92:
240:
301:
The event of 774 did not have any significant consequences for life on Earth, but had it happened in modern times, it might have produced catastrophic damage to modern technology, particularly to communication and space-borne navigation systems. In addition, a solar flare capable of producing the
104:
The signal exhibits a sharp increase of around 1.2% followed by a slow decline, which is consistent with an instant production of carbon-14 in the atmosphere, indicating that the event was short in duration. The globally averaged production of
1569:
Townsend, L. W.; Porter, J. A.; deWet, W. C; Smith, W. J.; McGirl, N. A.; Heilbronn, L. H.; Moussa, H. M. (2016-06-01). "Extreme solar event of AD775: Potential radiation exposure to crews in deep space".
489:
99:
spike around 774. Colored dots are measurements in
Japanese (M12) and German (oak) trees; black lines are the modeled profile corresponding to the instant production of carbon-14.
1514:
Thomas, B. C.; Melott, A. L.; Arkenberg, K. R.; Snyder, B. R. (2013). "Terrestrial effects of possible astrophysical sources of an AD 774–775 increase in C production".
326:
increase of (2.0%) was associated with a 5480 BCE event, but it is not associated with a solar event because of its long duration, but rather to an unusually fast
973:; Kromer, B.; Ludlow, F.; Beer, J.; Friedrich, M.; Kovaltsov, G.A.; Solanki, S.K.; Wacker, L. (2013). "The AD775 cosmic event revisited: the Sun is to blame".
925:
Ya-Ting Chai & Yuan-Chuan Zou (2015). "Searching for events in
Chinese ancient records to explain the increase in C from 774–775 CE and 993–994 AD".
186:
In China, there is only one clear reference to an aurora in the mid-770s, on 12 January 776. However, an anomalous "thunderstorm" was recorded for 775.
1394:"A radiocarbon spike at 14 300 cal yr BP in subfossil trees provides the impulse response function of the global carbon cycle during the Late Glacial"
560:
Jull, A.J.T.; Panyushkina, I.P.; Lange, T.E.; et al. (2014). "Excursions in the 14C record at AD 774–775 in tree rings from Russia and
America".
1118:
315:
variations are poorly understood, because annual-resolution measurements are available for only a few periods (such as 774–775). In a 2017 study, a
279:
The event of 774 is the strongest spike over the last 11,000 years in the record of cosmogenic isotopes, but several other events of the same kind (
35:, which is about 20 times higher than the normal year-to-year variation of radiocarbon in the atmosphere. It was discovered during a study of
836:
Stephenson, F.R. (2015). "Astronomical evidence relating to the observed C increases in A.D. 774–5 and 993–4 as determined from tree rings".
1608:
Miyake, F.; Jull, A. J.; Panyushkina, I. P.; Wacker, L.; Salzer, M.; Baisan, C. H.; Lange, T.; Cruz, R.; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, T. (2017).
873:"Do the Chinese Astronomical Records Dated AD 776 January 12/13 Describe an Auroral Display or a Lunar Halo? A Critical Re-examination"
369:
Miyake, F.; Nagaya, K.; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, T. (2012). "A signature of cosmic-ray increase in AD 774–775 from tree rings in Japan".
60:, detected in Antarctic ice cores, has also been associated with the 774–775 event. The 774–775 CE carbon-14 spike is one of several
872:
1702:
1335:"The Earliest Candidates of Auroral Observations in Assyrian Astrological Reports: Insights on Solar Activity around 660 BCE"
1168:
Usoskin, I.G.; Kovaltsov, G.A. (2012). "Occurrence of
Extreme Solar Particle Events: Assessment from Historical Proxy Data".
783:
Hayakawa, H. (2019). "The
Celestial Sign in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 770s: Insights on Contemporary Solar Activity".
1825:
1574:. Special Section: Selected Papers from the International Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation Flying 2015.
622:
156:, for their lord, who reigned four winters. This year also appeared in the heavens a red crucifix, after sunset; the
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1952:
1057:"Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4"
613:
Güttler, D.; Beer, J.; Bleicher, N. (2013). "The 774/775 AD event in the southern hemisphere".
298:. In 2023 the strongest event yet discovered was reported, which occurred in 12,350-12,349 BC.
141:
67:
The event appears to have been global, with the same carbon-14 signal found in tree rings from
712:"AD 775 pulse of cosmogenic radionuclides production as imprint of a Galactic gamma-ray burst"
128:
recorded "a red crucifix, after sunset", which has been variously hypothesised to have been a
2174:
2135:
2119:
1749:
1688:
1015:
1013:; Miyake, F.; Baroni, M.; et al. (2023). "Extreme Solar Events: Setting up a Paradigm".
433:
Usoskin, I. G.; et al. (2013). "The AD775 cosmic event revisited: The Sun is to blame".
178:
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2007:
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1272:"Multiradionuclide evidence for an extreme solar proton event around 2,610 B.P. (~660 BC)"
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741:
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517:
509:
490:"The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)"
462:
408:
388:
371:
345:
40:
996:
466:
193:
and colleagues, the current scientific paradigm is that the event was caused by a
1892:
1010:
970:
547:"Researcher points to Sun as likely source of eighth-century 'Charlemagne event'"
202:
190:
161:
133:
1930:
1614:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1369:
1334:
1276:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1028:
36:
23:
is an observed increase of around 1.2% in the concentration of the radioactive
1669:
910:
857:
814:
2158:
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1854:
1783:
1727:
1722:
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632:
327:
76:
1634:
1610:"Large C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene"
1296:
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711:
64:
and it produced the largest and most rapid rise in carbon-14 ever recorded.
2184:
2179:
1978:
1902:
1887:
1795:
1653:
1500:
1451:"Atmospheric impacts of the strongest known solar particle storm of 775 AD"
1435:
1417:
1315:
1256:
1150:
1113:
1098:
685:
400:
280:
207:
205:, is regarded as unlikely, because the event was also observed in isotopes
61:
49:
16:
Observed increase concentration of carbon-14 in tree rings dated 774 or 775
1983:
1773:
1711:
1330:
646:
Melott, A.L.; Thomas, B.C. (2012). "Causes of an AD 774-775 C increase".
581:
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84:
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513:
392:
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1813:
1247:
1222:
1080:
339:
32:
28:
1547:
1474:
1114:"A Galactic short gamma-ray burst as cause for the C peak in AD 774/5"
522:
302:
observed isotopic effect would pose considerable risk to astronauts.
129:
106:
96:
44:
24:
710:
Pavlov, A.K.; Blinov, A.V.; Konstantinov, A.N.; et al. (2013).
201:, perhaps the strongest known. Another proposed origin, involving a
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449:
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68:
239:
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72:
615:
ETH-Zurich: Laboratory of Ion Beam
Physics: Annual Report 2013
1940:
1328:
1223:"Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings"
1607:
1513:
149:
121:
Several possible causes of the event have been considered.
39:
tree-rings, with the year of occurrence determined through
924:
368:
1568:
709:
1329:
Hayakawa, Hisashi; Mitsuma, Yasuyuki; Ebihara, Yusuke;
969:
759:
757:
432:
140:
Annus Domini (the year of the Lord) 774. This year the
766:"Red Crucifix sighting in 774 may have been supernova"
1671:
Gamma Ray Burst of 775 (Dec 3, 2014). SciShow Space.
1220:
754:
559:
544:
1449:Sukhodolov, Timofei; et al. (March 28, 2017).
1009:
612:
291:was about 60% as strong; another event occurred in
1111:
1398:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
1119:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2156:
1167:
234:
1696:
1221:Miyake, F.; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, T. (2013).
1442:
1391:
1163:
1161:
645:
1603:
1601:
1703:
1689:
1269:
870:
835:
545:University of Kansas (November 30, 2012).
488:Reimer, Paula; et al. (August 2020).
168:; and wonderful serpents were seen in the
1643:
1633:
1529:
1490:
1425:
1392:Edouard Bard; et al. (Oct 9, 2023).
1368:
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1305:
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2006:
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1214:
1112:Hambaryan, V. V.; Neuhauser, R. (2013).
1054:
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782:
705:
703:
238:
90:
606:
2157:
1507:
927:Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics
487:
415:
2005:
1684:
1270:O'Hare, Paschal; et al. (2019).
1045:
763:
700:
639:
481:
362:
1826:Interplanetary coronal mass ejection
1105:
553:
13:
975:Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters
14:
2196:
1663:
1710:
2052:November 1882 geomagnetic storm
1868:Geomagnetically induced current
1592:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.002
1562:
1385:
1322:
1263:
1003:
963:
918:
864:
829:
776:
243:The AD 774/75 event in view of
2073:January 1938 geomagnetic storm
1974:Health threat from cosmic rays
1948:Sudden ionospheric disturbance
1055:Mekhaldi; et al. (2015).
538:
1:
2078:August 1972 geomagnetic storm
1843:Interplanetary magnetic field
356:
292:
116:
2083:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
1873:Disturbance storm time index
1838:Interplanetary current sheet
1517:Geophysical Research Letters
436:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7:
2104:2003 Halloween solar storms
997:10.1051/0004-6361/201321080
764:Owano, Nancy (2012-06-30).
467:10.1051/0004-6361/201321080
333:
283:) have occurred during the
235:Frequency of similar events
10:
2201:
2068:May 1921 geomagnetic storm
1200:10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/92
1029:10.1007/s11214-023-01018-1
949:10.1088/1674-4527/15/9/007
838:Advances in Space Research
152:at Easter-tide; and chose
2128:
2112:
2091:
2060:
2039:
2018:
2014:
2001:
1966:
1916:
1853:
1804:
1767:Solar energetic particles
1740:
1736:
1718:
1339:The Astrophysical Journal
911:10.1007/s11207-019-1425-7
871:Stephenson, F.R. (2019).
858:10.1016/j.asr.2014.12.014
815:10.1007/s11207-019-1424-8
197:(SPE) from a very strong
154:Ethelred, the son of Mull
111:(1.3 ± 0.2) × 10 atoms/cm
2099:Bastille Day solar storm
1953:Ground level enhancement
1370:10.3847/2041-8213/ab42e4
716:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
170:land of the South-Saxons
2031:993–994 carbon-14 spike
2026:774–775 carbon-14 spike
1635:10.1073/pnas.1613144114
1297:10.1073/pnas.1815725116
459:2013A&A...552L...3U
342:, a man-made C-14 spike
289:993–994 carbon-14 spike
21:774–775 carbon-14 spike
1418:10.1098/rsta.2022.0206
617:. LIBRUM. p. 33.
276:
184:
100:
2136:May 2024 solar storms
2120:July 2012 solar storm
1750:Coronal mass ejection
1227:Nature Communications
1061:Nature Communications
1016:Space Science Reviews
747:10.1093/mnras/stt1468
242:
179:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
144:banished their king,
138:
126:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
94:
2008:List of solar storms
1936:Subauroral ion drift
1918:Planetary atmosphere
1806:Interplanetary space
1779:Solar radio emission
1762:Solar particle event
1151:10.1093/mnras/sts378
582:10.1002/2014GL059874
351:List of solar storms
195:solar particle event
31:dated to 774 or 775
1908:Magnetic pulsations
1626:2017PNAS..114..881M
1584:2016AcAau.123..116T
1540:2013GeoRL..40.1237T
1467:2017NatSR...745257S
1410:2023RSPTA.38120206B
1361:2019ApJ...884L..18H
1288:2019PNAS..116.5961O
1239:2013NatCo...4.1748M
1192:2012ApJ...757...92U
1142:2013MNRAS.430...32H
1073:2015NatCo...6.8611M
1038:20.500.11850/641517
902:2019SoPh..294...36S
850:2015AdSpR..55.1537S
807:2019SoPh..294...42H
738:2013MNRAS.435.2878P
678:10.1038/nature11695
670:2012Natur.491E...1M
574:2014GeoRL..41.3004J
514:10.1017/RDC.2020.41
506:2020Radcb..62..725R
393:10.1038/nature11123
385:2012Natur.486..240M
330:of solar activity.
2170:Geomagnetic storms
1455:Scientific Reports
1248:10.1038/ncomms2783
1081:10.1038/ncomms9611
562:Geophys. Res. Lett
277:
189:As established by
109:for this event is
101:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
1997:
1996:
1989:Solar observation
1863:Geomagnetic storm
1572:Acta Astronautica
1548:10.1002/grl.50222
1475:10.1038/srep45257
2192:
2047:Carrington Event
2016:
2015:
2003:
2002:
1958:Magnetic crochet
1831:Forbush decrease
1755:Solar prominence
1742:Solar atmosphere
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1705:
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722:(4): 2878–2884.
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568:(8): 3004–3010.
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346:Carrington Event
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654:(7426): E1–E2.
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379:(7402): 240–2.
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191:Ilya G. Usoskin
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160:and the men of
134:aurora borealis
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1931:Auroral chorus
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1664:External links
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1282:(13): 5961–6.
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844:(6): 1537–45.
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500:(4): 725–757.
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42:
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2175:Stratigraphy
2025:
1979:Heliophysics
1903:Ring current
1888:Dungey Cycle
1796:Coronal hole
1712:Solar storms
1620:(5): 881–4.
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1984:Solar cycle
1774:Solar flare
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494:Radiocarbon
287:epoch. The
199:solar flare
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2165:Dendrology
2159:Categories
1819:Pickup ion
1814:Solar wind
1352:1909.05498
1345:(1): L18.
893:1903.06806
798:1903.03075
523:1893/30981
357:References
340:Bomb pulse
164:fought at
117:Hypotheses
29:tree rings
1531:1302.1501
1483:2045-2322
1379:202565732
1183:1207.5932
1176:(1): 92.
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633:887695262
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130:supernova
107:carbon-14
97:carbon-14
45:beryllium
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1883:Substorm
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1436:37807686
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686:23192153
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334:See also
285:Holocene
175:—
158:Mercians
47:isotope
1967:Related
1878:K-index
1789:Sunspot
1676:YouTube
1645:5293056
1622:Bibcode
1580:Bibcode
1536:Bibcode
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1357:Bibcode
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2092:2000s
2061:1900s
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1941:STEVE
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1204:S2CID
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