45:
902:. The dates are incompatible as the Hijri year corresponds to year 737/738 Anno Domini and the Diocletian year corresponds to year 744/745 Anno Domini. They both connect the earthquake's dates to the year of ascension of Pope Michael I. They give the year of Michael's ascent in the throne as 737 Anno Domini, while it has been dated to 743 Anno Domini by other sources. Both texts contain other errors in the chronology of the Patriarchs of Alexandria.
394:
365:, were severely damaged. However, some caveats are required. The view of the severity of the damage provoked by the 749 quake is contested by new research. Earlier claims that the large Umayyad administrative buildings south of the Al-Aqsa Mosque were so badly damaged that they were abandoned and used as stone quarries and sources of lime, lime kilns being found at the site, is reportedly wrong, the buildings staying in use until the
108:
1058:
that time is considered unlikely to have triggered a nationwide day of fasting. It has been suggested that the poem depicts the 1033/1034 earthquake. However the fast was supposedly mentioned in passing by
Pinneas the Poet, who was considered an "ancient" writer in a text dating to the 10th century. This led to a theory that the earthquake of the poem took place between the 7th and the 9th century, following the
80:
94:
52:
66:
27:
729:, year 1060 of the Seleucid era, and year 749/750 Anno Domini. The dating was reportedly off by a year, since Michael's chronicle includes many chronological errors. It is unclear whether Michael himself was responsible for the errors, or whether they were introduced by copyists of the chronicle. The Zuqnin Chronicle dated the earthquake to year 1059 of the Seleucid era.
770:. In contrast to the Arab chronicles, they do not mention earthquake damage in Jerusalem. Elijah mentions that a village near Mount Tabor was displaced by the earthquake, but does not mention either damage to the area or human casualties. He also mentions damage in the church of Maboug (Manbij), which was located about 500 km (310 mi) away from Mount Tabor.
967:(reigned 744–750), which was supposedly felt everywhere. Houses collapsed and buried their inhabitants in ruins. Numerous people perished due to the earthquake. It was reportedly unpreceded in scale. The earth continued to shake for many days, and the survivors of the earthquake stayed out in the open until the tremors stopped.
1111:. The poem could actually predate the 7th century and speak of a different earthquake. The decoding of the gematria is also questionable, since there are actually several different conversion codes. The figure of 679 years only reflects the method originally used, and can be altered if using a different conversion method.
428:. The primary sources offer multiple year dates for the seismic events, but seismic catalogues of the 1980s and 1990s agreed in attributing all descriptions to an earthquake occurring on 18 January, 749. This reduction was based on two Hebrew texts concerning an earthquake on this date and a commemorative fast.
478:
This second earthquake destroyed some cities in Syria, and damaged others. A number of cities reportedly slid down from mountainous positions to "low laying plains". The moving cities reportedly stopped at a distance of about 6 mi (9.7 km) from their original positions. Eyewitness accounts
1057:
The poem has been tentatively dated as composed between the 10th and the 12th century. In this period
Tiberias was damaged by two other earthquakes, one taking place in 1033/1034 and the other in 1202. By the end of the 11th century, Tiberias' Jewish population was very small. Damage to the city at
720:
calendar, but use two different reckonings of the era (the
Babylonian and Macedonian versions). They all cover the second earthquake described by Theophanes. The only one who provides a specific chronology for the event was Elijah of Nisibis, who reports that the earthquake actually started in year
523:
The 747 earthquake is described in the Great
Chronographer and the Minor Chronicles, while events connected to the 750 earthquake are depicted there among a series of "wondrous events" which followed the birth of Leo IV. Accounts of both earthquakes appear in other chronicles, such as those written
1065:
Due to an assumption that the narrative poem alludes to a sabbatical year (the seventh year), the earthquake must have taken place in a sabbatical year. The only known earthquakes to fit this theory are the earthquakes of 712/713 and 747/748. There are little surviving details about the earlier of
1042:
The narrative poem reports that disaster befell "the city", with both the old and the young perishing. From the context it is unclear whether the poem is still speaking of
Tiberias, or whether it instead reported earthquake damage in Jerusalem as well. In language, the poem evokes a section of the
582:
This narrative reports that
Damascus was affected by an earthquake in Hijri year 130, which led the inhabitants of the city to abandon it. The poultry market of Damascus collapsed under fallen rocks. In Hijri year 131, a second earthquake split the roof of the mosque. The open sky was visible from
297:
There are firm reasons to believe that there were either two, or a series of earthquakes between 747 and 749, later conflated for different reasons into one, not least due to the use of different calendars in different sources. It seems probable that the second quake, centered more to the north,
823:
Beyond these chronicles, Agapius of
Mendidj (10th century) mentioned both earthquake-induced flooding and inundation along the Syrian coast and destruction in Tiberias. He dates the event to the month of January, but offers no year date for this earthquake. He dates the event to having followed
637:
Arab reports of one or two earthquakes appear in two 11th-century compilations of traditional accounts of the Abd el Rahman family of
Jerusalem. The compilers were the cousins al-Wasiti and Ibn al-Murajja. Based on their accounts, the earthquakes damaged the eastern and western parts of the
1066:
the two earthquakes, leading theorists to reject it as unimportant. The theory suggested that the earthquake of the poem took place on 23 Shevat (28 January) of 748 AD. This seems to be identical to the earthquake dated to Hijri year 130 (747/748 Anno Domini) in other sources.
385:, there were 800 casualties in the fortress of Beit Cubaya, Damascus. In the cities of Judea, Samaria and Galilee, nearly 600 villages altogether were severely affected. A tsunami-like event was reported in the Dead Sea and probable inundation occurred in its southern basin.
483:
reported that the ground was split at a distance of 2 mi (3.2 km). From this new chasm emerged a different type of soil, "very white and sandy". The reports also spoke of a mule-like animal emerging from the chasm and speaking in a human voice.
898:(13th century) both report widespread destruction of cities by the earthquake, and loss of life either in the ruins or due to flooding in the coasts. But they do not mention specific localities. They date the event to Hijri year 120 or to the year 460
657:
One of the traditions preserved by Ibn al-Murajja reports that the first earthquake took place during the
Ramadan of Hijri year 130 (in May), during a cold and rainy night. A crack appeared in the mosque, but supposedly closed immediately by order of
951:
Abu'l-Fath wrote his chronicle in 1355, following a discussion he had with a High Priest over the absence of texts on the history of the
Samaritans. He used as sources currently extinct Samaritan texts, and also historical materials he gathered from
431:
A different view is that the primary sources describe at least two different seismic events, set apart by up to three years in time and hundreds of kilometers in distance. This is based on comparison of available primary sources on this period.
466:
Theophanes reports that a second earthquake took place in the year 6241 (749/750 in the Anno Domini system). He does not give an exact date for the event, but the earthquake narrative immediately follows Theophanes' entry on the birth of
594:(15th century) reports that multiple strong earthquakes affected Syria in Hijri year 130. Jerusalem was reportedly heavily damaged, while Damascus was abandoned for a period of 40 days. The population of Damascus fled to desolate areas.
1054:. It is unclear whether the "seventh" in the title refers to the seventh shock of a singular earthquake or the seventh earthquake in a wider series of events. If may reflect a traditional narrative with no other surviving texts.
1103:
who is thought to have demolished fortifications in Jerusalem, Damascus, and Baalbek in a punitive campaign. These cities were supportive of his enemies. The demolition of the fortications could have weakened nearby buildings.
298:
which created massive damage mainly in northern Israel and Jordan, did so not so much due to its catastrophic magnitude, but rather as a result of buildings being weakened by the previous, more southerly earthquake.
1088:. This translates to year 749 Anno Domini, with the 23 Shevat taking place on 17 January. This can be identified with the first of the two earthquakes mentioned by Theophanes. However 749 was not a sabbatical year.
578:
130 (747/748 Anno Domini), and the second to Hijri year 141 (748/749). Al-Suyuti uses as a primary source the narrative of historian Abdalla al-Katir (8th–9th century), as transmitted by al-Wadai (14th century).
1073:, with many cities falling into ruins. Among the dead people in the ruins were reportedly sages, and the pious, and the just. The Cairo source specifically claims that Jerusalem was damaged by this earthquake.
724:
The Chronicle of 1234 dates the earthquake to year 1060 of the Seleucid era. Michael the Syrian offers no clear date, though a 19th-century translator noted in a footnote that the event could be dated to 6241
506:, but which had started their counting from the Spring of 311 BC, rather than the Fall of 312 BC. A resulting transcription error may explain why Theophanes dates his second earthquake to 750 rather than 749.
998:. The literary structure and style of a piyyut did not change much over the centuries. The date of composition of "Seventh earthquake" can not be deduced by use of either its literary form or its language.
820:, a massive local slide, or by a temporary halt in the flow of the Jordan River. A change in the flow of the Jordan River may have caused a dam-breaking wave at the inflow of the river to the Dead Sea.
909:(13th century) mentions an earthquake taking place in 751 Anno Domini, during the reign of Constantine V. He does not connect this earthquake to 18 January, the date in which the Armenians of the
862:). He names none of the damaged localities, He claims that the earthquake harmed no Orthodox churches or monasteries. Severus also reports that many ships were lost at sea due to the earthquake.
491:, surface rupture, and sand boils in a semi-arid area. Such events would be more common during the year's wet season. The only clearly fantastical element of the narrative is the talking animal.
933:. They do not mention any earthquake damage in Jerusalem, which was located about 50 km (31 mi) from Nablus. Samaritans reject the sanctity of Jerusalem, and their holy place is
732:
None of the four Chronicles dates the even to 18 January. The date would nearly coincide with the Feast of Mary for the Seeds (blessing of the crops), one of the principal feasts of
512:(9th century) gives a nearly identical description of the 750 earthquake. The 747 earthquake is not described in the currently extant text of Theophanes, though this may be due to a
940:
An earthquake narrative appears in the Chronicle Adler, which is a compilation of older reports. The earthquake narrative also appears in some expanded versions of the chronicle of
1099:
dates to 744 and was found underneath collapse rubble. Lending further support to the idea of an earthquake. Alternatively however, the cities may have been damaged by order of
809:, though they do mention stormy seas and the submersion of a Yemenite coastal fortress. They mention destruction in Tiberias and "lateral displacement of springs" near Jericho.
850:(10th century) reports earthquake damage along the Mediterranean coast. The earthquake was felt strongly in Egypt, but reportedly the only Egyptian city which was damaged was
420:
All local and regional earthquake catalogues list one or more earthquakes that affected the Middle East in the mid-8th century, with reported damage in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
994:. Liturgical poems such as this were used in place of fixed prayers on special religious occasions. The piyyut literary form was widespread in Palestine since the time of
758:
The other three chronicles list many localities in Syria which suffered from the earthquake. In the Palestine region, these chronicles mention that the earthquake damaged
662:. Muslim literature often associated earthquake narratives with the holy month of Ramadan, so the offered date may have been chosen to make the story seem more reliable.
937:, located near Nablus. The lack of information on Jerusalem in Samaritan sources may reflect the community's lack of interest in the city or even their disdain for it.
736:
in the Syrian tradition. It was celebrated on 15 January. In 749, the feast occurred on a Sunday, and so it would be celebrated a day or two following the actual date.
1479:
435:
The first earthquake may have weakened a number of structures, while the second earthquake completed the process and was the immediate cause of their collapse.
1603:
1107:
It is unclear whether the piyyut was actually referring to a specific historical earthquake. There are other liturgical poems which use earthquakes as part of
1080:. An early attempt to decode it resulted in an implied date for the earthquake suggested in the text. It supposedly took place in the 679th year following the
412:
poems). Some rabbis believe the earthquake struck in a Sabbatical year, in which case, the translation of the term would be "earthquake of the seventh year."
970:
Abu'l-Fath dated this earthquake in Hijri year 131 (748/749 in Anno Domini). The chronicle however contains a chronological error in placing the revolt of
1691:
1448:
873:, the Dormition was celebrated between 16 and 18 January, unlike the tradition of the Byzantine church which celebrated the Dormition on 15 August.
634:
was still in ruins following its destruction in an earthquake. This may be the 750 earthquake or a subsequent earthquake of the early Abbasid era.
1229:
1938:
665:
Another traditional account from Jerusalem appeared in several later chronicles. It reported that there was earthquake damage across Syria (
721:
1059 of the Seleucid era and ended in year 1060 of the same era (Spring 748 and Spring 749). He counted spring as the start of the year.
141:
876:
Severus gives no exact year for the earthquake, but in his narrative the earthquake is connected to the imprisonment and release of
44:
1095:. This archaeological find was used to estimate that an earthquake took place at about that year. The last hoard of coins found in
1001:
A second Jewish narrative of the earthquake appears in a book of prayers compiled in the 10th or 11th century. It was found in the
1684:
1664:
689:
chronicles which mention damage from earthquakes, though may not all be describing the same events. The first chronicle was the
451:
in the mid-8th century. The first earthquake is dated to 18 January of the year 6238 of the Byzantine calendar (the year 747 in
1908:
1598:
884:). The date may be off by a year, as his description of events before and after the earthquake contains chronological errors.
1543:
231:
870:
551:(9th century) repeated verbatim Theophanes' account of the 749/750 earthquake, and only commented on the oracle-like mule.
447:(9th century) is one of the major sources for the 8th century. He lists two earthquakes that affected Palestine and the
1923:
1677:
1504:
1130:
1050:
The poem repeatedly mentions a commemorative fast about the earthquake. It dates the fast to the 23rd day of the month
1882:
1700:
1498:
1188:
1120:
1047:. The section in the ancient book describes an earthquake as "wrath" which marches through the land in indignation.
1913:
1225:
487:
The distances in Theophanes' account are scaled up. Otherwise this is a credible account of the earthquake causing
1872:
1568:"The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D."
974:
as an event immediately following the earthquake. The revolt is known from other sources to have started in the
1928:
1125:
866:
669:), but places its emphasis on destruction in Jerusalem itself. It also reported injuries to the descendants of
509:
1219:
1877:
1811:
1765:
1059:
502:
in Palestine. Theophanes' information on Iraq and North Syria may have been based on local sources using the
366:
1638:
Margaliot Mordechai, "Determining the Time of Seventh Earthquake", Israel Exploration Society 8, 1940/1941.
877:
1456:
1159:
1091:
A mint condition coin dated to Hijri year 131 (748/749 Anno Domini) was found underneath seismic ruins in
1918:
1760:
334:
reported that support beams had shifted in houses in Egypt and a Syrian priest wrote that a village near
1862:
1831:
1081:
529:
880:, and a Nubian incursion into Egypt. These events were dated by Severus to Hijri year 130 (747/748 in
1933:
1836:
1826:
1770:
674:
1617:
844:
129). The dating indicates that Agapius was describing the earliest of Theophanes' two earthquakes.
812:
Based on their descriptions, it is likely that there was a localized tsunami-like storm wave in the
1567:
444:
1943:
1251:
773:
Michael the Syrian and the Chronicle of 1234 describe earthquake damage in Northern Syria and the
697:(9th century), but currently thought to have been written by an anonymous 9th-century monk of the
459:, and all of Syria. Churches and monasteries reportedly collapsed in the desert of the Holy City (
1857:
1816:
1755:
694:
540:
203:
1217:
1023:
In modern history, the Sharon plain is the name exclusively used for the central section of the
583:
the interior of the mosque. A subsequent earthquake closed the crack in the roof of the mosque.
1821:
1775:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1612:
1599:"Implications of some early Jewish sources for estimates of earthquake hazard in the Holy Land"
847:
744:
1533:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1734:
1024:
733:
650:
was repaired by 757, but then damaged by a new earthquake. It was repaired again by order of
499:
376:
797:), which was located at the foot of Jebel Akkar, about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of
1867:
1841:
1780:
1266:
906:
513:
739:
The Zuqnin Chronicle mentions only one locality damaged by the earthquake, Maboug (modern
8:
891:
802:
686:
646:(reigned 754–775) when he visited Jerusalem in Hijri year 141 (757/758 Anno Domini). The
270:. The most severely affected areas were West and East of the Jordan River. The cities of
1270:
899:
833:
706:
555:(14th century) dates the earthquake as having followed the fall of Germanikeia (modern
421:
176:
944:(14th century). The original version of the chronicle ended with the rise in power of
1539:
1494:
806:
710:
702:
610:
598:
587:
559:) at the hands of Constantine V. This siege event is dated to 745/746 by Theophanes.
548:
468:
381:
343:
263:
190:
865:
Severus gives the date of the earthquake as 21 Tuba (17 January), on the day of the
601:(750–1258) threw down the sanctuary, with the exception of the part surrounding the
306:
According to historical sources, supported by archaeological findings, Scythopolis (
1274:
1233:
1044:
1016:. It speaks of "fear" and "dark chaos" in Tiberias. The poem also reports that the
751:, as opposed to the eastern region which was the ecclesiastic province centered in
698:
690:
659:
1252:"Archaeology, history, and geology of the A.D. 749 earthquake, Dead Sea transform"
1012:
for an earthquake which caused widespread destruction and extensive casualties in
825:
590:(13th century) gives a hesitant and possibly confused account of this earthquake.
556:
1948:
817:
591:
552:
533:
525:
895:
1092:
1070:
887:
670:
544:
498:
chronicle written c. 780 in Palestine, and later transported by monks who fled
425:
351:
319:
307:
287:
275:
31:
1897:
1538:. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 325.
1428:
Segal, Arthur; Eisenberg, Michael (May–June 2006). "The Spade Hits Sussita".
1085:
1032:
941:
934:
805:. Their narratives mention no earthquake damage to the coastal cities of the
755:. There was no strictly geographic definition of the ecclesiastic provinces.
666:
472:
393:
327:
279:
186:
156:
143:
1669:
1903:
1076:
The Jewish text is thought to include an alphanumeric code in the style of
1017:
1002:
824:
Constantine V incursion into Syria and the conquest of Germanikeia (modern
794:
717:
647:
503:
456:
362:
1535:
The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach
1218:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
1036:
881:
854:. He otherwise reports the destruction of 600 towns and villages between
763:
627:
480:
452:
335:
793:, and Beit Qoubaye. Beit Qoubaye has been identified with Koubaiyat (or
605:. His narrative has been connected to the 750 earthquake event. In 750,
597:
Mukadassi (10th century) reported than an earthquake in the days of the
294:
were heavily damaged. The casualties numbered in the tens of thousands.
971:
926:
841:
829:
747:, the western region referred to the ecclesiastic province centered in
726:
654:(reigned 775–785), following his visit in Jerusalem at Hijri year 163.
631:
615:
575:
570:
reports on two distinct earthquakes events which damaged Jerusalem and
517:
455:
era). Theophanes reports that the earthquake affected Palestine by the
409:
331:
255:
34:(Beit She'an) was one of the cities destroyed in the earthquake of 749.
1278:
1237:
1100:
1096:
1069:
The Cairo depository source reports that the earthquake affected the
991:
964:
957:
914:
910:
855:
643:
606:
567:
488:
460:
358:
315:
207:
1108:
1077:
1028:
1013:
953:
945:
851:
813:
790:
759:
651:
571:
402:
347:
311:
271:
1654:
Tsafrir Y. Ferster C, "On the Dating of the Seventh Earthquake",
986:
An account of the earthquake appeared in "Seventh earthquake", a
975:
837:
786:
778:
767:
748:
743:). It also mentions vaguely damage in the Western region. In the
639:
495:
339:
267:
215:
1566:
Sbeinati, Mohamed Reda; Darawcheh, Ryad; Mouty, Mikhail (2005).
925:
There are earthquake reports in two sources from a community of
379:
claimed the number of casualties exceeded 100,000, while in the
1644:
Margaliot Mordechai, "A New Record of the Fasting Earthquake",
1051:
1009:
995:
987:
930:
752:
740:
602:
448:
406:
338:
had "moved a distance of four miles." Other sources reported a
323:
291:
283:
211:
195:
1487:
Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World
1035:
and the Yizrael Valley. This section covered the area between
716:
There is some dating confusion. The chronicles all follow the
1250:
Marco, S.; Hartal, M.; Hazan, N.; Lev, L.; Stein, M. (2003).
782:
777:. They list among other damaged localities Ghautah, Dareiya (
370:
199:
963:
His chronicle places a great earthquake during the reign of
26:
859:
798:
774:
361:
numbered in the thousands. Many buildings, among them the
290:
were largely destroyed while many other cities across the
1480:"On the Umayyad Dating of the Double Gate in Jerusalem"
1565:
1133:– A similar-sized earthquake affecting the same region
1031:(4th century), who used the term for a section of the
1477:
547:(12th century), and Leo Grammaticus (13th century).
415:
1249:
494:Theophanes is thought to have used as his source a
350:, and towns swallowed up in the earth. The town of
330:, suffered widespread damage. A Coptic priest from
475:and his birth is safely dated to 25 January, 750.
357:Historical sources describe how the death toll in
539:Both earthquakes are absent in the chronicles of
1895:
1447:Rosenberg, Stephen Gabriel (February 19, 2009).
1186:
948:, but was then expanded to bring it up to date.
709:(12th century), and the fourth and last was the
613:died and the Abbasid dynasty succeeded him. The
705:(11th century), the third was the chronicle of
1665:The Seventh Earthquake – The Death of the City
1427:
107:
1699:
1685:
1189:"749 CE Golan quake shows another is overdue"
1084:(70 Anno Domini) and the destruction of the
680:
1531:
1187:Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (October 14, 2007).
1027:. An older geographic sense is reported by
262:struck on January 18, 749, in areas of the
1692:
1678:
1559:
369:. Similarly, the new Arab capital city at
354:and its ancient synagogue were destroyed.
25:
1616:
1446:
1182:
1180:
801:and 25 km (16 mi) south of the
388:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1243:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1020:was flooded due to the same earthquake.
392:
301:
1527:
1525:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
79:
1896:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1177:
1157:
858:and the farthest extremity of Persia (
642:in Jerusalem. Repairs were ordered by
258:known in scientific literature as the
1939:Palestine under the Umayyad Caliphate
1673:
1596:
1144:
1522:
1285:
920:
871:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
438:
373:shows only minimal signs of damage.
1206:
816:. It was caused either by a nearby
13:
1131:1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
701:. The second was the chronicle of
574:. The first event can be dated to
248:unknown, may have exceeded 100,000
14:
1960:
1658:58, 1988/1989, pp. 357–362.
1648:29, 1959/1960, pp. 339–344.
1632:
1449:"The synagogue of Umm el-Kanatir"
1158:Barkat, Amiram (August 8, 2003).
1121:List of earthquakes in the Levant
1008:The piyyut poem in question is a
981:
562:
416:Dating issues and primary sources
401:"Ra'ash shvi'it" is mentioned in
346:, several days of aftershocks in
1226:National Geophysical Data Center
106:
93:
92:
78:
64:
50:
43:
1589:
1478:Raya Shani; Doron Chen (2011).
1221:Significant Earthquake Database
516:in the relevant section of the
224:
1471:
1440:
1421:
1126:List of historical earthquakes
867:Dormition of the Mother of God
510:Nikephoros I of Constantinople
51:
1:
1909:740s in the Umayyad Caliphate
1137:
1060:Muslim conquest of the Levant
620:
65:
878:Pope Michael I of Alexandria
7:
1430:Biblical Archaeology Review
1114:
693:, mistakenly attributed to
10:
1965:
990:(liturgical poem) used in
869:. In the tradition of the
616:Commemoratium de Casis Dei
530:Anastasius Bibliothecarius
1924:Earthquakes in the Levant
1850:
1804:
1743:
1707:
1701:Earthquakes in the Levant
1493:. Leiden: E.J. Brill: 3.
681:Eastern Christian sources
675:Companions of the Prophet
626:), compiled by agents of
244:
223:
182:
172:
135:
127:
119:
39:
24:
445:Theophanes the Confessor
266:, with the epicenter in
16:Earthquake in the Levant
1914:8th-century earthquakes
1418:Karcz, 2004, p. 778-787
1160:"The big one is coming"
890:(13th century) and the
828:) and to have preceded
695:Dionysius I Telmaharoyo
541:Eutychius of Alexandria
397:Ruins of Hippos/Sussita
204:Palestinian Territories
1730:528 Antioch earthquake
1725:526 Antioch earthquake
1715:115 Antioch earthquake
1597:Karcz, Iaakov (2004),
1109:allegorical narratives
848:Severus ibn al-Muqaffa
745:Syriac Orthodox Church
471:. Leo IV was a son of
398:
389:Religious significance
187:Bilad al-Sham province
1929:Earthquakes in Israel
1735:551 Beirut earthquake
1025:Israeli coastal plain
900:of the Diocletian era
832:'s leadership in the
734:Mary, mother of Jesus
685:There are four major
500:religious persecution
396:
377:Agapius of Hierapolis
302:Damage and casualties
1873:1969 Sharm El Sheikh
1604:Annals of Geophysics
1575:Annals of Geophysics
1532:Gideon Avni (2014).
1510:on 27 September 2015
907:Mekhitar of Ayrivank
836:(in May 747, or the
630:, mentions that the
1271:2003Geo....31..665M
892:Chronicon orientale
803:Krak des Chevaliers
632:Church of Maria Nea
532:(9th century), and
153: /
21:
1919:History of Galilee
1878:1995 Gulf of Aqaba
1766:1033 Jordan Valley
1453:The Jerusalem Post
1193:The Jerusalem Post
1082:Siege of Jerusalem
834:Abbasid Revolution
707:Michael the Syrian
399:
177:Dead Sea Transform
20:The 749 earthquake
19:
1891:
1890:
1883:2023 Turkey–Syria
1545:978-0-19-968433-5
921:Samaritan sources
905:The chronicle of
807:Mediterranean Sea
711:Chronicle of 1234
703:Elijah of Nisibis
611:Umayyad Caliphate
599:Abbasid Caliphate
588:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
549:George Hamartolos
469:Leo IV the Khazar
439:Byzantine sources
382:Chronicle of 1234
344:Mediterranean Sea
264:Umayyad Caliphate
260:Earthquake of 749
252:
251:
219:
191:Umayyad Caliphate
1956:
1934:Geology of Syria
1761:859 Syrian coast
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1503:. Archived from
1484:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1455:. Archived from
1444:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1283:
1282:
1279:10.1130/G19516.1
1256:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1215:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1045:Book of Habakkuk
713:(13th century).
699:Zuqnin Monastery
691:Zuqnin Chronicle
640:Al-Aqsa Compound
625:
622:
543:(10th century),
536:(12th century).
240:
238:
226:
193:
168:
167:
165:
164:
163:
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
110:
109:
96:
95:
82:
81:
68:
67:
54:
53:
47:
29:
22:
18:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1863:1955 Alexandria
1846:
1800:
1739:
1703:
1698:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1618:10.1.1.393.3596
1592:
1587:
1586:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1530:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1441:
1436:(3): 41–51, 78.
1426:
1422:
1417:
1286:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1216:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1156:
1145:
1140:
1117:
984:
929:, located near
923:
785:, Nawa, Derat,
683:
623:
592:Ibn Taghribirdi
565:
553:Joannes Zonaras
534:George Kedrenos
528:(8th century),
526:Paul the Deacon
441:
418:
391:
367:1033 earthquake
304:
232:
230:
161:
159:
155:
152:
147:
144:
142:
140:
139:
123:January 18, 749
120:Local date
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
103:
102:
101:
97:
89:
88:
87:
83:
75:
74:
73:
69:
61:
60:
59:
55:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1837:1856 Heraklion
1834:
1829:
1827:1834 Jerusalem
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:1759 Near East
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:1068 Near East
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
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1697:
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1674:
1668:
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1662:
1652:
1642:
1634:
1633:External links
1631:
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1588:
1585:
1584:
1558:
1544:
1521:
1499:
1470:
1439:
1420:
1284:
1265:(8): 665–668.
1242:
1205:
1176:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1071:Land of Israel
1039:and Tiberias.
983:
982:Jewish sources
980:
922:
919:
894:attributed to
888:George Elmacin
682:
679:
671:Shadad ibn Aus
648:Al-Aqsa Mosque
586:The historian
564:
563:Muslim sources
561:
545:Michael Glykas
443:The historian
440:
437:
417:
414:
390:
387:
363:Al-Aqsa Mosque
352:Umm el Kanatir
303:
300:
254:A devastating
250:
249:
246:
242:
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221:
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184:
183:Areas affected
180:
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169:
137:
133:
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105:
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30:
15:
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1961:
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1643:
1637:
1636:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1581:(3): 374–375.
1580:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1506:
1502:
1500:9789004122345
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1459:on 2014-10-11
1458:
1454:
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1325:
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1317:
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1309:
1307:
1305:
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1299:
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1289:
1280:
1276:
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1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1194:
1190:
1183:
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1165:
1161:
1154:
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1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:Second Temple
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:Jordan Valley
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
979:
977:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
949:
947:
943:
938:
936:
935:Mount Gerizim
932:
928:
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:Kahramanmaraş
821:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
722:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
678:
676:
673:, one of the
672:
668:
667:Bilad al-Sham
663:
661:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
633:
629:
618:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
560:
558:
557:Kahramanmaraş
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
485:
482:
476:
474:
473:Constantine V
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
433:
429:
427:
423:
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404:
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265:
261:
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217:
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209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
166:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
46:
38:
33:
28:
23:
1858:1927 Jericho
1851:Contemporary
1832:1837 Galilee
1817:1796 Latakia
1756:847 Damascus
1750:
1655:
1645:
1622:, retrieved
1608:
1602:
1590:Bibliography
1578:
1574:
1561:
1551:26 September
1549:. Retrieved
1534:
1514:26 September
1512:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1490:
1486:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1452:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1262:
1258:
1245:
1220:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1106:
1090:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1022:
1018:Sharon plain
1007:
1003:Cairo Geniza
1000:
985:
969:
962:
950:
939:
924:
904:
896:Ibn al-Rāhib
886:
875:
864:
846:
822:
811:
795:Al-Qoubaiyat
772:
757:
738:
731:
723:
718:Seleucid era
715:
684:
664:
656:
636:
614:
596:
585:
581:
566:
538:
522:
508:
504:Seleucid era
493:
486:
477:
465:
457:Jordan River
442:
434:
430:
419:
400:
380:
375:
356:
305:
296:
259:
253:
234:
194:(modern-day
1944:Beit She'an
1822:1822 Aleppo
1805:Ottoman era
1776:1138 Aleppo
1751:749 Galilee
1744:Middle ages
1720:363 Galilee
1708:Classic era
1660:(in Hebrew)
1650:(in Hebrew)
1640:(in Hebrew)
1611:: 759–792,
1093:Beit She'an
1037:Mount Tabor
882:Anno Domini
764:Mount Tabor
628:Charlemagne
481:Mesopotamia
453:Anno Domini
336:Mount Tabor
322:(Sussita),
308:Beit She'an
276:Beit She'an
160: /
157:32°N 35.5°E
86:Beit She'an
32:Scythopolis
1898:Categories
1796:1344 Syria
1791:1202 Syria
1786:1170 Syria
1624:2020-04-02
1138:References
992:synagogues
972:Abu Muslim
942:Abu'l-Fath
927:Samaritans
913:celebrate
842:Hijri year
830:Abu Muslim
727:Anno Mundi
624: 808
576:Hijri year
518:manuscript
489:landslides
410:liturgical
332:Alexandria
256:earthquake
245:Casualties
1868:1956 Chim
1842:1872 Amik
1781:1157 Hama
1613:CiteSeerX
1101:Marwan II
1097:Capernaum
965:Marwan II
958:Gaza City
915:Christmas
911:Holy Land
644:Al-Mansur
607:Marwan II
568:Al-Suyuti
461:Jerusalem
422:Palestine
359:Jerusalem
316:Capernaum
227:intensity
208:West Bank
136:Epicenter
128:Magnitude
1115:See also
1078:gematria
1029:Eusebius
1014:Tiberias
978:of 747.
954:Damascus
946:Muhammad
852:Damietta
814:Dead Sea
791:Damascus
760:Tiberias
652:Al-Mahdi
572:Damascus
403:piyyutim
348:Damascus
312:Tiberias
272:Tiberias
233:MMI XI (
162:32; 35.5
100:Tiberias
1656:Tarbitz
1646:Tarbitz
1463:May 11,
1267:Bibcode
1259:Geology
1198:May 11,
1169:May 11,
1164:Haaretz
976:Ramadan
838:Ramadan
787:Baalbek
779:Darayya
768:Jericho
749:Antioch
609:of the
496:Melkite
342:in the
340:tsunami
268:Galilee
235:Extreme
216:Lebanon
148:35°30′E
145:32°00′N
1949:Jerash
1615:
1542:
1497:
1052:Shevat
1010:lament
996:Talmud
988:piyyut
931:Nablus
766:, and
753:Tikrit
741:Manbij
687:Syriac
660:Heaven
603:mihrab
514:lacuna
449:Levant
424:, and
407:Jewish
324:Jerash
320:Hippos
292:Levant
288:Hippos
286:, and
284:Gadara
212:Jordan
196:Israel
58:Hippos
1571:(PDF)
1508:(PDF)
1491:XVIII
1483:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
818:fault
783:Bosra
479:from
426:Syria
371:Ramla
328:Pella
280:Pella
200:Syria
173:Fault
72:Pella
1553:2015
1540:ISBN
1516:2015
1495:ISBN
1465:2011
1230:NOAA
1200:2011
1171:2011
956:and
860:Iran
856:Gaza
799:Homs
775:Moab
326:and
225:Max.
214:and
131:7.0
1904:749
1275:doi
1234:doi
840:of
781:),
524:by
463:).
310:),
210:),
1900::
1609:47
1607:,
1601:,
1579:48
1577:.
1573:.
1524:^
1489:.
1485:.
1451:.
1434:32
1432:.
1287:^
1273:.
1263:31
1261:.
1257:.
1232:,
1228:,
1224:,
1208:^
1191:.
1179:^
1162:.
1146:^
1062:.
1005:.
960:.
917:.
789:,
762:,
677:.
621:c.
520:.
318:,
314:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
202:,
198:,
189:,
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
1555:.
1518:.
1467:.
1281:.
1277::
1269::
1236::
1202:.
1173:.
619:(
405:(
237:)
218:)
206:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
