:Tristan da Cunha 7515:Ascension Island 7507: 7494: 7485: 7461:Dependencies and 7154:Sovereign states 7140: 7133: 7126: 7117: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6984: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6943: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6909:. October 2018. 6899: 6893: 6892: 6880: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6747: 6741:. Archived from 6739:Sudantribune.com 6736: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6664: 6658: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6627:Courts Act, 1965 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6148:. Archived from 6138: 6132: 6122: 6116: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5886:Researchgate.net 5883: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5855: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5825: 5819: 5814:. Archived from 5809: 5803: 5797: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5684: 5678: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5592: 5586: 5584: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5487:Penal code draft 5484: 5478: 5476: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5382:Associated Press 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5328:Associated Press 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5273: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5220: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5149: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5106: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5004: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4940: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4872: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4826: 4800: 4785: 4784: 4767:(7–9): 950–980. 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4676: 4646: 4629: 4628: 4611:(8): 1096–1109. 4598: 4589: 4588: 4578: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4535: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4490:10.1002/hpm.2842 4471: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4439: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4356: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4286: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4244: 4236: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4176:Associated Press 4166: 4153: 4152: 4121: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4073: 4047: 4032: 4031: 4021: 4011: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3928: 3838: 3835: 3826: 3819:Tristan da Cunha 3811: 3805: 3802: 3791: 3784: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3742: 3736: 3735:From conception. 3733: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3690: 3681: 3678: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3513: 3506: 3497: 3486: 3475: 3464: 3458: 3443: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3289:Fetal impairment 3274: 3270: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3181:Fetal impairment 3166: 3162: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3024: 3023: 3022: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2545:Fetal impairment 2506: 2505: 2504: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2011: 2010: 2009: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1928:Fetal impairment 1889: 1888: 1887: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1311:Fetal impairment 1296: 1292: 1235: 1231: 1168:Julius Maada Bio 1022:permits abortion 961: 928: 923: Not signed 922: 916: 910: 904: 898: 813:, South Africa, 756:, common law of 731: 678:Pre-colonial era 577:Medical abortion 439:Societal factors 375:for minors. The 273: 263: 253: 243: 233: 223: 213: 201:fetal impairment 185: 170: 160: 150: 137: 127: 126: 79:Medical abortion 56:unsafe abortions 9798: 9797: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9725: 9628: 9624:Youth in Africa 9602:Life expectancy 9557: 9499: 9475:Africanfuturism 9432: 9373: 9369:Stock exchanges 9292: 9180: 9139:Natural history 9097: 9061: 9018: 8967:Muslim conquest 8962:Bantu expansion 8902: 8893: 8863: 8858: 8840: 8790: 8786:Unsafe abortion 8702: 8698:Spousal consent 8658:Laws by country 8625: 8554: 8535:Solomon Islands 8483: 8402: 8328:North Macedonia 8169: 8120:Northern Cyprus 7993: 7823: 7814:Unsafe abortion 7699:Forced abortion 7632: 7611: 7595:Abortion debate 7568: 7563: 7533: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7505: 7492: 7483: 7464: 7462: 7455: 7439: 7437: 7430: 7149: 7144: 7114: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7045:, 21 July 2022 7037: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6878: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6807: 6803: 6797:Penal Act, 2018 6795: 6791: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6665: 6661: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6531:(in Portuguese) 6530: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6481: 6477: 6471:(in Portuguese) 6470: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6288:on 8 July 2021. 6285: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6127:, 3rd edition, 6123: 6119: 6109: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6031:(in Portuguese) 6030: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5933: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5810: 5806: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5507:(in Portuguese) 5506: 5501: 5497: 5491:(in Portuguese) 5490: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5291: 5287: 5248: 5244: 5211:(12): 873–880. 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5167: 5163: 5124: 5120: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5026: 5025: 5018: 4979: 4972: 4951:(24): 227–234. 4941: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4902: 4898: 4847: 4840: 4801: 4788: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4698: 4694: 4678: 4677: 4647: 4632: 4599: 4592: 4553: 4549: 4509: 4505: 4472: 4463: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4358: 4357: 4346: 4317: 4310: 4277:(3): 998–1004. 4261: 4254: 4238: 4237: 4198: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4167: 4156: 4122: 4097: 4048: 4035: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3929: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3760: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3724:legal principle 3721: 3717: 3711:come into force 3699:legal principle 3691: 3684: 3679: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3649:Northern Region 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3581:legal principle 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3500: 3487: 3478: 3468:legal principle 3465: 3461: 3455:legal principle 3444: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3386:Abortion debate 3382: 3347: 3345: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3262: 3227: 3225: 3194: 3192: 3154: 3119: 3117: 3086: 3084: 3053: 3051: 3020: 3018: 2987: 2985: 2954: 2952: 2921: 2919: 2888: 2886: 2855: 2853: 2822: 2820: 2789: 2787: 2756: 2754: 2723: 2721: 2690: 2688: 2657: 2655: 2624: 2622: 2591: 2589: 2558: 2556: 2502: 2500: 2469: 2467: 2436: 2434: 2403: 2401: 2370: 2368: 2337: 2335: 2304: 2302: 2271: 2269: 2238: 2236: 2205: 2203: 2172: 2170: 2139: 2137: 2106: 2104: 2073: 2071: 2040: 2038: 2007: 2005: 1974: 1972: 1941: 1939: 1885: 1883: 1852: 1850: 1819: 1817: 1786: 1784: 1753: 1751: 1720: 1718: 1687: 1685: 1654: 1652: 1621: 1619: 1588: 1586: 1555: 1553: 1522: 1520: 1489: 1487: 1456: 1454: 1423: 1421: 1390: 1388: 1357: 1355: 1324: 1322: 1284: 1246: 1243:gestational age 1230: 1224: 1205:in March 2024, 1181:members of the 1098: 1092: 998: 962: 959: 953: 946:Maputo Protocol 936: 930: 926: 924: 920: 918: 914: 912: 908: 906: 902: 895: 887: 885:Maputo Protocol 867:Napoleonic Code 774: 766:Roman-Dutch law 742:colonial powers 738: 692:Malagasy people 680: 675: 607: 579: 544:Social networks 539: 522: 508: 486: 480: 475: 473:Abortion debate 469: 441: 429:Southern Africa 420:maternal deaths 397:Southern Africa 393:Northern Africa 385: 360:Maputo Protocol 352: 276:No information 271: 261: 251: 241: 231: 221: 211: 183: 168: 158: 148: 135: 125: 117: 111: 48:Maputo Protocol 12: 11: 5: 9796: 9786: 9785: 9780: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9746: 9739: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9614: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9571: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9553:Tour d'Afrique 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9408:Climate change 9405: 9400: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9344:Infrastructure 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9273: 9271:Pan-Africanism 9268: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9247:Women's rights 9244: 9239: 9234: 9224: 9222:Heads of state 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9129:Impact craters 9126: 9124:Highest points 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9042: 9040:Historiography 9037: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9014:Decolonisation 9011: 9006: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8937: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8919: 8917: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8892: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8869: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8806: 8800: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8729:Intact D&X 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8398:United Kingdom 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8223:Czech Republic 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7819:Women's rights 7816: 7811: 7809:Toxic abortion 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7508: 7495: 7486: 7472:Canary Islands 7468: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7112: 7111: 7099: 7087: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7031: 7015: 6999: 6987:Somaliland law 6970: 6958: 6930: 6916: 6894: 6888:1-779-09-010-2 6887: 6861: 6849: 6833: 6817: 6801: 6789: 6771: 6759: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6659: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6567: 6551: 6535: 6519: 6503: 6491: 6475: 6459: 6443: 6427: 6411: 6395: 6383: 6371: 6355: 6339: 6323: 6307: 6291: 6267: 6251: 6235: 6219: 6197: 6175: 6163: 6146:lesotholii.org 6133: 6117: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6063: 6047: 6035: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5967: 5950: 5918: 5898: 5870: 5841: 5820: 5804: 5782: 5766: 5750: 5734: 5718: 5713:, Leganet.cd. 5703: 5685: 5666: 5654: 5638: 5622: 5606: 5587: 5571: 5555: 5539: 5527: 5511: 5495: 5479: 5463: 5451: 5423: 5410:Foreign Policy 5395: 5367: 5341: 5313: 5285: 5242: 5189: 5176:Foreign Policy 5161: 5118: 5097:(2): 181–187. 5075: 5047: 5036:. 29 June 2023 5016: 4970: 4924: 4896: 4838: 4817:(1): 171–183. 4786: 4748: 4720: 4707:Deutsche Welle 4692: 4630: 4590: 4547: 4503: 4461: 4407: 4379: 4344: 4308: 4252: 4189: 4154: 4135:(7): 732–760. 4095: 4033: 3979: 3954: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3827: 3823:United Kingdom 3806: 3792: 3776: 3767: 3754: 3737: 3728: 3715: 3709:so it did not 3682: 3666: 3653: 3620: 3611: 3598: 3585: 3572: 3563: 3547: 3538: 3528: 3514: 3498: 3476: 3459: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3415:circumstances. 3406: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3283:Risk to health 3281: 3278: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3201:Western Sahara 3189: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175:Risk to health 3173: 3170: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2539:Risk to health 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922:Risk to health 1920: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305:Risk to health 1303: 1300: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1239: 1223: 1220: 1130:George W. Bush 1112:. Since then, 1091: 1088: 1065:its parliament 997: 994: 957: 933: 932: 925: 919: 913: 907: 901: 896: 893: 886: 883: 773: 770: 737: 734: 729:uhlungughlungu 679: 676: 674: 671: 606: 603: 578: 575: 556:medical ethics 538: 535: 507: 504: 479: 476: 468: 465: 440: 437: 389:Western Africa 384: 381: 351: 348: 283: 282: 278: 277: 274: 268: 267: 264: 258: 257: 254: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 186: 180: 179: 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 161: 155: 154: 151: 145: 144: 138: 132: 131: 123: 110: 107: 97:. Since then, 26:, South Africa 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9795: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9625: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9592:Ethnic groups 9590: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9518:African Games 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9403:Caste systems 9401: 9399: 9398:Birth control 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9314:Central banks 9312: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9202:African Union 9200: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9002:Trans-Saharan 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8883: 8878: 8876: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8855: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8678:Six-week bans 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8559:South America 8557: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8479:United States 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407:North America 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8288:Liechtenstein 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7729:Malthusianism 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7674:Birth control 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7555: 7553: 7548: 7546: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7276:Guinea-Bissau 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7108: 7103: 7096: 7091: 7084: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7024: 7019: 7008: 7003: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6934: 6926: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6842: 6837: 6826: 6821: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6671:Rex v. Bourne 6668: 6663: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6576: 6571: 6560: 6555: 6544: 6539: 6528: 6523: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6468: 6463: 6452: 6447: 6436: 6431: 6420: 6415: 6404: 6399: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6364: 6359: 6353:. Article 33. 6348: 6343: 6332: 6327: 6316: 6311: 6300: 6295: 6284: 6277: 6271: 6260: 6255: 6244: 6239: 6228: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6208:(in Arabic). 6207: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6186:(in Arabic). 6185: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6113: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6072: 6067: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6028: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5987: 5976: 5971: 5960: 5954: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5923: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5775: 5770: 5759: 5754: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5722: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5658: 5647: 5642: 5631: 5626: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5580: 5575: 5564: 5559: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5520: 5515: 5504: 5499: 5488: 5483: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5277: 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2400: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113:Guinea-Bissau 2103: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1816: 1815: 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1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Ronald Reagan 1107: 1103: 1097: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:In the Gambia 1011: 1009: 1005: 1004: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 973: 967: 956: 949: 947: 943: 942:African Union 900: 899: 891: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 784: 779: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 733: 730: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:Owambo people 697: 696:Maasai people 693: 689: 688:pharmacopoeia 685: 684:Ancient Egypt 670: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 627: 625: 619: 616: 612: 602: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 574: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 545: 534: 532: 528: 521: 512: 506:Anti-abortion 503: 501: 497: 492: 485: 474: 464: 460: 456: 454: 448: 445: 436: 434: 430: 426: 425:Middle Africa 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 357: 356:African Union 347: 345: 344:anti-abortion 341: 337: 331: 329: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 299:Guinea-Bissau 296: 291: 279: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 193:to her health 190: 187: 182: 176: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 143: 139: 134: 128: 121: 116: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:African Union 41: 40:abortion laws 37: 33: 25: 20: 16: 9783:Abortion law 9607:Urbanization 9567:Demographics 9543:Rugby Africa 9450:Architecture 9392: 9334:Billionaires 9227:Human rights 8997:Indian Ocean 8928:North Africa 8809:Christianity 8764:Mifepristone 8759:Methotrexate 8739:Instillation 8663:Buffer zones 8135:Saudi Arabia 7964:South Africa 7959:Sierra Leone 7864:Burkina Faso 7835: 7734:Men's rights 7694:Fetal rights 7607:Abortion law 7511:Saint Helena 7482: 7386:South Africa 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