Thirty-nine Articles

1825: 53: 2386:, which is condemned as "repugnant to the plain words of Scripture". Instead, the articles declare that there is no change in the substance of the bread and wine. Rather, participants are fed the body of Christ by the Holy Spirit and through faith. The articles declare that "The offering of Christ once made is the perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction for all the sins of the whole world". This was meant as a repudiation of the idea that the Mass was a sacrifice in which Christ was offered for the forgiveness of sins for the living and the dead in purgatory, and 593: 2539:). The only doctrinal documents agreed upon in the Anglican Communion are the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed of AD 325, and the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral. Beside these documents, authorised liturgical formularies, such as Prayer Book and Ordinal, are normative. The several provincial editions of Prayer Books (and authorised alternative liturgies) are, however, not identical, although they share a greater or smaller amount of family resemblance. No specific edition of the Prayer Book is therefore binding for the entire Communion. 1688: 2528:, which incorporates Articles VI, VIII, XXV, and XXXVI in its broad articulation of fundamental Anglican identity. In other circumstances they delineate the parameters of acceptable belief and practice in proscriptive fashion. The Articles continue to be invoked today in the Anglican Church. For example, in the ongoing debate over homosexual activity and the concomitant controversies over episcopal authority, Articles VI, XX, XXIII, XXVI, and XXXIV are regularly cited by those of various opinions. 3196:. The article on the Eucharist defines the real presence in these terms: "First, that in the most blessed Sacrament of the Altar, by the strength and efficacy of Christ's mighty word, it being spoken by the priest, is present really, under the form of bread and wine, the natural body and blood of Our Saviour Jesu Christ, conceived of the Virgin Mary, and that after the consecration there remaineth no substance of bread and wine, nor any other substance but the substance of Christ, God and man". 2441: 4529: 3016:, pp. 257–258: "Most notoriously, took it upon himself to improve the wording of both the Ten Commandments and the Lord’s Prayer. He wanted the final petition of the latter to read 'and suffer us not to be led into temptation' (rather than 'lead us not into temptation'). And he amended the First Commandment ('Thou shalt have none other gods but me') to read 'Thou shalt not have nor repute any other God, or gods, but me Jesu Christ.'" 2094: 392: 1913:. Denial of any of the other articles was punished by hanging or life imprisonment. Married priests had until 12 July to put away their wives, which was likely a concession granted to give Archbishop Cranmer time to move his wife and children outside of England. After the act's passage, bishops Latimer and Shaxton, outspoken opponents of the measure, were forced to resign their dioceses. The Act of Six Articles was repealed by the 4618: 1304: 2317:. They state that the church, under Scripture, has authority over matters of faith and order. General councils of the church can only be called with the permission of the civil authority. It is possible for church councils to reach the wrong decisions, so they should only be followed if their actions align with Scripture. 2381:

is "most agreeable with the institution of Christ" and should continue to be practised in the church. In the Lord's Supper, participants become partakers of the body and blood of Christ and receive the spiritual benefits of Christ's death on the cross. According to the articles, this partaking should

2339:

is disapproved of in favour of the vernacular. The articles state that no person should preach publicly or administer the sacraments unless they are called and authorised by legitimate church authority. This was meant to counter the radical Protestant belief that a Christian could preach and act as a

1975:

also endorsed traditional views of the mass, transubstantiation, confession, and Church ceremonies. The traditional seven sacraments were all included without any distinction in importance made between them. It was taught that the second commandment did not forbid images but only "godly honour" being

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prefixed a royal declaration to the articles, which demands a literal interpretation of them, threatening discipline for academics or churchmen teaching any personal interpretations or encouraging debate about them. It states: "no man hereafter shall either print or preach, to draw the Article aside

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are signs of divine grace which God works invisibly but effectively in people's lives. Through sacraments, God creates and strengthens the faith of believers. The radical Protestant belief that sacraments are only outward signs of a person's faith is denied by the articles. While the Catholic Church

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In the end, the missing sacraments were restored but placed in a separate section to emphasize "a difference in dignity and necessity." Only baptism, the Eucharist and penance were "instituted of Christ, to be as certain instruments or remedies necessary for our salvation". Confirmation was declared

1983:

moved away from traditional teaching was on prayer for the dead and purgatory. It taught that no one could know whether prayers or masses for the dead benefited an individual soul, and it was better to offer prayers for "the universal congregation of Christian people, quick and dead". People were

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Some of them are the very same that are contained in the Creed; some others of them are practical truths, which come not within the proper list of points or articles to be believed; lastly, some of them are pious opinions or inferior truths, which are proposed by the Church of England to all her

1900:

Over the next month, these questions were argued in Parliament and Convocation with the active participation of the King. The final product was an affirmation of traditional teachings on all but the sixth question. Communion in one kind, compulsory clerical celibacy, vows of chastity and votive

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The influence of the Articles on Anglican thought, doctrine and practice has been profound. Although Article VIII itself states that the three Catholic creeds are a sufficient statement of faith, the Articles have often been perceived as the nearest thing to a supplementary confession of faith

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which were drafted by Cranmer and a small group of fellow Protestants. The title page claimed that the articles were approved by Convocation when in reality they were never discussed or adopted by the clerical body. They were also never approved by Parliament. The articles were issued by Royal

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The Thirty-nine Articles were intended to establish, in basic terms, the faith and practice of the Church of England. While not designed to be a creed or complete statement of the Christian faith, the articles explain the doctrinal position of the Church of England in relation to Catholicism,

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Meanwhile, England was in religious turmoil. Impatient Protestants took it upon themselves to further reform – some priests said mass in English rather than Latin and married without authorisation (Archbishop Cranmer was himself secretly married). Protestants themselves were divided between

4621: 1020:", while the last five articles dealt with "laudable ceremonies used in the Church". This division reflects how the Articles originated from two different discussions earlier in the year. The first five articles were based on the Wittenberg Articles negotiated between English ambassadors 2507:

was agreeable to Scripture and that they would not preach in contradiction to it. Since 1975, clergy are required to acknowledge the Articles as one of the historic formularies of the Church of England that bear witness to the faith revealed in Scripture and contained in the creeds. The

1984:

encouraged to "abstain from the name of purgatory, and no more dispute or reason thereof". Presumably, the hostility towards purgatory derived from its connection to papal authority. The King's own behavior sent mixed signals. In 1540, he allowed offerings for the souls of deceased

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and would unreservedly agree with Dean Litton's assessment that (quoted by Dean Paul Zahl, in his work 'The Protestant Face of Anglicanism'), 'The Anglican Church, if she is to be judged by the statements of the Articles, must be ranked among the Protestant Churches of Europe.'

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in 1570. That act destroyed any hope of reconciliation with Rome and it was no longer necessary to fear that Article 29 would offend Catholic sensibilities. The Articles, increased to Thirty-nine, were ratified by the Queen, and the bishops and clergy were required to assent.

1901:

masses were a legitimate form. Protestants achieved a minor victory on auricular confession, which was declared "expedient and necessary to be retained" but not required by divine law. In addition, although the real presence was affirmed in traditional terminology, the word

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in 1552. It was in this document that Calvinist thought reached the zenith of its influence in the English Church. These articles were never put into action, owing to Edward VI's death and the reversion of the English Church to Catholicism under Henry VIII's elder daughter,

1161:, which had been a central concern of medieval religion, was placed in the non-essential articles. On the question of its existence, the Ten Articles were ambiguous. They stated, "the place where be, the name thereof, and kind of pains there" was "uncertain by scripture". 2524:

possessed by the Anglican tradition. In Anglican discourse, the Articles are regularly cited and interpreted to clarify doctrine and practice. Sometimes they are used to prescribe support of Anglican comprehensiveness. An important concrete manifestation of this is the

1971:) it was only faith that justified. However, Henry would not be persuaded, and the text was amended to read that faith justified "neither only nor alone". It also stated that each person had free will to be "a worker ... in the attaining of his own justification". The 2603:

The Thirty-Nine Articles define the biblically derived summations of precise Christian doctrine. The Thirty-Nine Articles are more than minimally assented to; they are believed wholeheartedly. In earlier times English and Irish evangelicals would have read Cranmer,

1908:

The Act of Six Articles became law in June 1539, which, unlike the Ten Articles, gave the Six Articles statutory authority. Harsh penalties were attached to violations of the Articles. Denial of transubstantiation was punished by burning without an opportunity to

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The articles went through at least five major revisions prior to their finalisation in 1571. The first attempt was the Ten Articles in 1536, which showed some slightly Protestant leanings – the result of an English desire for a political alliance with the German

2036:

and the creation of a concise doctrinal statement, which would become the Forty-two Articles. Work on a doctrinal statement was delayed by Cranmer's efforts to forge a doctrinal consensus among the various Protestant churches to counter the work of the Catholic

2044:

In late 1552 the first edition of the confession was produced in the form of the Forty-Five Articles that Cranmer submitted for comment and revision, and which were approved by Parliament in June of 1553 by which time their number had been reduced to the

2580:(Latin: middle path or middle way) between the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church on the one hand, and those of the Lutheran and Reformed churches on the other hand, thus giving the Church of England a unique middle-of-the-road position. The 3123:, p. 273: The committee was headed by Cromwell, the vicegerent, and the bishops included Cranmer and his Protestant allies – Latimer, Goodrich, Salcot – and their traditionalist counterparts Lee, Tunstall, Clerk and Robert Aldrich of Carlisle. 2367:. The five rites called sacraments by Catholics are identified in the articles as either corrupted imitations of the Apostles (confirmation, penance and extreme unction) or as "states of life allowed in the Scriptures" (holy orders and marriage). 499:

in 1570. These positions began with the Ten Articles in 1536, and concluded with the finalisation of the Thirty-nine articles in 1571. The Thirty-nine articles ultimately served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related to

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In the Church of England, only clergy (and until the 19th century members of Oxford and Cambridge Universities) are required to subscribe to the Articles. Starting in 1865, clergy affirmed that the doctrine contained in the Articles and the

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in 1595. These did not replace the Thirty-nine Articles but were meant to officially align Article 17 to Calvinist theology. The Queen was unwilling to alter her religious settlement and refused to assent to these new articles.

1742:) allowed by the English Church. Stokesley considered these customs to be essential because the Greek Church practised them. As the King was unwilling to break with these practices, the Germans had all left England by 1 October. 1008:

in July 1536 as the English Church's first post-papal doctrinal statement. The Ten Articles were crafted as a rushed interim compromise between conservatives and reformers. Historians have variously described it as a victory for

2071:

to revise the articles. Convocation passed only 39 of the 42, and Elizabeth reduced the number to 38 by throwing out Article 29 to avoid offending her subjects with Catholic leanings. In 1571, despite the opposition of Bishop

2649:

of the 19th century. The stipulations of Articles XXV and XXVIII were regularly invoked by evangelicals to oppose the reintroduction of certain beliefs, customs, and acts of piety with respect to the sacraments. In response,

1130:, stating that "under the form and figure of bread and wine ... is verily, substantially and really contained the very self-same body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ". This definition was acceptable to those who held to 1670:

In August 1537, it was presented to the King who ordered that parts should be read from the pulpit every Sunday and feast day. Nevertheless, the King was not entirely satisfied and took it upon himself to make a revised

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in continental Europe. A series of defining documents were written and replaced over a period of thirty years as the doctrinal and political situation changed from the excommunication of Henry VIII in 1533, to the

2066:

and the reunion of the Church of England with the Catholic Church, the articles were never enforced. However, after Mary's death, they became the basis of the Thirty-nine Articles. In 1563, Convocation met under

1936:, which Henry VIII had never liked. The committee's membership included both traditionalists and reformers, but the former held the majority. Convocation began discussing the revised text in April 1543. The 4947: 2592:

any way, but shall submit to it in the plain and Full meaning thereof: and shall not put his own sense or comment to be the meaning of the Article, but shall take it in the literal and grammatical sense."

1350:

preserved the semi-Lutheranism of the Ten Articles, and the articles on justification, purgatory, and the sacraments of baptism, the Eucharist and penance were incorporated unchanged into the new book.

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was expressed so adroitly in the Articles that some Anglican scholars have labelled their content as an early example of the idea that the doctrine of Anglicanism is one of "Reformed Catholicism".

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and declares that Christians may serve in the military. It rejects the Anabaptist teaching that the property of Christians should be held in common, but it does explain that Christians should give

2050:

Mandate on 19 June 1553. All clergy, schoolmasters and members of the universities were required to subscribe to them. The theology of the articles has been described by some as a "restrained"

539:

Finally, upon the coronation of Elizabeth I and the re-establishment of the Church of England as separate from the Catholic Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion were initiated by the

1726:

and others were not won over by these Protestant arguments and did everything they could to avoid agreement. They were willing to separate from Rome, but their plan was to unite with the

3052:, pp. 215–216: The English delegation included Cranmer, as chairman, and Nicholas Heath for the Protestant side. The conservatives included Bishops Sampson and Stokesley along with 1441:

adopted the Jewish tradition of separating these commandments. While allowing images of Christ and the saints, the exposition on the second commandment taught against representations of

560:. Although not the end of the struggle between Catholic and Protestant monarchs and citizens, the book helped to standardise the English language, and was to have a lasting effect on 4940: 1445:

and criticised those who "be more ready with their substance to deck dead images gorgeously and gloriously, than with the same to help poor Christian people, the quick and lively

992:'s break with Rome inaugurated a period of doctrinal confusion and controversy as both conservative and reforming clergy attempted to shape the church's direction, the former as " 490:

by the monarch (himself), rather than the pope. At this point, he needed to determine what its doctrines and practices would be in relation to the Church of Rome and the new

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It is a good and charitable deed to pray for the dead. However, the doctrine of purgatory is biblically uncertain. Abuses related to purgatory, such as the claim that papal

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Kirby, Torrance (2009). "The Articles of Religion of the Church of England (1563/71), commonly called the Thirty-Nine Articles.". In Mühling, Andreas; Opitz, Peter (eds.).

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noted that the committee had not agreed on anything and proposed that the Lords examine six controversial doctrinal questions that became the basis of the Six Articles:

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only acknowledged baptism and the Eucharist. The others divided along party lines. The conservatives were at a disadvantage because they found it necessary to appeal to

1765:

that the King desired religious uniformity. A committee of four conservative and four reformist bishops was appointed to examine and determine doctrine. On 16 May, the

2404:. It states that traditions and ceremonies in the church may vary by time and place; national churches can alter or abolish traditions created by human authority. The 970: 2599:

of the Church has claimed to take the Articles at face value, and to regard them as of utmost importance. In 2003, evangelical Anglican clergyman Chris Pierce wrote:

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and not with the Protestants on the continent. The bishops also refused to eliminate what the Germans considered abuses (e.g. private masses for the dead, compulsory

1605: 4541: 4973: 2245:, so that no one can be required to believe any doctrine that cannot be proved on the basis of biblical teaching. The articles acknowledge the authority of the 2261:

is not part of Scripture. While not a basis of doctrine, the Apocrypha continues to be read by the church for moral instruction and examples for holy living.

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is, however, free to adopt and authorise its own official documents, and the Articles are not officially normative in all Anglican Churches (neither is the

1533: 632: 1675:, which, among other proposed changes, weakened the original's emphasis on justification by faith. This revised version was never published. Because the 1967:

was totally rejected. Cranmer tried to save the doctrine by arguing that while true faith was accompanied by good works (in other words, faith was not

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During the reign of Elizabeth I, a "Calvinist consensus" developed within the church regarding the doctrines of salvation. Article 17 only endorsed

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to be spent on works of charity instead of masses. At the same time, however, he required the new cathedral foundations to pray for the soul of

4652: 1609: 1585: 1422: 963: 4429: 4365: 2574:, the articles are a revealing window into the ethos and character of Anglicanism, in particular in the way the document works to navigate a 1699:. In May 1538, three Lutheran theologians from Germany – Franz Burchard, vice-chancellor of Saxony; Georg von Boineburg, doctor of law; and 346: 2291:). They also reject the radical Protestant teaching that a person could be free from sin in this life. The articles address the doctrine of 1944:

to use its formal title, was more traditional than the 1537 version and incorporated many of the King's own revisions. It was approved by a

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would follow, not precede, justification. However, the Lutheran influence was diluted with qualifications. Justification was attained "by

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Images can be used as representations of virtue and good example and also to remind people of their sins but are not objects of worship.

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Hall, Basil (1993b). "Cranmer, the Eucharist and the Foreign Divines in the Reign of Edward VI". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.).

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was never authorised by the Crown or Convocation, the Ten Articles remained the official doctrinal standard of the Church of England.

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The Articles also defended the use of a number of Catholic rituals and practices opposed by Protestants, such as kissing the cross on

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are said to contain correct doctrine and should be read in church. The articles also defend the ordination rites contained in the

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establishment reformers who held Lutheran beliefs upholding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and radicals who held

1177: 5148: 4978: 4452: 4340: 4177: 4125: 4080: 4040: 4014: 3991: 3970: 3946: 3925: 936: 487: 420: 2465: 2076:, Article 29 was re-inserted, declaring that the wicked do not eat the Body of Christ. This was done following the queen's 1718:

The Germans presented, as a basis of agreement, a number of articles based on the Lutheran Confession of Augsburg. Bishops

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of bishops and high-ranking clergy for further theological discussion in February 1537. This synod produced a book called

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made adherence to the Articles a requirement for holding civil office in England until its repeal in 1828. Students at

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given to them. Looking at images of Christ and the saints "provoked, kindled and stirred to yield thanks to Our Lord".

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Redworth, Glyn (2011). "A Study in the Formulation of Policy: The Genesis and Evolution of the Act of Six Articles".

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However, what the Articles truly mean has been a matter of debate in the Church since before they were issued. The

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princes. The next revision was the Six Articles in 1539 which swung away from all reformed positions, and then the

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of Jesus Christ. This is a departure from other doctrinal statements of the 16th and 17th centuries such as the

467:), as well as by denominations outside of the Anglican Communion that identify with the Anglican tradition (see 5178: 5173: 5009: 4901: 4611: 4101: 3735: 1653: 1577: 1573: 1489: 659: 654: 561: 496: 246: 5153: 4834: 4784: 4661: 4638: 4312:"A Look across the Pond - A brief analysis of the status of the evangelical Anglicanism in the US and Canada" 2525: 2041:. When this proved impossible, Cranmer turned his attention to defining what the Church of England believed. 1410: 1016:

The first five articles dealt with doctrines that were "commanded expressly by God, and are necessary to our

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Marshall, Peter (2017b). "Settlement Patterns: The Church of England, 1553–1603". In Milton, Anthony (ed.).

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The Book of Common Prayer: 1662 Version (includes Appendices from the 1549 Version and Other Commemorations)

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was even more explicitly Protestant. To make the English Church fully Protestant, Cranmer also envisioned a

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Fearful of diplomatic isolation and a Catholic alliance, Henry VIII continued his outreach to the Lutheran

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A Commentary on the Thirty-nine Articles: Forming an Introduction to the Theology of the Church of England

4373: 3956: 2571: 17: 1004:. In an attempt "to establish Christian quietness and unity", the Ten Articles were adopted by clerical 5168: 4829: 4692: 2496: 2220: 1777: 4925: 4995: 2554:, adapted the Thirty-nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century. The resulting 2242: 1017: 760: 413: 294: 2018:, in 1547. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a stronger Protestant identity. The 5158: 3057: 2605: 2453: 2424:. It rejects all claims to the Pope's jurisdiction in England. It defends the state's right to use 2304: 1960:

officially replaced the Ten Articles as the official doctrinal statement of the Church of England.

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sons, as not to be opposed; not as essentials of Faith necessary to be believed by all Christians

1354:

When the synod met, conservatives were still angry that four of the traditional seven sacraments (

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An Act for abolishing of Diversity of Opinions of certain Articles concerning Christian Religion.

1645: 1287: 1215: 1142:. More controversially for the reformers, the Articles maintained penance as a sacrament and the 1119:". In other words, good works were "necessarily required to the attaining of everlasting life". 445:), finalised in 1571, are the historically defining statements of doctrines and practices of the 218: 4431:

A Review of the State of the Question respecting the Admission of Dissenters to the Universities

4236:. Vol. 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–62. 4729: 4605: 2370: 2332: 2272: 2228: 2097: 1256: 1072: 1029: 1013:

and a success for Catholic resistance. Its provisions have also been described as "confusing".

765: 4442: 4115: 3915: 3902: 3175: 4774: 4259: 4147: 4032: 3936: 2845: 2296: 2276: 1985: 1837: 1829: 1805: 1727: 1711:– arrived in London and held conferences with English bishops and clergy at the archbishop's 1478: 1185: 1151: 1112: 1084: 916: 750: 740: 556: 455: 376: 372: 185: 165: 152: 130: 117: 79: 1253:

Saints are to be honoured as examples of life and as furthering the prayers of the faithful.

5163: 5122: 5043: 4916: 4855: 4702: 4697: 4682: 4583: 2588: 2288: 2224: 1918: 1641: 1521: 873: 406: 368: 274: 230: 52: 36: 3896:. Vol. Part 1 AD 1514–1547 (4th ed.). London, Oxford, and Cambridge: Rivingtons. 1952:

in having been issued under the King's authority. It was also statutorily enforced by the

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in 1543, which re-established most of the earlier Catholic doctrines. During the reign of

8: 5017: 4989: 4969: 4802: 4769: 4687: 4561: 4477:. Vol. Band 2/1, 1559–1563. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag. pp. 371–410. 4286: 4278: 4135: 3872: 3053: 2543: 2469: 2387: 2374: 2347: 2336: 1696: 1691:

One of the final drafts of the Six articles (1539), amended in King Henry VIII's own hand

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and is necessary for salvation, even in the case of infants. It condemns the opinions of

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to the poor and needy. It also defends the morality of oath-taking for civic purposes.

2425: 2411: 2383: 2258: 2246: 2046: 2009: 1700: 1629: 1469: 1131: 1037: 813: 795: 690: 677: 592: 521: 460: 330: 310: 125: 67: 5127: 4566: 4253: 3959:(1988). "Tradition, Fathers, and Councils". In Sykes, Stephen; Booty, John E. (eds.). 1992:. Perhaps because of the uncertainty surrounding this doctrine, bequests in wills for 5112: 4896: 4891: 4739: 4707: 4600: 4511: 4499: 4448: 4447:. Vol. 1: The Reformation to the 19th Century. Leiden: Brill. pp. 234–246. 4346: 4336: 4296: 4268: 4237: 4216: 4195: 4173: 4151: 4121: 4097: 4076: 4055: 4036: 4010: 4003: 3987: 3966: 3942: 3921: 3876: 3797: 3746: 3428: 2651: 2509: 2492: 2406: 2397: 1731: 1719: 1497: 1204: 1139: 1135: 1052: 989: 533: 446: 290: 250: 113: 71: 62: 2209:

The Thirty-nine Articles can be divided into eight sections based on their content:

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whether the Eucharist could be the true body of Christ without transubstantiation,

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rejected the traditional Catholic numbering of the Ten Commandments, in which the

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were even mentioned (baptism, the Eucharist and penance). The Articles affirm the

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When Parliament re-convened in April 1540, a committee was formed to revise the

1378:, which violated Cromwell's instructions that all arguments refer to scripture. 4712: 4405:

A theological introduction to the Thirty-nine articles of the Church of England

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were permitted as arguably relieving the pain of departed souls in purgatory.

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The Reformation of the Church of England: Its History, Principles and Results

2629: 2488: 2440: 2373:(or the gift of new life), membership in the church, forgiveness of sins and 2241:: These articles state that Holy Scripture contains everything necessary for 2073: 1581: 1553: 1513: 1414: 1275: 1241: 1033: 700: 491: 140: 1180:

was permitted but people were to be taught not to kneel before them or make

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To the disappointment of conservatives, only three of the traditional seven

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has a similar declaration for its clergy, while some other churches of the

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The Thirty-nine Articles were finalised in 1571, and incorporated into the

278: 180: 169: 156: 4350: 4277:. Tract No 90 of Tracts for the Times. J.G.F. & J. Rivington. p. 5092: 5087: 5077: 3798:"The King's Declaration Prefixed to the Articles of Religion (Nov. 1628)" 2547: 2457: 2328: 2300: 2081: 1798: 1545: 1537: 1509: 1473: 1359: 1223: 1211: 1173: 1076: 1021: 1010: 993: 258: 144: 44: 1278:, is good and laudable. However, none of these has power to forgive sin. 5049: 4955: 4534: 2617: 2551: 2284: 2110: 1747: 1465: 1450: 1323: 1282: 1267: 1219: 1147: 1108: 1104: 1001: 843: 525: 475: 234: 148: 4093:

English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors

2787: 1808:(that is, confession to a priest) was necessary as part of divine law. 5072: 2658:

attempted to show that the 39 Articles could be read according to an

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used by the Church of England, and feature in parts of the worldwide

254: 3256:(Thomas Barthelet, King's Printer, London 1543), full page views at 2913:(Thomas Berthelet, cum privilegio, London 1537), full page views at 2279:

in Christ). They reject the medieval Catholic teachings on works of

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views denying real presence. In May 1539, a new Parliament met, and

1318:

The failure of the Ten Articles to settle doctrinal controversy led

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On the Thirty Nine Articles: A Conversation with Tudor Christianity

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Our Inheritance of Faith: A Commentary on the Thirty Nine Articles

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to salvation and was silent on whether God predestined people for

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minister on his own initiative in defiance of church authorities.

2295:—that "Predestination to life is the everlasting purpose of God". 1285:

or masses for the dead offered at certain localities (such as the

1083:

and accepting into God's favour – was through "the only mercy and

2460:; however, most of the bishops and leading churchmen believed in 2360: 1993: 1303: 1291:

mass) can deliver immediately from purgatory, are to be rejected.

1262:

The observance of various rites and ceremonies, such as clerical

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were still expected to sign up to them until the passing of the

1157:

Articles six to ten focused on secondary issues. Significantly,

3377: 2676: 2063: 1910: 1880: 1461: 1227: 1143: 486:, he began the reform of the Church of England, which would be 4465:

The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England Explained...

4172:. Issue 241 of Everyman's library. David Campbell Publishers. 3497: 3463: 3461: 2215:: The first five articles articulate the doctrine of God, the 4001:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (1997).

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can make a person worthy to receive justification (congruous

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because they express Scriptural teaching. It states that the

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Anglican Teaching: An Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles

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Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation

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This view has never been held by the whole church. In 1643,

1237:, with confession and absolution, is necessary to salvation. 4372: 3610: 3608: 3533: 3458: 3314: 3102: 2826: 2793: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2429: 1453:, which would become a feature of the English Reformation. 997: 222: 3331: 3329: 3131: 3129: 2973: 2971: 2377:

are all received through baptism. The articles state that

2299:, the belief that God has also predestined some people to 1942:

The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for Any Christian Man

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The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for Any Christen Man

3211: 3199: 3090: 3078: 3063: 2983: 2944: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2725: 2723: 2335:. In addition, the Catholic practice of using Latin as a 2313:: These articles explain the nature and authority of the 2000:

and masses fell by half what they had been in the 1520s.

1080: 3656: 3620: 3605: 3593: 3545: 3509: 3263: 2768: 1472:, some of whom were later involved with translating the 1247:

Justification is by faith, but good works are necessary.

4274:

Remarks on Certain Passages in the Thirty-nine Articles

3832: 3365: 3326: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3235: 3223: 3158: 3156: 3126: 3060:. Bishop Tunstall was involved in negotiations as well. 3019: 2968: 2932: 2892: 2814: 2382:

not be understood in terms of the Catholic doctrine of

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Significantly, the doctrine of justification by faith

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has long been printed with the Thirty-nine Articles.

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Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism

3485: 3404: 3353: 3275: 3031: 2799: 2735: 2645:This divergence of opinion became overt during the 2323:: These articles condemn the Catholic teachings on 2182:

29. Of the Wicked which eat not the Body of Christ.

1040:. This doctrinal statement was itself based on the 4358:Wilson, William Gilbert; Templeton, J. H. (1962). 4139: 4002: 3844: 3820: 2693: 2346:: These articles explain the Church of England's 2321:Articles 22–24: Errors to be avoided in the Church 2231:, which begin with the doctrine of revelation and 1423:prohibition on making and worshiping graven images 1207:are the basis and summary of true Christian faith. 4660: 3441: 1456:The list of the 46 divines as they appear in the 5140: 4000: 3386: 2687: 4357: 3761:"Thirty-Nine Articles, or Articles of Religion" 3467: 1794:whether clerical celibacy should be compulsory, 1259:is permitted, and holy days should be observed. 4567:Audio version of the 39 Articles in MP3 format 3917:Documents of the English Reformation 1526-1701 2558:remain an official doctrinal statement of the 2468:minority emerged to challenge this consensus, 4941: 4646: 4584:Anglican Communion resources relating to the 4366:Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge 4285: 4023: 4005:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3539: 3503: 3072: 2546:which deleted the Athanasian Creed. Earlier, 2542:A revised version was adopted in 1801 by the 2520:never required subscription to the Articles. 1386:in imitation of what they had read about the 1091:, promised freely unto us for his Son’s sake 964: 414: 4551:Articles of Religion of the Episcopal Church 4444:A Companion to Anglican Eucharistic Theology 2480:The Thirty-nine Articles are printed in the 2418:Articles 37–39: Christians and Civil Society 2394:Articles 32–36: The Discipline of the Church 2311:Articles 19–21: The Church and its Authority 2062:Edward died in 1553. With the coronation of 2003: 1905:itself did not appear in the final version. 1791:needed to be observed as part of divine law, 1397:also included expositions on the creed, the 1071:. The core doctrine in the Ten Articles was 849:History of the Puritans under King Charles I 453:. The Thirty-nine Articles form part of the 4537:has original text related to this article: 3866: 1776:whether it needed to be given to the laity 1366:) had been excluded from the Ten Articles. 1032:and German Lutheran theologians, including 4948: 4934: 4653: 4639: 4165: 4134: 3347: 3217: 3205: 3096: 3084: 3049: 2989: 2950: 2926: 2874: 2781: 2714: 2267:: These articles discuss the doctrines of 1956:. Because of its royal authorisation, the 971: 957: 791:History of the Puritans under King James I 591: 421: 407: 4229: 4009:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 3867:Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David, eds. (1993). 3722: 2632:laid out a broader view of the Articles: 2422:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 2166:21. Of the Authority of General Councils. 1801:were required (legitimate) by divine law, 746:History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I 449:with respect to the controversies of the 4481: 4412: 4401: 4208: 3955: 3900: 3838: 3784: 3371: 3335: 3320: 3308: 3241: 3229: 3135: 3120: 3108: 3025: 3013: 2977: 2938: 2898: 2832: 2820: 2762: 2729: 2439: 2092: 1954:Act for the Advancement of True Religion 1686: 1437:'s church at Zurich, the authors of the 1302: 1128:real presence of Christ in the Eucharist 4440: 4423: 3979: 2702: 2303:, is not endorsed by the articles and 2170:23. Of Ministering in the Congregation. 2133:6. Of the Sufficiency of the Scripture. 2025:authorised a reformed liturgy, and the 1427:Thou shalt have no other gods before me 1310:headed the committee that authored the 1295: 1199:In summary, the Ten Articles asserted: 1075:. Justification – which was defined as 14: 5141: 4461: 4325: 4309: 4267: 4186: 3983:Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction 3850: 3826: 3186:from the original on 12 September 2018 3147: 2531:Each of the 44 member churches in the 2396:: The articles defend the practice of 2331:, the use of religious images and the 2275:(salvation is a gift received through 2239:Articles 6–8: Scripture and the Creeds 2235:as the source of knowledge about God. 1682: 1240:That the body and blood of Christ are 1047:The five principal doctrines were the 983: 5010:Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau 4929: 4634: 4622:The Ten Articles and The Six Articles 4601:Original text in Latin and in English 4484:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 4472: 4462:Gibson, Edgar Charles Sumner (1908). 4250: 4089: 4049: 3934: 3889: 3869:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3527: 3515: 3491: 3479: 3452: 3425:Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar 3422: 3398: 3296: 3281: 3269: 3162: 3037: 3001: 2962: 2886: 2808: 2741: 2487:and other Anglican prayer books. The 2176:26. Of the Unworthiness of Ministers. 2157:18. Of obtaining Salvation by Christ. 2014:Henry VIII was succeeded by his son, 1924: 1326:in spirituals, to convene a national 4588:, including the articles of religion 4263:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4110: 3913: 3410: 3359: 2192:34. Of the Traditions of the Church. 2172:24. Of speaking in the Congregation. 2161:20. Of the Authority of the Church. 1425:was part of the first commandment, " 1332:The Institution of the Christian Man 834:Arminianism in the Church of England 564:and elsewhere through its wide use. 524:were written under the direction of 4720:Harmony of the Confessions of Faith 4295:(2nd ed.). London: SCM Press. 4068: 3909:. Vol. 2. Oxford: J.H. Parker. 2359:, the articles recognise only two: 2155:17. Of Predestination and Election. 1409:. These were greatly influenced by 628:Convocations of Canterbury and York 24: 4608:adopted by the US Episcopal Church 4394: 4380:. Concordia Publishing House. 2000 4166:MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ed. (1999). 4117:Reformation in Britain and Ireland 3808:from the original on 28 April 2022 2856:from the original on 3 August 2018 2147:13. Of Works before Justification. 381:North American Anglican Conference 25: 5200: 4871:Baptist Affirmation of Faith 1966 4866:New Hampshire Confession of Faith 4520: 4413:Boultbee, Thomas Pownall (1877). 4233:The Oxford History of Anglicanism 4031:. Vol. 2 Book 3. Edinburgh: 2911:The Institution of A Christen Man 2565: 2407:First and Second Book of Homilies 2213:Articles 1–5: The Doctrine of God 2196:36. Of Consecrating of Ministers. 1917:during the reign of Henry's son, 942:History of the Anglican Communion 869:History of the Puritans from 1649 5184:History of the Church of England 5037:Crypto-Catholic or Crypto-Papist 4861:1689 Baptist Confession of Faith 4851:1644 Baptist Confession of Faith 4616: 4542:Thirty-nine Articles of Religion 4527: 4257:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3907:The Works of Archbishop Bramhall 2435: 2265:Articles 9–18: Sin and Salvation 2151:15. Of Christ alone without Sin. 2123:1. Of Faith in the Holy Trinity. 1823: 585:History of the Church of England 504:doctrine and Catholic practice. 435:Thirty-nine Articles of Religion 390: 51: 5029:Individuals with hidden beliefs 5020:(Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist) 5004:(Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist) 4780:Westminster Confession of Faith 4475:Reformierte Bekenntnisschriften 3965:. London: SPCK/Fortress Press. 3790: 3753: 3728: 3416: 3247: 3168: 3114: 3043: 3007: 2904: 2838: 2202:39. Of a Christian man's Oath. 2188:32. Of the Marriage of Priests. 2149:14. Of Works of Supererogation. 2127:3. Of his going down into Hell. 1948:on 6 May and differed from the 1946:special meeting of the nobility 1413:'s primer (an English-language 1382:to have been introduced by the 567: 227:Medieval cathedral architecture 201:First seven ecumenical councils 4902:Kansas City Statement of Faith 4402:Bicknell, Edward John (1919). 4182:– via Church of England. 2516:make no such requirement. The 2344:Articles 25–31: The Sacraments 2057: 715:Elizabethan Church (1558–1603) 660:Dissolution of the Monasteries 562:religion in the United Kingdom 497:excommunication of Elizabeth I 247:Dissolution of the monasteries 13: 1: 5189:Reformed confessions of faith 4835:Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral 4785:Westminster Shorter Catechism 4662:Reformed confessions of faith 4192:The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 3736:"Institution of an Incumbent" 3176:"The Act of the Six Articles" 2665: 2526:Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral 2350:. According to the articles, 2200:38. Of Christian men's Goods. 2190:33. Of Excommunicate Persons. 2186:31. Of Christ's one Oblation. 1449:". Such teachings encouraged 1146:'s authority to grant divine 437:(commonly abbreviated as the 339:Anglican Consultative Council 88:Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral 5149:16th-century Christian texts 5061:Movements within Catholicism 4968:Movements predating Luther: 4790:Westminster Larger Catechism 4593:Facsimile of a 1762 printing 3387:Cross & Livingstone 1997 2688:Cross & Livingstone 1997 2670: 2139:9. Of Original or Birth-sin. 2125:2. Of Christ the Son of God. 1370:argued for all seven, while 786:James I and religious issues 623:Religion in Medieval England 469:Continuing Anglican movement 365:Continuing Anglican movement 361:Other Anglican Denominations 324:Anglican Communion Primates' 27:Anglican doctrinal statement 7: 4624:public domain audiobook at 4120:. Oxford University Press. 4090:Haigh, Christopher (1993). 4054:. Gilead Books Publishing. 3941:. New York: Chelsea House. 3914:Bray, Gerald Lewis (2004). 3871:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: 3468:Wilson & Templeton 1962 2375:adoption as children of God 1138:, but it clearly condemned 827:Caroline period (1625–1649) 779:Jacobean period (1603–1625) 10: 5205: 4693:French Confession of Faith 4574:, text of the 1571 version 4029:The Reformation in England 3935:Brown, Stephen F. (2009). 3890:Blunt, John Henry (1878). 3859: 2497:Oxford University Act 1854 2400:and the church's power of 2088: 2007: 1979:The one area in which the 1812:United Kingdom legislation 316:Anglican Communion history 5105: 5060: 5028: 4996:Diet of Regensburg (1541) 4961: 4914: 4879: 4843: 4812: 4757: 4748: 4668: 4580:Church of England website 4496:10.1017/S0022046900031900 4215:. Yale University Press. 3920:. James Clarke & Co. 2641:under pain of damnation. 2198:37. Of Civil Magistrates. 2180:28. Of the Lord's Supper. 2153:16. Of Sin after Baptism. 2004:Forty-two Articles (1553) 1891: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1859: 1846: 1836: 1822: 1817: 1429:". In agreement with the 1192:was permitted as long as 543:, under the direction of 4562:The Ten Articles of 1536 4209:Marshall, Peter (2017). 3962:The Study of Anglicanism 2850:reformationhenryviii.com 2570:According to theologian 2135:7. Of the Old Testament. 1388:practice of the Apostles 1270:, bearing of candles on 1203:The Bible and the three 1095:, and the merits of his 932:Disestablishmentarianism 801:Hampton Court Conference 618:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 549:Archbishop of Canterbury 520:, Henry VIII's son, the 320:Archbishop of Canterbury 5123:Evangelical Catholicism 5118:High Church Lutheranism 4678:Tetrapolitan Confession 4441:Douglas, Brian (2011). 4436:. London: John Cochran. 3901:Bramhall, John (1842). 3725:, pp. 56 & 60. 2560:United Methodist Church 2137:8. Of the Three Creeds. 2129:4. Of his Resurrection. 1799:private (votive) masses 647:Reformation (1509–1559) 633:Development of dioceses 397:Christianity portal 219:Augustine of Canterbury 4974:Renaissance evangelism 4730:Conclusions of Utrecht 4612:Irish Articles of 1615 4468:Methuen & Company. 4310:Pierce, Chris (2003). 4142:Thomas Cranmer: A Life 4050:Davie, Martin (2013). 4025:d'Aubigné, J. H. Merle 3980:Chapman, Mark (2006). 2643: 2623: 2449: 2412:1549 and 1552 Ordinals 2273:justification by faith 2229:Westminster Confession 2174:25. Of the Sacraments. 2101: 1692: 1342:being synonymous with 1315: 1073:justification by faith 766:Marprelate Controversy 761:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 655:Reformation Parliament 611:Middle Ages (597–1500) 211:Background and history 5179:Christian terminology 5174:Book of Common Prayer 4775:Westminster Standards 4586:Book of Common Prayer 4374:"Wittenberg Articles" 4260:Catholic Encyclopedia 4251:Moyes, James (1913). 4194:. Oxford Paperbacks. 4148:Yale University Press 4033:Banner of Truth Trust 3743:Book of Common Prayer 3427:. The Boydell Press. 2794:"Wittenberg Articles" 2634: 2601: 2505:Book of Common Prayer 2484:Book of Common Prayer 2462:double predestination 2446:Book of Common Prayer 2443: 2297:Double predestination 2143:11. Of Justification. 2131:5. Of the Holy Ghost. 2117:Thirty-nine Articles 2096: 2029:Book of Common Prayer 2021:Book of Common Prayer 1986:Knights of the Garter 1830:Parliament of England 1690: 1479:Book of Common Prayer 1306: 1274:, giving of ashes on 1186:Mary, mother of Jesus 917:Bangorian Controversy 885:Book of Common Prayer 807:Book of Common Prayer 751:Vestments controversy 741:The Books of Homilies 724:Book of Common Prayer 684:Book of Common Prayer 671:Book of Common Prayer 557:Book of Common Prayer 456:Book of Common Prayer 377:Congress of St. Louis 373:Bartonville Agreement 131:Book of Common Prayer 5154:1563 in Christianity 4917:Subordinate standard 4820:Thirty-nine Articles 4703:Heidelberg Catechism 4698:Three Forms of Unity 4683:Helvetic Confessions 4606:Revised 1801 version 4578:Articles of Religion 4572:Articles of Religion 4378:Christian Cyclopedia 4136:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 3765:The Episcopal Church 3677:, pp. 526, 529. 2627:Archbishop of Armagh 2556:Articles of Religion 2348:sacramental theology 2333:invocation of saints 2283:and that performing 2225:Helvetic Confessions 2194:35. Of the Homilies. 1460:included all of the 1188:, and all the other 1000:" and the latter as 874:Westminster Assembly 731:Thirty-nine Articles 492:Protestant movements 439:Thirty-nine Articles 369:Anglican realignment 231:Apostolic succession 110:Ministry and worship 76:Thirty-nine Articles 5018:Liturgical struggle 4990:Six Articles (1539) 4970:Proto-Protestantism 4803:Book of Confessions 4770:Negative Confession 4688:Consensus Tigurinus 4595:from the above site 4408:. London: Longmans. 4254:"Anglicanism" 4096:. Clarendon Press. 3802:history.hanover.edu 3749:. 2004. p. 24. 3629:, pp. 485–486. 3617:, pp. 468–470. 3602:, pp. 464–466. 3518:, pp. 230–232. 3323:, pp. 288–289. 3272:, pp. 160–161. 3111:, pp. 269–270. 2929:, pp. 187–188. 2877:, pp. 185–186. 2846:"Ten Articles 1536" 2835:, pp. 238–239. 2544:US Episcopal Church 2518:US Episcopal Church 2470:Archbishop Whitgift 2388:Unlimited atonement 2337:liturgical language 2118: 2034:reform of canon law 1715:through September. 1697:Schmalkaldic League 1683:Six Articles (1539) 1470:Doctors of Divinity 1184:to them. Prayer to 1167:masses for the dead 1163:Prayer for the dead 1042:Augsburg Confession 984:Ten Articles (1536) 922:Evangelical Revival 736:Convocation of 1563 541:Convocation of 1563 451:English Reformation 347:Ordination of women 239:English Reformation 215:Celtic Christianity 4887:Cambridge Platform 4797:Confession of 1967 4735:Barmen Declaration 4725:Helvetic Consensus 4269:Newman, John Henry 4069:Guy, John (1990). 3665:, p. 500–503. 3554:, p. 370-372. 2639:necessitate medii, 2533:Anglican Communion 2514:Anglican Communion 2450: 2426:capital punishment 2384:transubstantiation 2184:30. Of both kinds. 2159:19. Of the Church. 2145:12. Of Good Works. 2116: 2102: 2047:Forty-two Articles 2010:Forty-two Articles 1903:transubstantiation 1804:whether auricular 1734:, and withholding 1701:Friedrich Myconius 1693: 1630:William Buckmaster 1476:and compiling the 1334:(popularly called 1316: 1132:transubstantiation 1038:Philip Melanchthon 937:Prayer Book Crisis 814:King James Version 796:Millenary Petition 691:Forty-two Articles 678:Edwardine Ordinals 522:Forty-two Articles 461:Anglican Communion 331:Lambeth Conference 311:Anglican Communion 126:King James Version 68:Christian theology 5169:Anglo-Catholicism 5136: 5135: 5113:Anglo-Catholicism 5101: 5100: 5044:Crypto-Protestant 4923: 4922: 4910: 4909: 4897:Saybrook Platform 4892:Savoy Declaration 4880:Congregationalist 4856:Keach's Catechism 4740:Belhar Confession 4708:Belgic Confession 4454:978-90-04-21930-4 4342:978-1-4472-4128-7 4335:. Pan Macmillan. 4287:O'Donovan, Oliver 4179:978-1-85715-241-8 4127:978-0-19-928015-5 4082:978-0-19-285213-7 4042:978-0-85151-487-1 4016:978-0-19-211655-0 3993:978-0-19-157819-9 3972:978-0-8006-2087-5 3948:978-1-60413-112-3 3927:978-0-227-17239-1 3873:The Boydell Press 3747:Church of Ireland 3506:, pp. 11–12. 3180:tudorplace.com.ar 2652:John Henry Newman 2550:, founder of the 2510:Church of Ireland 2493:Oxford University 2398:clerical marriage 2207: 2206: 2168:22. Of Purgatory. 2141:10. Of Free-Will. 2069:Archbishop Parker 1898: 1897: 1875:Other legislation 1818:Act of Parliament 1732:clerical celibacy 1707:of the church in 1498:Cuthbert Tunstall 1419:The Bishops' Book 1348:The Bishops' Book 1336:The Bishops' Book 1257:Praying to saints 1244:in the Eucharist. 1233:The sacrament of 1212:remission of sins 1205:ecumenical creeds 1140:sacramentarianism 1136:sacramental union 1053:ecumenical creeds 990:Church of England 981: 980: 598:Westminster Abbey 447:Church of England 431: 430: 291:Anglo-Catholicism 251:Church of England 80:Books of Homilies 72:Anglican doctrine 16:(Redirected from 5196: 5053: 5040: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5005: 5002:Augsburg Interim 4982: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4825:Lambeth Articles 4765:Scots Confession 4755: 4754: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4620: 4619: 4531: 4515: 4478: 4469: 4458: 4437: 4435: 4420: 4409: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4369: 4354: 4322: 4316: 4306: 4282: 4264: 4256: 4247: 4226: 4205: 4183: 4161: 4145: 4131: 4107: 4086: 4065: 4046: 4020: 4008: 3997: 3976: 3952: 3931: 3910: 3903:"Schism Guarded" 3897: 3886: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3482:, pp. 5, 8. 3477: 3471: 3465: 3456: 3450: 3439: 3438: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3258:Internet Archive 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3061: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2915:Internet Archive 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2766: 2760: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2662:interpretation. 2597:evangelical wing 2537:Athanasian Creed 2474:Lambeth Articles 2357:seven sacraments 2255:Athanasian Creed 2119: 2115: 2039:Council of Trent 1915:Treason Act 1547 1893:Status: Repealed 1886:Treason Act 1547 1827: 1826: 1815: 1814: 1778:under both kinds 1650:Thomas Robertson 1594:Cuthbert Marshal 1530:Nicholas Shaxton 1502:Stephen Gardiner 1435:Huldrych Zwingli 1431:Eastern Orthodox 1411:William Marshall 1399:Ten Commandments 1376:sacred tradition 1266:, sprinkling of 1210:Baptism imparts 1178:religious images 973: 966: 959: 897:Nonjuring schism 879:Savoy Conference 839:Caroline Divines 595: 572: 571: 465:Episcopal Church 423: 416: 409: 395: 394: 283:Nonjuring schism 197:Christian Church 92:Episcopal polity 84:Caroline Divines 55: 32: 31: 21: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5159:1563 in England 5139: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5128:Taizé Community 5097: 5056: 5048: 5035: 5024: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4976: 4957: 4954: 4924: 4919: 4906: 4875: 4839: 4808: 4750: 4744: 4670: 4664: 4659: 4617: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4546: 4532: 4523: 4518: 4455: 4425:Denison, Edward 4397: 4395:Further reading 4392: 4383: 4381: 4343: 4314: 4303: 4244: 4223: 4202: 4180: 4158: 4128: 4104: 4083: 4075:. Oxford: OUP. 4062: 4043: 4017: 3994: 3986:. Oxford: OUP. 3973: 3957:Chadwick, Henry 3949: 3928: 3883: 3862: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3442: 3435: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3348:MacCulloch 1996 3346: 3342: 3334: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3218:MacCulloch 1996 3216: 3212: 3206:MacCulloch 1996 3204: 3200: 3189: 3187: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3097:MacCulloch 1996 3095: 3091: 3085:MacCulloch 1996 3083: 3079: 3071: 3064: 3058:Nicholas Wilson 3050:MacCulloch 1996 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2990:MacCulloch 1996 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2951:MacCulloch 1996 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2927:MacCulloch 1996 2925: 2921: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2875:MacCulloch 1996 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2782:MacCulloch 1996 2780: 2769: 2761: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2721: 2715:MacCulloch 1999 2713: 2709: 2701: 2694: 2690:, p. 1611. 2686: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2647:Oxford Movement 2568: 2438: 2402:excommunication 2247:Apostles' Creed 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2178:27. Of Baptism. 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2091: 2078:excommunication 2060: 2012: 2006: 1930: 1894: 1832: 1824: 1813: 1767:Duke of Norfolk 1756:Lord Chancellor 1685: 1638:Nicholas Wotton 1558:William Barlowe 1550:Richard Sampson 1526:Thomas Goodrich 1364:extreme unction 1320:Thomas Cromwell 1301: 986: 977: 948: 947: 946: 927:Oxford Movement 911: 903: 902: 901: 863: 855: 854: 853: 828: 820: 819: 818: 780: 772: 771: 770: 717: 707: 706: 705: 649: 639: 638: 637: 612: 604: 570: 480:Catholic Church 478:broke with the 463:(including the 427: 389: 384: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 354: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 322: 318: 313: 303: 302: 300:Oxford Movement 298: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 204: 203: 199: 195: 191: 183: 173: 172: 168: 164: 160: 139: 137:Liturgical year 135: 124: 120: 116: 111: 103: 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4524: 4522: 4521:External links 4519: 4517: 4516: 4479: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4438: 4421: 4410: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4370: 4355: 4341: 4332:Thomas Cranmer 4327:Ridley, Jasper 4323: 4307: 4301: 4283: 4265: 4248: 4242: 4227: 4222:978-0300170627 4221: 4206: 4200: 4184: 4178: 4163: 4156: 4132: 4126: 4112:Heal, Felicity 4108: 4102: 4087: 4081: 4066: 4061:978-0956856074 4060: 4047: 4041: 4021: 4015: 3998: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3953: 3947: 3932: 3926: 3911: 3898: 3887: 3881: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3843: 3841:, p. 355. 3831: 3819: 3789: 3777: 3752: 3727: 3723:Marshall 2017b 3715: 3713:, p. 590. 3703: 3701:, p. 535. 3691: 3689:, p. 534. 3679: 3667: 3655: 3653:, p. 499. 3643: 3641:, p. 489. 3631: 3619: 3604: 3592: 3590:, p. 441. 3580: 3578:, p. 424. 3568: 3566:, p. 393. 3556: 3544: 3540:O'Donovan 2011 3532: 3530:, p. 294. 3520: 3508: 3504:O'Donovan 2011 3496: 3484: 3472: 3457: 3440: 3433: 3415: 3413:, p. 284. 3403: 3401:, p. 181. 3391: 3389:, p. 625. 3376: 3374:, p. 353. 3364: 3362:, p. 310. 3352: 3350:, p. 500. 3340: 3338:, p. 289. 3325: 3313: 3311:, p. 288. 3301: 3299:, p. 160. 3286: 3274: 3262: 3246: 3244:, p. 279. 3234: 3232:, p. 312. 3222: 3220:, p. 251. 3210: 3208:, p. 249. 3198: 3167: 3165:, p. 153. 3152: 3150:, p. 180. 3140: 3138:, p. 275. 3125: 3113: 3101: 3099:, p. 221. 3089: 3087:, p. 219. 3077: 3073:d'Aubigné 1972 3062: 3042: 3030: 3028:, p. 259. 3018: 3006: 3004:, p. 445. 2994: 2992:, p. 192. 2982: 2980:, p. 256. 2967: 2965:, p. 446. 2955: 2953:, p. 189. 2943: 2941:, p. 254. 2931: 2919: 2903: 2901:, p. 255. 2891: 2889:, p. 444. 2879: 2867: 2837: 2825: 2823:, p. 240. 2813: 2811:, p. 129. 2798: 2786: 2784:, p. 161. 2767: 2765:, p. 239. 2746: 2744:, p. 128. 2734: 2732:, p. 238. 2719: 2707: 2692: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2660:Anglo-Catholic 2572:Henry Chadwick 2567: 2566:Interpretation 2564: 2437: 2434: 2379:infant baptism 2315:visible church 2293:predestination 2281:supererogation 2233:Holy Scripture 2205: 2204: 2163: 2090: 2087: 2059: 2056: 2008:Main article: 2005: 2002: 1929: 1923: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1792: 1781: 1774: 1763:House of Lords 1752:Sacramentarian 1736:communion wine 1713:Lambeth Palace 1705:superintendent 1684: 1681: 1614:Ralph Bradford 1606:William Downes 1602:William Cliffe 1598:Richard Curren 1590:Nicholas Heath 1574:William Knight 1570:Richard Wolman 1566:Robert Holgate 1506:Robert Aldrich 1494:John Stokesley 1486:Thomas Cranmer 1443:God the Father 1372:Thomas Cranmer 1368:John Stokesley 1308:Thomas Cranmer 1300: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1279: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242:really present 1238: 1231: 1208: 1026:Nicholas Heath 985: 982: 979: 978: 976: 975: 968: 961: 953: 950: 949: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 913: 912: 909: 908: 905: 904: 900: 899: 894: 892:Great Ejection 889: 881: 876: 871: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 856: 852: 851: 846: 841: 836: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 817: 816: 811: 803: 798: 793: 788: 782: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 769: 768: 763: 758: 756:Richard Hooker 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 719: 718: 713: 712: 709: 708: 704: 703: 698: 693: 688: 680: 675: 667: 665:Thomas Cranmer 662: 657: 651: 650: 645: 644: 641: 640: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 614: 613: 610: 609: 606: 605: 596: 588: 587: 581: 580: 569: 566: 545:Matthew Parker 529:Thomas Cranmer 484:excommunicated 443:XXXIX Articles 429: 428: 426: 425: 418: 411: 403: 400: 399: 386: 385: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 351:Windsor Report 314: 309: 308: 305: 304: 287:Latitudinarian 267:Richard Hooker 263:Matthew Parker 243:Thomas Cranmer 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 184: 179: 178: 175: 174: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 66: 61: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5201: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 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4560: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4302:9780334047810 4298: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4243:9780199639731 4239: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4201:0-19-285292-2 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188:Mackie, J. D. 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4159: 4157:0-300-06688-0 4153: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4072:Tudor England 4067: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4007: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3938:Protestantism 3933: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3882:0-85115-549-9 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3839:Bramhall 1842 3835: 3828: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3786: 3785:Chadwick 1988 3781: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3542:, p. 84. 3541: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3494:, p. 88. 3493: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3434:0-85115-549-9 3430: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3372:Marshall 2017 3368: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3336:Marshall 2017 3332: 3330: 3322: 3321:Marshall 2017 3317: 3310: 3309:Marshall 2017 3305: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3284:, p. 18. 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3242:Marshall 2017 3238: 3231: 3230:Marshall 2017 3226: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3136:Marshall 2017 3132: 3130: 3122: 3121:Marshall 2017 3117: 3110: 3109:Marshall 2017 3105: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3040:, p. 17. 3039: 3034: 3027: 3026:Marshall 2017 3022: 3015: 3014:Marshall 2017 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2978:Marshall 2017 2974: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2939:Marshall 2017 2935: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2899:Marshall 2017 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2833:Marshall 2017 2829: 2822: 2821:Marshall 2017 2817: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2763:Marshall 2017 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2730:Marshall 2017 2726: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2630:John Bramhall 2628: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:Test Act 1672 2486: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2442: 2436:Later history 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390:is affirmed. 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2365:Lord's Supper 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:is affirmed. 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 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