922:
109:
575:
1073:
561:
95:
536:
146:
617:
957:, resulting in the deaths of twenty, mostly young women, and the injury of hundreds of demonstrators. The 9 April tragedy removed the last vestiges of credibility from the Soviet regime in Georgia and pushed many Georgians into radical opposition to the Soviet Union, and exacerbated ethnic tensions between Georgians and other groups, in particular the Abkhaz and Ossetians. Further
940:
and the Soviet leadership. It outlined the grievances the Abkhaz felt and argued that despite the concessions of 1978, autonomy had largely been ignored in the region. It concluded by asking for
Abkhazia to be removed from the Georgian SSR, and it to be restored as a full Soviet republic, akin to the
868:
The Abkhaz ASSR adopted its own constitution on 2 August 1937. The supreme organ of legislative power was the
Supreme Soviet elected every 4 years and its Presidium. The executive power was vested with the Council of Ministers appointed by the Supreme Soviet. The Abkhaz ASSR had 11 representatives in
968:
Tensions remained high in
Abkhazia and saw the Abkhaz totally disregard Georgian authority in the region. This was confirmed on 25 August 1990, when the Abkhaz Supreme Soviet passed a declaration, "On Abkhazia's State Sovereignty," which gave supremacy to Abkhaz laws over Georgian ones. The Supreme
912:
The downgrading of
Abkhazia was not a popular one amongst the Abkhaz population. The SSR Abkhazia had a considerable degree of autonomy, including its own national symbols (a flag and coat-of-arms), and national army units, a right only given to full republics. It also had its own constitution,
900:
later that year as a "treaty republic," existed until 1931. During this time it was granted considerable amounts of autonomy, by virtue of its unique status in relation to
Georgia. However this concerned the Soviet and Georgian authorities, and it was reduced to that of other
1011:, it fell apart. Thus on 23 July 1992, the Abkhaz Supreme Soviet re-instated the 1925 constitution, which had called Abkhazia a sovereign state, albeit one in treaty union with Georgia. Georgia responded militarily on 14 August, starting a
1044:
the Abkhaz were not considered one of the "advanced" peoples in the USSR, and thus saw an increased focus on their national language and cultural development. As part of these policies, the Abkhaz language script was
913:
another right only granted to full republics. When it was reformed into the Abkhaz SSR protests broke out in the region, the first time large-scale protests against the Soviet authorities had occurred there.
984:, was outspoken in his desire to reduce the autonomy of the non-Georgian population in the country. By this point, however, Georgian authority had effectively ceased in Abkhazia: Abkhazia took part in the
905:. So on 19 February 1931 the SSR Abkhazia was reformed as the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, wholly under the control of Georgia, which itself was a constituent republic of the
1830:
2345:
921:
2263:
2225:
2125:
2050:
1935:
1928:
1091:
249:
1053:
in the process. This policy was reversed in 1938, with
Cyrillic replacing most of the Latin alphabets. Abkhaz was one of the few exceptions; along with Ossetian in the
902:
114:
2535:
2205:
2165:
1903:
2320:
100:
2624:
1823:
936:
allowed the Abkhaz an outlet to express their dissatisfaction of their status within
Georgia. In 1988 a letter, signed by leading Abkhazians, was forwarded to
2579:
2200:
2160:
1873:
942:
1599:
Hewitt, B.G (1996), "The
Georgian/South Ossetian territorial and boundary dispute", in Wright, John F.R.; Goldenberg, Suzanne; Schofield, Richard (eds.),
865:(SSR Abkhazia or SSRA), originally created in March 1921, was transformed to the status of Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR.
2619:
2479:
2185:
1970:
906:
2520:
2584:
2040:
2000:
1816:
1086:
568:
1535:
Broers, Laurence (June 2009), "'David and
Goliath' and 'Georgians in the Kremlin': a post-colonial perspective on conflict in post-Soviet Georgia",
2574:
2220:
2085:
1965:
1893:
2140:
1913:
2145:
2105:
2035:
1985:
1955:
1950:
2195:
2190:
2100:
2075:
2070:
2060:
1960:
1918:
1898:
1888:
1858:
828:
108:
2391:
2373:
2115:
2045:
1878:
1863:
2313:
2257:
2210:
2155:
2150:
2120:
2095:
1995:
1923:
1908:
1868:
954:
2614:
2215:
2110:
2090:
2055:
2005:
1990:
1980:
1975:
439:
1003:
held under this format, though it did not last. However, with the breakdown of the
Gamsakhurida government in Georgia, and efforts by
2175:
2170:
1945:
1940:
2473:
2430:
977:
2599:
2363:
2306:
2496:
1839:
1741:
1720:
1638:
1590:
1572:
1000:
993:
889:
862:
850:
759:
541:
156:
945:, which was a document signed by some 37,000 people. This led to protests in Georgia, which culminated into a massive major
2502:
2448:
2358:
973:
1752:
From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh
2594:
2508:
2453:
2378:
2438:
2368:
2353:
160:
2443:
2414:
2404:
1608:
821:
722:
2409:
1054:
1046:
988:
on 17 March 1991, which the rest of Georgia boycotted, while the non-Georgian population of the region (along with
1007:
to delegitimize Gamsakhurdia by failing to honour agreements he signed, and Abkhaz desires to utilize the ongoing
2419:
2399:
1012:
739:
631:
734:
636:
17:
2604:
2329:
1808:
2609:
1016:
985:
893:
814:
793:
788:
596:
130:
1704:Мое сердце в горах: очерки о современной Абхазии (My heart is in the mountains: Essays on modern Abkhazia)
999:
A power-sharing deal was agreed upon in August 1991, dividing electoral districts by ethnicity, with the
1702:
Lakoba, Stanislav (2001), "Я Коба а ты Лакоба (I am Koba and you are Lakoba", in Iskander, Fasil (ed.),
2065:
1883:
341:
710:
2589:
1650:(October 1988), "The Establishment of Soviet Power in Transcaucasia: The Case of Georgia 1921–1928",
1145:
962:
690:
479:
94:
1122:
464:
293:
2298:
236:
218:
203:
1771:
1567:, translated by Ariane Chanturia, Glastonbury, United Kingdom: Gothic Image Publications,
8:
1004:
878:
668:
605:
1049:
in 1928, along with many other regional languages in the USSR, moving from the original
1759:
1552:
1524:
1008:
981:
958:
715:
685:
673:
330:
1790:
1737:
1716:
1713:
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939
1634:
1604:
1586:
1568:
1556:
1528:
1194:
1134:
937:
192:
61:
1690:
1679:
1659:
1647:
1626:
1544:
1516:
1185:
1113:
1058:
969:
Soviet also declared Abkhazia to be a full union republic within the Soviet Union.
678:
654:
436:
378:
196:
75:
27:
Former autonomous soviet socialist republic of a union republic of the Soviet Union
1729:
1695:Очерки Политической Истории Абхазии (Essays on the Political History of Abkhazia)
1507:
Blauvelt, Timothy (May 2007), "Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era",
1205:
1155:
1078:
1050:
1037:
1033:
950:
804:
224:
221:
188:
47:
1776:
The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus
1061:, which lasted until 1953 when it reverted to Cyrillic (Ossetian did the same).
946:
727:
395:
1683:
1663:
1548:
1520:
2568:
2550:
2537:
1838:
1041:
989:
507:
363:
315:
233:
215:
1795:
1583:
Conflict Resolution and Status: The Case of Georgia and Abkhazia (1989–2008)
897:
858:
854:
949:
and pro-Georgian independence rally in Tbilisi on 9 April 1989, which was
1237:: Population, Table 2.1, p. 33, Department for Statistics, Tbilisi (2005)
933:
145:
554:
239:
166:
1565:
Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia and the Russian Shadow
1766:(Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press
1129:
Abkhazskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika
926:
660:
178:
869:
the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
616:
992:, another autonomous region of Georgia), in turn boycotted the
2328:
1706:(in Russian), Yoshkar Ola: Izd-vo Mariskogo Poligrafkombinata
1151:
apkhazetis avt'onomiuri sabch'ota sotsialist'uri resp'ublik'a
1092:
Abkhaz Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia
976:
only further led to increased issues, as the newly elected
1118:Абхазская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика
69:Абхазская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика
1840:
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
961:
in Sukhumi opposing the establishment of a branch of the
941:
SSR Abkhazia. This was followed in March 1989 with the
892:(SSR Abkhazia) had been established in 1921 after the
1140:აფხაზეთის ავტონომიური საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა
1127:
55:აფხაზეთის ავტონომიური საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა
1166:
1068:
861:. It came into existence in February 1931, when the
907:
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
1670:Lakoba, Stanislav (1995), "Abkhazia is Abkhazia",
1168:Apsnyt'i Avtonomt' Sovett' Socialistt' Respublika
1160:Аҧснытәи Автономтә Советтә Социалисттә Республика
1087:Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
569:Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
41:Аҧснытәи Автономтә Советтә Социалисттә Республика
2566:
1603:, London: UCL Press Limited, pp. 190–225,
1497:
1715:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press,
1631:Georgia:A Political History Since Independence
1198:
1138:
896:. The SSR Abkhazia, which was united with the
53:
2625:States and territories disestablished in 1992
2314:
1824:
1796:"Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
1368:
1366:
822:
67:
39:
2580:1992 disestablishments in Georgia (country)
1562:
1432:
1353:
1351:
843:Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
135:Aṭ°əlakwa zeg'y rproletarc°a, š°čeidyš°kyl!
131:Атәылақуа зегьы рпролетарцәа, шәҽеидышәкыл!
2620:States and territories established in 1931
2321:
2307:
1831:
1817:
1778:, New York City: New York University Press
1498:Anchabadze, Yu. D.; Argun, Yu. G. (2012),
1363:
972:The victory of a nationalist coalition in
829:
815:
144:
1697:(in Russian), Sukhumi, Abkhazia: Alashara
1057:(also of the Georgian SSR), it adopted a
2585:Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union
1728:
1506:
1444:
1348:
1342:
1258:
1013:war that would last until September 1993
920:
2575:1931 establishments in the Soviet Union
1770:
1749:
1580:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1372:
1318:
1282:
1270:
1246:
978:Chairman of the Georgian Supreme Soviet
138:"Proletarians of all countries, unite!"
14:
2567:
1710:
1701:
1689:
1669:
1616:
1598:
1534:
1480:
1456:
1306:
1294:
2302:
1812:
1734:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1646:
1625:
1468:
1357:
1330:
1228:
925:1961 stamp showing Rustaveli Avenue,
890:Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia
863:Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia
474:8,600 km (3,300 sq mi)
1758:
1384:
1235:Statistical Yearbook of Georgia 2005
1621:, New York City: St. Martin's Press
24:
1015:, and further lead to the ongoing
425:• Declaration of sovereignty
25:
2636:
2615:20th century in Georgia (country)
1784:
1764:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1071:
1055:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
965:exacerbated Abkhaz nationalism.
615:
573:
559:
534:
107:
93:
1490:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1336:
1324:
1312:
740:Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
2287:Autonomous Republic since 1934
2282:Autonomous Republic since 1925
2277:Autonomous Republic since 1923
2272:Autonomous Republic since 1920
1563:Chervonnaya, Svetlana (1994),
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1176:
1150:
1104:
916:
735:Democratic Republic of Georgia
716:Expulsion of Muslim Abkhazians
13:
1:
2600:Former unrecognized countries
2330:Republics of the Soviet Union
1221:
1040:during the Soviet era. Under
170:independent state (1990–1992)
2521:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR
1617:Hewitt, George, ed. (1998),
883:
7:
1502:(in Russian), Moscow: Nauka
1167:
1128:
1064:
1027:
10:
2641:
2595:Former socialist republics
1754:, New York City: Routledge
1736:, London: Reaktion Books,
1619:The Abkhazians: A Handbook
1022:
994:referendum on independence
876:
872:
2489:
2466:
2428:
2387:
2344:
2337:
2242:
2023:
2014:
1846:
1684:10.1080/02634939508400893
1664:10.1080/09668138808411783
1601:Transcaucasian Boundaries
1549:10.1080/02634930903034096
1521:10.1080/00905990701254318
1209:
1199:
1189:
1159:
1139:
1117:
513:
503:
499:
489:
485:
478:
470:
463:
459:
449:
433:
423:
413:
409:
401:
391:
387:
369:
354:
350:
340:
336:
321:
306:
302:
292:
288:
275:
262:
258:
248:
202:
184:
174:
152:
143:
125:
89:
84:
68:
54:
40:
36:Soviet Socialist Republic
32:
1750:Saparov, Arsène (2015),
1581:Francis, Céline (2011),
1097:
1036:saw multiple changes in
1017:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
963:Tbilisi State University
955:Interior Ministry troops
894:Red Army invaded Georgia
789:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
691:Principality of Abkhazia
1800:Big Soviet Encyclopedia
1633:, London: I.B. Taurus,
1585:, Brussels: VUB Press,
1711:Martin, Terry (2001),
929:
632:Prehistoric settlement
451:• Disestablished
1051:Cyrillic-based script
924:
661:Archontate of Abasgia
185:Common languages
2605:Politics of Abkhazia
2224:1991–92
2219:1990–91
2214:1961–92
2209:1958–90
2204:1957–91
2199:1957–92
2194:1956–91
2189:1944–57
2184:1936–90
2174:1936–90
2169:1936–90
2164:1936–44
2159:1936–44
2154:1935–43
2149:1934–90
2144:1934–90
2139:1932–92
2134:1931–92
2124:1926–36
2119:1925–36
2114:1925–92
2109:1924–29
2104:1924–40
2099:1923–40
2094:1923–90
2089:1922–91
2084:1921–90
2074:1921–24
2069:1921–91
2064:1921–45
2059:1921–91
2054:1920–90
2049:1920–25
2044:1919–90
2039:1918–41
2034:1918–24
1672:Central Asian Survey
1537:Central Asian Survey
1509:Nationalities Papers
903:autonomous republics
705:19th century to 1921
2610:History of Abkhazia
2547: /
2490:Non-union republics
2480:Transcaucasian SFSR
2206:Kabardino-Balkarian
2166:Kabardino-Balkarian
1904:Kabardino-Balkarian
1760:Suny, Ronald Grigor
1500:Абхазы (Abkhazians)
1005:Eduard Shevardnadze
951:violently dispersed
879:History of Abkhazia
851:autonomous republic
794:Abkhazia since 1994
669:Kingdom of Abkhazia
415:• Established
157:Autonomous republic
2474:Karelo-Finnish SSR
2029:
1791:WorldStatesmen.org
1772:Zürcher, Christoph
1483:, pp. 109–110
1447:, pp. 383–384
1345:, pp. 378–380
1009:Georgian Civil War
982:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
943:Lykhny Declaration
930:
723:Russian Revolution
686:Kingdom of Imereti
674:Kingdom of Georgia
342:Head of government
331:Vladislav Ardzinba
225:socialist republic
2551:43.000°N 41.017°E
2530:
2529:
2462:
2461:
2296:
2295:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
1743:978-1-78-023030-6
1722:978-0-80-143813-4
1691:Lakoba, Stanislav
1648:Jones, Stephen F.
1640:978-1-78453-085-3
1592:978-90-5487-899-5
1574:978-0-90-636230-3
1165:
1126:
996:on 9 April 1991.
986:Soviet referendum
938:Mikhail Gorbachev
845:, abbreviated as
839:
838:
770:(1931–1991)
762:(1921–1931)
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
547:
546:
371:• 1990–1992
356:• 1931–1936
323:• 1990–1992
308:• 1931–1936
277:• 1989–1991
271:Vladimir Ladariya
264:• 1931–1936
34:Abkhaz Autonomous
16:(Redirected from
2632:
2590:Former republics
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2388:Former parts of
2364:Byelorussian SSR
2342:
2341:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2252:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1746:
1730:Rayfield, Donald
1725:
1707:
1698:
1686:
1666:
1643:
1622:
1613:
1595:
1577:
1559:
1531:
1503:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1459:, pp. 23–24
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1433:Chervonnaya 1994
1430:
1424:
1423:, pp. 95–96
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1333:, pp. 31–32
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1273:, pp. 50–56
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1164:romanized:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
831:
824:
817:
783:Contemporary era
771:
763:
679:Duchy of Tskhumi
655:Byzantine Empire
619:
609:
591:
590:
577:
576:
563:
562:
551:
550:
538:
537:
531:
530:
515:
514:
437:New Union Treaty
419:19 February 1931
383:
379:Vladimir Mikanba
374:
359:
326:
311:
284:Vladimir Khishba
280:
267:
219:Marxist–Leninist
148:
139:
111:
101:Flag (1978–1992)
97:
79:
71:
70:
65:
57:
56:
51:
43:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2565:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
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2538:
2536:
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2531:
2526:
2485:
2458:
2424:
2389:
2383:
2333:
2327:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2255:
2247:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:Checheno-Ingush
2198:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Checheno-Ingush
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2016:
2010:
1874:Checheno-Ingush
1842:
1837:
1802:
1787:
1782:
1744:
1723:
1641:
1611:
1593:
1575:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
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1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1144:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1079:Abkhazia portal
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1059:Georgian script
1034:Abkhaz language
1030:
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1260:
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1210:Аҧснытәи АССР
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990:South Ossetia
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445:17 March 1991
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364:Nestor Lakoba
362:
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335:
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329:
320:
317:
316:Nestor Lakoba
314:
305:
301:
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295:
294:Head of state
291:
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257:
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237:parliamentary
235:
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118:
110:
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96:
88:
83:
77:
63:
49:
31:
19:
2532:
2514:
2503:Bukharan SSR
2497:SSR Abkhazia
2439:Estonian SSR
2392:Russian SFSR
2374:Russian SFSR
2369:Georgian SSR
2354:Armenian SSR
2264:Kirghiz ASSR
2262:
2256:
2248:
2183:
2135:
2133:
2083:
2041:Volga German
2033:
2017:of existence
2001:Volga German
1853:
1803:(in Russian)
1799:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1733:
1712:
1703:
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1655:
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1630:
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1540:
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1512:
1508:
1499:
1491:Bibliography
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1421:Zürcher 2007
1416:
1411:, p. 93
1409:Zürcher 2007
1404:
1399:, p. 75
1397:Francis 2011
1392:
1380:
1375:, p. 95
1373:Zürcher 2007
1360:, p. 44
1338:
1326:
1321:, p. 73
1319:Francis 2011
1314:
1302:
1297:, p. 99
1290:
1285:, p. 62
1283:Saparov 2015
1278:
1271:Saparov 2015
1266:
1254:
1249:, p. 60
1247:Saparov 2015
1242:
1234:
1230:
1178:
1106:
1031:
998:
974:October 1990
971:
967:
931:
911:
898:Georgian SSR
887:
867:
859:Georgian SSR
855:Soviet Union
846:
842:
840:
768:Abkhaz ASSR
767:
659:
542:SSR Abkhazia
524:Succeeded by
523:
518:
491:• 1989
455:23 July 1992
229:
211:
165:
161:Georgian SSR
129:
127:Motto:
126:
115:State emblem
2554: /
2523:(1990–1991)
2517:(1990–1991)
2515:Abkhaz ASSR
2511:(1920–1924)
2509:Khorezm SSR
2505:(1920–1924)
2499:(1921–1931)
2482:(1922–1936)
2476:(1940–1956)
2467:Short-lived
2444:Latvian SSR
2429:Annexed in
2415:Kirghiz SSR
2405:Turkmen SSR
2332:(1922–1991)
2261:was called
2258:Kazakh ASSR
2251:until 1958.
2221:Gorno-Altai
2086:Nakhichevan
1966:Nakhichevan
1894:Gorno-Altai
1481:Broers 2009
1457:Martin 2001
1307:Hewitt 1996
1295:Lakoba 1995
947:anti-Soviet
934:perestroika
917:Dissolution
857:within the
847:Abkhaz ASSR
606:History of
519:Preceded by
392:Legislature
163:(1931–1991)
117:(1981–1992)
2569:Categories
2410:Kazakh SSR
2267:until 1925
2141:Karakalpak
1914:Karakalpak
1469:Jones 1988
1358:Jones 2013
1331:Jones 2013
1222:References
953:by Soviet
877:See also:
754:Soviet era
480:Population
440:referendum
230:1991–1992:
212:1931–1991:
204:Government
2420:Uzbek SSR
2400:Tajik SSR
2338:Principal
2146:Mordovian
2106:Moldavian
2036:Turkestan
1986:Turkestan
1956:Mordovian
1951:Moldavian
1557:144297310
1529:128803263
1385:Suny 1994
1146:romanized
1123:romanized
1047:Latinized
909:(TSFSR).
884:Formation
849:, was an
637:Antiquity
222:one-party
85:1931–1992
2346:Founders
2196:Karelian
2191:Kabardin
2101:Karelian
2076:Mountain
2071:Dagestan
2061:Adjarian
2015:By years
1961:Mountain
1919:Karelian
1899:Kabardin
1889:Dagestan
1859:Adjarian
1774:(2007),
1762:(1994),
1732:(2012),
1693:(1990),
1629:(2013),
1195:Georgian
1135:Georgian
1065:See also
1028:Language
649:Medieval
608:Abkhazia
597:a series
595:Part of
555:Abkhazia
504:Currency
382:(acting)
240:republic
193:Georgian
167:De facto
62:Georgian
2542:41°01′E
2539:43°00′N
2226:Crimean
2126:Kirghiz
2116:Chuvash
2066:Crimean
2051:Kirghiz
2046:Bashkir
1936:Kirghiz
1929:Kirghiz
1884:Crimean
1879:Chuvash
1864:Bashkir
1847:By name
1186:Russian
1125::
1114:Russian
1023:Culture
927:Sukhumi
873:History
853:of the
495:525,061
435:•
402:History
358:(first)
310:(first)
266:(first)
234:Unitary
216:Unitary
197:Russian
179:Sukhumi
175:Capital
159:of the
76:Russian
2211:Kalmyk
2156:Kalmyk
2151:Udmurt
2136:Abkhaz
2121:Kazakh
2096:Buryat
1996:Udmurt
1924:Kazakh
1909:Kalmyk
1869:Buryat
1854:Abkhaz
1740:
1719:
1637:
1607:
1589:
1571:
1555:
1527:
1206:Abkhaz
1197::
1156:Abkhaz
1137::
1038:script
599:on the
405:
373:(last)
346:
325:(last)
298:
279:(last)
254:
189:Abkhaz
153:Status
72:
58:
48:Abkhaz
44:
2216:Tuvan
2111:Tajik
2091:Yakut
2056:Tatar
2006:Yakut
1991:Tuvan
1981:Tatar
1976:Tajik
1553:S2CID
1525:S2CID
1098:Notes
959:riots
626:Early
508:Ruble
465:Area
2431:1940
2390:the
2176:Mari
2171:Komi
1946:Mari
1941:Komi
1738:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1032:The
888:The
841:The
471:1989
1680:doi
1660:doi
1545:doi
1517:doi
2571::
1798:,
1676:14
1674:,
1656:40
1654:,
1551:,
1541:28
1539:,
1523:,
1513:35
1511:,
1365:^
1350:^
1208::
1188::
1162:,
1158::
1143:,
1120:,
1116::
1019:.
980:,
195:,
191:,
2322:e
2315:t
2308:v
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
1805:.
1682::
1662::
1547::
1519::
1148::
830:e
823:t
816:v
78:)
74:(
64:)
60:(
50:)
46:(
20:)
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