1374:(founded possibly as early as 4395 cal BC via Ubaid urbanisation and influence). The region around Susa in the southwest of modern Iran, is located right next to lower Mesopotamia, which exercised a powerful influence on Uruk and its neighbours from the 5th millennium. Susa I (4000 - 3700 BC) saw the beginning of monumental architecture on the site, with the construction of a 'High Terrace'. Susa alongside its allies is invaded and destroyed in c. 4200 BC. The city of
945:
1363:. However the early half of the 5th millennium, the Chogha Mish main monumental building was destroyed and along with it its power declined. This became known as the 'Burnt Building'. This destruction of Chogha Mish also coincided with the abandonment of some other sites on the eastern part of the Susiana plain. The settlements of the subsequent period shifted more to the west, especially with the founding and rise of the city of
1036:, suggesting a requirement for astrological, scientific, astronomical, or economical (trade) archives. This provides the earliest known example of copper smelting in the Old World, imperial-like social stratification with communal spaces, and large scale trade networks where its distinctive figurines reach as far as Western Europe. The culture ends with abandonment and conflicts circa 4200 BC.
1583:(or Djeitun) had housed settlements and had culturally united Southern Turkmenistan to Afghanistan, existing for over 2000 years already at the turn of the millennium until 4600 BC. Increasing aridity in the late Neolithic i.e., Chagylly Depe, internationally farmers increasingly grew the kinds of crops that are typically associated with irrigation in an arid environment, such as
1321:(founded circa 5000 BC), experiences a rapid increase in dominance, establishing itself beyond merely a regional power circa 4500 BC with the Eanna quarter or district first constructed. Uruk in its climb for dominance would go on to construct the Anu Ziggurat circa 4000 BC. It is these centuries of careful development which gave Uruk its legendary dominance later in the
1744:
cultures of North Asia are distinguished from the preceding
Mesolithic cultures and are far more visible as a result of the introduction of pottery from Southwards. The Afanasevan population was a mix of people descended from a mother culture of Indo Europeans in central Russia, and from people who migrated back c. 3700â3300 BCE across the
3723:"The team also dated features consistent with the planting, digging, and tethering of plants and localized drainage systems to 10,000 years ago. Mounds constructed to plant water-intolerant plants such as bananas, sugarcane, and yams are dated to about 6,500 years ago." "Was Papua New Guinea an Early Agriculture Pioneer?" By John Roach, for
1088:, the highest being 20.60 metres (67.6 ft) tall and over 330 tons and served as a site of pilgrimage and inspiration. The complex construction of such megaliths all over Europe are representative of the power of the social elite, religious clergy, direct communication over vast distances of land, and large labour forces.
2814:, increases economic growth and agricultural yield when undertaken, thus making this process vital for civilization. This is representative of economic specialisation. Settlements grow all over Peru, significant technological advancements are achieved. Evidence of architectural classes, labour force and
3759:
Matsumura, H.; Hung, H. C.; Higham, C.; Zhang, C.; Yamagata, M.; Nguyen, L. C.; Li, Z.; Fan, X. C.; Simanjuntak, T.; Oktaviana, A. A.; He, J. N.; Chen, C. Y.; Pan, C. K.; He, G.; Sun, G. P.; Huang, W. J.; Li, X. W.; Wei, X. T.; Domett, K.; Halcrow, S.; Nguyen, K. D.; Trinh, H. H.; Bui, C. H.; Nguyen,
1313:
a very large polity with transregional power with city walls, and a Tell Brak expansion beyond the mound to form a lower town. By the late 5th millennium BC, Tell Brak reached the size of c. 55 hectares. The remains of a monumental building alongside other large scale projects erected with two meters
2057:
migrants, originating ultimately from Taiwan, arrived in
Melanesia, circa 4000 BC. They settled mostly along the north coast of New Guinea and on the islands to its north and east. When they arrived, they came into contact with the much more ancient indigenous Papuan-speaking peoples. These earliest
1297:
during the Ubaid period the site extended out to an area of about 12 hectares (about 30 acres). Twelve neolithic clay tokens, the precursor to Proto-cuneiform, were found in the Ubaid levels of the site. The city was the major power at least in the first half of the 5th millennium. It would go on to
956:
spanned the years [5000 BCE - 4000 BCE) (c. 7 ka to c. 6 ka), that is, inclusive of 5000 BCE but exclusive of 4000 BCE. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological
2687:
Cultures of
Mesoamerica advance their cultivation of maize further with an introduction of maize (corn) into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia in this millennia sometimes via highways. Meanwhile, Peruvian cultures continue to advance cultivation of beans and squash circa 4000 BC. Forest clearing
2208:
More complex structures followed during a second intensive wave onwards from 4500 BC. With alignments with Sirius, Arcturus, Alpha
Centauri, and the Belt of Orion. This suggests a great academic pursuit to investigate astronomical observations, cosmology and mathematics. Fifth millennium alignments
1743:
did not have any agricultural introduction or even pastoralism in
Siberia during the central European Neolithic. Its cultures is characterized by characteristic stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin via trade despite West Eurasian genetics. However, the neolithic
1281:
experiences sporadic but controlled growth of socially stratified settlements, with communal areas, segregation of classes per quarters and complex social stratification. Increased conflict between democratic councils, large scale chiefdoms, royalties, polities and imperial-like aspirations. Large
1112:
lasts until 4550 BC. Its cultural links with
Anatolia suggest that it was the result of settlement by people from Anatolia, unlike the neighbouring cultures, which appear descended from earlier Neolithic settlement. Such migrations represent strong communication systems between large stretches of
2683:
Some estimates using the controversial method of glottochronology suggest an approximate splitting date of the Proto-Otomanguean languages at c. 4400 BC. This makes the Oto-Manguean family the language family of the
Americas with the deepest time depth, as well as the oldest language family with
2105:
is said to have a portion of its depictions dating to around 4,000 BC, which show battle scenes or skirmishes between the people in the local area. The art also includes animals and other ceremonial meanings. These scenes have been dated to up to 10,000 years old and down to 6,000 years old when
3298:
Carter, R., & Philip, G. (2010). Deconstructing the Ubaid. In R.A. Carter & G. Philip (Eds.), Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and integration in the Late
Prehistoric societies of the Middle East. (SAOC, 63) (pp. 1â22). Chicago, IL: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
1102:, which used painted pottery with Asiatic influences, superseded the first phase starting around 4500 BC. This was followed by a third wave which used stroke-ornamented ware. These elements of imports and artistic licensing represent complex cultural developments. Alongside this, the infamous
2779:
The Amazon rainforest with earlier sourced agricultural polities, experiences migrations and colonisation of these now more advanced agriculturalist chiefdoms with their permanent settlements. Conflicts with native tribes in more remote regions would have arose. Rather than being a pristine
2090:
Around the time of the 5th
Millennium BC, there was a proliferation of stone tool, plant processing and landscape modification technologies. Elaborate fish and eel traps involving channels up to three kilometres long were in use in western Victoria from about 6,500 years ago. Semi-permanent
1814:
or Pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers in India, and farmers, from the
Iranian Plateau, sharing deep ancestry with "Neolithic Iranian farmers" and other West Eurasians, and indigenous South Asian hunter-gatherers (also known as "Ancestral Ancient South Asians" AASI), distantly related to the
2204:. This is simultaneous with cultural diffusions via the Sahara (African Humid Period). A second wave of intensive construction occurred around 4800 BC where stone circles were aligned with the summer solstice, near the beginning of the rainy season emphasising a virtue of fertility.
1270:- Ubaid 4: Late Ubaid style ceramics, circa 4700 - 4200 BC. Maritime trade via the Persian Gulf peaks, connecting to Southern Iranian ports and polities. Obsidian trade is most notable with extraction and transportation to industrial style worskhops over a 170 km distance, see
2951:
in the sixteenth century. This Julian Period lasts 7,980 years until the year 3268 (current era) in the next millennium. It is a useful device for date conversions between different calendars. The date of origin has the integer value of zero in the Julian Day Count: i.e., in the
3980:
Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Cordaux, Richard; Casto, Amanda; Lao, Oscar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Moyse-Faurie, Claire; Rutledge, Robb B.; Schiefenhoevel, Wulf; Gil, David; Lin, Alice A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Oefner, Peter J.; Trent, Ronald J.; Stoneking, Mark (November 2006).
2717:
Some of the earliest known villages appear along sea coasts, specifically the Chiapas and Caribbean coasts.It is likely that the abundant sea and lagoon resources could easily support long-term, via sea travel and year-round settlements, leading people to settle first in these
1617:, bead production, use of the potter's wheel, wax making, mathematics, geometry, medicine and in advancement of economic specialisations. Glazed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed alongside direct trade from polities as far as present-day
2841:
holds large scale sedentary structures and coastal adaptation with inheritance of agricultural practices from millennia before alongside newly maize production. Experiences a sudden collapse (circa 4600 BC) resulting in a 1000-year gap within the local archaeological record.
2543:
It was formerly thought that proto-Bantu originated somewhere in the border region between Nigeria and Cameroon. However, new research revealed that was more likely the original area of Proto-Southern Bantoid, before it spread southwards into Cameroon long before Proto-Bantu
1968:. Trade and intercourse between the separated lands of Australia and Indonesia continued across the newly formed Torres Strait, whose 150 km-wide channel remained readily navigable with the chain of Torres Strait Islands and reefs affording intermediary stopping points.
2234:
forms circa 4000 BC. Cultural distinctions between the two are first observed, however Aramatian influence begins to expand throughout Upper and Middle Egypt, with trade routes of cedar from Byblos to gold and obsidian imported from Nubia representing complex social
1637:, these cultures are described as Neolithic even though farming is absent). These nomadic societies who had animal husbandry had pottery via cultural diffusion and trade of the previous millennia from Lake Baikal in Siberia and from Europe. From there spread via the
4765:
1470:
of Egypt and also seems to have affinities (e.g., the distinctive churns, or "bird vases") with early Minoan culture in Crete. Cypriot affinities are not seen, with Cyprus experiencing newcomers circa 4500 BC who arrived and introduced a new Neolithic era. This
1891:(Yellow River) basin and endured for some 2,000 years. It is believed that pigs were first domesticated there. Pottery was fired in kilns dug into the ground and then painted. Millet was cultivated. A type-site settlement for the Yangshao was established
4234:
2798:
was farmed here, as early as 4700 BCE, representing networks of trade and agricultural selective breeding, spanning over millennia. Peoples living in complex sedentary structures, along the coast of northern Peru were already eating corn by that
2761:, and through their interrelated expansion Northwards, intensive maize production and permanent settlements are formed distinguishing them from tribes and other polities. Potentially they carried with them major constituent groups of the proto-
1839:
Megaliths in South Asia are dated before 3000 BC, with recent findings dated back to 5000 BC in southern India. Cultures within central India had metallurgy, trade, payment of dues (possibly taxes or contributions to religious ceremonies) and
2834:
was used for selective clothes, representative of higher classes and economic specialisation. Priest-like roles dedicated to astronomical study and observational seasonal change in relation to Peruvian society's reliance on agriculture were
2726:, which dates between 5500 and 3500BC appearing to have been a sea resource collection and processing site. While it seems Cerro de las Conchas was only occupied seasonally, it seems likely that inland base camps were occupied year-round.
3150:
1621:
for lapis lazuli. Mehrgarh Periods II and III are also contemporaneous with an expansion of the settled populations of the borderlands at the western edge of South Asia, including the establishment of settlements like Rana Ghundai,
1594:
Increasing rapid migrations from Iran, with various waves bringing advanced metallurgy and other innovations, but it is thought that the newcomers soon blended with the Jeitun farmers. A large portion of these peoples settled in
1227:. Obsidian, cedar, advancement of the potters wheel circa 4500 BC, silver, cattle and copper trade routes for over a millennia are strengthened as a result of these expansions, between Anatolia, Iran, the Caucasus and South Iraq.
1856:
These results suggest that the European-related ancestry in Indian populations might be much older and more complex than anticipated, and might originate from the first wave of agriculturists millennia before the 5th Millennium
3486:
Anthony, D.W. (2007). "Pontic-Caspian Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies at the time of the Black Sea Flood: a small audience and small effects". In Yanko-Hombach, V.; Gilbert, A.A.; Panin, N.; Dolukhanov, P. M. (eds.).
2822:
where from 4700 BC these canals drew and transported water from springs in the Andes mountains region for immense agriculture. Use of the canals ended circa 4500 BC, representing periodic social declines and conflict between
2331:
is traded across North and Eastern Africa by the various cultures. These pieces are some of the oldest examples of pottery, made by Eurasian descended hunter-fisher-gatherers in a tradition that lasted. 5000 years since the
2192:
experiences new phase of sedentarism from prior nomadic lifestyles (circa 5000 BC). During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture, see
2032:
had done so. Regardless, both show admixture, along with other Austronesian populations outside of Taiwan, indicating varying degrees of intermarriage between the incoming Neolithic Austronesian settlers and the preexisting
2027:
of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago, representing an early phase of colonisation. These Polynesian polities did not adopt nor intermarry on a large with the Australo-Melanesians like the Austronesians in
1607:, was a bridgeway between East and West, with considerable Chinese and Iranian influence in the use of its stamp seals in the great trade routes. Lapis Lazuli was imported from mining Kingdoms in Afghanistan to workshops.
1057:
of Greece where increasing population densities are most notable. Over 400 years, Dimini imperially expands, later absorbing Sesklo culture completely before the final invasion and destruction of Sesklo ca. 4400 BC. The
1094:
from Danubian and Caucasus civilizations to Indo-European steppe cultures with social stratification and royal chiefs of their own. Considerable Danubian influence on Central European polities and cultures must also be
1509:
In the Caucasus: Settlements of the 5th millennium BC in North Caucasus attest to a material culture that was related to contemporaneous archaeological complexes in the northern and western Black Sea region like the
2776:, the Tairona, located in present-day Colombia also began to shift towards long term permanent settlements with agriculture. This shift for these two groups, gives them population advantages over other groups.
2045:
as early as the late 5th millennium BC. Immense population densities, and urbanised cultures in Taiwan and China made these early explorers and group explore what was beyond the frontier, Eastwards of coastal
2263:
with Eurasian genotype. Eurasian migrations continue onwards in some places from the rapid migrations of the previous millennia into the Sahara, representing a time of great social and economic opportunity.
2082:
Sea levels had become relatively stabilized by the time of 4500 BC around the coastlines of Australia. This occurred after several thousands of years of sea level rising, due to glaciers melting after the
2098:, which is a set of islands off the Northeast portion of Tasmania, had been inhabited since at least 33,000 BC, but the Aboriginal Tasmanians stopped living there permanently around the time of 4,000 BC.
2362:
East Between 7500 BCE and 3500 BCE, amid the Green Sahara, undomesticated central Saharan flora were farmed, stored, and cooked, and domesticated animals (e.g., Barbary sheep) were milked and managed in
1267:. The appearance of these ceramics received different dates depending on the particular sites, which have a wide geographical distribution portraying widespread trade systems and social stratification.
1190:
originating from the Mesolithic continues to be experimented upon and further alongside mathematics which is developed across all of Europe by various polities continuously through the 5th millennium.
2109:
Stone points for spears and distinct stone point technology have been found dating from 5â7 thousand years ago in Australia. Many of the early stone point technologies are specifically found in the
1253:
style ceramics was produced. This period also saw the development of extensive canal networks near major settlements. New highly developed irrigation systems, which seems to have developed first at
2317:
In the East:Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara, tumuli with megalithic monuments developed as early as 4700 BC in the Saharan region of Niger with complex theological work and
1701:
By 4000 BCE, the Tibeto-Burmese cultures had reached Nepal either directly across the Himalayas from Tibet or via Myanmar and north-east India or both. This is representative of conflicts with the
1514:(c. 4300 - 4000BC). These polities were immense economically, and pioneered copper metallurgy and trade. Constant immigration from Ubadians and from Uruk herself did play economic factors as well.
1831:
based on geographical location, however the language itself is known to have largely been native to central India as well. This melting pot of cultures peaked from the 5th millennium BC into the
1282:
scale stone masonry for public use, and organised seal estampage of international importance are associated characteristics of the era. P. Amiet sees as a 'proto-royal figure,' i.e., potentially
1136:
has close trade relations with the Mediterranean Neolithic communities of southern France, the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian peninsula and Sicily and is a major participant of the silver trade.
2238:
Diffusion of African Humid Period religions, and cultural traits Eastwards to Egypt via political, social and economical interrelated movements. Southwards migrations result in emergence of the
2087:
event. This knowledge was passed down in oral history among the Aboriginal tribes of Australia as they recalled the drastic sea level rises that ended up swallowing their once lower coastlines.
4679:
1626:, Sarai Kala, Jalilpur, and Ghaligai. The trade hub already been difficult to control due to its scale would then receive high levels of immigration from West Eurasia around 4000 BC to 3800 BC.
2696:. Despite sedentary cultures present within Mexico, typically coastal, nomadic cultures also remain with seasonal occupation, but agriculture yearly and store pits for meats i.e., El Gigante,
4051:
Friedlaender, Jonathan S.; Friedlaender, Françoise R.; Reed, Floyd A.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Kidd, Judith R.; Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Lea, Rodney A.; Loo, Jun-Hun; Koki, George (18 January 2008).
977:, is believed to have slowed and become fairly stable. It has been estimated that there were around forty million people worldwide by 5000 BC, growing to 100 million by the Middle Bronze Age
2688:
is present especially on the Gulf Coast, with the cultures of Mesoamerica, with social stratification present, workshops, stone settlements, paved roads and an extensive obsidian trade, see
3168:
2200:
Predynastic Egyptians of the 5th millennium BC pictorially represented geometric designs, with further development of mathematics, alchemy and astronomy within the polities of Egypt, see
2382:, which exstensive trade between the regions and polities. Agriculture is introduced and advanced within West Africa by Eurasian descended populations alongside sub saharan populations.
1403:
which was a major production centre in the important Obsidian trade and thus power. An intensive copper trade, connecting Europe with the East, is represented in Anatolia by sites at
4818:
3061:
PANTA RHEI: Studies on the Chronology and Cultural Development of South-Eastern and Central Europe in Earlier Prehistory Presented to Juraj PavĂșk on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday
4034:
1953:
continue to practice and advance their agricultural system. In the form of ancient irrigation systems in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, are being studied by archaeologists. The
1658:). The people lived in yurts (or gers) â tents made of hides and wood that could be disassembled and transported. Each group had several yurts, each accommodating about five people.
2846:, but within this millennium continues to rapidly spread all over South America further South, reflecting strong trade routes, diffusions of ideas and culture and social networks.
1563:
Central: A millennia after the Iranian farmer cultures had first cemented with ancestry from the Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers and middle east, (circa 6000 BC) in
2220:
thrive with trade routes connecting Egypt to Syria, the Sinai and Red Sea. Both share culturally distinctive "black-top ware". Badarian culture expands Southwards towards future
2673:
During this millennium astronomical and theological work continues to develop. Such examples synonymous with the yearly cycle and gift of maize production is the origins of the
2560:
are invented somewhere in eastern Siberia, spreading south into via trade into Japan and east into North America, where they are ancestral to the sophisticated designs of the
2617:
Native Americans in the northern Great Lakes produce copper tools, ornaments, and utensils traded throughout the Great Plains and Ohio Valley representing a high level of
4334:
Fernandes, V.; Triska, P.; Pereira, J. B.; Alshamali, F.; Rito, T.; Machado, A.; FajkoĆĄovĂĄ, Z.; Cavadas, B.; ÄernĂœ, V.; Soares, P.; Richards, M. B.; Pereira, L. (2015).
1342:
experienced repeated flooding alongside the other city states, due to continuous floods of the Euphrates within this era. Ur would later rise to great prominence in the
4442:
Vai, S.; Sarno, S.; Lari, M.; Luiselli, D.; Manzi, G.; Gallinaro, M.; Mataich, S.; HĂŒbner, A.; Modi, A.; Pilli, E.; Tafuri, M. A.; Caramelli, D.; Di Lernia, S. (2019).
3386:ĂzdoÄan, M. (2011). "Submerged sites and drowned topographies along the Anatolian coasts: An overview". In Benjamin, J.; Bonsall, C.; Pickard, C.; Fischer, A. (eds.).
2023:
Examination of mitochondrial DNA lineages shows that they have been evolving in ISEA for longer than previously believed. Ancestors of the Polynesians arrived in the
1116:
Mediterranean trade networks are long forged, with complex economical activities by polities, stretching from the Adriatic to Portugal and parts of North Africa see
3742:
1482:
Trade with Levant and external regions on an impressive scale and covering large distances starts to connect Europe with Asia on a more direct scale than before.
1502:, 500 km (310 mi) east of the other two sources. This is indicative of a very large trade circle reaching as far as the Northern Fertile Crescent and
1193:
Alongside megalithic monuments or tomb with high social and astronomical importance to polities of the era, stone circles are erected as far as France, see the
3272:
2723:
1420:
1378:
is founded circa 4000 BC, and alongside Susa begins to separate itself culturally from the West, developing the lands with its newly integrated peoples into a
3728:
2091:
collections of wooden huts on mounds also appeared in western Victoria, associated with a more systematic exploitation of new food sources in the wetlands.
4111:
2680:
The TehuacĂĄn culture (5000 BC-2300 BC) were likely Proto-Otomanguean speakers that inhabited the area of the TehuacĂĄn valley during the 5th millennium BC.
1682:
Tibetan cultures and settlements have been found mainly "in river valleys in the south and east of the country". Archaeological sites consist of those in
1763:
region. Such migrations including early Uralic Eastern migrations into North Asia from Eurasia, which started and occurred during the mid 5th millennium.
1654:
Scattered nomadic groups maintained herds of sheep, goats, horses, and camels, and conducted annual migrations to find new pastures (a practice known as
1336:
featuring signs of notable conflict during the prior Ubaid expansion. Weapons smithing, copper trade and notable temples built circa 4200 BC are present.
3574:
3289:(Eds.), Maritime interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: The evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait (pp. 33â65). Leiden: Brill.
3034:
Cucuteni in der oberen Moldau, Rumanien: die befestigte Siedlung mit bemalter Keramik von der Steinkupferzeit bis in die vollentwickelte Bronzezeit
1957:
with immense population density were an early and independent center of agriculture, with evidence of irrigation going back at least 10,000 years.
1783:. Dravidian having multiple cultural origins and development over millennia can be considered just as influential on an international scale as the
1154:. (4300 BC to 3250 BC), associated with the Windmill Hill culture, increased population density, outcompeting the West Hunter Gatherer populations.
2209:
of stele to bright stars focussed on issues of major practical importance of the era being: cattle, water, death, earth, sun, stars and theology.
2742:
The advanced Mexican agriculturalist culture and polities expanded and developed their agricultural practices for millennia now, alongside their
2266:
Proto-Berber populations migrate Northwards towards Libya resulting in increased population density and diffusion of religion, explained via the
874:
2826:
Clothing alongside social stratification is demonstrable in Peru. 6000-year-old dyed cotton fabric was discovered at the Preceramic site of
3923:
Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (19 August 2014).
2478:
Negroid hunter-gatherers, who created the Round Head rock art, adopted the culture of cattle pastoralism from incoming cattle pastoralists.
4031:
4547:
3059:
Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda (2010). "New data regarding the chronology of the Pre-Cucuteni, Cucuteni and HorodisteaâErbiceni cultures".
1412:
287:
4577:
Bostoen, Koen; Clist, Bernard; Doumenge, Charles; Grollemund, Rebecca; Hombert, Jean-Marie; Muluwa, Joseph Koni; Maley, Jean (2015).
4166:
4139:
2886:
The 5th millennium has become a start point for calendars and chronologies. The year 4750 BC is the retrospective startpoint for the
2830:. This marks the earliest recorded use of cotton worldwide. Gossypium barbadense and was domesticated by the cultures in the region.
2865:
circa 4000 bc due to an extensive dry period which would go on to last 2000 years. This may account for racial distinctions between
2489:
by Khoisan hunter-gatherer-herders, in Malawi and Zambia by considerably dark-skinned, occasionally bearded, bow-and-arrow-wielding
2273:
One subclade, now known as R1b1a2 (R-V88), is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to West Africa, such as the
1613:
in modern Pakistan was the largest urban and trade centre between East, South and West Asia. It pioneered metallurgy for millennia,
1532:
showed stronger cultural connections like similar tool kits and use of red ochre, portrays intimate and centuries-old ties with the
1140:
Trade via seafaring and ports between Western Hunter Gatherers in Ireland and cultures in Neolithic Western Europe (circa 4000 BC) (
1132:
stretches from Sicily and Calabria to the Aeolian Islands representing cultural focus on seafaring and maritime trade at this time.
4958:
966:
734:
135:
1073:. The Lyalovo culture (ca. 5000â3650 BC) has been equated with the Proto-Uralic urheimat alongside cultural relationship with the
3866:
Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014).
1080:
Megalithic constructions continue all over Western Europe, with increasing social stratification and social complexity. See the
2328:
2259:
Early 5th millennium BC, cattle herding, animal husbandry and polities within the Sahara continue to thrive, most notably the
2113:
of the northern portion of West Australia. Spear throwers or more specifically developed and used by Australian Aboriginals, '
5032:
4993:
4899:
3637:
3604:
3233:
3187:
3148:
2601:
Across the Southeastern Woodlands, starting around 4000 BC, people exploited wetland resources, creating large shell middens.
3112:
2277:, and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration from Eurasia to Africa of peoples related to the ancestors of the
4579:"Middle to Late Holocene Paleoclimatic Change and the Early Bantu Expansion in the Rain Forests of Western Central Africa"
1543:, circa 5500 BC) throughout Arabia, with adoption and integration but also contributions to these new political features.
1113:
land, political motives and a further indication of the Black Sea trade most notable of the period via seafaring and land.
5077:
931:
592:
2058:
colonisations by Austronesian people's will pale in comparison to the later more rapid and expansive waves in the great
3739:
3496:
3457:
Masson, V. M. (1992). "The Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana". In Dani, A. H.; Masson, Vadim MikhaÄlovich (eds.).
2587:
4790:
Yamaura, Kiyoshi. "The sea mammal hunting cultures of the Okhotsk Sea with special reference to Hokkaido prehistory."
3075:
3038:
Cucuteni in upper Moldova, Romania: the fortified settlement with painted pottery from the stone age to the copper age
2788:, development of terra mulata soils for fertility, construction of highways, trade routes and large complex chiefdoms.
2722:
Shell mounds in these areas are highly visible, which likely aided in their identification by scholars. Examples like
1883:
Chinese civilisation advanced in this millennium with the beginnings of three noted cultures from around 5000 BC. The
4775:
4689:
4662:
4635:
4184:
3836:
3708:
3545:
3470:
3255:
3826:
3084:]. Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (in Russian). Vol. 10. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR.
2943:
Yet another calendar starting date in the 5th millennium is Monday, 1 January 4713 BC, the beginning of the current
2853:
Lauricocha III: 4200 â 2500 BC (Andean preceramic V) begins. Chiefdoms and fish gatherer-hunter societies dominate.
490:
1716:
in the Indian subcontinent (around 3300 BC) inhabited the area before the arrival of other ethnic groups like the
1179:
Neolithic farming guilds and polities maintain a relatively fixed frontier in Northern Central Europe (modern-day
1001:
Tripolye culture) began around 4800 BC. It was centred on modern Moldova and lasted in three defined phases until
3414:
Miller, Naomi F. (1999). "Agricultural development in western Central Asia in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages".
2843:
2838:
1950:
1391:
In modern Turkey: Strong Anatolian polities counteract the balance of power from the Ubaid polities and dwaining
1150:
circa 4100 experiences rapid mass migration and settlement into the Isles. Deforestation on a momentous scale in
381:
1183:), allowing Scandinavian Hunter Gatherer polities to later develop into the Pitted Ware Culture (circa 3500 BC).
2625:
1828:
994:
791:
470:
280:
2794:
was a major trading hub in Peru (Paredones and Huaca Prieta) In connection to the trading networks to Mexico,
2639:
with stronger storm patterns result in significant rates of soil erosion. Precursors to the migrations of the
2586:
languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early
2540:
and rapid political emergence via expansion gives us a depiction of the cultural complexity of these cultures.
2689:
2644:
2110:
1044:
585:
2133:
was in the later phase of the Green Sahara, in the 6th or 5th millennium BC. It was prior to the end of the
5020:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
2359:, experience migrations and cultural diffusion across the Sahara Westwards, North and Eastwards themselves.
1768:
1019:
781:
3620:
Yang, Xiaoping (2010). "Climate Change and Desertification with Special Reference to the Cases in China".
2819:
4888:
Wozniak, Marta (2012). "Far from Aram-Nahrin: The Suryoye Diaspora Experience". In Eamer, Allyson (ed.).
1918:
1529:
1494:
have had their origins traced via elemental analysis to three sources in Southern Anatolia: Hotamis DaÄ,
1434:
1370:
The south-western part of Iran after 4400 BC restarts urbanisation, with large scale settlements such as
535:
515:
4278:
2397:
1359:
grew into its maximum size of 17 hectares in the Late Susiana period, and was dominant onwards from the
5239:
5121:
5024:
3653:
Crawford, Gary W.; Shen, Chen (1998). "The origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia".
3364:
1165:
826:
256:
190:
3851:
3325:
2608:
2464:
2428:
2344:
1792:
1575:
had resulted in increasing urbanisation and increasing social stratification. Such cultures include:
273:
4652:
4235:"Australia's Ancient Warriors: Changing Depictions of Fighting in the Rock Art of Arnhem Land, N.T."
1964:
Mesolitihic hunter-gatherers continue to dominate most parts of Indonesia. Notable cultures are the
2711:
2253:
1824:
1671:. They are culturally and genetically affiliated with the Indo-European-associated cultures of the
1238:, (5400â4700 BC), a phase limited to the extreme south of Iraq, on what was then the shores of the
1157:
3983:"Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific"
2940:
at either 18:00 on the 22nd (Jewish calendar) or 09:00 on the 23rd (Ussher-Lightfoot-Chronology).
5070:
2909:
later. It has generally been believed that the calendar was based on a heliacal (dawn) rising of
2114:
1784:
1732:
1646:
1522:
1246:
to the north. These people pioneered the growing of grains in the extreme conditions of aridity.
1151:
1147:
1023:
924:
816:
355:
351:
17:
2400:
between 4000 BCE and 1000 BCE, representative of a priest class with diffused religion from the
5218:
3592:
2948:
2448:
2389:
importations into sub saharan Africa via Eurasian descended pastoralists with the emergence of
2340:
2072:
1702:
1638:
1290:. Of the hundreds of polities and tens of important city states here are a few notable events:
1091:
1085:
806:
580:
510:
4625:
1032:(5700-4200 BC) continues cultural traits of the prior millennium. It had the earliest form of
555:
3535:
3312:
2815:
2618:
2537:
2440:
2352:
2348:
2318:
2038:
1981:
existed possibly also in East Asia (in and toward the south of East Asia) at least since the
1841:
1740:
1633:
is used of late Mesolithic cultures of Central Asia, during the 6th to 5th millennium BC (in
1517:
Such cultural elements change and are replaced, suddenly during the latter first half of the
1070:
1033:
347:
4544:
1694:. Archaeologists have found pottery and stone tools, including stone axes, chisels, knives,
1164:
occur westerwards onwards from this upheaval. Danubian civilization and culture such as the
4718:
4512:
4455:
4406:
4347:
3936:
3879:
3773:
3423:
3337:
2920:, the creation of Earth happened on 22/23 October 4004 BC. This chronology was the work of
2862:
2660:
2517:
2401:
2356:
2278:
2134:
2059:
2054:
2024:
1954:
1187:
1133:
1074:
974:
848:
719:
138:
4009:
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present, potentially interconnected with the theological and astronomical advancements in
1215:
continues into the early 5th millennium, with demographic integration of Ubaid culture by
460:
8:
2674:
2640:
2409:
2179:
1975:
1776:
1634:
1347:
1343:
1129:
1047:
cements itself as mainstream art in Europe, continuing onward from the 6th millennium BC.
602:
530:
342:
4722:
4516:
4459:
4410:
4351:
3940:
3883:
3777:
3427:
3341:
2481:
South: Red finger-painted rock art created between 4000 BC, and 200 AD, to the south of
2297:
of the more ancient, native proto-Berber peoples sometimes intermixed and alongside the
2001:
These people were in the following millennium later, largely displaced by migrations of
525:
485:
465:
5244:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5063:
4741:
4706:
4606:
4598:
4476:
4443:
4424:
4370:
4335:
4253:
4087:
4052:
3957:
3924:
3900:
3867:
3802:
3761:
3678:
3439:
3014:
2957:
2870:
2854:
2762:
2604:
2583:
2267:
2130:
1982:
1780:
1756:
1721:
1712:
peoples (not to be confused with the language) whose history predates the onset of the
1630:
1623:
1596:
1511:
1445:
1299:
1161:
1141:
917:
889:
637:
627:
337:
172:
159:
4705:
Grollemund, R.; Branford, S.; Bostoen, K.; Meade, A.; Venditti, C.; Pagel, M. (2015).
3349:
2739:
encompassing sedentary populations has been documented to have occurred by c. 4000 BC.
1260:- Ubaid 3: Tell al-Ubaid style ceramics. Traditionally, this ceramic period was dated
575:
480:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5131:
5028:
4989:
4895:
4771:
4746:
4685:
4658:
4631:
4610:
4481:
4375:
4257:
4180:
4092:
4074:
4014:
3962:
3905:
3832:
3807:
3789:
3762:"Craniometrics Reveal "Two Layers" of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia"
3704:
3682:
3670:
3633:
3600:
3541:
3492:
3466:
3251:
3229:
3206:
3085:
3041:
3006:
2917:
2898:
2887:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2636:
2502:
2490:
2475:
2333:
2227:
2189:
1922:
1832:
1788:
1709:
1698:, discs, and arrowheads, alongside engagement in ancestor worship and priest classes.
1676:
1664:
1614:
1540:
1518:
1463:
1360:
1350:
1322:
1287:
1173:
1169:
1121:
970:
894:
687:
652:
597:
440:
371:
241:
237:
227:
223:
219:
213:
203:
56:
46:
4525:
4500:
4428:
4419:
4394:
3443:
2182:), dates to approximately 4750 BCEâpossibly composed of as many as 16,000 residents.
1495:
5014:
4939:
4736:
4726:
4590:
4520:
4471:
4463:
4414:
4365:
4355:
4245:
4207:
4172:
4082:
4064:
4004:
3994:
3952:
3944:
3895:
3887:
3797:
3781:
3696:
3662:
3625:
3431:
3345:
3286:
2998:
2897:
Another traditional date is 19 July 4241 BC, marking the supposed beginning of the
2785:
2758:
2595:
2557:
2521:
2351:
cultures in the 5th millennium BC. These cultures although experiencing trade with
2282:
2260:
2231:
2217:
2194:
2117:' are believed to have become in widespread use around this time around Australia.
2029:
2002:
1884:
1472:
1467:
1438:
1109:
1099:
1059:
1054:
854:
801:
702:
692:
682:
677:
667:
662:
657:
495:
435:
428:
423:
413:
398:
327:
4943:
4853:
Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Edited by Philipp Strazny. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn
4707:"Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals"
3818:
3515:
Gronenborn, Detlef (2007). "Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe".
1160:(circa 4000 BC). Migrates southwards via the Danube eventually reaching Anatolia.
1029:
570:
5018:
4551:
4360:
4176:
4069:
4038:
3746:
3401:
3157:
Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande
3154:
3093:
2953:
2525:
2468:
2393:
2390:
2371:
2298:
2183:
2149:
1986:
1974:
peoples and tribes continue to inhabit and thrive in Melenasia. Individuals with
1965:
1878:
1852:
populations and the time of divergence between the two predated Steppe migration:
1749:
1745:
1683:
1672:
1584:
1392:
1375:
1243:
1220:
1117:
821:
712:
617:
560:
455:
408:
361:
332:
3629:
3489:
The Black Sea Flood Question: changes in coastline, climate and human settlement
2301:
deeper into the Sahara. Cultural significant elements are complex theology, red
1452:
circa 4400 BC. With concentrated settlements and elites economically focused on
811:
5116:
5111:
5106:
4711:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4467:
4032:"Genome Scans Show Polynesians Have Little Genetic Relationship to Melanesians"
3785:
2670:
evidence an extensive trade system over several millennia across North America.
2575:
2436:
2413:
2386:
2213:
2101:
Rock art in the Northern Territory of Australia, specifically from the area of
2095:
1914:
1250:
1040:
707:
697:
672:
642:
612:
607:
540:
520:
500:
475:
450:
403:
262:
4602:
4578:
4249:
3666:
3169:"Mystery of the Varna Gold: What Caused These Ancient Societies to Disappear?"
5233:
5135:
5043:
4078:
3793:
3674:
3010:
2969:
2944:
2925:
2784:, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as
2651:. Despite nomadic lifestyles in hunting seasons continuing early on from the
2460:
2431:
migrate with long distanced trade routes and large chiefdoms between Eastern
2175:
2084:
1752:
1717:
1695:
1661:
1642:
1379:
1314:
thick walls and a basalt threshold reveals a social elite of extreme prowess.
1194:
1103:
756:
632:
622:
565:
550:
545:
445:
418:
376:
168:
155:
142:
4874:
4731:
4323:. United States of America: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 21â24.
4112:"Hidden in plain sight: Indigenous Australian rock art on Sydney's doorstep"
3999:
3982:
3597:
The Archaeology of China: From the Late Palaeolithic to the Early Bronze Age
3097:
3089:
2015:
and later migrations from Central China to Southeastern Asia after adopting
1539:
In Arabia: Continuation of Ubaid economical expansion and culture(since the
1499:
1424:
4750:
4654:
Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives
4485:
4379:
4116:
4096:
4018:
3966:
3909:
3811:
3045:
2921:
2906:
2902:
2827:
2791:
2750:, an ingredient vital for urban civilization was brought to South America.
2529:
2509:
2498:
2486:
2294:
2286:
2239:
2145:
1985:. These represent seafaring, trade routes and migration from Melenasia and
1800:
1736:
1691:
1687:
1655:
1604:
1600:
1588:
1552:
1544:
1533:
1428:
1306:
1278:
1239:
1216:
1212:
1063:
907:
761:
647:
386:
209:
151:
4767:
The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000-Year History of Wealth, Greed, and Endeavor
4041:, Press Release, Temple University, 17 January 2008, accessed 19 July 2015
5098:
3925:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
3868:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
2989:
Biraben, Jean-Noël (1979). "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes".
2533:
2513:
2452:
2432:
2367:
2322:
2201:
2102:
2034:
1971:
1810:
Some Dravidian cultures formed from an admixture event between primarily
1796:
1460:
1408:
1356:
1326:
247:
117:
2374:
spanned from the savanna region to the eastern Saharan region, and from
5094:
5086:
4984:
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2013). "Introduction to Positional Astronomy".
4541:
The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies
3948:
3891:
3435:
3018:
2831:
2811:
2781:
2714:, being the first part of the Caribbean to be settled prior to 3500 BC.
2408:
may have also developed in 2000 BCE, as evidenced by depictions of the
2375:
2153:
1994:
1816:
1772:
1713:
1476:
1456:
1333:
1298:
decline in sovereignty within the 4th millennium. It is here where the
1254:
1224:
864:
751:
746:
724:
505:
312:
178:
36:
2710:
Trinidad continues from the 6th to 5th millennium onwards to hold the
1767:
Significant linguistic connections are made with the precursor to the
1395:
who were culturally assimilated around 4800 BC. Such polities include
4444:"Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara"
4304:
Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane (2017). "Pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa".
3326:"Further evidence of abrupt Holocene drowning of the Black Sea shelf"
3188:"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria"
2874:
2866:
2810:
since at least 6000 BC. For the transportation of goods and dung for
2693:
2611:
2482:
2456:
2290:
2042:
2012:
1978:
1958:
1811:
1618:
1521:, and the quality of copper metallurgy declines somewhat, during the
1416:
1310:
1066:
and increased cultural connection alongside trade routes to Anatolia.
304:
233:
199:
162:
67:
3077:
Periodizatsiia tripol'skikh poselenii, iiiâii tysiacheletie do n. e.
3002:
944:
4889:
4848:
4594:
4501:"The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara"
4395:"The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara"
2933:
2697:
2667:
2632:
2591:
2505:
cultures continue from prior millennia to dominate Southern Africa.
2306:
1930:
1903:
1888:
1668:
1610:
1564:
1503:
1483:
1464:
Jordan's vast and powerful urban polities and Bedouin-like cultures
1400:
1271:
1081:
884:
786:
776:
766:
741:
729:
366:
124:
4930:
Kitchen, K. A. (October 1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt".
4828:. University of California Santa Barbara Department of Linguistics
1675:
despite predating great eastern expansions from the steppe of the
1219:
alongside invasions by Ubaid polities. One example of violence is
2807:
2766:
2736:
2643:
lived through this climatic shift in tribes and chiefdoms in the
2579:
2565:
2528:
began to invade and expand into the south and east, engaging the
2421:
2405:
2379:
2016:
1990:
1926:
1907:
1823:
These Southern migrations into India contributed to parts of the
1404:
1180:
859:
771:
4050:
2343:
predate the African neolithic by thousands of years. A unity of
1466:. The Ghassulian culture trades and correlates closely with the
1106:
thrives, beginning circa 4600 BC to 4200 BC reflecting Kingship.
4333:
2910:
2803:
2773:
2755:
2751:
2494:
2274:
2243:
2221:
2171:
and by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC into eastern Africa.
2157:
2076:
2008:
1849:
1580:
1548:
1491:
1453:
1449:
1396:
1050:
4704:
4651:
Denham, Timothy P.; Iriarte, José; Vrydaghs, Luc (July 2016).
4576:
2802:
Peruvian advances this side of the world, in domestication of
4819:"Otomanguean historical linguistics: Exploring the subgroups"
3226:
Ancient near East V1 (Routledge History of the Ancient World)
2929:
2891:
2795:
2747:
2743:
2561:
2444:
2302:
2247:
2047:
1899:
1760:
1568:
1547:
pottery of periods 2 and 3 has been documented at site H3 in
1487:
1435:
Prior environmental devastation in the previous two millennia
1294:
1235:
879:
869:
5055:
2254:
Maghreb transfers from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic stage
2178:, situated at the southwestern edge of the Nile Delta (near
1234:- Ubaid 1, sometimes called Eridu corresponding to the city
1026:, but it left no written texts and its structure is unknown.
3211:. IX Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology. Chieti, Italy.
2857:
was one of the important mountain encampments at the time.
2735:
Significant occupation of the Colombian Caribbean coast by
2655:
these cultures also had settlements with store houses. The
2447:
agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the
2417:
2168:
2005:
1572:
1371:
1364:
1318:
1283:
393:
4803:
Ives, John W. "Dene-Yeniseian, migration and prehistory."
4336:"Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia"
3922:
3865:
3554:
2849:
Lauricocha II: 6000 â 4200 BC (Andean preceramic IV) ends.
1791:. Such influence has been explored, such examples are the
1448:
thrives, immigrating from the North into the whole of the
3130:
2937:
4140:"Ancient Sea Rise Tale Told Accurately for 10,000 Years"
3979:
3758:
1775:
language and parts of the Dravidian language to a prior
1475:
replaced the void of the collapse of the 6th millennium
1223:
a key economical hub of pottery manufacture. Another is
3855:, by Sindya N. Bhanoo, Feb. 7, 2011, The New York Times
3752:
3749:. Plant Cultures (2004-11-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
3324:
Ballard, R.D.; Coleman, D. F.; Rosenberg, G.D. (2000).
3323:
3285:
Carter, R. (2010). Pottery from H3. In R. Carter &
2148:. During this time, sub-Saharan Africa remained in the
1339:
4988:(3rd ed.). University Science Books. p. 15.
3273:
Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power
1603:, beginning just before 4000 BC contemporary with the
1231:
Its chronology within the 5th millennium consists of:
4650:
4627:
Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic
4208:"Tasmanian Aboriginal History In The Furneaux Region"
2905:. The more likely startpoint is 19 July 2781 BC, one
2890:, marking the traditional date for the foundation of
2439:
millennia before. This expansion of these set of the
2427:
Central to West:Populations and tribes spreading the
4891:
Border Terrains: World Diasporas in the 21st Century
4678:
Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (19 April 2018).
4624:
Bradshaw, Richard; Fandos-Rius, Juan (27 May 2016).
4441:
3533:
2666:
Shell ornaments and copper items at Indian Knoll in
2186:
flourishes in Lower Egypt (circa 5000 BC - 4200 BC).
1555:
which bordered the Persian Gulf, a major trade hub.
4623:
3463:
The dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 BCE
3365:"Black Sea coastal cultures: Trade and interaction"
2647:, with cultural and trade connections to the early
2079:were created sometime between 5000 BC and 3000 BC.
1961:
continued to be farmed on mass scale since 6000 BC.
1795:, a family that would have pioneered Susa, Central
1249:- Ubaid 2 occurs circa 4800â4500 BC. At that time,
4986:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
3661:(278). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 858â866.
2459:people's into West, East and North Africa, by the
2404:. Though possibly developed as early as 5000 BCE,
1399:notably having a standing army circa 4300 BC, and
1274:.Southern expansions continue Southwards to Oman.
2684:evidence of tonal contrast in the proto-language.
2520:chiefdoms split off, and expanded Eastwards from
1667:(c. 3500â2500 BCE) inhabit the regions of modern
1558:
5231:
4894:. Inter-Disciplinary Press, Oxford. p. 78.
4303:
4196:– via The University of Western Australia.
2894:, some 2,000 years before it actually happened.
2246:figure existing circa 4100 BC to 3900 BC within
4109:
3973:
3828:Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia - Google Books
2497:until 19th century CE, and in Transvaal by the
2443:may have been associated with the expansion of
1528:On the other hand, the millennia long attested
4959:"October 23, 4004 B.C.: Happy Birthday Earth!"
4956:
4498:
4392:
3825:Oxenham, Marc; Tayles, Nancy (20 April 2006).
1242:. This phase, showing clear connection to the
1022:(PIE) existed as the forerunner of all modern
5071:
4168:The past 50,000 years: An archaeological view
3824:
3220:
3218:
2598:that were once widespread throughout Eurasia.
1257:(4700â4600 BC) and rapidly spread elsewhere.
925:
281:
4677:
4164:
4053:"The Genetic Structure of Pacific Islanders"
3652:
3622:Changing Climates, Earth Systems and Society
2125:North to latitude 15° North of the Equator:
5041:
3853:DNA Sheds New Light on Polynesian Migration
3703:. Yale University Press. pp. 206â209.
3308:
2881:
2339:Although constituent groups and genetic of
2174:The earliest-known permanent settlement in
2019:to the rest of Southeast Asia and Oceania.
1844:explored within the linguistics of the era.
5078:
5064:
4983:
4244:(2). Cambridge University Press: 211â248.
3859:
3575:"Megalith from 5000 BC found in Telangana"
3514:
3215:
3058:
3040:] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
2637:Southwest and notably the Colorado Plateau
2451:and segregation of the Eurasian descended
2129:It is estimated that the beginning of the
1710:Modern Dravidian (Geographically in India)
1069:Uralic languages and cultures continue to
932:
918:
288:
274:
4740:
4730:
4524:
4475:
4418:
4369:
4359:
4318:
4086:
4068:
4008:
3998:
3956:
3899:
3801:
3450:
3208:Prehistoric Trade Routes In the Black Sea
2474:The final period (4500 - 4000 BC) of the
1053:first arises circa 4800 BC alongside the
4763:
4499:Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (2014).
4393:Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (2014).
3459:History of civilizations of Central Asia
2746:and preistlt rites of fertility brought
2449:desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BCE
2062:(also called the "Out of Taiwan" model).
1848:Indian Y-lineages are close to southern
1332:Some other polities of note are firstly
943:
27:Millennium between [5000 BCE - 4000 BCE)
5013:
4929:
4919:. Librairie Arthéme Fayard. p. 52.
4887:
3591:
3560:
3503:
3485:
3385:
3362:
3136:
3031:
2988:
2913:but that view is now being questioned.
2873:remained in the South, and the rest of
2844:Maize production originates from Mexico
1386:
14:
5232:
4914:
4846:
4025:
3456:
3413:
3390:. Oxford, UK: Oxbow. pp. 219â229.
3113:"Telling Tales in Proto-Indo-European"
3110:
3073:
2329:Dotted wavy line and wavy line pottery
2289:, with migrations continuing into the
1741:Northern and Eastern Siberian cultures
1587:, which became predominant during the
1286:, preceding the 'priest-kings' of the
5059:
4545:Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-History
4306:The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology
4232:
3695:
3394:
3205:Peev, Preslav (24â26 February 2005).
3185:
3166:
3082:Trypillia settlement periodization...
2463:. This contemporary expansion of the
2071:It is estimated that the distinctive
4816:
4764:Meredith, Martin (14 October 2014).
3619:
3416:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
3245:
3204:
1486:found in the Chalcolithic levels at
4867:
4319:Cole, Joshua; Symes, Carol (2017).
3740:Sugar cane early origins and spread
3074:Passek, Tatiana Sergeyevna (1949).
2924:, whose basis was the dates in the
2901:, as calculated retrospectively by
2744:Southern intensive trading networks
2659:begins circa 5000 BC alongside the
2256:finishing completely circa 5000 BC.
2037:Australo-Melanesian populations of
1158:First major Indo European migration
24:
4957:Bressan, David (22 October 2013).
3517:Proceedings of the British Academy
2982:
2712:Ortoiroid archaeological tradition
1787:from the 5th millennium BC to the
1459:and trade, notably importing from
25:
5256:
4567:Newman (1995), Shillington (2005)
4137:
3572:
2242:circa 4000 BC. Potential time of
1827:, having multiple variants i.e.,
1382:cultural and economic revolution.
4238:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
4110:Delaney, Brigid (23 July 2015).
3701:The Archaeology of Ancient China
2729:
2704:
2548:
2508:Importantly, circa 4500 BC, the
2493:hunter-gatherers who resided in
2106:painted continuously over time.
1799:, trade and politics within the
1703:Sino-Tibetan language expansions
4977:
4950:
4923:
4908:
4881:
4840:
4810:
4797:
4784:
4757:
4698:
4671:
4644:
4617:
4570:
4561:
4533:
4526:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003
4492:
4435:
4420:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003
4386:
4327:
4312:
4297:
4271:
4226:
4200:
4158:
4131:
4103:
4044:
3987:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3916:
3845:
3733:
3717:
3689:
3646:
3613:
3585:
3566:
3527:
3508:
3479:
3407:
3379:
3356:
3317:
3302:
3292:
3279:
3264:
3239:
3198:
3186:Daley, Jason (11 August 2016).
3167:Curry, Andrew (18 April 2016).
2765:. This is where legendary hero
2594:back into Siberia, forming the
1645:of the Eastern Baltic. See the
1168:will survive on until the late
1084:. One most notable site is the
382:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
5006:
4875:"Unnatural Histories â Amazon"
4681:Atlas of the World's Languages
4171:. Cambridge University Press.
4010:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-0145-0
3831:. Cambridge University Press.
3599:. Cambridge University Press.
3491:. Springer. pp. 245â370.
3179:
3160:
3142:
3104:
3067:
3052:
3025:
1949:The powerful chiefdoms of the
1829:Proto-South Dravidian language
1571:and migrations from southwest
1559:Central Asia (North and South)
1206:
960:
13:
1:
5085:
4944:10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172
4847:Sicoli, Mark (January 2005).
4805:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection
3534:Krishna P. Bhattarai (2009).
3350:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00108-0
2975:
2960:is 24 November 4714 BC.
2956:; the equivalent date in the
2690:Archaic period in Mesoamerica
2645:Archaic-Early Basketmaker Era
2524:chiefdoms whom in an earlier
2161:
2144:) and the desiccation of the
2138:
1934:
1892:
1769:Proto-Indo European languages
1731:The original homeland of the
1302:were said to have once dwelt.
1261:
1012:
1002:
978:
586:Neolithic Southeastern Europe
4630:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4361:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625
4177:10.1017/CHO9781107445758.005
4165:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue.
4070:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019
3760:K. T.; Reinecke, A. (2019).
3573:P, Pavan (24 October 2016).
2066:
1917:began in eastern China with
1867:
1551:and in Dosariyah in eastern
1437:may account for the lack of
1201:
1092:Long distanced Eastern trade
255:*Relative to year 2000 (
7:
5042:Suthan, Resat (2009â2014).
3630:10.1007/978-90-481-8716-4_8
2963:
2871:hunter-gatherer populations
2818:again is noticeable in the
2769:is said to have once lived.
2635:glacial runoff affects the
2467:preceded the more infamous
737: in the Gulf of Cambay
57:4th millennium BC
52:5th millennium BC
47:6th millennium BC
10:
5261:
5025:Princeton University Press
4917:A History of Ancient Egypt
4543:(1989), 9â10 (cited after
4505:Quaternary Science Reviews
4468:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1
4399:Quaternary Science Reviews
3786:10.1038/s41598-018-35426-z
2516:of Southern Cameroon, the
2357:Cushitic agrarian cultures
2053:The very earliest wave of
1989:and overall, from Western
1943:
1876:
1599:founded circa 4500BC. The
1441:sites in northern Turkey.
1166:Cucuteni-Trypillia culture
1018:, a single dialect called
995:CucuteniâTrypillia culture
827:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic
491:GumelniÈaâKaranovo culture
471:CucuteniâTrypillia culture
5130:
5093:
4250:10.1017/S0959774300001086
3667:10.1017/s0003598x00087494
3400:Vidale, Massimo, (2017).
2754:origins circa 5000 BC in
2167:, herders moved into the
2120:
1997:in the 5th millennium BC.
1819:and other East Eurasians.
1793:Elamo-Dravidian languages
1771:(circa 4500 BC), via the
1733:Indo Europeans' ancestors
1011:From about 4500 BC until
987:
104:41st century BC
101:42nd century BC
98:43rd century BC
95:44th century BC
92:45th century BC
89:46th century BC
86:47th century BC
83:48th century BC
80:49th century BC
77:50th century BC
4915:Grimal, Nicolas (1988).
4849:"Oto-Manguean Languages"
3725:National Geographic News
3595:; Chen, Xingcan (2012).
3270:Wittfogel, Karl (1981) "
3228:Routledge (31 Dec 1996)
3111:Powell, Eric A. (2019).
3032:Schmidt, Hubert (1932).
2932:. He estimated that the
2882:Calendars and chronology
2626:Shield Archaic tradition
2073:Aboriginal rock carvings
1913:Also about 5000 BC, the
1872:
1825:Proto-Dravidian language
1724:from across the border.
1317:Another major polity is
1305:One major polity of the
261:â Relative to year 1950 (
4732:10.1073/pnas.1503793112
4285:. Museum of Stone Tools
3540:. Infobase publishing.
3402:Treasures from the Oxus
2863:disappears in Argentina
2293:(circa 5000 BC) to the
1925:was established on the
1785:Indo European languages
1647:History of Central Asia
1530:ShulaveriâShomu culture
1045:agricultural revolution
1024:Indo-European languages
817:Philippine jade culture
536:ShulaveriâShomu culture
456:Cardium pottery culture
4144:scientificamerican.com
3363:Hiebert, F.T. (2001).
3246:Roux, Georges (1966).
2949:Joseph Justus Scaliger
2522:Proto-Southern Bantoid
2435:and their homeland of
2060:Austronesian expansion
1865:
1639:Dnieper-Donets culture
1086:Locmariaquer megaliths
1060:Final Neolithic period
949:
807:Jeulmun pottery period
581:Neolithic Transylvania
511:Linear Pottery culture
4965:. Scientific American
4826:linguistics.ucsb.edu/
4321:Western Civilizations
4283:stonetoolsmuseum.com/
4146:. Scientific American
4000:10.1093/molbev/msl093
3929:Nature Communications
3872:Nature Communications
2947:, first described by
2816:social stratification
2661:San Dieguito cultures
2619:social stratification
2582:in North America and
2578:languages split into
2538:social stratification
2465:NigerâCongo languages
2441:Niger-Congo languages
2429:NigerâCongo languages
2319:social stratification
2039:Island Southeast Asia
1951:Proto-Papuan polities
1877:Further information:
1854:
1842:social stratification
1585:hexaploid bread wheat
1498:, and as far east as
1188:Warren Field calendar
1055:Late Neolithic period
948:World map in 5000 BCE
947:
4583:Current Anthropology
4233:Taçon, Paul (1994).
3624:. pp. 177â187.
3388:Submerged Prehistory
3192:Smithsonian Magazine
3173:Smithsonian Magazine
2724:Cerro de las Conchas
2313:Sub-Saharan Africa:
2279:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2135:African humid period
2025:Bismarck Archipelago
1955:New Guinea Highlands
1929:estuary near modern
1421:Malatya Degirmentepe
1387:Ulterior Middle East
1300:first Kings of Sumer
1075:Comb Ceramic culture
1039:The distribution of
975:Neolithic Revolution
849:Neolithic Revolution
4792:Arctic Anthropology
4723:2015PNAS..11213296G
4717:(43): 13296â13501.
4517:2014QSRv..101...28M
4460:2019NatSR...9.3530V
4411:2014QSRv..101...28M
4352:2015PLoSO..1018625F
4308:. pp. 396â413.
4212:flinders.tas.gov.au
3941:2014NatCo...5.4689L
3884:2014NatCo...5.4689L
3778:2019NatSR...9.1451M
3563:, pp. 307â310.
3428:1999VegHA...8...13M
3342:2000MGeol.170..253B
3139:, pp. 174â182.
2997:(1). JSTOR: 13â25.
2675:Green Corn Ceremony
2641:Ancestral Puebloans
2609:Oronto northeastern
2564:and later European
2410:West African script
2391:complexly organized
2349:socially stratified
2180:Merimde Beni Salama
2160:began drying after
1976:Australo-Melanesian
1919:cultivation of rice
1635:Russian archaeology
1523:KuraâAraxes culture
1265: 5300â4700 BC
1162:Danubian migrations
1130:Stentinello culture
1064:Chalcolithic period
1020:Proto-Indo-European
971:previous millennium
603:Pengtoushan culture
556:TiszapolgĂĄr culture
531:San Ciriaco culture
343:Trihedral Neolithic
263:BP/Before "Present"
4963:History of Geology
4817:Campbell, Eric W.
4807:5 (2010): 324-334.
4550:2019-07-17 at the
4448:Scientific Reports
4214:. Flinders Council
4037:2017-11-10 at the
3949:10.1038/ncomms5689
3892:10.1038/ncomms5689
3766:Scientific Reports
3745:2009-07-06 at the
3436:10.1007/BF02042837
3153:2022-11-01 at the
2958:Gregorian Calendar
2605:Old Copper culture
2572:4000 BC - 2000 BC:
2394:pastoral societies
2268:Sahara pump theory
2131:Pastoral Neolithic
1983:Middle Paleolithic
1862:Mondal et al. 2017
1781:Upper Palaeolithic
1631:Ceramic Mesolithic
1624:Sheri Khan Tarakai
1597:Anau, Turkmenistan
1512:Leyla-Tepe culture
1446:Ghassulian culture
1429:Istanbul Fikirtepe
1419:, Elazig Tepecik,
1071:expand and migrate
1043:from the previous
950:
890:Neolithic religion
735:Marine archaeology
638:Zhaobaogou culture
628:Xinglongwa culture
338:Shepherd Neolithic
321:Neolithic cultures
5240:5th millennium BC
5227:
5226:
5034:978-1-4008-3110-4
5015:Anthony, David W.
4995:978-1-891389-85-6
4932:World Archaeology
4901:978-1-84888-117-4
4770:. PublicAffairs.
4279:"Kimberley Point"
3993:(11): 2234â2244.
3697:Chang, Kwang-chih
3639:978-90-481-8715-7
3606:978-0-521-64310-8
3234:978-0-415-01353-6
2918:Ussher chronology
2916:According to the
2899:Egyptian calendar
2888:Assyrian calendar
2861:Neolithic period
2839:Las Vegas culture
2763:Chibchan language
2653:6th millennium BC
2624:Emergence of the
2596:Yeniseian peoples
2558:Toggling harpoons
2476:Round Head Period
2402:Fertile Cresecent
2334:9th millennium BC
2305:, importation of
1923:Majiabang culture
1887:was based in the
1833:4th millennium BC
1789:1st millennium AD
1677:3rd millennium BC
1665:Afanasevo culture
1541:6th millennium BC
1519:4th Millennium BC
1477:Neolithic culture
1351:3rd millennium BC
1174:3rd millennium BC
1152:Neolithic Britain
1148:Neolithic Britain
1098:A second wave of
1062:arrives with the
954:5th millennium BC
942:
941:
895:Neolithic decline
688:Qujialing culture
653:Majiabang culture
598:Peiligang culture
461:CernavodÄ culture
441:Arzachena culture
372:Yarmukian culture
298:
297:
111:
110:
71:
40:
16:(Redirected from
5252:
5219:16th and earlier
5080:
5073:
5066:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5038:
5000:
4999:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4823:
4814:
4808:
4801:
4795:
4794:(1998): 321-334.
4788:
4782:
4781:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4734:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4363:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4072:
4048:
4042:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4002:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3863:
3857:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3756:
3750:
3737:
3731:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3411:
3405:
3404:, p. 9, Table 1.
3398:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3336:(3â4): 253â261.
3321:
3315:
3313:Chalcolithic age
3309:Suthan 2009â2014
3306:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3243:
3237:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3158:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2986:
2786:forest gardening
2759:Tequendama Falls
2649:Cochise cultures
2631:Around 5000 BC,
2588:American Indians
2261:Tenerian culture
2232:Amratian culture
2228:El Omari culture
2218:Badarian culture
2195:History of Sudan
2166:
2163:
2143:
2140:
2111:Kimberley Region
2030:Island Melanesia
2003:Eastern Eurasian
1939:
1936:
1933:, lasting until
1897:
1894:
1885:Yangshao culture
1863:
1662:Ancestors to the
1649:for more detail.
1611:Mehrgarh culture
1417:Mersin Yumuktepe
1266:
1263:
1110:Hamangia culture
1017:
1014:
1007:
1004:
983:
980:
973:, caused by the
967:world population
934:
927:
920:
875:Circular ditches
855:Animal husbandry
842:Neolithic topics
802:Khiamian culture
798:Other locations
703:Shijiahe culture
693:Longshan culture
683:Majiayao culture
678:Liangzhu culture
668:Dawenkou culture
663:Hongshan culture
658:Yangshao culture
526:PetreĆti culture
496:Hamangia culture
486:GorneĆti culture
466:CoÈofeni culture
429:Amratian culture
424:Badarian culture
414:El Omari culture
399:Faiyum A culture
367:Tahunian culture
328:Fertile Crescent
300:
299:
290:
283:
276:
250:(2.5 kaâpresent)
181:(4.2 kaâpresent)
116:Preceded by the
113:
112:
66:
35:
32:
31:
21:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5126:
5089:
5084:
5054:
5050:. Thracian Ltd.
5035:
5009:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4955:
4951:
4928:
4924:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4886:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4815:
4811:
4802:
4798:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4762:
4758:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4622:
4618:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4552:Wayback Machine
4539:Igor Kopytoff,
4538:
4534:
4497:
4493:
4440:
4436:
4391:
4387:
4346:(3): e0118625.
4332:
4328:
4317:
4313:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4108:
4104:
4049:
4045:
4039:Wayback Machine
4030:
4026:
3978:
3974:
3921:
3917:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3823:
3819:
3757:
3753:
3747:Wayback Machine
3738:
3734:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3694:
3690:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3590:
3586:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3532:
3528:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3461:. Vol. 1:
3455:
3451:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3384:
3380:
3361:
3357:
3322:
3318:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3276:(Vintage Books)
3269:
3265:
3258:
3244:
3240:
3223:
3216:
3203:
3199:
3184:
3180:
3165:
3161:
3155:Wayback Machine
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3109:
3105:
3072:
3068:
3057:
3053:
3030:
3026:
3003:10.2307/1531855
2987:
2983:
2978:
2966:
2954:Julian Calendar
2936:was created by
2884:
2732:
2707:
2657:Cochise culture
2551:
2526:Bantu expansion
2499:Vhangona people
2469:Bantu expansion
2372:Pastoral Period
2345:Eastern Sudanic
2299:Capsian culture
2235:stratification.
2184:Merimde culture
2164:
2141:
2123:
2069:
1987:South-East Asia
1966:Toalean culture
1946:
1937:
1895:
1881:
1879:Neolithic China
1875:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1777:language family
1746:Eurasian Steppe
1684:Nyingchi County
1673:Eurasian Steppe
1605:Namazga culture
1567:and north-west
1561:
1444:In the Levant:
1389:
1264:
1244:Samarra culture
1221:Tell Arpachiyah
1213:Ubaid expansion
1209:
1204:
1142:Ferriter's Cove
1128:Infamously the
1041:Venus figurines
1015:
1005:
990:
981:
963:
938:
901:
900:
899:
843:
835:
834:
833:
822:Capsian culture
736:
713:Neolithic Tibet
618:Dadiwan culture
576:VuÄedol culture
561:Usatovo culture
481:DudeÈti culture
409:Merimde culture
362:Qaraoun culture
333:Heavy Neolithic
322:
294:
253:
196:
191:BlyttâSernander
148:
127:
107:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5258:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5060:
5053:
5052:
5039:
5033:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4994:
4976:
4949:
4922:
4907:
4900:
4880:
4866:
4839:
4809:
4796:
4783:
4776:
4756:
4697:
4690:
4670:
4663:
4643:
4636:
4616:
4603:10.1086/681436
4595:10.1086/681436
4589:(3): 354â384.
4569:
4560:
4532:
4491:
4434:
4385:
4326:
4311:
4296:
4270:
4225:
4199:
4185:
4157:
4130:
4102:
4043:
4024:
3972:
3915:
3858:
3844:
3837:
3817:
3751:
3732:
3716:
3709:
3688:
3645:
3638:
3612:
3605:
3584:
3579:Times of India
3565:
3553:
3546:
3526:
3507:
3498:978-9402404654
3497:
3478:
3471:
3449:
3422:(1â2): 13â19.
3406:
3393:
3378:
3355:
3330:Marine Geology
3316:
3301:
3291:
3278:
3263:
3256:
3238:
3214:
3197:
3178:
3159:
3141:
3129:
3103:
3066:
3051:
3024:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2836:
2824:
2800:
2789:
2777:
2772:Alongside the
2770:
2740:
2731:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2629:
2628:circa 4500 BC.
2622:
2615:
2602:
2599:
2576:Dene-Yeniseian
2569:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2532:tribes of the
2506:
2479:
2472:
2437:Central Africa
2425:
2414:Ikom monoliths
2387:Venus figurine
2383:
2364:
2360:
2337:
2326:
2311:
2310:
2309:and dentistry.
2271:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2236:
2225:
2214:Tasian culture
2206:
2205:
2198:
2187:
2172:
2165: 4000 BC
2142: 3500 BC
2122:
2119:
2096:Furneaux Group
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2051:
1999:
1998:
1969:
1962:
1945:
1942:
1938: 3300 BC
1915:Hemudu culture
1896: 4700 BC
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1821:
1820:
1765:
1764:
1718:Tibeto-Burmans
1707:
1706:
1699:
1696:spindle-whorls
1680:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1627:
1608:
1592:
1581:Jeitun culture
1560:
1557:
1473:Sotira culture
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1361:6th millennium
1354:
1337:
1330:
1327:Uruk Expansion
1323:4th millennium
1315:
1303:
1288:4th millennium
1251:Hadji Muhammed
1229:
1228:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1172:or very early
1170:4th millennium
1155:
1145:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1107:
1096:
1089:
1078:
1067:
1051:Dimini culture
1048:
1037:
1027:
1016: 2500 BC
1009:
1006: 3000 BC
989:
986:
982: 1600 BC
969:growth of the
962:
959:
940:
939:
937:
936:
929:
922:
914:
911:
910:
903:
902:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
832:
831:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
796:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
732:
727:
717:
716:
715:
710:
708:Yueshi culture
705:
700:
698:Baodun culture
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
673:Songze culture
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
643:Hemudu culture
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
613:Cishan culture
610:
608:Beixin culture
605:
600:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
541:Sesklo culture
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Ozieri culture
518:
513:
508:
503:
501:Kakanj culture
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
476:Danilo culture
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:Butmir culture
448:
443:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Tasian culture
401:
391:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
345:
340:
335:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
308:
307:
296:
295:
293:
292:
285:
278:
270:
267:
266:
252:
251:
245:
231:
217:
207:
185:
184:
183:
182:
176:
166:
130:
129:
121:
120:
109:
108:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
74:
72:
63:
62:
60:
59:
54:
49:
43:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5257:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5122:4th and later
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5011:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4870:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4779:
4777:9781610394604
4773:
4769:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4691:9781317851097
4687:
4684:. Routledge.
4683:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4664:9781315420998
4660:
4657:. Routledge.
4656:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4637:9780810879928
4633:
4629:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4557:
4556:A Mighty Tree
4553:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4188:
4186:9781107011557
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4161:
4145:
4141:
4138:Upton, John.
4134:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:PLOS Genetics
4054:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3840:
3838:9780521825801
3834:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3729:June 23, 2003
3726:
3720:
3712:
3710:0-300-03784-8
3706:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3547:9781438105239
3543:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3472:92-3-102719-0
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3257:9780140208283
3253:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:Kurt, Amélie
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2993:(in French).
2992:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2970:Northgrippian
2968:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2945:Julian Period
2941:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:Old Testament
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:ancient sites
2790:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:South America
2727:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:The Caribbean
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:North America
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:Sahara desert
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:occurs among
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:Hierakonpolis
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:Younger Dryas
2080:
2078:
2074:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:Repin culture
1751:
1748:from the pre-
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:Narva culture
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1381:
1380:Proto-Elamite
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:Overall, the
1275:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1196:
1195:Carnac stones
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:Varna culture
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:proto-writing
1031:
1030:Vinca culture
1028:
1025:
1021:
1010:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
985:
976:
972:
968:
958:
955:
946:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
915:
913:
912:
909:
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757:Chopani Mando
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639:
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634:
633:Xinle culture
631:
629:
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623:Houli culture
621:
619:
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587:
584:
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572:
571:VinÄa culture
569:
567:
566:Varna culture
564:
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559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Tisza culture
549:
547:
546:Sopot culture
544:
542:
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532:
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517:
516:Malta Temples
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446:Boian culture
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420:
419:Maadi culture
417:
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397:
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392:
388:
387:Ubaid culture
385:
383:
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377:Halaf culture
375:
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33:
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5163:
5134: /
5097: /
5047:
5044:"Historical"
5019:
4985:
4979:
4967:. Retrieved
4962:
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4825:
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4282:
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4261:. Retrieved
4241:
4237:
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4216:. Retrieved
4211:
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4190:. Retrieved
4167:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4143:
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4117:The Guardian
4115:
4105:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4027:
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3587:
3578:
3568:
3561:Anthony 2010
3556:
3536:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3504:Anthony 2010
3488:
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3462:
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3266:
3248:Ancient Iraq
3247:
3241:
3225:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3181:
3172:
3162:
3144:
3137:Anthony 2010
3132:
3120:. Retrieved
3116:
3106:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3037:
3033:
3027:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2942:
2922:James Ussher
2915:
2907:Sothic cycle
2903:Eduard Meyer
2896:
2885:
2852:
2828:Huaca Prieta
2721:
2571:
2554:
2530:Palaeolithic
2514:Nyong rivers
2487:Orange River
2353:Afro-Asiatic
2341:Nilo-Saharan
2312:
2295:Chalcolithic
2287:Palaeolithic
2240:Butana Group
2207:
2150:Palaeolithic
2146:Green Sahara
2124:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2070:
2055:Austronesian
2000:
1912:
1902:near modern
1882:
1855:
1847:
1822:
1805:
1766:
1737:Palaeolithic
1726:
1708:
1692:Qamdo County
1688:Medog County
1656:transhumance
1601:Anau culture
1589:Chalcolithic
1562:
1553:Saudi Arabia
1538:
1527:
1516:
1508:
1481:
1443:
1433:
1390:
1307:Ubaid period
1279:Ubaid period
1276:
1269:
1259:
1248:
1240:Persian Gulf
1233:
1230:
1127:
998:
964:
953:
951:
908:Chalcolithic
812:JĆmon period
648:Daxi culture
254:
189:
188:
152:Greenlandian
134:
133:
51:
29:
5007:Works cited
4877:. BBC Four.
4859:30 November
4832:30 November
4454:(1): 3530.
4289:25 November
4263:25 November
4218:25 November
4192:25 November
4150:25 November
3935:(1): 4689.
3878:(1): 4689.
3772:(1): 1451.
3375:(1): 11â20.
3287:H. Crawford
3250:. Penguin.
3117:Archaeology
2820:Zaña Valley
2607:thrives in
2518:Proto-Bantu
2453:Paleolithic
2433:West Africa
2398:West Africa
2368:West Africa
2355:stratified
2202:Nabta Playa
2190:Upper Egypt
2169:Nile Valley
2103:Arnhem Land
2035:Paleolithic
1797:Mesopotamia
1779:during the
1722:Indo-Aryans
1479:in Cyprus.
1409:Beycesultan
1357:Chogha Mish
1325:during the
1207:Mesopotamia
1100:the culture
1095:considered.
961:Communities
394:Nile valley
348:Pre-Pottery
248:Subatlantic
204:10.3â â9â ka
193:stages/ages
118:Pleistocene
5234:Categories
4969:2 November
4938:(2): 205.
4855:. Academia
4063:(1): e19.
3465:. UNESCO.
3369:Expedition
3122:3 November
2991:Population
2976:References
2855:Lauricocha
2832:Indigo dye
2812:fertiliser
2782:wilderness
2376:Mauritania
2307:ovicaprids
2154:grasslands
1995:South Asia
1979:phenotypes
1972:Melanesian
1921:, and the
1817:Andamanese
1773:Eurasiatic
1714:Bronze Age
1500:Nemrut DaÄ
1457:metallurgy
1425:NorĆuntepe
1334:Tepe Gawra
1255:Choga Mami
1225:Tepe Gawra
965:The rapid
957:analysis.
865:Metallurgy
792:Brahmagiri
752:Kalibangan
747:Rakhigarhi
725:Lahuradewa
720:South Asia
506:Khirokitia
313:Mesolithic
179:Meghalayan
145:(official)
5245:Millennia
5087:Millennia
4611:129501938
4511:: 28â35.
4405:: 28â35.
4258:162983574
4079:1553-7404
3794:2045-2322
3683:162486123
3675:0003-598X
3655:Antiquity
3098:22401126M
3011:0032-4663
2875:Argentina
2867:Patagonia
2823:polities.
2694:Gheo-shih
2612:Wisconsin
2584:Yeniseian
2483:Kei River
2471:of later.
2457:Neolithic
2291:Neolithic
2283:Natufians
2152:. As the
2067:Australia
2043:Melanesia
2013:Neolithic
1959:Sugarcane
1868:East Asia
1812:Neolithic
1801:Ubaid era
1629:The term
1619:Badakshan
1534:Halafians
1496:GöllĂŒ DaÄ
1468:Amratians
1439:Neolithic
1393:Samarrans
1311:Tell Brak
1217:Halafians
1202:West Asia
1122:Neolithic
885:Megaliths
851:(farming)
305:Neolithic
234:Subboreal
214:9â7.5â ka
200:Preboreal
68:Centuries
37:Millennia
5048:Anatolia
5017:(2010).
4751:26371302
4558:, 2011).
4548:Archived
4486:30837540
4429:54923700
4380:25738654
4340:PLOS ONE
4097:18208337
4035:Archived
4019:16923821
3967:25137359
3910:25137359
3812:30723215
3743:Archived
3699:(1986).
3523:: 73â98.
3444:53965048
3151:Archived
3090:27000780
3063:: 71â94.
2964:See also
2934:universe
2835:present.
2737:polities
2698:Honduras
2668:Kentucky
2633:Holocene
2592:Beringia
2555:4130 BC:
2544:emerged.
2115:Woomeras
2050:herself.
1931:Shanghai
1889:Huang He
1860:â
1850:European
1806:South:
1669:Xinjiang
1565:Pakistan
1504:Anatolia
1484:Obsidian
1461:Southern
1413:Canhasan
1401:Hamoukar
1272:Hamoukar
1134:Sardinia
1082:timeline
787:Mundigak
782:Burzahom
777:Koldihwa
767:Daimabad
742:Bhirrana
730:Mehrgarh
220:Atlantic
125:Holocene
4742:4629331
4719:Bibcode
4513:Bibcode
4477:6401177
4456:Bibcode
4407:Bibcode
4371:4349752
4348:Bibcode
4088:2211537
3958:4143916
3937:Bibcode
3901:4143916
3880:Bibcode
3803:6363732
3774:Bibcode
3593:Liu, Li
3424:Bibcode
3338:Bibcode
3046:4942033
3019:1531855
2928:of the
2808:alpacas
2767:Bochica
2580:Na-Dene
2566:whalers
2536:. Such
2503:Khoisan
2491:Akafula
2422:Nigeria
2406:Nsibidi
2380:Red Sea
2378:to the
2285:in the
2156:of the
2017:farming
2009:farmers
1991:Oceania
1944:Oceania
1927:Yangtze
1908:Shaanxi
1755:of the
1750:Yamnaya
1735:in the
1727:North:
1641:to the
1615:tanning
1591:period.
1405:Hacilar
1181:Germany
1118:economy
860:Pottery
772:Chirand
242:2.5â ka
173:4.2â ka
171:(8.236â
18:5000 BC
5031:
4992:
4898:
4774:
4749:
4739:
4688:
4661:
4634:
4609:
4601:
4484:
4474:
4427:
4378:
4368:
4256:
4183:
4123:1 June
4095:
4085:
4077:
4017:
3965:
3955:
3908:
3898:
3835:
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3800:
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3636:
3603:
3544:
3495:
3469:
3442:
3254:
3232:
3096:
3088:
3044:
3017:
3009:
2911:Sirius
2869:whose
2804:llamas
2774:Muisca
2756:Soacha
2752:Muisca
2718:areas.
2510:Sanaga
2495:Malawi
2370:: the
2363:Libya.
2275:Fulani
2244:Osiris
2158:Sahara
2121:Africa
2077:Sydney
2011:since
1739:, the
1690:, and
1549:Kuwait
1492:Israel
1454:copper
1450:Levant
1427:, and
1397:Mersin
1376:Anshan
988:Europe
880:Henges
762:Jhukar
436:Europe
210:Boreal
160:8.236*
139:stages
4822:(PDF)
4607:S2CID
4599:JSTOR
4425:S2CID
4254:S2CID
3679:S2CID
3537:Nepal
3440:S2CID
3236:p. 22
3080:[
3036:[
3015:JSTOR
2930:Bible
2892:Assur
2799:time.
2796:maize
2748:maize
2562:Inuit
2534:Congo
2445:Sahel
2420:, in
2385:West:
2323:Egypt
2303:ochre
2248:Egypt
2176:Egypt
2075:near
2048:China
1904:Xi'an
1900:Banpo
1873:China
1761:Volga
1569:India
1545:Ubaid
1488:Gilat
1295:Eridu
1236:Eridu
870:Wheel
593:China
228:5â ka
156:11.7*
128:Epoch
5214:15th
5209:14th
5204:13th
5199:12th
5194:11th
5189:10th
5029:ISBN
4990:ISBN
4971:2019
4896:ISBN
4861:2023
4834:2023
4772:ISBN
4747:PMID
4686:ISBN
4659:ISBN
4632:ISBN
4482:PMID
4376:PMID
4291:2023
4265:2023
4220:2023
4194:2023
4181:ISBN
4152:2023
4125:2019
4093:PMID
4075:ISSN
4015:PMID
3963:PMID
3906:PMID
3833:ISBN
3808:PMID
3790:ISSN
3705:ISBN
3671:ISSN
3634:ISBN
3601:ISBN
3542:ISBN
3493:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3252:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3124:2019
3086:OCLC
3042:OCLC
3007:ISSN
2806:and
2692:and
2574:The
2512:and
2485:and
2455:and
2418:Ikom
2281:and
2230:and
2094:The
2041:and
2006:rice
1720:and
1579:The
1573:Asia
1372:Susa
1365:Susa
1348:late
1319:Uruk
1284:Enki
1186:The
1120:and
993:The
952:The
303:The
143:ages
5184:9th
5179:8th
5174:7th
5169:6th
5164:5th
5159:4th
5154:3rd
5149:2nd
5144:1st
5132:BCE
5117:3rd
5112:2nd
5107:1st
4940:doi
4737:PMC
4727:doi
4715:112
4591:doi
4521:doi
4509:101
4472:PMC
4464:doi
4415:doi
4403:101
4366:PMC
4356:doi
4246:doi
4173:doi
4083:PMC
4065:doi
4005:hdl
3995:doi
3953:PMC
3945:doi
3896:PMC
3888:doi
3798:PMC
3782:doi
3663:doi
3626:doi
3521:144
3432:doi
3346:doi
3334:170
3299:p.2
2999:doi
2938:God
2590:in
2416:at
2412:on
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2366:In
1993:to
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