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621:(later president of Israel) and his brother Aharon. Historians have expressed doubt over Weizmann's involvement since he was overseas at the time Kovner specified. The Katzir brothers confirmed that they gave poison to Kovner, but said that he only mentioned Plan B and they denied that Weizmann could be involved. As Kovner and an accomplice were returning to Europe on a British ship, they threw the poison overboard when Kovner was arrested. He was imprisoned for a few months in
523:(FPO), one of the first armed underground organizations in the Jewish ghettos under Nazi occupation. Kovner became its leader in July 1943, after Wittenberg was named by a tortured comrade and turned himself in to prevent an attack on the ghetto. The FPO planned to fight the Germans when they would come to dissolve the ghetto, but circumstances and the opposition of the ghetto leaders made this impossible and they escaped to the forests.
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679:, he became known for his "battle pages", headed "Death to the invaders!", that contained news from the Egyptian front and essays designed to keep up morale. However, the tone of the pages, which called for revenge for the Holocaust and referred to the Egyptian enemy as vipers and dogs, upset many Israeli political and military leaders. The leader of HaShomer Hatzair,
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against the
Germans and their local collaborators. The Avengers were one of four predominantly Jewish groups that operated within the command of the Soviet-led partisans. A log of partisan activity recorded that 30 fighters from "Avengers" and "To Victory" partisan groups participated in the massacre
505:
and argued that it was best to die fighting. Nobody at that time knew for certain of more than local killings, and many received the manifesto with skepticism. For others, this proclamation represented a turning point in an understanding of the situation and how to respond to it. The idea of
584:('the blood of Israel avenges', with the acronym DIN meaning 'judgement'), whose purpose was to seek revenge for the Holocaust. Two plans were formulated, with the goal being to kill six million Germans. Plan A was to kill a large number of German citizens by poisoning the water supplies of
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Porat, pp. 245–250. "Criticism centered around the harsh, inhumane terms Kovner used to depict the
Egyptians, calling them vipers or packs of Nile dogs with dull stupid eyes, whose blood would fill the dry wadi, and whose bodies would serve as food for
636:, where many German POWs were being held. They coated many of the loaves with arsenic but were disturbed and fled before finishing their work. More than 2,200 of the German prisoners fell ill and 207 were hospitalized, but no deaths were reported.
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prisoners held in Allied POW camps. In pursuit of Plan A, members of the group were infiltrated into water and sewage plants in several cities, while Kovner went to
Palestine in search of a suitable poison. Kovner discussed Nakam with
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To surrender—so long as the body still lives and the last remaining bullet continues to breathe in its magazine— 'tis a disgrace! To emerge to the invader's captivity—'tis a disgrace and a death!
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in the city's suburbs. He soon returned to the ghetto. Kovner concluded that in order for any revolt to be successful, a Jewish resistance fighting force needed to be assembled.
386:). His parents were Rochel (Rosa) Taubman and Israel Kovner, whose other sons were Gedalia and Michel, the youngest of them. In 1927, the family moved to Popławska Street in
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as well as in HaShomer HaTzair, but never took on a formal political role. He played a major part in the design and construction of several
Holocaust museums, including the
683:, accused him of spreading "Fascist horror propaganda." His first battle page, entitled "Failure", started a controversy that still continues today when it accused the
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resistance was disseminated from
Vilnius by youth movement couriers, mainly women, to the ghettos from the now occupied territories of Poland, Belarus and Lithuania.
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in Tel Aviv. He died in 1987 (aged 69) of laryngeal cancer, perhaps due to his lifelong heavy smoking, at his home in Ein HaHoresh. He was survived by his wife
493:", although the authorship has been contested. The manifesto was the first instance in which a target of the Holocaust identified that Hitler had decided to
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leaders, though it is not clear how much he told them, and he does not seem to have received much support. According to Kovner's own account,
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1007:"The Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilnius – Jewish Responses to the Mass Murder"
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From
September 1943 until the return of the Soviet army in July 1944, Kovner, along with his lieutenants
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in
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1097:. Jews of Poland. Translated by F. Jackson Piotrow. Academic Studies Press. pp. 40–42.
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Shai Lavi (2005). ""The Jews are Coming": Vengeance and
Revenge in post-Nazi Europe".
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Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: wartime photographs & documents – vilnaghetto.com
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Street. While pursuing his studies, Abba became an active member in the socialist
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Michal Arbell (2012). "Abba Kovner: The Ritual
Function of His Battle Missives".
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In April 1946, members of Nakam broke into a bakery used to supply bread for the
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At the end of the war, Kovner was one of the founders of the secret organization
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Avivai Becker, "The battle still rages – the story of an
Israeli war survivor",
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Marcin Masłowski, Tomasz Patora, "Nasz Bóg ich zgubi", Gazeta Wyborcza, 2/6/7
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Kovner's story is the basis for the song "Six Million Germans / Nakam", by
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garrison of cowardice for surrendering to an overwhelming Egyptian force.
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from the Soviets. All Jews were ordered by the occupiers to move into the
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761:("Face to Face"), 1953, continue the story with the War of Independence.
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At the start of 1942, Kovner released a manifesto in the ghetto, titled "
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identified the German plan to murder all Jews. His attempt to organize a
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approved when he pitched Plan B and put him in touch with the scientist
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occupied Vilnius in July 1944, Kovner became one of the founders of the
405:'s Faculty of Arts. His father had a shop in Vilnius selling leather on
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Kovner testified about his experiences during the war at the trial of
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1144:(1996). "Holocaust Memory and Revenge: The Presence of the Past".
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Lithuanian-Israeli poet, writer, and partisan leader (1918–1987)
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Abba Kovner - World War II Partisan and Founder of The Avengers
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Recipients of Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works
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1485:"Israel Prize Official Site – Recipients in 1970 (in Hebrew)"
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movement, helping Jews escape Eastern Europe after the war.
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one year later. Considered one of the greatest authors of
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before he could successfully carry out his plans. He made
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From 1946 to his death, Kovner was a resident of Kibbutz
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The Fall of a Sparrow: The Life and Times of Abba Kovner
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Israeli military personnel of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
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1228:"Survivor reveals 1945 plan to kill 6 million Germans"
1201:. Translated by Haim Watzman. Hill and Wang. pp.
1067:. Institute of National Remembrance. 13 September 2005
718:, who married Kovner in 1946, and their two children.
436:Abba Kovner (standing, center) with members of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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326:, and survived the war. After the war, Kovner led
306:leader, and later Israeli poet and writer. In the
1254:. Associated Press. 22 April 1946. Archived from
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800:Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works
378:Abba (Abel) Kovner was born on 14 March 1918 in
2224:Prisoners and detainees of the British military
2088:List of Lithuanian Righteous Among the Nations
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1533:Abba Kovner and Resistance in the Vilna Ghetto
1504:(Palo Alto, Stanford University Press, 2009).
989:"Let Us Not Die as Sheep Led to the Slaughter"
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1465:(in Hebrew). Davar newspaper. 8 November 1968
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1248:"2,283 poisoned in plot against SS prisoners"
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299:; 14 March 1918 – 25 September 1987) was a
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491:Let us not go like lambs to the slaughter!
394:). Abba Kovner was educated at the Hebrew
237:Let us not go like lambs to the slaughter!
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757:("Departure from the South"), 1949, and
542:near Vilnius and engaged in sabotage and
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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314:was the first time that a target of the
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1459:"The Brenner Prize – To Abba Kovner"
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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830:My Little Sister and Selected Poems
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1307:"How much must we hate the enemy?"
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766:Daniel Kahn & the Painted Bird
520:Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye
416:. Abba Kovner was a cousin of the
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1954:Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje
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1406:"Abba Kovner, Israeli Poet, Dies"
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832:, trans. Shirley Kaufman (1986),
342:revenge by murdering six million
2083:History of the Jews in Lithuania
1226:Davis, Douglas (27 March 1998).
937:Joffe, Lawrence (21 June 2003).
798:In 1986, Kovner was awarded the
791:In 1970, Kovner was awarded the
784:In 1968, Kovner was awarded the
358:in 1947, which would become the
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34:needs additional citations for
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482:headed by Polish Catholic nun
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2219:People from Vilna Governorate
1305:Rafi Mann (15 October 2015).
913:"Where was Abba Kovner born?"
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815:The Modern Hebrew Poem Itself
346:, but Kovner was arrested in
1369:10.2979/jewisocistud.18.3.99
625:, and Plan A was abandoned.
538:("Nokmim" in Hebrew) in the
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7:
2134:Ethnic cleansing of Germans
1602:Related articles by country
1089:(2010). "Introduction". In
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580:('Revenge'), also known as
499:like sheep to the slaughter
495:kill all the Jews of Europe
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2199:20th-century Israeli poets
1923:Lithuanian Security Police
1581:The Holocaust in Lithuania
630:Langwasser internment camp
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1994:Ninth Fort November 1941
737:Kovner's book of poetry
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465:invaded the Soviet Union
403:Stefan Batory University
348:British-occupied Germany
151:Kovner testifies at the
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1732:Franz Walter Stahlecker
939:"Obituary: Meir Vilner"
418:Israeli Communist Party
1989:Kaunas 29 October 1941
745:("Ad Lo-Or", English:
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517:and others formed the
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411:Zionist youth movement
2229:Members of Aliyah Bet
2154:Hebrew-language poets
1528:Abba Kovner Biography
1357:Jewish Social Studies
1146:Jewish Social Studies
1095:A Partisan from Vilna
730:Abba Kovner drawn by
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677:1948 Arab–Israeli War
658:1948 Arab–Israeli War
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600:. Plan B was to kill
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2179:Vilna Ghetto inmates
2124:People from Ashmyany
1856:Bronislovas Paukštys
1775:Shmerke Kaczerginski
1692:Aleksandras Lileikis
448:is to his left, and
364:Modern Hebrew poetry
43:improve this article
2189:Lithuanian Zionists
1928:Rollkommando Hamann
1727:Rudolf Joachim Seck
1448:Porat, pp. 335–336.
1439:Porat, pp. 271–294.
1332:Porat, pp. 250–256.
1276:Porat, pp. 238–239.
1197:The Seventh Million
1131:Porat, pp. 210–236.
1117:Porat, pp. 159–160.
1054:Porat, pp. 150–175.
1045:Porat, pp. 132–149.
1036:Porat, pp. 126–127.
706:. He was active in
356:Mandatory Palestine
338:who sought to take
336:Holocaust survivors
2045:Marcinkonys Ghetto
1851:Petronėlė Lastienė
1815:Yitzhak Wittenberg
1810:Elchonon Wasserman
1722:Adrian von Renteln
1687:Algirdas Klimaitis
1662:Algimantas Dailidė
1412:. 27 December 1987
1258:on 30 October 2018
1027:Porat, pp. 76–105.
995:. 6 December 2007.
911:Guzenberg, Irina.
755:Pridah Me-ha-darom
751:Ha-Mafteach Tzalal
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663:Kovner joined the
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511:Yitzhak Wittenberg
458:invasion of Poland
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182:Lithuania District
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1938:Ypatingasis būrys
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1805:Abraham Sutzkever
1780:Zelig Kalmanovich
1653:Perpetrators and
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779:Awards and honors
582:Dam Yisrael Noter
554:After the Soviet
551:in January 1944.
544:guerrilla attacks
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1881:Chiune Sugihara
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1760:Alexander Bogen
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1667:Erich Ehrlinger
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747:Until No-Light
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669:Givati Brigade
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619:Ephraim Katzir
615:Ernst Bergmann
611:Chaim Weizmann
570:Main article:
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58:"Abba Kovner"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2164:Jewish poets
2065:Vilna Ghetto
2035:Kovno Ghetto
1979:Jäger Report
1906:Perpetrators
1876:Anton Schmid
1841:Kazys Binkis
1794:
1770:Jay M. Ipson
1755:Chaim Yellin
1737:Martin Weiss
1717:Helmut Rauca
1682:Bruno Kittel
1592:Main article
1501:
1500:Dina Porat,
1495:Bibliography
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1462:
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1444:
1435:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1409:
1392:Porat, p295.
1388:
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1295:scavengers."
1290:
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1260:. Retrieved
1256:the original
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1069:. Retrieved
1059:
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1011:. Retrieved
1001:
992:
983:
958:
946:. Retrieved
943:The Guardian
942:
932:
920:. Retrieved
916:
845:The Avengers
843:
829:
813:
793:Israel Prize
770:
763:
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704:Ein HaHoresh
701:
697:Ein HaHoresh
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488:
473:Vilna Ghetto
462:Nazi Germany
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442:Vilna Ghetto
428:World War II
395:
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368:Israel Prize
332:paramilitary
308:Vilna Ghetto
288:
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231:Notable work
204:Ein HaHoresh
198:(1987-09-25)
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2159:Kibbutzniks
2119:1987 deaths
2114:1918 births
1871:Ona Šimaitė
1861:Karl Plagge
1795:Abba Kovner
1746:Victims and
1712:Mike Pasker
1702:Franz Murer
848:(2000), by
732:Chaim Topol
681:Meir Ya'ari
656:during the
549:at Koniuchy
422:Meir Vilner
289:Abba Kovner
212:Nationality
127:Abba Kovner
2108:Categories
2050:Ninth Fort
1947:Resistance
1748:resistance
1677:Karl Jäger
1170:: 282–301.
1142:Berel Lang
948:25 January
896:References
850:Rich Cohen
222:Occupation
170:1918-03-14
69:newspapers
1377:154459433
1262:7 October
1191:Tom Segev
741:עד-לא-אור
634:Nuremberg
598:Nuremberg
590:Frankfurt
477:Dominican
399:Gymnasium
392:Lithuania
374:Biography
370:in 1970.
340:genocidal
316:Holocaust
312:manifesto
297:אבא קובנר
136:אבא קובנר
1834:Rescuers
1632:Slovakia
1536:Archived
1193:(1993).
1071:24 April
1013:17 April
922:18 March
864:See also
818:(2003),
685:Nitzanim
556:Red Army
536:Avengers
509:Kovner,
382:(now in
380:Ashmyany
304:partisan
279:Children
206:, Israel
178:Ashmyany
1637:Ukraine
1612:Estonia
1607:Belarus
1469:15 June
1416:24 July
1343:Haaretz
1311:Haaretz
1233:Jweekly
1203:140–152
1152:: 1–20.
1093:(ed.).
993:Haaretz
671:of the
665:Haganah
586:Hamburg
560:Berihah
480:convent
469:Vilnius
440:in the
420:leader
388:Vilnius
384:Belarus
344:Germans
273:
265:
217:Israeli
138:
83:scholar
2013:Places
1999:Ponary
1972:Events
1899:Groups
1646:People
1627:Russia
1622:Poland
1617:Latvia
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1101:
856:
836:
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722:Legacy
640:Israel
607:Yishuv
596:, and
594:Munich
397:Tarbut
352:aliyah
310:, his
301:Jewish
293:Hebrew
254:Spouse
215:Polish
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2209:Nakam
1373:S2CID
890:Nakam
708:Mapam
632:near
623:Cairo
578:Nakam
572:Nakam
566:Nakam
328:Nakam
267:(
263:
248:Mapam
153:trial
90:JSTOR
76:books
1506:ISBN
1471:2010
1418:2018
1264:2016
1207:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1073:2020
1015:2013
950:2015
924:2022
854:ISBN
842:See
834:ISBN
828:See
820:ISBN
812:See
530:and
401:and
330:, a
225:Poet
193:Died
164:Born
62:news
1365:doi
673:IDF
652:in
650:IDF
438:FPO
354:to
155:of
45:by
2110::
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