667:
348:
715:
703:
31:
412:. Brialmont chose 15–21 cm (5.9–8.3 in) guns to arm his forts because he believed that if they could withstand enemy artillery of that size they would be effective. Brialmont assumed that larger siege artillery would be too heavy to transport and too expensive for an attacker to have in sufficient numbers. However, this assumption failed to take into account that forged nickle steel artillery was much lighter than cast bronze or cast iron artillery and although siege artillery was heavy and expensive it was still sufficiently mobile. It also failed to take into account that Germany had heavy mortars like the
100:
57:
604:
elevation. Like many of its contemporaries, it did not have a recoil mechanism. There was also no gun shield or traversing mechanism and the gun had to be levered into position to aim. For prolonged use, a spot of ground could be leveled and a wooden firing platform could be laid for the gun. A set of ramps were then placed behind the wheels and when the gun fired the wheels rolled up the ramp and returned to battery by gravity. A drawback of this system was the gun had to be re-aimed each time which lowered the rate of fire. The converted gun was given the designation
401:
679:
691:
88:
380:
112:
595:
created a front line that stretched from
Switzerland to the English Channel required more guns and a combination of production shortfalls and higher than expected artillery losses during the first year of World War I meant Germany faced a shortage of artillery and ammunition. Fortunately, Germany had
327:
artillery. Some customers like
Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Russia imported and built Krupp designs under license while others like the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria lacking industrial capacity imported Krupp weapons. In addition to Krupp, one of the most profitable companies during this period was the
637:
to serve as heavy field artillery. The guns lacked a recoil mechanism, gun shield or traversing mechanism and the gun had to be levered into position to aim. The simple carriage had an axle at the front that could be fitted with large diameter wheels for transport and removed once in place. A small
326:
During the second half of the 1800s, several military conflicts changed the balance of power in Europe and set off an arms race leading up to World War I. A company that profited from this arms race was the
Friedrich Krupp Company of Essen Germany and several European countries were armed with Krupp
632:
Romania had thirty-six M1891 guns. Romania had forts to the South along their border with
Bulgaria, to the East along their border with Russia, and a ring of forts surrounding Bucharest. After seeing how Belgium's forts were destroyed by the Germans in 1914 the Romanian Army began removing their
396:
into motion which featured a wide left hook that was supposed to advance through neutral
Belgium into Northern France and envelope Paris from the rear and win the war before the Russians could mobilize their forces to the East. However, their plan was dependent on the Belgians allowing Germany to
371:
mounting the gun in a socket the majority of the gun could be protected by the turret with only a small part of the muzzle exposed. Beneath the turret, there were traverse and elevation mechanisms for the turret and there were tunnels that connected the turrets to the fort and ammunition bunkers.
579:
The theorists hadn't foreseen that trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns had robbed them of the mobility they had been counting on. Since aircraft of the period were not yet capable of carrying large-diameter bombs the burden of delivering heavy firepower fell on the artillery. The combatants
370:
and projectiles. Grüsonwerke turrets were large diameter low-profile cast turrets that mounted either cannons or machine guns. The muzzle of the gun fit into a socket at the front of the turret and elevation varied between +4° and +35° depending on the type of gun used and 360° of traverse. By
603:
in
English was the M1891s that were salvaged from wrecked Belgian forts. The gun barrels were placed on a simple box trail carriage made from riveted steel plates and there were two large spoked cast iron wheels at the front. The carriage had a cutout behind the breech to allow 0° to +44° of
567:
shells. Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery before the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the
596:
captured large stocks of enemy artillery and ammunition during the first two years of World War I. However, Germany's dependence on using captured artillery with non-standard ammunition strained
Germany's logistics in the long run.
690:
702:
546:
to attack the forts blocking
Germany's path through Belgium. While the Belgian forts delayed Germany's advance through Belgium they could not stop it and the majority of their forts were besieged and destroyed.
339:. Grüson turrets armed with Krupp guns became a common feature of European fortifications built during the second half of the 1800s and their success led to Krupp purchasing the Grüsonwerke in 1892.
666:
633:
guns from their forts and converting them into mobile field artillery. Before entering World War I thirteen M1891 guns were removed from
Romanian fortifications and placed on locally built
678:
1215:
555:
The majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver which before mechanization meant a focus on
714:
580:
scrambled to find anything that could fire a heavy shell and that meant emptying the fortresses and scouring the depots for guns held in reserve. It also meant converting
830:
769:
696:
A Belgian M1891 turret at Fort Loncin. An explosion in the ammunition bunker threw the turret into the air and it landed upside down in its own pit largely intact.
1267:
1186:
1118:
957:
1309:
995:
742:
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1418:
1243:
856:
1822:
1132:
1408:
1677:
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1428:
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1023:
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347:
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822:
793:
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cross their territory unopposed and Great
Britain not honoring its treaty obligations to defend Belgium's neutrality.
367:
203:
898:
1697:
1375:
1370:
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1484:
1302:
35:
A 21 cm Turmhaubitze captured by the 1st/7th Gordon Highlanders, 51st Division at Flesquieres. 24 November, 1917.
708:
A 21 cm Turmhaubitze captured by the 1st/7th Gordon Highlanders, 51st Division at Flesquieres. 24 November 1917.
1355:
1059:
925:
German strategy and the path to Verdun : Erich von Falkenhayn and the development of attrition, 1870-1916
684:
A Belgian turret at Fort Loncin destroyed by a 42 cm (17 in) projectile from a Big Bertha siege gun.
423:
238:
588:
to siege guns by either giving them simple field carriages or mounting the larger pieces on rail carriages.
30:
1702:
1380:
1413:
1295:
1160:[The Forts of Bucharest, Transformed into Mushroom-Growing Facilities, Deposits and Cemeteries].
616:
which fired a projectile of roughly the same weight to a similar range but the M1891 was twice as heavy.
569:
486:
1707:
1549:
1509:
1433:
1360:
634:
625:
413:
1827:
1817:
647:
One M1891 converted for field use is on display at the Muzeul Militar National in Bucharest, Romania.
310:. Two countries that bought the M1891 were Belgium and Romania. In Belgian service it was designated
1629:
494:
1730:
1725:
1672:
1639:
404:
A turret from Antwerp that was hit by a 305 mm (12 in) projectile from a Škoda siege gun.
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1717:
1464:
1350:
1340:
537:
992:
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258:
1564:
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1554:
612:
in English and armed German heavy artillery units. Its nearest German equivalent would be the
470:
409:
265:
1649:
629:
542:
521:
474:
232:
972:"German Request for Free Passage through Belgium, and the Belgian Response, 2–3 August 1914"
1654:
1327:
363:
400:
8:
1634:
1403:
1162:
624:
Romania also had forts equipped with Grüson turrets armed with M1891 guns. Before their
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431:
408:
The Belgian and Romanian fortifications were designed by the Belgian military architect
1112:
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211:
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117:
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1614:
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1055:
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1019:
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904:
894:
581:
478:
451:
447:
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1504:
1499:
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1489:
536:
To clear the way for their left hook Germany deployed heavy siege guns such as the
525:
517:
458:
439:
1287:
1773:
1596:
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1514:
1448:
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1390:
999:
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443:
393:
275:
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462:
435:
328:
379:
1811:
1765:
1755:
1104:
1033:
943:
466:
105:
62:
1158:"Forturile Bucureștiului, transformate în ciupercării, depozite și cimitire"
1069:
908:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1539:
1474:
1469:
1332:
529:
419:
Belgian Forts armed with one Obusier de 21c.A. per Grüson turret included:
359:
356:
1084:
1018:. Margaret MacMillan. New York, NY: Library of America. pp. 191–214.
1013:
923:
638:
set of wheels at the front of the carriage were used for aiming the guns.
1664:
1319:
888:
307:
127:
1220:
1191:
1644:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1459:
336:
182:
1778:
1624:
1788:
651:
44:
770:"Das Gerät der schweren Artillerie vor, in und nach dem Weltkrieg"
556:
332:
222:
93:
654:
Army Reserve Mobilization Museum in Lakehurst, New Jersey, USA.
362:
of steel construction. The gun had an early form of horizontal
245:
672:
German officers inspect a destroyed Belgian M1891 gun turret.
303:
142:
1187:"'Cetății' Bucureștiului i se refuză recunoașterea istorică"
1189:[Bucharest 'Citadel' Denied Historic Recognition].
306:
that armed the forts of several European countries before
392:
At the outbreak of World War I the Germans put their
1317:
1218:[The Fortifications around the Capital].
1054:. Ramsbury: Crowood. pp. 129–134 & 218.
1809:
1184:
893:. Marlborough: Crowood Press. pp. 96–104.
1244:"210mm FORTIFICATION GUN KRUPP | 3DHISTORY.DE"
823:"Obusier de 21c.A.Krupp (manchonné et fretté)"
355:The 21 cm Haubitze M1891 was a short-barreled
1303:
720:A Romanian M1891 on a garrison mount (right).
650:One Turmhaubitze M1891 is on display at the
316:Obuzierul Krupp, calibrul 210 mm, model 1891
1155:
351:A diagram of a Romanian Grüsonwerke turret.
1310:
1296:
1213:
1117:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
956:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
314:and in Romanian service it was designated
1082:
331:of Magdeburg Germany that specialized in
1746:7.7 cm Leichte Kraftwagengeschütze M1914
1419:24 cm schwere FlügelMinenWerfer Albrecht
1409:9.15 cm leichtes Minenwerfer System Lanz
399:
378:
346:
188:2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) L/11.8
175:Carriage: 5,740 kg (12,650 lb)
1178:
1011:
540:and the Krupp 420 mm (17 in)
302:in English was a fortress gun built by
177:Complete:9,260 kg (20,410 lb)
1810:
1185:Ciprian Plăiașu (September 11, 2012).
1045:
1043:
416:that were light, mobile and numerous.
1429:24 cm schwerer LadungsWerfer Ehrhardt
1291:
1207:
921:
886:
817:
815:
813:
173:Barrel: 3,520 kg (7,760 lb)
1216:"Fortificațiile din jurul Capitalei"
1149:
1049:
993:World War I — 1914 Opening Campaigns
882:
880:
878:
876:
851:
849:
847:
764:
762:
737:
735:
1424:24 cm schwere Flügelminenwerfer IKO
1040:
1015:The guns of August; The proud tower
13:
810:
14:
1839:
1366:7.62 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/16.5
1156:Daniel Popa (December 10, 2005).
1086:German artillery : 1914-1918
1052:Allied artillery of World War One
928:. Cambridge, UK. pp. 77–78.
890:German artillery of World War One
873:
844:
759:
732:
641:
1823:World War I artillery of Germany
1214:Vlad Ignat (December 28, 2012).
713:
701:
689:
677:
665:
658:
217:93–140 kg (205–309 lb)
110:
98:
86:
55:
29:
1260:
1236:
1125:
1076:
1005:
833:from the original on 2021-01-27
1376:7.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/27
1371:7.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/20
1356:7.5 cm Gebirgskanone L/13 C/80
1268:"46 German WWI 210mm Howitzer"
986:
964:
915:
786:
374:
335:large components like armored
285:Maximum firing range
1:
827:www.passioncompassion1418.com
798:www.passioncompassion1418.com
743:"Romanian fortress guns data"
725:
1693:24 cm SK L/40 "Theodor Karl"
1688:24 cm SK L/30 "Theodor Otto"
1381:10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12
1089:. Barnsley. pp. 13–15.
1083:Fleischer, Wolfgang (2015).
1012:Tuchman, Barbara W. (2012).
857:"Romanian Artillery in 1916"
280:300 m/s (980 ft/s)
227:209.3 mm (8.24 in)
7:
610:21 cm Turret Howitzer M1891
599:One type of Kriegsbeute or
300:(21 cm Howitzer Model 1891)
10:
1844:
1550:15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R.
1361:Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904
619:
550:
538:Škoda 305 mm Mörser M.1911
414:25 cm schwerer Minenwerfer
387:
321:
1787:
1764:
1716:
1683:21 cm SK "Peter Adalbert"
1663:
1593:
1447:
1389:
1326:
1137:www.bulgarianartillery.it
1133:"Romanian fortifications"
922:Foley, Robert T. (2007).
861:www.bulgarianartillery.it
747:www.bulgarianartillery.it
342:
288:6.9 km (4.3 mi)
284:
274:
264:
254:
244:
231:
221:
210:
197:
192:
181:
169:
164:
156:
148:
138:
133:
123:
81:
73:
68:
51:Place of origin
50:
40:
28:
21:
1731:3.7 cm SockelFlak L/14.5
1640:28 cm Haubitze L/14 i.R.
1272:www.militarymuseums.info
774:www.digitalniknihovna.cz
606:21 cm Turmhaubitze M1891
368:separate loading charges
204:Separate loading charges
1797:5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt
1718:Anti-aircraft artillery
1698:28 cm K L/40 "Kurfürst"
1465:Krupp 7.5 cm Model 1903
1351:7.5 cm GebirgsKanone 13
1341:5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt
974:. www.firstworldwar.com
887:Jäger, Herbert (2001).
794:"Ob. 21 c.A. Mod. 1889"
1678:17 cm SK L/40 "Samuel"
1630:21 cm Versuchmörser 06
1565:15 cm Ring Kanone L/30
1560:15 cm Ring Kanone C/92
1555:15 cm Ring Kanone C/72
626:entry into World War I
410:Henri Alexis Brialmont
405:
384:
352:
1726:3.7 cm Maxim Flak M14
1703:28 cm SK L/40 "Bruno"
403:
382:
350:
23:21 cm Haubitze M1891
1655:42 cm Gamma howitzer
1605:21 cm Haubitze M1891
1585:17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L.
1318:German artillery of
383:The Schlieffen Plan.
364:sliding-block breech
296:21 cm Haubitze M1891
276:Muzzle velocity
1708:38 cm SK L/45 "Max"
1635:28 cm Haubitze L/12
628:on the side of the
1665:Railroad artillery
1050:Hogg, Ian (2004).
998:2015-04-03 at the
485:13 turrets in the
422:18 turrets in the
406:
385:
353:
134:Production history
118:Kingdom of Romania
1805:
1804:
1736:7.62 cm FlaK L/30
1673:15 cm SK "Nathan"
1535:12 cm Kanone C/80
1480:7.7 cm FK 96 n.A.
1460:5.3 cm Fahrpanzer
1399:Granatenwerfer 16
1346:6 cm S-Bts K L/21
1096:978-1-4738-2398-3
1025:978-1-59853-145-9
935:978-0-521-84193-1
582:coastal artillery
312:Obusier de 21c.A.
292:
291:
1835:
1828:210 mm artillery
1818:World War I guns
1741:7.7 cm FlaK L/35
1650:42 cm Big Bertha
1645:38 cm Langer Max
1510:10.5 cm FH 98/09
1505:9 cm Kanone C/79
1500:9 cm Kanone C/73
1495:8 cm Kanone C/80
1490:8 cm Kanone C/73
1312:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1282:
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1116:
1108:
1080:
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1038:
1037:
1009:
1003:
1002:Kennedy Hickman.
990:
984:
983:
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968:
962:
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955:
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919:
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912:
884:
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780:
766:
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753:
739:
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705:
693:
681:
669:
206:and projectiles.
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61:
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33:
24:
19:
18:
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1838:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1783:
1774:3.7 cm TAK 1918
1760:
1712:
1659:
1625:21 cm Paris Gun
1620:21 cm Mörser 99
1615:21 cm Mörser 16
1610:21 cm Mörser 10
1597:siege artillery
1595:
1594:Superheavy and
1589:
1545:15 cm Kanone 16
1515:10.5 cm leFH 16
1452:
1443:
1439:Albrecht mortar
1385:
1331:
1322:
1316:
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1000:Wayback Machine
991:
987:
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673:
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635:garrison mounts
622:
614:21 cm Mörser 99
593:race to the sea
561:horse artillery
553:
394:Schlieffen Plan
390:
377:
345:
324:
193:
176:
174:
111:
109:
108:
99:
97:
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87:
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74:In service
69:Service history
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54:
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1766:Anti-tank guns
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1751:8.8 cm Flak 16
1748:
1743:
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1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
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1477:
1472:
1467:
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1453:and heavy guns
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1206:
1177:
1163:România Liberă
1148:
1124:
1095:
1075:
1060:
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1004:
985:
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642:Surviving guns
640:
621:
618:
574:trench warfare
572:stagnated and
552:
549:
534:
533:
510:
483:
482:
455:
389:
386:
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357:breech-loading
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165:Specifications
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2:
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1580:15 cm sFH 93
1575:15 cm sFH 13
1570:15 cm sFH 02
1540:13.5 cm K 09
1475:7.7 cm FK 96
1470:7.7 cm FK 16
1404:7.58 cm leMW
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1248:3dhistory.de
1247:
1238:
1228:December 29,
1226:. Retrieved
1219:
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512:1 turret at
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185: length
157:Manufacturer
82:Used by
1320:World War I
978:31 December
601:(war booty)
495:St Héribert
375:World War I
337:gun turrets
329:Grüsonwerke
308:World War I
237:Horizontal
128:World War I
1812:Categories
1530:10 cm K 17
1525:10 cm K 14
1520:10 cm K 04
1485:7.7 cm KiH
1277:2021-04-21
1253:2021-04-21
1142:2021-04-22
1061:1861267126
866:2021-04-21
837:2021-04-21
803:2021-04-20
779:2021-04-20
752:2021-04-21
726:References
586:naval guns
559:and light
543:Big Bertha
1789:Tank guns
1779:MG 18 TuF
1451:, medium
1434:25 cm sMW
1414:17 cm mMW
1113:cite book
1105:893163385
1034:731911132
952:cite book
944:778889553
452:Boncelles
270:0 to +44°
266:Elevation
259:Box trail
77:1891-1918
1328:Infantry
1221:Adevărul
1192:Adevărul
1170:June 26,
1070:56655115
996:Archived
909:50842313
831:Archived
652:Fort Dix
576:set in.
565:shrapnel
526:Maizeret
503:Cognelée
459:Hollogne
440:Pontisse
432:Flémalle
255:Carriage
149:Designed
139:Designer
45:Howitzer
16:Howitzer
1391:Mortars
620:Romania
563:firing
557:cavalry
551:Germany
514:Malonne
499:Suarlée
489:forts.
479:Embourg
471:Evegnée
444:Barchon
426:forts.
388:Belgium
333:casting
322:History
223:Caliber
94:Belgium
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630:allies
528:, and
518:Emines
505:, and
477:, and
463:Lantin
450:, and
448:Fléron
436:Loncin
343:Design
246:Recoil
233:Breech
214:weight
183:Barrel
115:
103:
91:
60:
1449:Field
507:Andoy
487:Namur
467:Liers
424:Liège
304:Krupp
212:Shell
199:Shell
160:Krupp
143:Krupp
1330:and
1230:2012
1201:2012
1172:2008
1119:link
1101:OCLC
1091:ISBN
1066:OCLC
1056:ISBN
1030:OCLC
1020:ISBN
980:2012
958:link
940:OCLC
930:ISBN
905:OCLC
895:ISBN
591:The
584:and
530:Dave
294:The
250:None
170:Mass
152:1891
124:Wars
41:Type
608:or
298:or
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