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107:
The Aubry 2 law was adopted in
January 2000. It legally lowered the standard hours worked per week from 39 to 35 for companies with more than 20 employees. Small businesses had until January 2002 to prepare for the shift. Additional hours worked after 35 then had to be paid at the overtime premium of
167:
and administrative files on work time regulation agreements from the French
Ministry of Labour. He found that capital operating time has not decreased in shift-work firms, because they responded by increasing the intensity of night-shift work and adding some additional overtime. In fact, shift-work
140:
government, some members of which were vocal critics of the law, gradually pushed for further relaxation of the legal working time requirements. On 22 December 2004, the French
Parliament extended the maximum number of overtime hours per year from 180 to 220 under the Fallon laws. The reforms also
103:
The Aubry 1 law was passed in 1998. It served as an encouragement for businesses to transition voluntarily to a 35-hour workweek. It did so by offering a reduced payroll tax for all businesses that lowered their current employees' working hours and hired additional workers before
January 2000.
174:
Even though the standard hours worked in a week has been lowered to 35, some occupations demand more. The French bar association (CNB) says that 44% of lawyers in the country worked 55 hours or more a week in 2008. Part-time workers work an average 23.3 hours a week in France, compared to the
256:
employer federation oppose it. Critics of the 35-hour working week have argued that it has failed to serve its purpose because an increase in recruitment has not occurred. In their view, the reluctance of firms to take on new workers has instead simply increased hourly
244:
Businesses have overhead costs such as training, rent and employment taxes that do not adjust with operating hours. The expenses and higher wages cause the cost benefit of hiring an extra worker to go down, and raise the incremental cost of each additional worker.
94:
of France's citizens, by lowering the amount of time dedicated to work without lowering their standard of living. Additionally, the Jospin government was able to advantage of the changes introduced with the 35-hour workweek to relax other workforce legislation.
261:. According to right-wing parties and economic commentators, the main reason that French firms avoid hiring new workers is that French employment regulations on labour flexibility make it difficult to lay off workers during poor economic periods.
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over the hourly wage increase, to make up for the potential loss of income by the employees' decreasing work time. Unions wanted to ensure that the reduced weekly hours would not result in a reduced income. Their slogan was "35 hours pays 39".
123:
rebates to all firms that signed contracts with unions agreeing to a 35-hour workweek and wage increases. The legislation explicitly stated that monthly income must stay at the same level, however this only applied to
178:
After being implemented, the Aubry reforms were credited with lowering unemployment and expanding the economy, although they have been met with legislative proposals for additional reforms.
128:
workers. To help small companies make the transition, the government increased the annual limit on overtime hours for small companies and set their overtime premiums at a lower rate.
90:
The main stated objectives of the law were to create new jobs, by making it more cost effective to hire an additional worker than to pay current staff overtime, and the pursuit of
1550:
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companies have expanded scheduled hours to preserve output and increase productivity. Non-shift-work companies have decreased their capital operating costs.
163:
studied the impact of the Aubry laws, by analyzing data on capital operating time (the average time that capital equipment is in use at firms) from the
72:. The reform's aim is primarily to lower the unemployment rate, then at a record high of 12.5%, by encouraging the creation of jobs with
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There has not been a significant rise in dual jobholding as a result of the reduction of full-time employment work hours.
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391:"Evaluating the Impact of a Working Time Regulation on Capital Operating Time: The French 35âhour Work Week Experience"
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Loi n° 2005-296 du 31 mars 2005 portant réforme de l'organisation du temps de travail dans l'entreprise
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61:. The 35-hour working week had been on the Socialist Party's 1981 electoral program, titled
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reduced the payroll tax cuts given to companies that implemented the 35-hour workweek.
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25% for the first eight hours, and then at a 50% premium for any further hours.
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On 31 March 2005, another law extended the possibilities of overtime hours.
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337:"The 35-hour workweek in France: Straightjacket or welfare improvement?"
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To motivate companies to compromise with unions, the government offered
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216: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Time worked after the standard legal limit of 35 hours is considered
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65:, but was not pursued because of the poor state of the economy.
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Businesses were required to sign an agreement with unions to
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support the reduction, while right-wing parties and the
1551:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
268:
525:Official governmental site on the 35-hour workweek
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443:"Busting the myth of France's 35-hour workweek"
557:
335:EstevĂŁo, Marcello; SĂĄ, Filipa (July 2008).
37:government. Promoted by Minister of Labour
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550:
248:Generally speaking, left-wing parties and
2293:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
472:"Au Revoir to France's 35-Hour Workweek?"
417:
334:
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
2137:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
814:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
469:
49:law in January 2000. The previous legal
2318:Credentialism and educational inflation
440:
53:was 39 hours, established by President
29:in February 2000, under Prime Minister
2464:
2189:List of countries by unemployment rate
388:
545:
398:Scottish Journal of Political Economy
25:is a labour reform policy adopted in
1082:Practice-based professional learning
441:Venturi, Richard (3 November 2014).
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330:
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214:adding citations to reliable sources
185:
41:, it was adopted in two phases: the
1635:Workers' right to access the toilet
13:
533:Evaluation of the 35-hour workweek
14:
2493:
515:
389:Gilles, Fabrice (15 March 2015).
371:
317:
98:
2406:
2405:
1699:Corporate collapses and scandals
470:Chandler, Adam (10 March 2016).
353:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2008.00204.x
271:
190:
175:European average of 20.1 hours.
159:Professor Fabrice Gilles at the
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201:needs additional citations for
2199:Employment-to-population ratio
1571:Occupational health psychology
571:
463:
434:
1:
2287:Works Progress Administration
2179:Unemployment Convention, 1919
1591:Personal protective equipment
1139:Occupational Outlook Handbook
310:
131:
79:
2368:Psychopathy in the workplace
1541:Human factors and ergonomics
181:
7:
2353:Narcissism in the workplace
1566:Occupational exposure limit
264:
151:reduced overtime payments.
63:110 Propositions for France
10:
2498:
2282:Civil Works Administration
2164:Technological unemployment
1640:Workplace health promotion
1092:Professional certification
789:Personalityâjob fit theory
154:
83:
2401:
2300:
2262:Guaranteed minimum income
2219:
2060:
1934:
1847:Organizational commitment
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1691:
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1323:
1245:
1179:
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888:
832:
682:
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304:First Employment Contract
45:law in June 1998 and the
2431:Aspects of organizations
2112:Involuntary unemployment
1673:Equal pay for equal work
1596:Repetitive strain injury
1097:Professional development
1087:Professional association
769:Letter of recommendation
292:Fair Labor Standards Act
2416:Aspects of corporations
2378:Slow movement (culture)
2257:Employer of last resort
2159:Structural unemployment
2097:Frictional unemployment
1536:Epilepsy and employment
1423:Performance-related pay
1357:National average salary
1270:996 working hour system
298:New Employment Contract
279:Organized labour portal
57:, also a member of the
2426:Aspects of occupations
2232:Unemployment insurance
2184:Unemployment extension
2154:Reserve army of labour
1959:Constructive dismissal
1766:Sleeping while on duty
1731:Exploitation of labour
1613:Sick building syndrome
784:Personâenvironment fit
654:Independent contractor
2436:Aspects of workplaces
2174:Unemployment benefits
2169:Types of unemployment
2107:Graduate unemployment
2001:Letter of resignation
1630:Workers' compensation
1623:Occupational fatality
1127:Vocational university
727:Employment counsellor
2242:Job creation program
2018:Mandatory retirement
1971:Employee offboarding
1791:Workplace incivility
1786:Workplace harassment
1561:Occupational disease
1556:Occupational burnout
1471:Disability insurance
1315:Workweek and weekend
1295:Retroactive overtime
1117:Vocational education
1032:Continuing education
870:Permanent employment
210:improve this article
147:In August 2016, the
2147:Recession-proof job
2142:Lists of recessions
2080:Economic depression
2028:Retirement planning
1909:Workâlife interface
1746:Employee monitoring
1714:Corporate behaviour
1704:Accounting scandals
1586:Occupational stress
1576:Occupational injury
1107:Reflective practice
1102:Professional school
824:Work-at-home scheme
744:Induction programme
722:Employment contract
702:Business networking
367:on 22 October 2015.
161:University of Lille
55:François Mitterrand
2410:See also templates
2247:Job creation index
2211:Youth unemployment
2075:Discouraged worker
1964:Wrongful dismissal
1944:At-will employment
1817:Civil conscription
1781:Workplace bullying
1668:Affirmative action
1650:Workplace wellness
1581:Occupational noise
1217:Long service leave
1077:Overspecialization
1057:Induction training
1012:Career development
419:20.500.12210/19392
410:10.1111/sjpe.12067
2472:Economy of France
2459:
2458:
2358:Post-work society
2338:Kiss up kick down
2070:Barriers to entry
2035:Severance package
1867:Human trafficking
1761:Sexual harassment
1741:Employee handbook
1660:Equal opportunity
1523:Safety and health
1513:Take-home vehicle
1122:Vocational school
1072:Lifelong learning
1047:Further education
1007:Career counseling
1002:Career assessment
779:Overqualification
259:production quotas
242:
241:
234:
92:decommodification
16:French labour law
2489:
2446:Critique of work
2441:Corporate titles
2409:
2408:
2328:Evil corporation
2194:Employment rates
2117:Jobless recovery
2085:Great Depression
2045:Golden parachute
2040:Golden handshake
1837:Job satisfaction
1827:Critique of work
1645:Workplace phobia
1476:Health insurance
1433:Wage compression
1401:Progressive wage
1255:35-hour workweek
1222:No call, no show
1212:Leave of absence
1062:Knowledge worker
990:Master craftsman
794:Personality hire
732:Executive search
712:Curriculum vitae
697:Background check
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363:. Archived from
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23:35-hour workweek
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2482:Labor in France
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2451:Organized labor
2421:Aspects of jobs
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2388:Toxic workplace
2323:Emotional labor
2296:
2220:Public programs
2215:
2132:Great Recession
2102:Full employment
2090:Long Depression
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1954:Banishment room
1930:
1852:Refusal of work
1795:
1719:Corporate crime
1687:
1654:
1517:
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1319:
1241:
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1052:Graduate school
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819:Underemployment
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622:Self-employment
597:Contingent work
587:Academic tenure
580:Classifications
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347:(55): 417â463.
341:Economic Policy
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294:(United States)
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121:social security
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59:Socialist Party
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1976:Exit interview
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1337:Income bracket
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1265:Eight-hour day
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1022:Creative class
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980:Apprenticeship
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948:Scarlet-collar
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664:Temporary work
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632:Skilled worker
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516:External links
514:
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510:Workforce code
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404:(2): 117â148.
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165:Bank of France
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99:Implementation
97:
81:
78:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2494:
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2349:
2348:Make-work job
2346:
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2329:
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2299:
2295:
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2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Right to work
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Job guarantee
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Make-work job
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
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2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
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2110:
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2046:
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2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Restructuring
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Notice period
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
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1947:
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1927:
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1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Unfree labour
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Bonded labour
1860:
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1776:Whistleblower
1774:
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1709:Control fraud
1707:
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1684:
1683:Glass ceiling
1681:
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1618:Work accident
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1606:United States
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1506:United States
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1484:
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1479:
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1461:Casual Friday
1459:
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1429:
1426:
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1418:Paid time off
1416:
1414:
1413:Overtime rate
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
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1394:United States
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1283:
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1260:Four-day week
1258:
1256:
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1144:Practice firm
1142:
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1128:
1125:
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1120:
1118:
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1110:
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1103:
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1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Employability
1040:
1038:
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1023:
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977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Orange-collar
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
891:
890:Working class
887:
881:
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876:
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871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
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837:
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822:
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797:
795:
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790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
764:Job interview
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
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734:
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728:
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723:
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718:
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689:
687:
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681:
675:
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652:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
617:Part-time job
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Full-time job
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
582:
578:
574:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
544:
538:
534:
528:
526:
520:
519:
511:
508:
504:
503:
498:
497:
477:
473:
466:
451:
449:
444:
437:
429:
425:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
366:
362:
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316:
305:
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280:
274:
269:
262:
260:
255:
251:
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236:
233:
225:
215:
211:
205:
204:
199:This section
197:
193:
188:
187:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
152:
150:
149:El Khomri law
145:
142:
139:
129:
127:
122:
117:
114:
109:
105:
96:
93:
87:
77:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:Martine Aubry
36:
32:
31:Lionel Jospin
28:
24:
19:
2477:Working time
2383:Toxic leader
2363:Presenteeism
2343:Labor rights
2333:Going postal
2308:Bullshit job
2291:
2276:
2271:
2062:Unemployment
1914:Downshifting
1897:Wage slavery
1877:Penal labour
1832:Dead-end job
1822:Conscription
1601:Right to sit
1456:Annual leave
1438:Working poor
1374:Minimum wage
1352:Maximum wage
1310:Working time
1300:Six-hour day
1254:
1197:Career break
1159:Professional
953:Black-collar
923:White-collar
903:Green-collar
880:Volunteering
717:Drug testing
707:Cover letter
647:Tradesperson
501:
494:Bibliography
479:. Retrieved
476:The Atlantic
475:
465:
453:. Retrieved
446:
436:
401:
397:
365:the original
344:
340:
287:Six-hour day
250:trade unions
247:
243:
228:
222:January 2022
219:
208:Please help
203:verification
200:
177:
173:
170:
158:
146:
143:
135:
126:minimum wage
118:
110:
106:
102:
89:
86:working time
74:work sharing
67:
51:working week
46:
42:
22:
20:
18:
2272:Historical:
1996:Resignation
1936:Termination
1919:Slow living
1887:Truck wages
1872:Labour camp
1800:Willingness
1692:Infractions
1347:Living wage
1290:Remote work
958:Gold-collar
913:Pink-collar
908:Grey-collar
898:Blue-collar
865:Labour hire
840:Cooperative
804:Recruitment
759:Job hunting
692:Application
674:Wage labour
659:Labour hire
612:Job sharing
530:(in French)
522:(in French)
506:(in French)
35:Plural Left
2466:Categories
2206:Wage curve
2013:Retirement
1926:Workaholic
1904:Work ethic
1771:Wage theft
1756:Labour law
1751:Evaluation
1736:Dress code
1501:Sick leave
1466:Child care
1428:Salary cap
1342:Income tax
1305:Shift work
1237:Time clock
1232:Sick leave
1227:Sabbatical
1192:Break room
1180:Attendance
1149:Profession
1134:Mentorship
1112:Retraining
1037:E-learning
933:New-collar
928:Red-collar
875:Supervisor
855:Internship
774:Onboarding
642:Technician
637:Journeyman
607:Gig worker
573:Employment
481:7 December
455:7 December
311:References
132:Amendments
84:See also:
80:Objectives
2393:Workhouse
2313:Busy work
2127:Recession
1991:Pink slip
1949:Dismissal
1812:Careerism
1406:Singapore
1384:Hong Kong
1247:Schedules
1166:Tradesman
1067:Licensure
1027:Education
997:Avocation
938:No-collar
918:Precariat
799:Probation
754:Job fraud
428:155065510
182:Criticism
2301:See also
2227:Workfare
2052:Turnover
1448:Benefits
1329:salaries
1285:Overtime
1275:Flextime
1207:Gap year
1202:Furlough
1171:Vocation
1154:Operator
1017:Coaching
972:training
850:Employer
845:Employee
749:Job fair
627:Side job
450:Worklife
361:55762760
306:(France)
300:(France)
265:See also
138:Raffarin
70:overtime
2277:U.S.A.:
1882:Peonage
1857:Slavery
1807:Boreout
1546:Karoshi
1496:Pension
1280:On-call
985:Artisan
669:Laborer
155:Results
113:bargain
47:Aubry 2
43:Aubry 1
1981:Layoff
1531:Crunch
1389:Europe
1379:Canada
1367:Europe
968:Career
809:Résumé
684:Hiring
592:Casual
426:
359:
27:France
1842:McJob
1362:World
1325:Wages
1187:Break
833:Roles
537:INSEE
424:S2CID
394:(PDF)
357:S2CID
254:MEDEF
1327:and
970:and
737:list
483:2017
457:2017
136:The
21:The
860:Job
535:by
448:BBC
414:hdl
406:doi
349:doi
212:by
33:'s
2468::
474:.
445:.
422:.
412:.
402:62
400:.
396:.
373:^
355:.
345:23
343:.
339:.
319:^
76:.
565:e
558:t
551:v
485:.
459:.
430:.
416::
408::
351::
235:)
229:(
224:)
220:(
206:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
