Abalone - Knowledge

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outboard-powered boats. While the diver seeks out colonies of abalone amongst the reef beds, the deckhand operates the boat, known as working "live" and stays above where the diver is working. Bags of abalone pried from the rocks are brought to the surface by the diver or by way of "shot line", where the deckhand drops a weighted rope for the catch bag to be connected then retrieved. Divers measure each abalone before removing from the reef and the deckhand remeasures each abalone and removes excess weed growth from the shell. Since 2002, the Victorian industry has seen a significant decline in catches, with the total allowable catch reduced from 1440 to 787 tonnes for the 2011/12

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ormers is now restricted to a number of 'ormering tides', from 1 January to 30 April, which occur on the full or new moon and two days following. No ormers may be taken from the beach that are under 80 millimetres (3.1 in) in shell length. Gatherers are not allowed to wear wetsuits or even put their heads underwater. Any breach of these laws is a criminal offence and can lead to a fine of up to £5,000 or six months in prison. The demand for ormers is such that they led to the world's first underwater arrest, when Mr. Kempthorne-Leigh of

1192: 87: 1159: 763: 1342: 1325: 1093: 1359: 1308: 755: 5069: 5062: 1120: 1081: 524: 1069: 5055: 1265:, as reduced pH erodes their shells. In the 21st century, white, pink, and green abalone are on the United States federal endangered species list, and possible restoration sites have been proposed for the San Clemente Island and Santa Barbara Island areas. The possibility of farming abalone to be reintroduced into the wild has also been proposed, with these abalone having special tags to help track the population. 40: 550: 542: 244: 4172: 1419: 511:, have been used as jewelry and for buttons, buckles, and inlay. These shells have been found in archaeological sites around the world, ranging from 100,000-year-old deposits at Blombos Cave in South Africa to historic Chinese abalone middens on California's Northern Channel Islands. For at least 12,000 years, abalones were harvested to such an extent around the 1035:

abalone meat from South Africa is prohibited for sale in the country to help reduce poaching; however, much of the illegally harvested meat is sold in Asian countries. As of early 2008, the wholesale price for abalone meat was approximately US$ 40.00 per kilogram. There is an active trade in the shells, which sell for more than US$ 1,400 per

834:, abalone iron, and abalone gauge. Alternatively, the rock picker can feel underneath rocks at low tides for abalone. Abalone are mostly taken in depths from a few inches up to 10 m (33 ft); less common are freedivers who can work deeper than 10 m (33 ft). Abalone are normally found on rocks near food sources such as 336:, which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number is generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Each species has a typical number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. An abalone has no 2933: 1283:

has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species range from 30 to 130. This list finds a compromise using the WoRMS database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57. The majority of abalone have not been rated for conservation

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As abalone became more popular and less common, the prices adjusted accordingly. In the 1920s, a restaurant-served portion of abalone, about 4 ounces, would cost (in inflation adjusted dollars) about US$ 7; by 2004, the price had risen to US$ 75. In the United States, prior to this time, abalone was

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Farming of abalone began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since the mid-1990s, there have been many increasingly successful endeavors to commercially farm abalone for the purpose of consumption. Overfishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to such an extent that farmed

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as well as in adjacent areas of France, and are pursued with great alacrity by the locals. This, and a recent lethal bacterial disease, has led to a dramatic depletion in numbers since the latter half of the 19th century, and "ormering" is now strictly regulated to preserve stocks. The gathering of

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has had an active abalone fishery since the late 1950s. The state is sectioned into three fishing zones, Eastern, Central and Western, with each fisher required a zone-allocated licence. Harvesting is performed by divers using surface-supplied air "hookah" systems operating from runabout-style,

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section III appendix, which requests member governments to monitor the trade in this species. This listing was removed from CITES in June 2010 by the South African government and South African abalone is no longer subject to CITES trade controls. Export permits are still required, however. The

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abalone. For blacklip abalone, the size limit varies between 138 mm (5.4 in) for the southern end of the state and 127 mm (5.0 in) for the northern end of the state. Greenlip abalones have a minimum size of 145 mm (5.7 in), except for an area around

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is permitted with a California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. In 2008, the abalone card also came with a set of 24 tags. This was reduced to 18 abalone per year in 2014, and as of 2017 the limit has been reduced to 12, only nine of which may be taken south of

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cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the

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As of 2017, abalone season is May to October, excluding July. Transportation of abalone may only legally occur while the abalone is still attached in the shell. Sale of sport-obtained abalone is illegal, including the shell. Only red abalone may be taken, as

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predominantly eaten, gathered, and prepared by Chinese immigrants. Before that, abalone were collected to be eaten, and used for other purposes by Native American tribes. By 1900, laws were passed in California to outlaw the taking of abalone above the

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in New Zealand. The number of abalone species recognized worldwide ranges between 30 and 130 with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies.

958:. In addition, no person may be in possession, even on land, of more than 20 pāua or more than 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of pāua meat at any one time. Pāua can only be caught by free-diving; it is illegal to catch them using scuba gear. 585:, Western Australia to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5,000 separate concrete abalone habitat units, which can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery. 3768: 3712: 779:. Legal-size abalone must be tagged immediately. Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques or shorepicking; scuba diving for abalone is strictly prohibited. Taking of abalone is not permitted south of the mouth of 2648: 2909: 973:

is a major industry in New Zealand with many thousands being taken illegally, often undersized. Convictions have resulted in seizure of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles and fines and in rare cases, imprisonment.

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tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a clingy protein substance. When the abalone shell is struck, the tiles slide instead of shattering and the protein stretches to absorb the energy of the blow.

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in certain parts of Latin America (particularly Chile), France, New Zealand, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In the Greater China region and among Overseas Chinese communities, abalone is commonly known as

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The highly iridescent inner nacre layer of the shell of abalone has traditionally been used as a decorative item, in jewelry, buttons, and as inlay in furniture and musical instruments, such as on

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abalone now supplies most of the abalone meat consumed. The principal abalone farming regions are China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. Abalone is also farmed in Australia, Canada, Chile, France,

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of abalones have a low, open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of

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Jones, Glenn A. (2008). ""Quite the Choicest Protein Dish": The Costs of Consuming Seafood in American Restaurants, 1850–2006". In Starkey, David J.; Holm, Poul; Barnard, Michaela (eds.).

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An extensive global black market exists in collecting and exporting abalone meat. This can be a particularly awkward problem where the right to harvest pāua can be granted legally under

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in the north of the state where the minimum size is 132 millimetres (5.2 in). With a recreational abalone licence, the bag limit is 10 per day, with a total possession limit of 20.

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Plagányi, Éva; Butterworth, Doug; Burgener, Markus (1 January 2011). "Illegal and unreported fishing on abalone—Quantifying the extent using a fully integrated assessment model".

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The haliotid family has a worldwide distribution, along the coastal waters of every continent, except the Pacific coast of South America, the Atlantic coast of North America, the

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status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is an animal that is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe.

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The System of Nature Through the Three Kingdoms of Nature, According to Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, With the Characteristics, Differences, Synonyms, and Locations

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The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet. The iridescent

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Geiger, Daniel L.; Groves, Lindsey T. (September 1999). "Review of Fossil Abalone (Gastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Haliotidae) with Comparison to Recent Species".

446:. The majority of abalone species are found in cold waters, such as off the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Western North America, and Japan. 1022:

For the last few years, however, no permits have been issued for collecting abalone, but commercial harvesting still continues as does illegal collection by

467:. The dust created by grinding and cutting abalone shell is dangerous; appropriate safeguards must be taken to protect people from inhaling these particles. 224:, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors which make the shells attractive to humans as decorative objects, jewelry, and as a source of colorful 3012:; Ho, Melanie; Wong, Eunice; Soars, Natalie A.; Selvakumaraswamy, Paulina; Shepard-Brennand, Hannah; Sworjanyn, Symon A.; Davis, Andrew R. (7 August 2011). 2927:"Submission on Consultation Document on Fisheries Research Services Proposed for 2004/2005 and 2004/08 Statement of Intent Including Output Plan for 2004/5" 2498:

Rogers-Bennett, Laura; et al. (1 October 2002). "Using Spatially Explicit Data to Evaluate Marine Protected Areas for Abalone in Southern California".

1341: 927: 783:. A size minimum of 7 in (180 mm) measured across the shell is in place. A person may be in possession of only three abalone at any given time. 612:

Abalones have long been a valuable food source for humans in every area of the world where a species is abundant. The meat of this mollusc is considered a

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Abalone has been harvested worldwide for centuries as a source of food and decorative items. Abalone shells and associated materials, like their claw-like

2139: 2113: 2884: 1104: 7203: 1246: 731: 1249:. The meat is a traditional food, and the shell is used to make ornaments; historically, the shells were also used as currency in some communities. 4557: 3582:"Polydora and Dipolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) Associated With Molluscs on the South Coast of South Africa, With Descriptions of Two New Species" 2615: 1642: 1019:. In South Africa, all persons harvesting this shellfish need permits that are issued annually, and no abalone may be harvested using scuba gear. 815:

closed recreational abalone season due to dramatically declining populations. That year, they extended the moratorium to last through April 2021.

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Dauphin, Y.; Cuif, J. P.; Mutvei, H.; Denis, A. (1989). "Mineralogy, Chemistry and Ultrastructure of the External Shell-layer in Ten Species of

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customary rights. When such permits to harvest are abused, it is frequently difficult to police. The limit is strictly enforced by roving

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The abalone feed on seaweed that grows naturally on the habitats; the ecosystem enrichment of the bay also results in growing numbers of

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Two highly endangered white abalone: Prohibitions on commercial and recreational harvest of this species have been in place since 1996.

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In California, abalone meat can be found on pizza, sautéed with caramelized mango, or in steak form dusted with cracker meal and flour.

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hooks, the first four very large. The rounded foot is very large in comparison to most molluscs. The soft body is coiled around the

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Systema Naturæ per Regna Tria Naturæ, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis

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that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red to deep blue, green to purple.

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The largest abalone recorded in California is 12.34 in (31.3 cm), caught by John Pepper somewhere off the coast of

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Braje, Erlandson & Rick (2007). "An Historic Chinese Abalone Fishery on California's Northern Channel Islands".

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In Japan, live and raw abalones are used in awabi sushi, or served steamed, salted, boiled, chopped, or simmered in

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does not require a permit provided catch limits, size restrictions, and seasonal and local restrictions set by the

5004: 4928: 4543: 2596: 1358: 1134: 2876: 3009: 2305:"'The pāua that clings to the sea': a new species of abalone found only in waters off a remote NZ island chain" 1307: 1191: 7213: 5243: 3972: 831: 382:, and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The 7198: 4976: 4082: 2143: 2117: 1242: 842: 776: 512: 260: 645:

in 1915, which exhibited 365 varieties of fish with cooking demonstrations, and a 1,300-seat dining hall.

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supplies about 25% of the yearly world abalone harvest. Around 12,500 Tasmanians recreationally fish for

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porridge and pan-fried abalone steak with butter are popular but also commonly used in soups or ramyeon.

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is often sold in the United States under the name "Chilean abalone", though it is not an abalone, but a

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for abalone is allowed, and has a rich history in Australia. (Scuba diving for abalone in the states of

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Abalones are one of the many classes of organism threatened with extinction due to overfishing and the

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around the world are studying this tiled structure for insight into stronger ceramic products such as

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of abalone, the South African government listed abalone as an endangered species according to the

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Lin, Albert; Meyers, Marc André (15 January 2005). "Growth and Structure in Abalone Shell".

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Gmelin, 1791 and a new abalone from Aotearoa New Zealand (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Haliotidae)"

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is high and increases with their size, laying from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time. The

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has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. They have about 70

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Abalone Tales: Collaborative Explorations of Sovereignty and Identity in Native California

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Henshilwood; et al. (October 2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at

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Aquaculture and Related Biological Attributes of Abalone Species in Australia – A Review

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was arrested by a police officer in full diving gear when illegally diving for ormers.

911: 796: 695: 341: 302:, meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell". 275: 31: 4007: 3354:. Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 428: 423: 6714: 6297: 6114: 6091: 6008: 5894: 5851: 5845: 5816: 5805: 5541: 5536: 5472: 5467: 5324: 4359: 4328: 4160: 4153: 4128: 3915: 3879: 3697: 3651: 3613: 3471: 3413: 3382: 3365: 3355: 3272: 3247: 3158: 3148: 3101: 3072: 3051: 3033: 2995: 2600: 2523: 2519: 1806: 1759: 1610: 1002: 996: 990: 917: 780: 712: 455: 5054: 3850: 3438:] (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Decima ed.). Holmia , Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. 3259: 2535: 2270:

Walton, Kerry; Marshall, Bruce A.; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Spencer, Hamish G. (2024).

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has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of

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Living abalone in tank showing epipodium and tentacles, anterior end to the right.

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Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species

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These snails cling solidly with their broad, muscular foot to rocky surfaces at

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Oceans Past: Management Insights from the History of Marine Animal Populations

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The Resources Agency of California Department of Fish and Game: Fish Bulletin

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Smith, G.; Stamm, C.; Petrovic, F.; et al. (McGill University) (2003).

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The shell of the abalone is exceptionally strong and is made of microscopic

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killed up to 90% of stock in affected regions. Abalone are also severe

464: 443: 333: 295: 163: 6644: 4074: 3147:. Vol. 128. North Beach, WA, Australia: Department of Fisheries. 1993:"Abalone grown in world-first sea ranch in WA 'as good as wild catch'" 313: 166:, which once contained six subgenera but now contains only one genus, 7089: 7082: 6953: 6948: 6928: 6853: 6778: 6772: 6753: 6649: 6590: 6505: 6402: 6337: 6312: 6302: 6232: 6211: 5968: 5911: 5886: 5492: 5381: 5302: 4878: 4865: 4822: 4608: 1609:. National Geographic Field Guides. National Geographic. p. 93. 1111: 855: 649: 578:, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, and the United States. 488: 404: 153: 24: 3461:

Loosanoff, Victor L. (1997). "Abalone". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).

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Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala

621:, and sometimes forms part of a Chinese banquet. In the same way as 7157: 7131: 7057: 6984: 6923: 6913: 6908: 6868: 6808: 6798: 6758: 6740: 6729: 6724: 6639: 6595: 6480: 6475: 6412: 6352: 6342: 6307: 6282: 6257: 6252: 5265: 4845: 4812: 4765: 4760: 4688: 4618: 4593: 4515: 4221: 4106: 3469: 1432: 1274: 1059: 1027: 970: 687: 613: 523: 515:

that shells in the area decreased in size four thousand years ago.

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Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (1993). "The New Encyclopaedia Britannica".

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Walton, Kerry; Spencer, Hamish; Rawlence, Nic (3 September 2024).

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Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone,

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Workers drying abalone shells in the sun in southern California,

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Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods : Shell Catalog

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are also found in New Zealand waters, but are less popular than

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and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.

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Cox, Keith W. (1962). "California abalone, family Haliotidae".

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Seaweed, Salmon, and Manzanita Cider: A California Indian Feast

1966:"First wild abalone farm in Australia built on artificial reef" 652:. Salted, fermented abalone entrails are the main component of 597: 504: 439: 367: 3987: 3649: 2670:

Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

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Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

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fishery officers with the backing of the New Zealand Police.

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After trials in 2012, a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in

352: 217: 6180: 2994:. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 667–669. 1418: 403:. Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their 6903: 6878: 6873: 6823: 6585: 5274: 4901: 4840: 4703: 4613: 4289: 4065:

Fathom magazine "The Abalone Divers" Pages 43,44,45 (1972)

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The number of species that are recognized within the genus

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Like all New Zealand shellfish, recreational harvesting of

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Multi-Species Fish and Invertebrate Breeding and Hatchery

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Most abalone vary in size from 20 mm (0.8 in) (

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Gofas, Serge; Tran, Bastien; Bouchet, Phillippe (2014).

2992:

Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis: An Essential Reference

2958:

Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States

2906:

Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States

734:, which is fast-spreading and lethal to abalone stocks. 449: 3627:"Abalone-Zucht in der Bretagne: Sylvains Meerestrüffel" 3018:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1891:"El marisco más exclusivo del mundo se cría en Galicia" 982:

There are five species endemic to South Africa, namely

3083: 1921: 1488: 2302: 1984: 1957: 121: 100: 74: 1414: 1237:

Abalone has been an important staple in a number of

885: 758:

A young Japanese abalone diver in California in 1905

273:) to 200 mm (8 in). The largest species, 115: 106: 68: 62: 3766: 3735: 3710: 2218: 2206: 2191: 2179: 2164: 1606:

National Geographic Field Guide to the Water's Edge

882: 818:An abalone diver is normally equipped with a thick 231:The flesh of abalones is widely considered to be a 112: 56: 3931:A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae 3315:Gustafson, Rick; Rumsey, Scott (1 November 2007). 2990:Beesley, P. L.; Ross, G. J. B.; Wells, A. (1998). 2042:Dubin, Margaret (2008). Tolley, Sara-Larus (ed.). 633:, and is traditionally reserved for celebrations. 362:head lobes and side lobes that are fimbriated and 3953:(3). Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 3947:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 3863:Westaway, Cameron; Norriss, Jeff (October 1997). 2979:"Illegal Ormering Brings First Underwater Arrest" 7185: 4040:Fisheries Western Australia – Abalone Fact Sheet 3470:McDougall, P.T.; Ploss, J.; Tuthill, J. (2006). 3285: 3008: 2989: 2486: 2296: 1474: 1458: 30:"Ormer" redirects here. For the restaurant, see 3862: 3314: 3199:"Maritime Morsels: Fresh Abalone in California" 2932:. New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. 2251: 1866: 1541: 4056:Pro abalone diver, Mallacoota, Victoria (1967) 3745:State of California: Division of Fish and Game 1217:carving with rectangular abalone shell accents 475:Abalones are subject to various diseases. The 6196: 5244: 4551: 4090: 2697:. State of Guernsey Commerce and Employment. 2595:(4th ed.). Odyssey Publishing. pp. 2175: 2173: 133: 3675:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41880A10566196.en 3495:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61743A12552981.en 3221: 1438:Abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus 263:is 24.3 mm or 0.955 in in diameter 3928: 3816: 2589:Abbott, R. Tucker; Dance, S. Peter (2000). 2588: 2573: 2263: 1729: 1296:A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, 1241:cultures around the world, specifically in 1053:) are considered a delicacy in the British 811:abalone are protected by law. In 2018, the 557:, (Oceanographic Marine Laboratory, Lucap, 427:Abalone with a live sponge on its shell in 6203: 6189: 5251: 5237: 4558: 4544: 4097: 4083: 4045:Imagemap of worldwide abalone distribution 3865:"Abalone Aquaculture in Western Australia" 3817:Tran, Bastien; Bouchet, Phillippe (2009). 3266: 2170: 1963: 1602: 1537: 1535: 1515: 667:(/juhn-bok/) and used in various recipes. 477:Victorian Department of Primary Industries 3673: 3607: 3493: 3460: 3395: 3045: 2287: 2202: 2200: 1970:Australian Broadcasting Corporation Rural 1703: 1629: 386:are symmetrical and both well developed. 7204:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances 3929:Geiger, Daniel L.; Poppe, G. T. (2000). 3689: 3442: 3424: 3296:WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species) 2613: 2257: 2068: 1997:Australian Broadcasting Corporation News 1697: 1209: 761: 753: 741: 548: 540: 522: 422: 242: 38: 4104: 3937: 3827:WoRMS: World Register of Marine Species 3791: 3558:NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service 3523:NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service 3349: 3328:NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service 3137: 1915: 1855: 1532: 1526: 1454: 1452: 1252: 826:, and gloves, and usually also a mask, 643:Panama–Pacific International Exposition 7186: 3624: 3544: 3509: 3267:Geiger, Daniel L.; Owen, Buzz (2012). 2877:"Six Arrested in Massive Abalone Bust" 2836:Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2230: 2197: 1990: 1964:Fitzgerald, Bridget (28 August 2014). 1883: 1878: 1484: 1482: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1043:Channel Islands, Brittany and Normandy 393:depths, although some species such as 6184: 5232: 4539: 4078: 3914:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 3905: 3845: 3779:from the original on 25 December 2016 3579: 3376: 3196: 3115:"Haliotis speciosa: Splendid Abalone" 2829: 2800: 2771: 2742: 2713: 2688: 2663: 2471: 2422: 2101: 2079: 2056: 2041: 2029: 2017: 1999:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1972:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1666: 1591: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1499: 1497: 1009:The largest abalone in South Africa, 933:Manawatāwhi / the Three Kings Islands 470: 450:Structure and properties of the shell 16:Common name for a group of sea snails 3940:"Abalone Fishing in South Australia" 3833:from the original on 17 October 2014 3792:Taggart, Stewart (25 January 2002). 3736:State of California (January 2011). 3637:from the original on 4 February 2014 3398:Materials Science and Engineering: A 3302:from the original on 10 October 2014 2976: 2951: 2924: 2899: 2874: 2849: 2638: 2433: 2385: 2090: 1844: 1561: 1449: 1225:and binding of guitars. See article 279:, reaches 300 mm (12 in). 5258: 4028:book on crafting with Abalone Shell 3661:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3545:Neuman, Melissa (2 November 2007). 3512:"Species of Concern: Green Abalone 3481:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3337:from the original on 7 October 2012 3317:"Species of Concern: Pinto Abalone 3271:. Hackenheim, Germany: Conchbooks. 3125:from the original on 21 August 2014 3112: 3062: 2912:from the original on 26 August 2014 2887:from the original on 19 August 2014 2852:"Abalone Information: Introduction" 2701:from the original on 19 August 2014 2651:from the original on 23 August 2014 2398:"Ormers « Jersey Evening Post" 1503: 1479: 1463: 1205: 813:California Fish and Game Commission 677: 13: 4008:ABMAP: The Abalone Mapping Project 3899: 3547:"Species of Concern: Pink Abalone 1494: 872:In New Zealand, abalone is called 663:In South Korea, abalone is called 220:, which in many species is highly 14: 7230: 4527:List of fishing topics by subject 3980: 3933:. Hackenheim Germany: Conchbooks. 3804:from the original on 12 June 2022 3723:from the original on 4 March 2016 3567:from the original on 4 March 2016 3532:from the original on 4 March 2016 3203:Gayot: The Guide to the Good Life 2964:from the original on 29 July 2014 2939:from the original on 4 March 2016 2676:from the original on 26 July 2014 2231:Duggan, Tara (13 December 2018). 1509: 1232: 1026:. In 2007, because of widespread 954:and 80 mm (3.1 in) for 5067: 5060: 5053: 4170: 4061:Tathra NSW(1961), Abalone (1963) 3625:Simons, Stefan (14 April 2010). 3510:Neuman, Melissa (10 June 2009). 3205:. The Food Paper. Archived from 3092:(Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda)". 2616:"The Enduring Appeal of Abalone" 2520:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01002.x 1417: 1378: 1357: 1340: 1323: 1306: 1289: 1190: 1174: 1157: 1145: 1133: 1118: 1103: 1091: 1079: 1067: 878: 737: 719:catch limit of two is allowed). 310:Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii 96: 52: 3138:Freeman, Kylie A. (June 2001). 2641:"Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis" 2567: 2542: 2491: 2480: 2465: 2439: 2427: 2416: 2390: 2379: 2344: 2330:"South African abalone - SANBI" 2322: 2224: 2212: 2185: 2158: 2132: 2106: 2095: 2084: 2073: 2062: 2050: 2035: 2023: 2011: 1909: 1872: 1860: 1849: 1838: 1813: 1778: 1723: 1709: 1672: 1660: 1635: 1623: 1596: 1585: 977: 967:Ministry for Primary Industries 948:Ministry for Primary Industries 495:are known as pests of abalone. 418: 294:. The last whorl, known as the 4180:Land and freshwater gastropods 2622:. Kikkoman.com. Archived from 1991:Murphy, Sean (23 April 2016). 1643:"Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis" 1520: 1475:Beesley, Ross & Wells 1998 1459:Gofas, Tran & Bouchet 2014 1229:regarding Korean handicraft. 931:is a small species endemic to 861: 607: 344:of the shell is very wide and 238: 1: 6210: 3269:Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae 2581: 2550:"Abalone: History and Future" 2373:10.1016/j.fishres.2010.11.005 2289:10.1080/13235818.2024.2390476 1261:from recent higher levels of 1017:illegal commercial harvesting 935:that superficially resembles 660:is mainly enjoyed with sake. 324:spire, and has prickly ribs. 312:is also unusual as it has an 23:. For the Abelone grape, see 3767:State of California (2008). 3738:"Special Animals (898 Taxa)" 3711:State of California (2014). 2832:"Distribution Map: Haliotis" 1647:www.clevelandclinicmeded.com 1603:Leatherman, Stephen (2012). 1443: 682: 656:, a local dish from Honshū. 498: 149:for any small to very large 7: 3794:"Abalone Farming on a Boat" 2239:. San Francisco, California 1867:Westaway & Norriss 1997 1410: 1399: 10: 7235: 4070:Abalone Healing Properties 4003:Abalone: Species Diversity 3872:Fisheries Management Paper 3690:Smookler, Michael (2005). 3410:10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072 1717:"What are abalone pearls?" 1403: 1272: 1268: 865: 629:, abalone is considered a 530: 518: 29: 18: 7140: 7102: 7045: 6967: 6738: 6675: 6614: 6576: 6569: 6529: 6431: 6385: 6378: 6218: 6169: 6138: 6104: 6067: 6017: 5994: 5985: 5954: 5920: 5885: 5876: 5826: 5796: 5753:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian 5743: 5715: 5646: 5637: 5581: 5502: 5448: 5405: 5273: 5264: 5193: 5076: 5051: 5013: 4985: 4937: 4892: 4864: 4831: 4724: 4659: 4584: 4575: 4524: 4463: 4435: 4419: 4386: 4282: 4230: 4179: 4168: 4113: 3971:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3381:. London, UK: Earthscan. 3244:10.1017/S0022336000040713 2614:Akimichi, Tomoya (1999). 1821:"Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758" 1680:"Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758" 399:used to be common in the 282:The shell of abalones is 7219:South Australian cuisine 5624:Placopecten magellanicus 5468:New Zealand green-lipped 4273:Placopecten magellanicus 3938:Pollard, Graham (2001). 3821:Haliotis corrugata oweni 3580:Simon, Carol A. (2011). 2977:Anon (15 January 1969). 2900:Anon (14 January 2009). 2672:. Tasmanian Government. 2647:. Tasmanian Government. 2476:. Duke University Press. 2219:State of California 2014 2207:State of California 2014 2192:State of California 2014 2180:State of California 2014 2165:State of California 2008 1542:Anderson, Jenny (2003). 1406:List of abalone synonyms 1247:Northwest American coast 21:Abalone (disambiguation) 6705:Nickel silver (alpacca) 6129:Acanthopleura granulata 5698:(group of four species) 4427:Freshwater pearl mussel 4315:Austrovenus stutchburyi 4050:Oman’s Abalone Harvest 3995:Encyclopædia Britannica 3352:Encyclopædia Britannica 3224:Journal of Paleontology 2592:Compendium of Seashells 2574:Abbott & Dance 2000 2237:San Francisco Chronicle 2140:"FRDC greenlip abalone" 2114:"FRDC blacklip abalone" 1756:10.1126/science.1211535 1259:acidification of oceans 1074:The raw meat of abalone 851:Concholepas concholepas 192:in parts of Australia, 6122:Acanthopleura echinata 6032:Atlantic white-spotted 5483:Asian/Philippine green 4372:Ruditapes largillierti 3998:(11th ed.). 1911. 3908:Lomawaima, K. Tsianina 3819:"WoRMS Taxon Details: 3696:. Arcadia Publishing. 3693:San Mateo County Coast 3474:Haliotis kamtschatkana 3463:Collier's Encyclopedia 3319:Haliotis Kamtschatkana 3288:"WoRms Taxon Details: 3030:10.1098/rspb.2010.2404 2875:Anon (11 April 2007). 2718:Haliotis kamtschatkana 1787:Historical Archaeology 1544:"Abalone Introduction" 1516:Geiger & Owen 2012 1218: 767: 759: 751: 566: 546: 528: 435: 264: 134: 44: 7046:Other natural objects 6058:Amphioctopus fangsiao 5702:South African abalone 5574:("true oyster" genus) 5340:California butterclam 5203:World fish production 4566:Principal commercial 4308:Mercenaria mercenaria 4231:Free-swimming marine 3668:: e.T41880A10566196. 3609:10.5733/afin.052.0104 3587:African Invertebrates 3488:: e.T61743A12552981. 3197:Gayot, Alain (2010). 2691:"Ormering Tides 2014" 1897:. PRISA. 28 July 2016 1632:, p. 27 & 38 1630:Lin & Meyers 2005 1213: 1152:A Korean abalone stew 765: 757: 745: 604:among other species. 552: 544: 526: 426: 261:The US coin (quarter) 246: 204:in South Africa, and 42: 7214:Mollusc common names 6521:Wire wrapped jewelry 6501:Repoussé and chasing 5783:Ribbed Mediterranean 5298:Grooved carpet shell 4378:Grooved carpet shell 4266:Argopecten irradians 4033:9 March 2021 at the 3847:Tryon, George W. Jr. 3654:Haliotis cracherodii 3454:The System of Nature 3119:Encyclopedia of Life 3090:Haliotis tuberculata 2985:. Bowling Green, KY. 2983:Park City Daily News 2952:Anon (29 May 2001). 2811:NatureServe Explorer 2805:Haliotis cracherodii 2782:NatureServe Explorer 2753:NatureServe Explorer 2724:NatureServe Explorer 2500:Conservation Biology 1333:Haliotis cracherodii 1253:Threat of extinction 1197:Abalone (dish) - in 1050:Haliotis tuberculata 822:, including a hood, 770:Sport harvesting of 559:Alaminos, Pangasinan 396:Haliotis cracherodii 270:Haliotis pulcherrima 19:For other uses, see 7199:Commercial molluscs 7063:Ebonite (vulcanite) 5778:Rayed Mediterranean 5372:Japanese littleneck 4420:Freshwater bivalves 4346:Spisula solidissima 3906:Field, Les (2008). 3600:2011AfrIn..52...39S 3236:1999JPal...73..872G 3024:(1716): 2376–2383. 2881:Mail & Guardian 2862:on 13 November 2007 2620:Kikkoman Food Forum 2512:2002ConBi..16.1308R 2472:Field, Les (2008). 2365:2011FishR.107..221P 2146:on 4 September 2016 2120:on 9 September 2016 1936:Ocean Grown Abalone 1748:2011Sci...334..219H 1489:Dauphin et al. 1989 1330:The black abalone, 845:in September 1993. 574:, Ireland, Mexico, 461:Material scientists 257:Northern California 184:, and, now rarely, 6408:Jewellery designer 6151:Land snail farming 5565:Gillardeau oysters 5283:Atlantic jackknife 5218:Fisheries glossary 5208:Commercial species 5198:Commercial fishing 4586:Large pelagic fish 4353:Paphies ventricosa 4322:Saxidomus nuttalli 4295:Atlantic surf clam 3893:on 19 August 2014. 3754:on 24 January 2014 3549:Haliotis corrugata 3172:on 19 August 2014. 3088:With Reference to 2776:Haliotis sorenseni 2747:Haliotis refescens 2453:. 2 September 2008 2353:Fisheries Research 2280:Molluscan Research 1945:on 10 October 2016 1799:10.1007/BF03377298 1371:Haliotis sorenseni 1316:Haliotis corrugata 1313:The pink abalone, 1219: 928:Haliotis pirimoana 912:Haliotis australis 768: 760: 752: 567: 547: 529: 479:said in 2007 that 471:Diseases and pests 436: 276:Haliotis rufescens 265: 45: 32:Ormer (restaurant) 7209:Organic gemstones 7181: 7180: 7098: 7097: 6968:Organic gemstones 6565: 6564: 6178: 6177: 6156:Gastropod anatomy 6115:Chiton magnificus 6100: 6099: 6077:New Zealand arrow 5981: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5852:Kelletia lischkei 5817:Littorina sitkana 5763:Yellow-foot opihi 5633: 5632: 5527:Colchester native 5226: 5225: 5123:Freshwater prawns 5049: 5048: 4533: 4532: 4476:Gathering by hand 4360:Paphies australis 4329:Arctica islandica 4283:Infaunal bivalves 4161:Kelletia lischkei 4154:Kelletia kelletii 3921:978-0-8223-4233-5 3703:978-0-7385-3061-1 3388:978-1-84407-527-0 3361:978-0-85229-961-6 3278:978-3-9397-6743-5 3209:on 19 August 2014 3154:978-0-7309-8456-6 3001:978-0-643-05756-2 2817:on 26 August 2014 2788:on 26 August 2014 2759:on 26 August 2014 2749:– Swainson, 1822" 2730:on 26 August 2014 2695:visitguernsey.com 2666:"Abalone Fishing" 2626:on 18 August 2014 2606:978-0-9661720-0-3 2554:www.marinebio.net 2487:Byrne et al. 2011 2451:Fretboard Journal 2274:Haliotis virginea 1742:(6053): 219–222. 1734:, South Africa". 1719:. 22 August 2019. 918:Haliotis virginea 781:San Francisco Bay 713:Western Australia 456:calcium carbonate 380:columellar muscle 290:and two to three 251:surface inside a 7226: 6625:Britannia silver 6574: 6573: 6383: 6382: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6182: 6181: 5992: 5991: 5906:Chorus giganteus 5883: 5882: 5644: 5643: 5607:Pecten jacobaeus 5314:Mactra stultorum 5271: 5270: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5071: 5064: 5057: 4639:southern bluefin 4629:Atlantic bluefin 4582: 4581: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4387:Sessile bivalves 4259:Pecten jacobaeus 4209:Cepaea nemoralis 4174: 4147:Bullacta exarata 4140:Buccinum undatum 4099: 4092: 4085: 4076: 4075: 3999: 3991: 3976: 3970: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3944: 3934: 3925: 3894: 3892: 3886:. Archived from 3869: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3747:. Archived from 3742: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3707: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3621: 3611: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3566: 3555: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3531: 3520: 3514:Haliotis fulgens 3506: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3466: 3457: 3439: 3421: 3392: 3373: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3325: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3282: 3263: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3171: 3165:. Archived from 3146: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3109: 3080: 3059: 3049: 3005: 2986: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2858:. Archived from 2846: 2844: 2842: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2813:. Archived from 2797: 2795: 2793: 2784:. Archived from 2778:– Bartsch, 1940" 2768: 2766: 2764: 2755:. Archived from 2739: 2737: 2735: 2726:. Archived from 2710: 2708: 2706: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2610: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2506:(5): 1308–1317. 2495: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2400:. Archived from 2394: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2359:(1–3): 221–232. 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2309:The Conversation 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2142:. Archived from 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2116:. Archived from 2110: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1944: 1938:. Archived from 1933: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1600: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1539: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1477: 1472: 1461: 1456: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1382: 1361: 1344: 1327: 1310: 1299:Haliotis asinina 1293: 1206:Decorative items 1194: 1178: 1161: 1149: 1140:Grilled abalones 1137: 1122: 1107: 1098:Braised abalones 1095: 1083: 1071: 898: 897: 894: 893: 890: 887: 884: 843:San Mateo County 777:Mendocino County 678:Sport harvesting 627:bird's nest soup 545:Abalone hatchery 305:Haliotis asinina 137: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 93: 92: 91: 90: 83: 80: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 58: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7136: 7094: 7083:Spondylus shell 7041: 6963: 6734: 6720:Stainless steel 6671: 6655:Sterling silver 6615:Precious metal 6610: 6578:Precious metals 6561: 6525: 6427: 6374: 6214: 6209: 6179: 6174: 6165: 6161:Bivalve anatomy 6134: 6096: 6082:Japanese flying 6063: 6013: 5973: 5950: 5916: 5872: 5822: 5792: 5773:Common European 5739: 5711: 5629: 5613:Peruvian calico 5577: 5498: 5495:(mussel family) 5444: 5401: 5346:Senilia senilis 5260: 5259:Edible mollusks 5257: 5227: 5222: 5189: 5128:Gilt-head bream 5072: 5066: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5045: 5036:Lobster fishing 5009: 4981: 4933: 4888: 4866:Other wild fish 4860: 4833:Freshwater fish 4827: 4720: 4655: 4634:Pacific bluefin 4571: 4564: 4534: 4529: 4520: 4459: 4431: 4415: 4410:Pinctada maxima 4382: 4300:Soft-shell clam 4278: 4226: 4175: 4166: 4109: 4103: 4035:Wayback Machine 4013:Abalone biology 3989:"Abalone" 3986: 3983: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3954: 3942: 3922: 3902: 3900:Further reading 3897: 3890: 3867: 3855: 3836: 3834: 3823:Talmadge, 1966" 3807: 3805: 3782: 3780: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3740: 3726: 3724: 3704: 3680: 3678: 3640: 3638: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3553: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3518: 3500: 3498: 3389: 3362: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3323: 3305: 3303: 3292:Linnaeus, 1758" 3279: 3212: 3210: 3185: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3155: 3144: 3128: 3126: 3002: 2967: 2965: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2915: 2913: 2890: 2888: 2865: 2863: 2840: 2838: 2820: 2818: 2791: 2789: 2762: 2760: 2733: 2731: 2704: 2702: 2679: 2677: 2654: 2652: 2629: 2627: 2607: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2404:on 18 June 2015 2396: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2301: 2297: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2046:. Heyday Books. 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1783: 1779: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1540: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1495: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1446: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1395: 1383: 1374: 1362: 1353: 1345: 1336: 1328: 1319: 1311: 1302: 1294: 1277: 1271: 1255: 1235: 1208: 1201: 1195: 1186: 1183:mandarin orange 1179: 1170: 1162: 1153: 1150: 1141: 1138: 1129: 1123: 1114: 1108: 1099: 1096: 1087: 1086:Abalone sashimi 1084: 1075: 1072: 1055:Channel Islands 1045: 980: 881: 877: 870: 864: 740: 732:ganglioneuritis 709:New South Wales 685: 680: 639:intertidal zone 610: 539: 527:An abalone farm 521: 513:Channel Islands 501: 481:ganglioneuritis 473: 452: 429:Póvoa de Varzim 421: 401:intertidal zone 358:The animal has 241: 226:mother-of-pearl 99: 95: 86: 85: 55: 51: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7232: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7144:Related topics 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6516:Wire sculpture 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6441: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6146:Oyster farming 6142: 6140: 6139:Related topics 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5931:Cornu aspersum 5926: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5567: 5562: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5440:Giant Atlantic 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5362:Triangle shell 5359: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5213:Fishing topics 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5041:Shrimp fishery 5038: 5033: 5028: 5026:Crab fisheries 5023: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4818:Smelt-whitings 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4754:Alaska pollock 4751: 4746: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570:species groups 4563: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491:Oyster farming 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4252:Pecten maximus 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4195:Cornu aspersum 4191: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4111: 4110: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3982: 3981:External links 3979: 3978: 3977: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3860: 3843: 3814: 3789: 3764: 3733: 3708: 3702: 3687: 3647: 3631:Spiegel Online 3622: 3577: 3542: 3507: 3467: 3458: 3449:Systema Naturæ 3444:Linnaeus, Carl 3440: 3426:Linnaeus, Carl 3422: 3404:(1–2): 27–41. 3393: 3387: 3374: 3360: 3347: 3312: 3283: 3277: 3264: 3230:(5): 872–885. 3219: 3194: 3186:|journal= 3153: 3135: 3110: 3081: 3060: 3006: 3000: 2987: 2974: 2949: 2922: 2897: 2872: 2847: 2830:Anon (2014g). 2827: 2807:– Leach, 1814" 2801:Anon (2014f). 2798: 2772:Anon (2014e). 2769: 2743:Anon (2014d). 2740: 2720:– Jonas, 1845" 2714:Anon (2014c). 2711: 2689:Anon (2014b). 2686: 2664:Anon (2014a). 2661: 2636: 2611: 2605: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2566: 2541: 2490: 2479: 2464: 2438: 2426: 2415: 2389: 2378: 2343: 2321: 2295: 2262: 2250: 2223: 2211: 2196: 2184: 2169: 2157: 2131: 2105: 2094: 2083: 2072: 2061: 2049: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1983: 1956: 1920: 1908: 1882: 1871: 1859: 1848: 1837: 1812: 1793:(4): 117–128. 1777: 1722: 1708: 1704:Loosanoff 1997 1696: 1671: 1659: 1634: 1622: 1616:978-1426208683 1615: 1595: 1584: 1572: 1560: 1548:Marine Science 1531: 1519: 1508: 1493: 1478: 1462: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1412: 1409: 1404:Main article: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1388:Haliotis varia 1384: 1377: 1375: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1350:Haliotis rubra 1346: 1339: 1337: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1295: 1288: 1273:Main article: 1270: 1267: 1263:carbon dioxide 1254: 1251: 1234: 1233:Indigenous use 1231: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1189: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1132: 1130: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1110:Abalones with 1109: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1066: 1044: 1041: 1012:Haliotis midae 979: 976: 901:Māori language 866:Main article: 863: 860: 739: 736: 715:is illegal; a 684: 681: 679: 676: 623:shark fin soup 609: 606: 520: 517: 500: 497: 472: 469: 451: 448: 420: 417: 240: 237: 132:; via Spanish 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7231: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Body piercing 7146: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7037:Tortoiseshell 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6393:Bench jeweler 6391: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:Pacific giant 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5945:Helix pomatia 5942: 5940: 5939: 5938:Helix lucorum 5935: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5558:Ostra chilena 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463:Mediterranean 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5391:(razor genus) 5390: 5389: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Pacific razor 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288:Atlantic surf 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5031:Krill fishery 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5021:Cod fisheries 5019: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4995:Sea cucumbers 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4803:Orange roughy 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4726:Demersal fish 4723: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:Pearl farming 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Heliciculture 4469: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4246:Queen scallop 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4188:Helix pomatia 4185: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3815: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3648: 3636: 3633:(in German). 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3543: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3508: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3320: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3179: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2935: 2928: 2925:Anon (2004). 2923: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2850:Anon (2012). 2848: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2770: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2741: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2712: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639:Anon (2014). 2637: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2575: 2570: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2483: 2475: 2474:Abalone Tales 2468: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2419: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2332:. 20 May 2018 2331: 2325: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2266: 2259: 2258:Smookler 2005 2254: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2069:Akimichi 1999 2065: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2038: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2014: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1846: 1841: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1618: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1415: 1407: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1366:white abalone 1360: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1216: 1212: 1200: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1181:Abalone with 1177: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1005: 1004: 999: 998: 993: 992: 987: 986: 975: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 929: 924: 920: 919: 914: 913: 908: 907: 906:Haliotis iris 902: 896: 875: 869: 859: 857: 853: 852: 846: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 784: 782: 778: 773: 764: 756: 749: 744: 738:United States 735: 733: 729: 724: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 693: 689: 675: 672: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 573: 564: 560: 556: 551: 543: 538: 534: 525: 516: 514: 510: 506: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 468: 466: 462: 457: 447: 445: 441: 434: 430: 425: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 277: 272: 271: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 236: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 170: 165: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 144: 141: 136: 129: 89: 82: 49: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 7173:Wearable art 7168:Phaleristics 7163:Metalworking 7068:Gutta-percha 6974: 6844:Lapis lazuli 6630:Colored gold 6511:Stonesetting 6127: 6120: 6113: 6056: 6047:Southern red 5943: 5936: 5929: 5904: 5878:Other snails 5850: 5815: 5647: 5622: 5605: 5591:Atlantic bay 5569: 5557: 5522:Southern mud 5394: 5386: 5344: 5325:Ocean quahog 5312: 5153:salmon trout 4946: 4506:Pearl diving 4496:Oyster boats 4481:Clam digging 4408: 4404:Pearl oyster 4370: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4216:Otala lactea 4214: 4207: 4202:Helix aperta 4200: 4193: 4186: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4123: 3993: 3967:cite journal 3955:. Retrieved 3950: 3946: 3930: 3911: 3888:the original 3875: 3871: 3851: 3835:. Retrieved 3826: 3820: 3806:. Retrieved 3797: 3781:. Retrieved 3772: 3756:. Retrieved 3749:the original 3744: 3725:. Retrieved 3716: 3692: 3679:. Retrieved 3665: 3659: 3653: 3639:. Retrieved 3630: 3594:(1): 39–50. 3591: 3585: 3569:. Retrieved 3557: 3548: 3534:. Retrieved 3522: 3513: 3499:. Retrieved 3485: 3479: 3473: 3462: 3453: 3448: 3435: 3430: 3401: 3397: 3378: 3351: 3339:. Retrieved 3327: 3318: 3304:. Retrieved 3295: 3289: 3268: 3227: 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3207:the original 3202: 3167:the original 3140: 3127:. Retrieved 3118: 3113:EoL (2014). 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3068: 3064: 3021: 3017: 3010:Byrne, Maria 2991: 2982: 2966:. Retrieved 2957: 2941:. Retrieved 2914:. Retrieved 2905: 2889:. Retrieved 2880: 2864:. Retrieved 2860:the original 2855: 2839:. Retrieved 2835: 2819:. Retrieved 2815:the original 2810: 2804: 2790:. Retrieved 2786:the original 2781: 2775: 2761:. 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Retrieved 1825:www.gbif.org 1824: 1815: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1739: 1735: 1732:Blombos Cave 1725: 1711: 1699: 1687:. Retrieved 1684:www.gbif.org 1683: 1674: 1669:, p. 39 1662: 1650:. Retrieved 1646: 1637: 1625: 1605: 1598: 1587: 1582:, p. 46 1575: 1570:, p. 41 1563: 1551:. Retrieved 1547: 1527:Hoiberg 1993 1522: 1511: 1392: 1386: 1369: 1348: 1331: 1314: 1297: 1280: 1278: 1256: 1236: 1227:Najeonchilgi 1220: 1165: 1126: 1048: 1046: 1021: 1010: 1008: 1001: 995: 989: 983: 981: 978:South Africa 960: 956:H. australis 955: 951: 943: 941: 936: 926: 922: 916: 910: 904: 873: 871: 849: 848:The mollusc 847: 840: 817: 785: 769: 747: 728:fishing year 721: 705:Scuba diving 686: 673: 668: 664: 662: 657: 653: 647: 635: 618: 611: 594:pink snapper 587: 583:Flinders Bay 580: 568: 553:Part of the 502: 485:hemophiliacs 474: 453: 437: 419:Distribution 394: 388: 376:denticulated 357: 350: 326: 309: 303: 281: 274: 268: 266: 230: 211: 205: 201: 193: 190:muttonshells 189: 185: 181: 177: 174:common names 167: 142: 47: 46: 36: 7110:Art jewelry 6934:Tiger's eye 6839:Labradorite 6789:Chrysocolla 6784:Chrysoberyl 6700:Mokume-gane 6677:Base metals 6449:centrifugal 6418:Silversmith 6293:Ferronnière 6243:Belt buckle 6238:Belly chain 6092:Neon flying 5798:Periwinkles 5758:Turtle/talc 5691:Green ormer 5601:New Zealand 5571:Crassostrea 5552:Sydney rock 5430:New Zealand 5352:Smooth clam 5320:Blunt gaper 4987:Echinoderms 4894:Crustaceans 4661:Forage fish 4437:Cephalopods 4105:Commercial 3681:12 November 3501:12 November 2221:, §29.15(d) 2209:, §29.15(c) 2194:, §29.15(a) 2182:, §29.15(e) 2167:, §29.16(a) 1918:, p. 1 1879:Simons 2010 1869:, p. 1 1706:, p. 6 1529:, p. 7 1506:, p. 8 1491:, p. 9 1425:Food portal 1385:A shell of 1245:and on the 1223:fret boards 1003:H. speciosa 997:H. queketti 991:H. spadicea 937:H. virginea 899:, from the 862:New Zealand 832:weight belt 772:red abalone 717:free-diving 701:Perkins Bay 631:luxury item 608:Consumption 602:Samson fish 563:Philippines 537:Mariculture 533:Aquaculture 493:polychaetes 409:spermatozoa 391:sublittoral 320:, shows an 318:imperforate 255:shell from 253:red abalone 239:Description 147:common name 7194:Haliotidae 7188:Categories 6944:Tourmaline 6889:Prasiolite 6764:Aventurine 6635:Crown gold 6537:Draw plate 6486:Metal clay 6423:Watchmaker 6413:Lapidarist 6398:Clockmaker 6273:Collar pin 6268:Chatelaine 6009:Bottletail 5996:Cuttlefish 5956:Freshwater 5900:Korean mud 5863:Pear whelk 5639:Gastropods 5596:Great/king 5542:Windowpane 5537:Portuguese 5473:California 5377:Razor clam 5357:Soft-shell 5000:Sea urchin 4511:Ama divers 4464:Techniques 4455:Cuttlefish 4129:Periwinkle 4116:gastropods 4018:Conchology 3370:2002113989 2582:References 2457:27 October 2423:Anon 2014b 2150:5 December 2124:5 December 2102:Anon 2014a 2080:Gayot 2010 2057:Jones 2008 2030:Jones 2008 2018:Jones 2008 1667:Simon 2011 1652:17 January 1592:Anon 2014g 1580:Tryon 1880 1568:Tryon 1880 1239:Indigenous 1024:syndicates 531:See also: 465:body armor 444:Antarctica 360:fimbriated 334:selenizone 296:body whorl 249:iridescent 222:iridescent 186:muttonfish 178:ear shells 164:Haliotidae 7090:Toadstone 7027:Operculum 6954:Variscite 6949:Turquoise 6929:Tanzanite 6864:Moonstone 6859:Marcasite 6854:Malachite 6779:Carnelian 6754:Amazonite 6741:gemstones 6715:Pinchbeck 6660:Argentium 6650:Shibuichi 6591:Palladium 6570:Materials 6506:Soldering 6496:Polishing 6471:Engraving 6466:Enameling 6432:Processes 6403:Goldsmith 6338:Tie chain 6313:Neck ring 6303:Lapel pin 6212:Jewellery 6004:Spineless 5868:Lightning 5836:Channeled 5493:Mytilidae 5382:Pod razor 5303:Hard clam 5014:Fisheries 4879:Whitebait 4823:Toothfish 4649:yellowfin 4609:Swordfish 3957:16 August 3884:0819-4327 3837:19 August 3808:16 August 3783:16 August 3758:22 August 3727:16 August 3641:16 August 3618:1681-5556 3571:22 August 3536:22 August 3418:0921-5093 3341:22 August 3306:16 August 3252:0022-3360 3213:16 August 3188:ignored ( 3178:cite book 3163:1035-4549 3129:21 August 3106:0302-2749 3077:6306-2593 3038:0962-8452 2968:22 August 2943:16 August 2916:22 August 2891:16 August 2866:16 August 2841:22 August 2821:22 August 2792:22 August 2763:22 August 2734:22 August 2705:16 August 2680:16 August 2655:16 August 2630:16 August 2528:0888-8892 2434:Anon 1969 2386:Anon 2007 2336:12 August 2091:Anon 2014 1845:Anon 2012 1807:164710632 1444:Citations 1393:dohrniana 1112:asparagus 683:Australia 650:soy sauce 499:Human use 489:Spionidae 405:fecundity 338:operculum 316:form, is 202:perlemoen 154:gastropod 25:Chasselas 7158:Gemology 7132:Fineness 7123:(purity) 7058:Bog-wood 7005:Precious 6985:Ammolite 6924:Sunstone 6914:Sodalite 6909:Sapphire 6869:Obsidian 6809:Fluorite 6799:Diopside 6759:Amethyst 6739:Mineral 6730:Tungsten 6725:Titanium 6640:Electrum 6596:Platinum 6481:Kazaziye 6476:Filigree 6454:lost-wax 6353:Toe ring 6343:Tie clip 6318:Pectoral 6308:Necklace 6283:Cufflink 6258:Bracelet 6253:Bolo tie 6233:Barrette 6172:Category 6087:Humboldt 6037:Big blue 5895:Mud-flat 5846:Kellet's 5686:Greenlip 5681:Blacklip 5583:Scallops 5266:Bivalves 5170:Scallops 5148:Atlantic 4967:Scallops 4939:Molluscs 4846:Sturgeon 4813:Rockfish 4766:flounder 4761:Flatfish 4744:Atlantic 4714:european 4694:Sardines 4689:Menhaden 4644:skipjack 4619:albacore 4594:Mackerel 4516:Trawling 4486:Dredging 4233:bivalves 4222:Escargot 4107:mollusks 4031:Archived 3849:(1880). 3831:Archived 3802:Archived 3777:Archived 3721:Archived 3635:Archived 3562:Archived 3527:Archived 3446:(1767). 3428:(1758). 3332:Archived 3300:Archived 3290:Haliotis 3260:87537607 3123:Archived 3100:: 7–38. 3086:Haliotis 3056:21177689 2962:Archived 2934:Archived 2910:Archived 2885:Archived 2856:Fishtech 2699:Archived 2674:Archived 2649:Archived 2536:84134835 2243:26 March 2003:23 April 1976:23 April 1949:23 April 1772:40455940 1764:21998386 1553:10 March 1504:Cox 1962 1433:Delicacy 1411:See also 1400:Synonyms 1281:Haliotis 1275:Haliotis 1164:Abalone 1125:Abalone 1060:Guernsey 1047:Ormers ( 1028:poaching 985:H. parva 971:Poaching 723:Victoria 696:greenlip 692:blacklip 688:Tasmania 658:Tottsuru 654:tottsuru 614:delicacy 433:Portugal 413:filiform 364:cirrated 346:nacreous 342:aperture 322:exserted 300:auriform 233:delicacy 182:sea ears 172:. 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