2241:
100 element array of integers that must be in the range 0 to 1000. The '...' extensibility marker means that the FooHistory message specification may have additional fields in future versions of the specification; systems compliant with one version should be able to receive and transmit transactions from a later version, though able to process only the fields specified in the earlier version. Good ASN.1 compilers will generate (in C, C++, Java, etc.) source code that will automatically check that transactions fall within these constraints. Transactions that violate the constraints should not be accepted from, or presented to, the application. Constraint management in this layer significantly simplifies protocol specification because the applications will be protected from constraint violations, reducing risk and cost.
2424:, which are also interface description languages for cross-platform data serialization. Like those languages, it has a schema (in ASN.1, called a "module"), and a set of encodings, typically type–length–value encodings. Unlike them, ASN.1 does not provide a single and readily usable open-source implementation, and is published as a specification to be implemented by third-party vendors. However, ASN.1, defined in 1984, predates them by many years. It also includes a wider variety of basic data types, some of which are obsolete, and has more options for extensibility. A single ASN.1 message can include data from multiple modules defined in multiple standards, even standards defined years apart.
2432:
can use these in the protocol's logic implementation. Thus all the PDUs and protocol constants can be defined in the schema, and all implementations of the protocol in any supported language draw upon those values. This avoids the need for developers to hand code protocol constants in their implementation's source code. This significantly aids protocol development; the protocol's constants can be altered in the ASN.1 schema and all implementations are updated simply by recompiling, promoting a rapid and low risk development cycle.
2346:
byte addressing (but the same remark would be true with modern processors and memory/storage units whose minimum addressable unit is larger than 1 octet). However modern processors and signal processors include hardware support for fast internal decoding of bit streams with automatic handling of computing units that are crossing the boundaries of addressable storage units (this is needed for efficient processing in data codecs for compression/decompression or with some encryption/decryption algorithms).
2459:. However, in practice they are quite different: ASN.1 defines a data structure, which can be encoded in various ways (e.g. JSON, XML, binary). ABNF, on the other hand, defines the encoding ("syntax") at the same time it defines the data structure ("semantics"). ABNF tends to be used more frequently for defining textual, human-readable protocols, and generally is not used to define type–length–value encodings.
25:
2338:
IA5String byte value requires only 7 bits. However the length bytes are still encoded here, even for the first integer tag 01 (but a PER packer could also omit it if it knows that the allowed value range fits on 8 bits, and it could even compact the single value byte 05 with less than 8 bits, if it knows that allowed values can only fit in a smaller range).
1520:
easy to implement and to produce encodings more compact than those produced by the Basic
Encoding Rules (BER). In addition to reducing the effort of developing encoder/decoders, the use of OER can decrease bandwidth utilization (though not as much as the Packed Encoding Rules), save CPU cycles, and lower encoding/decoding latency.
2485:
compiled by ASN.1 tools producing source code that serializes objects to/from JSON wireformat. A more practical use is to permit other sub-projects to consume an XSD schema instead of an ASN.1 schema, perhaps suiting tools availability for the sub-projects language of choice, with XER used as the protocol wireformat.
2484:
Some ASN.1 tools are able to translate between ASN.1 and XML schema (XSD). The translation is standardised by the ITU. This makes it possible for a protocol to be defined in ASN.1, and also automatically in XSD. Thus it is possible (though perhaps ill-advised) to have in a project an XSD schema being
2462:
Many programming languages define language-specific serialization formats. For instance, Python's "pickle" module and Ruby's "Marshal" module. These formats are generally language specific. They also don't require a schema, which makes them easier to use in ad hoc storage scenarios, but inappropriate
2345:
This means that unaligned PER data is essentially an ordered stream of bits, and not an ordered stream of bytes like with aligned PER, and that it will be a bit more complex to decode by software on usual processors because it will require additional contextual bit-shifting and masking and not direct
1322:
A variant of the Packed
Encoding Rules (PER) that specifies a single way of encoding values. The Canonical Packed Encoding Rules have a similar relationship to the Packed Encoding Rules that the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) and the Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) have to the Basic Encoding Rules
2427:
ASN.1 also includes built-in support for constraints on values and sizes. For instance, a module can specify an integer field that must be in the range 0 to 100. The length of a sequence of values (an array) can also be specified, either as a fixed length or a range of permitted lengths. Constraints
2240:
This change constrains trackingNumbers to have a value between 0 and 199 inclusive, and questionNumbers to have a value between 10 and 20 inclusive. The size of the questions array can be between 0 and 10 elements, with the answers array between 1 and 10 elements. The anArray field is a fixed length
1194:
A restricted subset of the Basic
Encoding Rules (BER). Employs almost all of the same restrictions as the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER), but the noteworthy difference is that the CER specify that many large values (especially strings) are to be "chopped up" into individual substring elements at
248:
Protocol developers define data structures in ASN.1 modules, which are generally a section of a broader standards document written in the ASN.1 language. The advantage is that the ASN.1 description of the data encoding is independent of a particular computer or programming language. Because ASN.1 is
2435:
If the ASN.1 tools properly implement constraints checking in the generated source code, this acts to automatically validate protocol data during program operation. Generally ASN.1 tools will include constraints checking into the generated serialization / deserialization routines, raising errors or
1746:
detailing the "Flat Tree Light Weight Syntax" (FTLWS). Abandoned in 1997 due to the superior performance of the Packed
Encoding Rules (PER). Optionally Big-Endian or Little-Endian transmission as well as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit memory words. (Therefore, there are six variants, since there are six
2431:
Values used as constraints can either be literals used in the PDU specification, or ASN.1 values specified elsewhere in the schema file. Some ASN.1 tools will make these ASN.1 values available to programmers in the generated source code. Used as constants for the protocol being defined, developers
1519:
A set of encoding rules that encodes values on octets, but does not encode tags or length determinants like the Basic
Encoding Rules (BER). Data values encoded using the Octet Encoding Rules often look like those found in "record-based" protocols. The Octet Encoding Rules (OER) were designed to be
1237:
Encodes values on bits, but if the bits encoded are not evenly divisible by eight, padding bits are added until an integral number of octets encode the value. Capable of producing very compact encodings, but at the expense of complexity, and the PER are highly dependent upon constraints placed on
2337:
In this format, type tags for the required elements are not encoded, so it cannot be parsed without knowing the expected schemas used to encode. Additionally, the bytes for the value of the IA5String are packed using 7-bit units instead of 8-bit units, because the encoder knows that encoding an
1151:
A restricted subset of the Basic
Encoding Rules (BER). Typically used for things that are digitally-signed because, since the DER allow for fewer options for encoding, and because DER-encoded values are more likely to be re-encoded on the exact same bytes, digital signatures produced by a given
2341:
The last 6 bits in the encoded PER are padded with null bits in the 6 least significant bits of the last byte c0 : these extra bits may not be transmitted or used for encoding something else if this sequence is inserted as a part of a longer unaligned PER sequence.
1636:
An incomplete specification for encoding rules that produce human-readable values. The purpose of GSER is to represent encoded data to the user or input data from the user, in a very straightforward format. GSER was originally designed for the
316:(Testing and Test Control Notation) for conformance testing. Both these languages natively support ASN.1 declarations. It is possible to import an ASN.1 module and declare a variable of any of the ASN.1 types declared in the module.
1957:
This could be a specification published by creators of Foo
Protocol. Conversation flows, transaction interchanges, and states are not defined in ASN.1, but are left to other notations and textual description of the protocol.
1862:
encoding is entirely unrelated to ASN.1 and its codecs, but encoded ASN.1 data, which is often binary, is often PEM-encoded so that it can be transmitted as textual data, e.g. over SMTP relays, or through copy/paste buffers.
1110:
The first specified encoding rules. Encodes elements as tag-length-value (TLV) sequences. Typically provides several options as to how data values are to be encoded. This is one of the most flexible encoding rules.
2283:(IA5 means the full 7-bit ISO 646 set, including variants, but is generally US-ASCII) 0e — length in octets of value that follows 41 6e 79 62 6f 64 79 20 74 68 65 72 65 3f — value ("Anybody there?")
273:
2436:
exceptions if out-of-bounds data is encountered. It is complex to implement all aspects of ASN.1 constraints in an ASN.1 compiler. Not all tools support the full range of possible constraints expressions.
2278:
30 — type tag indicating SEQUENCE 13 — length in octets of value that follows 02 — type tag indicating INTEGER 01 — length in octets of value that follows 05 — value (5) 16 — type tag indicating
1708:
Used primarily in telecommunications related protocols, such as GSM and SS7. Designed to produce an identical encoding from ASN.1 that previously-existing protocols not specified in ASN.1 would produce.
2473:
similarly do not require a schema, making them easy to use. They are also both cross-platform standards that are broadly popular for communications protocols, particularly when combined with a
47:
1807:
An incomplete encoding rule specification produced by NEMA. It is incomplete because it cannot encode and decode all ASN.1 data types. Compact like the Packed
Encoding Rules (PER).
1743:
1641:(LDAP) and is rarely used outside of it. The use of GSER in actual protocols is discouraged since not all character string encodings supported by ASN.1 can be reproduced in it.
308:
ASN.1 is a data type declaration notation. It does not define how to manipulate a variable of such a type. Manipulation of variables is defined in other languages such as
1009:
ASN.1 is closely associated with a set of encoding rules that specify how to represent a data structure as a series of bytes. The standard ASN.1 encoding rules include:
2331:
are employed, the following 122 bits (16 octets amount to 128 bits, but here only 122 bits carry information and the last 6 bits are merely padding) will be produced:
2252:. The Foo protocol specification should explicitly name one set of encoding rules to use, so that users of the Foo protocol know which one they should use and expect.
2295:(XER) to achieve greater human readability "over the wire". It would then appear as the following 108 octets, (space count includes the spaces used for indentation):
1152:
abstract value will be the same across implementations and digital signatures produced over DER-encoded data will be less susceptible to collision-based attacks.
607:
1365:
A variant of the
Aligned Canonical Packed Encoding Rules (CPER), but it does not pad data values with bits to produce an integral number of octets.
1280:
A variant of the
Aligned Basic Packed Encoding Rules (PER), but it does not pad data values with bits to produce an integral number of octets.
281:
324:
ASN.1 is used to define a large number of protocols. Its most extensive uses continue to be telecommunications, cryptography, and biometrics.
810:
2539:
2275:
encoding, so the sequence above can be interpreted, with reference to the standard SEQUENCE, INTEGER, and IA5String types, as follows:
870:
261:, that decode or encode the data structures. Some ASN.1 compilers can produce code to encode or decode several encodings, e.g. packed,
285:
3045:
2489:
991:
675:
671:
3079:
2833:
289:
182:
178:
174:
162:
510:
309:
1961:
Assuming a message that complies with the Foo Protocol and that will be sent to the receiving party, this particular message (
1847:
ASN.1 recommendations provide a number of predefined encoding rules. If none of the existing encoding rules are suitable, the
1638:
714:
398:
2601:
2444:
both support similar constraints concepts. Tool support for constraints varies. Microsoft's xsd.exe compiler ignores them.
624:
3074:
2949:
889:
837:
505:
Managing and monitoring networks and computers, particularly characteristics pertaining to performance and reliability
487:
2249:
73:
3069:
2796:
2506:
1836:
Definition of these encoding rules were a byproduct of INRIA's work on the Flat Tree Light Weight Syntax (FTLWS).
613:
2901:
2851:
2606:
222:
350:
2002:
ASN.1 supports constraints on values and sizes, and extensibility. The above specification can be changed to
912:
665:
3024:
2786:
1117:
726:
710:
300:
series. The latest revision of the X.680 series of recommendations is the 6.0 Edition, published in 2021.
2826:
2801:
2355:(in this case, each octet is padded individually with null bits on their unused most significant bits).
2753:
2448:
2244:
To send the myQuestion message through the network, the message is serialized (encoded) as a series of
651:
365:
2272:
1848:
1158:
792:
778:
720:
55:
51:
35:
2768:
1778:
Proposed in the 1980s. Meant to be as compact as possible, like the Packed Encoding Rules (PER).
798:
754:
529:
479:
2531:
2864:
2819:
581:
2560:
2939:
2328:
1859:
882:
865:
An early and more capable competitor to File Transfer Protocol, but its rarely used anymore.
683:
658:
638:
759:
1078:
277:
136:
1674:
Encodes elements as tag-length-value (TLV) sequences like the Basic Encoding Rules (BER).
8:
2879:
961:
925:
920:
Building automation and control, such as with fire alarms, elevators, HVAC systems, etc.
238:
1871:
This is an example ASN.1 module defining the messages (data structures) of a fictitious
2889:
2511:
2292:
1962:
196:
296:, due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the
2378:
2349:
If alignment on octet boundaries was required, an aligned PER encoder would produce:
696:
234:
2747:
2605: prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the
3008:
2711:
2417:
1616:
930:
493:
404:
254:
2731:
2689:
2659:
2641:
2630:
2619:
2583:
896:
2859:
2373:
generates the encoding and decoding functions based on the previous declarations.
540:
Managing telephone connections over the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
226:
2715:
1620:
934:
497:
408:
3064:
2983:
2884:
2791:
2370:
generates the equivalent declaration in a programming language (like C or C++),
740:
250:
43:
2783:
Encodes/decodes ASN.1 3GPP messages and allows easy editing of these messages.
2742:
2737:
1851:
provides a way for a user to define his or her own customized encoding rules.
274:
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
3058:
3013:
3003:
2896:
2842:
2421:
230:
2428:
can also be specified as logical combinations of sets of basic constraints.
2291:
Alternatively, it is possible to encode the same ASN.1 data structure with
645:
242:
192:
2261:
843:
596:
564:
262:
2998:
2993:
2956:
2931:
2759:
2700:
2675:
2474:
2441:
630:
517:
2811:
3029:
2478:
2437:
206:
2806:
2763:
2280:
2780:
312:(Specification and Description Language) for executable modeling or
1854:
1195:
the 1000-byte or 1000-character mark (depending on the data type).
54:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
2777:
Checks the syntax of an ASN.1 schema and encodes/decodes messages.
2774:
2400:
2869:
2760:
An open-source ASN.1->C++ compiler; Includes some ASN.1 specs.
2260:
Below is the data structure shown above as myQuestion encoded in
947:
2390:
524:
A competitor to SNMP but more capable and not nearly as popular
257:, an ASN.1 compiler can compile modules into libraries of code,
3018:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2267:
30 13 02 01 05 16 0e 41 6e 79 62 6f 64 79 20 74 68 65 72 65 3f
907:
558:
313:
2807:
A Typescript node utility to parse and validate ASN.1 messages
2906:
2701:
ITU-T X.697 - JavaScript Object Notation Encoding Rules (JER)
2501:
2451:(ABNF), which is used to define many Internet protocols like
1347:
Packed encoding of a single ASN.1 type (canonical unaligned)
1070:
575:
439:
390:
378:
258:
170:
166:
158:
154:
126:
2395:
3034:
2988:
2971:
2921:
2911:
2874:
2596:
2466:
2456:
2452:
2245:
1304:
Packed encoding of a single ASN.1 type (canonical aligned)
855:
734:
425:
420:
2405:
908:
Building Automation and Control Networks Protocol (BACnet)
2916:
2470:
1872:
1262:
Packed encoding of a single ASN.1 type (basic unaligned)
690:
454:
266:
2771:
Allows decoding ASN.1 encoded messages into XML output.
1219:
Packed encoding of a single ASN.1 type (basic aligned)
784:
773:
765:
746:
702:
373:
Traffic, Transportation, and Infrastructure Management
288:(ISO/IEC), originally defined in 1984 as part of CCITT
2377:
A list of tools supporting ASN.1 can be found on the
2363:
Most of the tools supporting ASN.1 do the following:
2322:
548:
The ITU H.200, H.300, and H.400 Recommendation Series
431:
Basic Encoding Rules and Distinguished Encoding Rules
2732:
A Layman's Guide to a Subset of ASN.1, BER, and DER
2352:01 05 0e 41 6e 79 62 6f 64 79 20 74 68 65 72 65 3f
805:Exchanging Alert Information, such as Amber Alerts
608:Computer-supported telecommunications applications
386:Basic Encoding Rules, Distinguished Encoding Rules
1742:Originates from an internal document produced by
292::1984. In 1988, ASN.1 moved to its own standard,
38:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
3056:
2631:ITU-T X.690 - Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)
2411:
2334:01 05 0e 83 bb ce 2d f9 3c a0 e9 a3 2f 2c af c0
1855:Relation to Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) Encoding
233:in a cross-platform way. It is broadly used in
2584:ITU-T X.680 - Specification of basic notation
1539:Canonical OER encoding of a single ASN.1 type
1427:Canonical XML encoding of a single ASN.1 type
1133:Distinguished encoding of a single ASN.1 type
593:Authentication Contexts for Biometrics (ACBio)
282:International Organization for Standardization
2827:
2595:This article is based on material taken from
1466:Extended XML encoding of a single ASN.1 type
2642:ITU-T X.690 - Canonical Encoding Rules (CER)
1842:
988:Lawful Interception (LI) Handover Interface
971:Telecommunications and computer networking
876:ITU Recommendations X.880, X.881, and X.882
576:Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework
475:Basic Encoding Rules, Packed Encoding Rules
362:NTCIP 1103 - Transport Management Protocols
100:In force; supersedes X.208 and X.209 (1988)
2834:
2820:
2797:Overview of the Octet Encoding Rules (OER)
1502:Basic OER encoding of a single ASN.1 type
1387:Basic XML encoding of a single ASN.1 type
1176:Canonical encoding of a single ASN.1 type
871:Remote Operations Service Element protocol
735:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
2841:
2802:Overview of the JSON Encoding Rules (JER)
2660:ITU-T X.691 - Packed Encoding Rules (PER)
2286:
2255:
1694:France Telecom R&D Internal Document
811:Controller–pilot data link communications
286:International Electrotechnical Commission
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
3046:Comparison of data-serialization formats
2775:ASN.1 syntax checker and encoder/decoder
2690:ITU-T X.696 - Octet Encoding Rules (OER)
2620:ITU-T X.690 - Basic Encoding Rules (BER)
2490:Comparison of data serialization formats
2792:List of ASN.1 tools at IvmaiAsn project
2416:ASN.1 is similar in purpose and use to
1825:"Coding Rules for High Speed Networks"
691:Global System for Mobile Communications
3057:
2781:ASN.1 encoder/decoder of 3GPP messages
2718:- Generic String Encoding Rules (GSER)
2676:ITU-T X.693 - XML Encoding Rules (XER)
1092:Basic Encoding of a single ASN.1 type
511:Common Management Information Protocol
339:Specified or customary encoding rules
2815:
2738:ITU-T website - Introduction to ASN.1
2685:
2683:
1639:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
1613:Generic String Encoding Rules (GSER)
715:Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
434:Asymmetric Keys, certificate bundles
399:Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
2671:
2669:
2667:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2602:Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
981:Basic Aligned Packed Encoding Rules
966:The ITU Q.1200 Recommendation Series
856:File Transfer, Access and Management
625:Dedicated short-range communications
553:Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
207:https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.680/
18:
890:Association Control Service Element
838:Manufacturing Message Specification
825:Space Link Extension Services (SLE)
535:The ITU Q.700 Recommendation Series
472:The ITU T.120 Recommendation Series
444:The ITU X.400 Recommendation Series
383:The ITU X.500 Recommendation Series
303:
16:Data interface description language
13:
2680:
2323:Example encoded in PER (unaligned)
2264:(all numbers are in hexadecimal):
488:Simple Network Management Protocol
14:
3091:
2764:An on-line ASN.1->C++ Compiler
2734:A good introduction for beginners
2725:
2664:
2646:
545:ITU H-Series Multimedia Protocols
272:ASN.1 is a joint standard of the
2750:Tutorial on basic ASN.1 concepts
2507:Information Object Class (ASN.1)
1747:combinations of those options.)
23:
2705:
2694:
2561:"ITU-T Recommendation database"
2542:from the original on 2021-04-09
2384:
1849:Encoding Control Notation (ECN)
680:Unaligned Packed Encoding Rules
393:) Certificates, Authentication
319:
3080:ITU-T X Series Recommendations
2635:
2624:
2613:
2588:
2577:
2553:
2524:
2463:for communications protocols.
1130:Distinguished‑Encoding
223:interface description language
1:
2743:A video introduction to ASN.1
2517:
2447:ASN.1 is visually similar to
2412:Comparison to similar schemes
832:Space systems communications
666:Intelligent Transport Systems
469:T.120 Multimedia conferencing
449:An early competitor to email
2396:ASN1 Web Tool (very limited)
1729:Internal document by INRIA.
1590:Encodes ASN.1 data as JSON.
1118:Distinguished Encoding Rules
1004:
787:Mobile Phone Communications
768:Mobile Phone Communications
749:Mobile Phone Communications
729:Mobile Phone Communications
711:General Packet Radio Service
705:Mobile Phone Communications
215:Abstract Syntax Notation One
92:Abstract Syntax Notation One
7:
2495:
1860:Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM)
1461:/ASN.1/XML‑Encoding/
1422:/ASN.1/XML‑Encoding/
1405:Encodes ASN.1 data as XML.
1382:/ASN.1/XML‑Encoding/
820:Aeronautics communications
561:Interworking Protocol (BIP)
421:PKCS Cryptography Standards
231:serialized and deserialized
10:
3098:
3075:Data serialization formats
2449:Augmented Backus-Naur form
1994:"Anybody there?"
1866:
1173:Canonical‑Encoding
1128:/ASN.1/BER‑Derived/
3043:
2930:
2850:
2401:ASN1 Playground (sandbox)
1843:Encoding Control Notation
1061:
1054:
1049:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1017:
755:Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
328:Protocols that use ASN.1
202:
188:
150:
142:
132:
122:
112:
104:
96:
91:
2406:ASN.1 JavaScript decoder
2358:
2297:
2004:
1967:
1877:
1159:Canonical Encoding Rules
1026:Object descriptor value
793:Common Alerting Protocol
676:ETSI EN 302 637 3 (DENM)
379:X.500 Directory Services
3070:Data modeling languages
2609:, version 1.3 or later.
2532:"Introduction to ASN.1"
2418:google protocol buffers
2307:</trackingNumber>
1342:Packed‑Encoding/
1299:Packed‑Encoding/
1257:Packed‑Encoding/
1214:Packed‑Encoding/
672:ETSI EN 302 637 2 (CAM)
530:Signalling System No. 7
480:Remote Desktop Protocol
2787:Free books about ASN.1
2367:parse the ASN.1 files,
2303:<trackingNumber>
2287:Example encoded in XER
2256:Example encoded in DER
1089:/ASN.1/Basic-Encoding
1058:notation rules defined
942:Secure authentication
440:X.400 Message Handling
428:Cryptography Standards
2488:For more detail, see
2329:Packed Encoding Rules
1035:Unit of serialization
1013:ASN.1 Encoding Rules
917:BACnet Encoding Rules
883:Remote procedure call
684:Vehicle communication
659:Vehicle communication
639:Vehicle communication
635:Packed Encoding Rules
2317:</FooQuestion>
1344:Canonical/Unaligned
1079:Basic Encoding Rules
1042:discernable without
998:Lawful Interception
939:Basic Encoding Rules
617:Basic Encoding Rules
586:Basic Encoding Rules
502:Basic Encoding Rules
413:Basic Encoding Rules
370:Octet Encoding Rules
355:Octet Encoding Rules
347:Interledger Protocol
278:ITU-T Study Group 17
241:, and especially in
44:improve this article
2379:ITU-T Tool web page
2300:<FooQuestion>
1680:Signalling Specific
1171:BER‑Derived/
1014:
962:Intelligent Network
956:Wide Area Networks
895:ITU Recommendation
516:ITU Recommendation
351:ILPV4 Specification
329:
239:computer networking
225:(IDL) for defining
88:
56:footnote references
2512:Presentation layer
2327:Alternatively, if
2293:XML Encoding Rules
1963:protocol data unit
1301:Canonical/Aligned
1023:Object identifier
1012:
802:XML Encoding Rules
597:ISO/IEC 24761:2019
565:ISO/IEC 24708:2008
459:EMVCo Publications
327:
235:telecommunications
197:telecommunications
86:
3052:
3051:
2756:Tutorial on ASN.1
2314:</question>
2273:type–length–value
2248:using one of the
1840:
1839:
1056:Encoding control
1044:foreknowledge of
1040:Encoded elements
1002:
1001:
992:ETSI TS 102 232-1
881:An early form of
212:
211:
151:Related standards
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844:ISO 9506-1:2003
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2852:Human readable
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2754:ASN.1 Tutorial
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1362:No
1359:No
1356:No
1319:No
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1277:No
1274:No
1271:No
1234:No
1228:No
1191:No
1148:No
1107:No
1071:IRI
931:RFC
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