2011 East Africa drought

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diaspora have likewise routinely sent money to drought-affected relatives at home through the informal money transfer system. Part of this funding stream experienced a potential setback in December 2011, when Sunrise Community Banks, a U.S. financial institution that wires the transfers for many of the hawalas, announced that it might discontinue the service on 30 December due to overly strict government security regulations. Somali and American federal officials as well as representatives of the transfer companies have worked together closely to resolve the issue, with the CEO of the Sunrise Community Banks indicating that "from a risk perspective, we are making progress, and I am optimistic that we are on the right path to get to a solution". Kenyan expatriates have similarly availed themselves of mobile phone services to send funds to their own drought-impacted family members in Kenya.

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permitted to work if they do not have other interests". He stated that banned agencies belong to two categories: some that are acting as spies, while others, including the UN, that have "a political agenda, doing nothing like what they were claiming". He also criticized aid agencies that are providing assistance in neighboring countries, stating that "They are luring needy people with food in order to teach them their Christianity." Hassan Liban, a director of the British charity Islamic Relief which has managed to gain access through negotiations, said that Al-Shabaab were not keen on emergency relief that was not tied to longer-term programmes to help people recover their livelihoods. He stated that "To any organisation that just wants to send food, they say: 'Give us the food and go away'. But if it's sustainable and planned they will allow you to work."

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July/August. Although acute malnutrition rates remained much higher than median global acute malnutrition (GAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) rates for the October–December season, global acute malnutrition rates had fallen from 30–58 percent to 20–34 percent and severe acute malnutrition rates in turn dropped from 9–29 percent in July to 6–11 percent. The mortality rate likewise declined from 1.1–6.1 per 10,000 people per day in July/August to 0.6–2.8 per 10,000 people per day. Despite some gaps in aid delivery in certain areas due imposed Islamist bans, the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU) also reported that its Nutrition Cluster had by December reached 357,107 of the estimated 450,000 children that had been acutely malnourished at the start of the crisis in July.

328:, wrote that "politicians and policymakers in rich countries are often skeptical about taking preventative action because they think aid agencies are inflating the problem. Developing country governments are embarrassed about being seen as unable to feed their people. these children are wasting away in a disaster that we could—and should—have prevented." Soon after a famine was declared in parts of southern Somalia. Oxfam also charged several European governments of "wilful neglect" over the crisis. It issued a statement saying that "The warning signs have been seen for months, and the world has been slow to act. Much greater long-term investment is needed in food production and basic development to help people cope with poor rains and ensure that this is the last famine in the region." 752: 624: 33: 513:

little under 95,000 pastoralists have yet to recover their herd sizes from the drought and consequently still require emergency livelihood assistance (IPC Phase 4), the abundant rainfall in most parts of central and northern Somalia has replenished pastureland and also further boosted the purchasing power of local herders. With the benefit of the current harvest likely to ebb in May, the UN stressed that continued multi-sectoral response is necessary to secure the recent gains made, and that general humanitarian needs requiring international assistance would persist until at least September 2012.

1153: 1078: 417: 1130:, when over a million people died. Under international law, there is no mandated response which must follow from an official declaration of famine. However, it is hoped that the use of the term will serve as a "wake-up call" to the rest of the world, who have so far failed to respond. The UN humanitarian coordinator for Somalia, Mark Bowden, stated that UN agencies lack the necessary capacity to save the lives of hundreds of thousands of drought-affected people from Somalia, and that nearly $ 300 million in relief supplies are required over the next two months. 986:. As of 25 August, the amount raised by the Disasters Emergency Committee had increased to £57 million. Australia announced at the end of July that it would supply an additional $ 20 million, thereby increasing the total aid volume to $ 80 million. As of 5 October, the Canadian government and people also contributed about $ 142 million CAD to the relief efforts in Eastern Africa, with the Canadian authorities pledging an additional $ 70 million CAD in matching funds. Much of the fundraising done from Canadians was contributed to the 1119: 5122: 815:

Commander General Abdikarim Dhengobadan denied that his men were responsible for the looting. The Information Minister of Somalia Abdirahman Omar Osman and the AMISOM commander Paddy Akunda have also previously accused Al-Shabaab militants of disguising themselves as Somali government soldiers before attacking government and AMISOM positions. Despite this, according to the UN, the security situation in the capital has generally improved since the withdrawal of Al-Shabaab militants, thus facilitating the scaling up of relief efforts in the region.

249: 744:, Somalia, in an effort to protect famine relief efforts from attacks. Six were killed during the conflict, and key territory was seized from the insurgents. Al-Shabaab has sent 300 reinforcement fighters to Mogadishu in the preceding days, according to Lt. Col. Paddy Ankunda, spokesman for the AU peacekeeping force in Somalia. He stated that "This action will further increase security ... and ensure that aid agencies can continue to operate to get vital supplies to internally displaced." As of 1 August, the beginning of the 377: 6043: 487:(ICRC) reported in January 2012 that the food crisis in southern Somalia was by then no longer at emergency levels. Although security restrictions precluded the collection of updated information in December/January for a few regions in southern Somalia, the UN indicated in February 2012 that indirect data from health and relief centers pointed to improved general conditions from August 2011. The UN also announced that the famine in southern Somalia was over. However, FEWS NET indicated that Emergency ( 400:

revising upward an earlier estimate of 6 million. Later in the month, the UN further updated the figure to 12 million, with 2.8 million in southern Somalia alone, which was the most affected area. On 3 August, the UN declared famine in three other regions of southern Somalia, citing worsening conditions and inadequate humanitarian response. Famine was expected to spread across all regions of the south in the following four to six weeks. On 5 Sep, the UN added the entire

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declared a disaster and called for urgent assistance. On 7 June 2011, FEWS NET declared that the crisis was "the most severe food security emergency in the world today, and the current humanitarian response is inadequate to prevent further deterioration". The UN later announced on 28 June that 12 million people in the East Africa region were affected by the drought and that some areas were on the brink of famine, with many displaced in search of water and food.

447:, over three-fourths of the area's population is now in dire need of food supplies. Malnutrition levels are also at their highest. As a consequence, schools in the region have shut down "because there is no food for the children". About 385,000 children in these neglected parts of Kenya are already malnourished, along with 90,000 pregnant and breast feeding women. A further 3.5 million people in Kenya are estimated to be at risk of malnutrition. 823:

leaving 343 local staff members in Dadaab. Certain activities such as registering new arrivals and journeying outside camp to meet refugees walking the final miles would be suspended. In December 2011, three Somali aid workers were also shot and killed in the central Somali town of Mataban. Two of the workers were UN World Food Programme employees and the third worked for a partner organization. The gunman turned himself in to the local authorities.

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famine-stricken areas still controlled by Al-Shabaab rebels. Assisted by African peacekeepers, the new military unit will have as its primary goal to protect convoys and food aid, as well as to secure the IDP camps themselves when the relief supplies are being distributed. Besides helping to stabilize the city, the new protection force is also tasked with combating looting and banditry in addition to other vices.

707: 491:) levels of food insecurity would persist through March in the southern riverine parts of the Juba and Gedo regions, the south-central agropastoral zones of Hiran and Middle Shebele, the southeast pastoral sections of Shebele and Juba, and the north-central Coastal Deeh on account of crop flooding and ongoing military operations in these areas that have restricted humanitarian access, trade and movement. 656:(Médecins Sans Frontières) was also treating more than 10,000 severely malnourished children in its feeding centers and clinics. In July 2011, the UN's food security and nutrition analysis unit announced that the situation in southern Somalia then met all three characteristics of widespread famine: a) more than 30 percent of children were suffering from 791: 1090:

food aid that risks "materially benefiting" designated terrorists, in this case the rebel group Al-Shabaab. The regulations came into force after reports that Al-Shabaab was "taxing food convoys", and as a result U.S. aid spending in Somalia has dropped from $ 150 million to $ 13 million this year.

1141:, with plans to expand delivery to southern Somalia where millions remain inaccessible, and may be too weak to cross the border into neighbouring Kenya. Delivery of food to the region remained complicated by the refusal of al-Shabaab militants to allow certain foreign aid agencies to work in the country. 775:. The group's spokesman Sheikh Ali Mohamud Rage described the exodus as a tactical retreat, and vowed to continue the insurgency against the national government. Observers have also suggested that the pullout may at least in part have been caused by internal ideological rifts in the rebel organization. 652:" in Ethiopia, due to crowded, unsanitary conditions. Malnutrition rates among children in July also reached 30 percent in parts of Kenya and Ethiopia and over 50% in southern Somalia, although the latter figure dropped to 36% by mid-September according to the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit. 727:

is considering a return to southern Somalia, from which it withdrew in 2010 after threats from the rebel group Al-Shabaab. It estimates that there are 1 million people in areas it cannot currently access. In early July 2011, Al-Shabaab announced that it had withdrawn its restrictions on international

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The UN also warned that, in a worst-case scenario of poor rains and price instability, conditions would remain at crisis level for about 31% of the population in limited-access areas until the August harvest season. In the most-likely scenario, the FSNAU and FEWS NET expect the April–June rains to be

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rate during the main rainy season from April to June, the primary season, was less than 30% of the average of 1995–2010. The lack of rain led to crop failure and widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% in some areas, which decreased milk production as well as exacerbating a poor harvest. As a

1224:

Aid organizations faced strict regulations of food distribution by donors in an effort to deprive Al-Shabab of food for its own forces"...OFAC imposed sanctions in Somalia to ensure that no material support, including food aid, would go to Al-Shabab in support of its rebel activities. Accountability

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On 30 Aug, the UN refugee agency announced that the furniture corporation IKEA would be making a $ 62 million donation (42.8 million euros) over three years to expand the overcrowded Dadaab refugee complex in Kenya. The company CEO was quoted as saying that this donation will "immediately

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began a "massive" airlift of aid supplies to the Dadaab region in Kenya, including 100 tonnes of tents to help relieve the congestion at the overcrowded Dadaab camps. The United Nations carried out its first airlift of emergency supplies in two years to southern Somalia on Wednesday, 13 July. Health

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The U.S. has pledged an additional $ 5 million to help refugees from Somalia on top of a previously budgeted $ 63 million for general support in the larger East Africa region. However, the U.S. has withheld aid from the Somalia region, due to recent regulations which prevent the sending of

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also assisted in the relief efforts. Imams in mosques raised awareness about the drought crisis and its parallels with the Palestinian situation, and urged Palestinians to contribute; the Arab Doctors Union Gaza branch also launched a fund-raising initiative, with most donations coming from affluent

814:

reported earlier in the month that, according to witnesses at a camp in Mogadishu, men dressed as government troops began stealing food rations, after which point government soldiers that were guarding the supplies opened fire on the looters. In response to the incident, the Somali government forces

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has led to a substantial drop in overall cereal prices in the south's vulnerable regions. This has resulted in more agricultural wage labour opportunities for underprivileged agropastoral households and increased the purchasing power of pastoralists. With the exception of some coastal areas, where a

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of Kenya were reportedly affected by famine, a situation attributed to a combination of wildlife invasions and drought. Large herds of elephants and monkeys overran farms in the district's lowland and highland areas, respectively, ruining thousands of acres of crops. Local residents, about 67,000 of

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The failure of the international community to heed the early warning system was criticized for leading to a worsening of the crisis. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network, financed by U.S.A.I.D., anticipated the crisis as early as August 2010, and by January 2011, the American ambassador to Kenya

211:

Although fighting disrupted aid delivery in some areas, a scaling up of relief operations in mid-November had unexpectedly significantly reduced malnutrition and mortality rates in southern Somalia, prompting the UN to downgrade the humanitarian situation in the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabele regions

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However, on 22 July, the group stated that the ban on certain organizations remains in place. In a statement, Al-Shabaab's spokesman Sheikh Ali Dhere indicated that his organization had no issue with allowing "Muslims and non-Muslims to help the drought affected people", but that they will "only be

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insurgents, who control most of southern Somalia, continue to hinder humanitarian operations in the region. "We need significantly better access than we have at the moment to address an emergency of this scale." UN agencies are "in a dialogue" with al-Shabaab about securing airstrips in areas under

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camp, with 462 cases confirmed including 11 deaths. Ethiopia and Kenya were also facing a severe measles epidemic, attributed in part to the refugee crisis, with over 17,500 cases reported in the first 6 months. WHO statistics put the number of children that were then most at the risk of measles at

1185:

In early 2012, the Turkish government ramped up its existing humanitarian and developmental efforts in southern Somalia. In coordination with the Somali authorities, it mobilized Turkish governmental organizations and NGOs to build new hospitals, a new relief center, and a tent city for remaining

1181:

In Sept. 2011, Rajiv Shah, head of U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), stated "We're trying cash distributions through the hawala system and through mobile phones and then concomitantly flooding border markets with food so that traders can then make the connections." Somalis in the

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has stated that "The aid effort will remain totally inadequate if legal restrictions force the US to remain on the sidelines". In addition, under U.S. regulations, international organizations may face prosecution under US law if their humanitarian aid materially benefits Al-Shabaab. However, on 2

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appointed a national committee to tackle the severe drought affecting the southern part of the country. The committee consists of several federal-level members of government, including the Ministers of Defense, Health, Interior, Finance, Public Works, Women's Affairs and Information. It is tasked

586:

was 7.4 out of 10,000 per day, which was more than seven times as high as the "emergency" rate of 1 out of 10,000 per day. There was an upsurge in sexual violence against women and girls, with the number of cases reported increasing by over 4 times. Incidents of sexual violence occurred primarily

404:

in Somalia to the list of famine-stricken areas. The UN has conducted several airlifts of supplies in addition to on-the-ground assistance, but humanitarian response to the crisis has been hindered by a severe lack of funding for international aid coupled with security issues in the region. As of

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summit raised $ 51 million of direct aid, some of which were perhaps announced before, along with an additional $ 300 million from the African Development Bank to be spent over a four-year period. The African Union is, however, a young organization with little humanitarian experience.

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in the country's southern conflict zones had also by early December 2011 greatly reduced the movement of migrants. By February 2012, several thousand people had also begun returning to their homes and farms. In addition, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas had improved and rainfall had

822:

at the Dadaab refugee camp were kidnapped by gunmen. The U.N. temporarily suspended all non-lifesaving aid operations at Dadaab. The Spanish branch of Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) announced that all 49 expatriate staff working for the charity would be evacuated to Nairobi,

672:

By early December 2011, the UN's OCHA bureau announced that a scaling up of relief operations had resulted in an improvement in global and severe acute malnutrition rates as well as a decrease in mortality rates in southern Somalia's conflict zones relative to the start of the drought crisis in

482:

and mortality rates in southern Somalia, prompting the UN to downgrade the humanitarian situation in the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabele regions from famine to emergency levels. Humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas had also improved and rainfall had surpassed expectations, improving the

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prices were at 68% over the five-year average, including increases of up to 240% in southern Somalia, 117% in south-eastern Ethiopia, and 58% in northern Kenya. In early July, the UN World Food Programme said that it expected 10 million people across the Horn of Africa region to need food aid,

786:

On 13 August, Prime Minister Ali also announced the creation of a new 300-man security force in response to discussions with UN officials about the situation in Mogadishu. The UN stated earlier in the week that aid was only reaching around 20% of the drought-affected peoples, with most of the

203:

in two regions in the southern part of the country (IPC Phase 5), the first time a famine had been declared in the region by the UN in nearly thirty years. Tens of thousands of people are believed to have died in southern Somalia before famine was declared. This was mainly a result of Western

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of food and four liters of water per day. In August, cholera was suspected in 181 deaths in Mogadishu, along with confirmed reports of several other outbreaks elsewhere in Somalia, thus raising fears of tragedy for a severely weakened population. In mid-November, the office of the

516:

According to the Sudan Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission (CSFAM) for January 2012, due to subpar cereal production and increased cereal prices caused by intense conflict that has limited trade, humanitarian and population movements, an estimated 4.2 million people in

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in response to data from the UN's food security and nutrition analysis unit. According to the UN, famine would spread to all eight regions of southern Somalia in four to six weeks due to inadequate humanitarian response caused both by ongoing access restrictions and funding gaps.

981:

announced it would provide €5.67 million to help millions of people in the Horn of Africa affected by the drought. On 16 July, the UK government pledged £52.25 million, on top of £38 million pledged earlier that month and more than £13 million raised by the

1105:

called an urgent emergency meeting with the heads of UN agencies. He stated after the meeting that immediate action must be taken to prevent the crisis from deepening. According to Ban, "The human cost of this crisis is catastrophic. We cannot afford to wait." On 13 July, the

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from Somalia, most of whom had arrived recently. The three camps at Bokolomanyo, Melkadida, and Kobe all exceeded their maximum capacity; one more camp was reportedly being built while another was planned in the future. Water shortage reportedly affected all the facilities.

1177:

Fifty-six African artists and celebrities, including Nameless, Angélique Kidjo, 2face Idibia, Hugh Masekela, Freshlyground and K'naan, as well as international campaigners, sent a letter to a special UN session on the horn of Africa crisis scheduled for Saturday 8 Oct.

541:

Aid agencies have now shifted their emphasis to recovery efforts, including digging irrigation canals and distributing plant seeds. Long-term strategies by national governments in conjunction with development agencies are believed to offer the most sustainable results.

735:

Al-Shabaab members have allegedly intimidated, kidnapped and killed some aid workers, leading to a partial suspension of humanitarian operations in southern Somalia. Ethiopia and the UN also accuse the Eritrean government of backing the insurgents. On 28 July,

474:

district, in particular, are among the worst hit areas, with an estimated 1.2 million Ugandans affected. The Ugandan government has also indicated that as of September 2011, acute deficits in foodstuffs are expected in 35 of the country's districts.

521:

are predicted to be in the Stressed (IPC Phase 3), Crisis and Emergency levels during the first three or four months of 2012. The number was previously estimated at 3.3 million people in December 2011, and is expected to especially affect the

1169:

launched the agency's first ever Public Service Awareness Campaign called FWD, an acronym for Famine, War and Drought. The Campaign encourages the public to "Forward the Facts" about the campaign to help raise awareness. In early Oct. 2011, the

614:

in the conflict zones of southern Somalia and a scaling up of relief operations had by early December 2011 greatly reduced the movement of migrants. By February 2012, several thousand people had also begun returning to their homes and farms.

232:

indicated that Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persisted through March in several areas on account of crop flooding and ongoing military operations in these areas, which restricted humanitarian access, trade and movement.

3529: 1735: 507:

harvest, which reached 200% of the post-war mean and is predicted to be significantly higher than usual. Except for the Juba region, where damage from flooding and limitations on trade have kept cereal prices high, the above average

838:, began against the Al-Shabaab militants, who are alleged to have kidnapped several foreign aid workers and tourists inside Kenya. According to the Ethiopian Foreign Minister, the mission represents one of the final stages of the 1212:

had been added to the U.S. government's list of terrorist organizations. All deliveries of U.S. Food Aid were suspended in 2009 "because of concerns over OFAC rules" due to the possibility that some of the food aid could benefit

4730: 228:(ICRC). The UN indicated in February 2012 that indirect data from health and relief centers pointed to improved general conditions from August 2011. The UN also announced that the famine in southern Somalia was over. However, 570:, Kenya hosted at least 440,000 people in three refugee camps, though the maximum capacity was 90,000. More than 1,500 refugees continued to arrive every day from southern Somalia, 80 per cent of whom were women and children. 4653: 2558: 997:

announced that it would donate $ 60 million in aid to the drought-impacted peoples in Somalia and urged the Al-Shabaab militants to cease their hostilities so as to facilitate the delivery of relief materials.

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The crisis was expected to worsen in the following months, peaking in August and September, with large-scale assistance needed until at least December 2011. Torrential rains also exacerbated the situation in

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that threatened the livelihood of 9.5 million people. Many refugees from southern Somalia fled to neighboring Kenya and Ethiopia, where crowded, unsanitary conditions together with severe

1727: 2494: 699:

just said is a critical part of our fight against terrorism and our overall international security. It just underscores the deep link between food security and national security." Armed

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allies managed to capture all of Mogadishu from the Al-Shabaab militants. Witnesses reported Al-Shabaab vehicles abandoning their bases in the capital for the south-central city of

5157: 5482: 5472: 4718: 3297: 1339: 1314: 2550: 4661: 4432: 1658: 587:

during travel to the refugee camps, with some cases reported in the camps themselves or as new refugees went in search for firewood. This put them at high risk of acquiring

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prospects of a good harvest in early 2012. Despite the re-imposition of blocks by the militants on the delivery of relief supplies in some areas under their control, the

2423: 4876: 4224: 1982: 272:, interrupted seasonal rains for two consecutive seasons. The rains failed in 2011 in Kenya and Ethiopia, and for the previous two years in Somalia. In many areas, the 3443: 1931: 4675: 240:

and distributing plant seeds. Long-term strategies by national governments in conjunction with development agencies were said to offer the most sustainable results.

4596: 5893: 3727: 4321: 2580: 2364: 748:, the African Union offensive in ongoing. However, AU intelligence sources said that the insurgents are planning a counteroffensive during the month of fasting. 4035: 5888: 1198:

it is illegal for American organizations to provide aid to "anyone associated with a terrorist group". The Federal Agency responsible for enforcement of these

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IDPs, which was scheduled to be converted into apartment flats. These and other proactive efforts have reportedly helped set in motion a rapid local recovery.

660:; b) more than two adults or four children were dying of hunger each day for every group of 10,000 people; and c) the population had access to less than 2,100 3060: 2878: 2262: 595:, the food crisis had forced many women to leave their homes in search of assistance, where they were often without the protection of their family and clan. 558:

By 15 September, more than 920,000 refugees from Somalia had reportedly fled to neighboring countries, particularly Kenya and Ethiopia. At the height of the

2326: 2960: 3146: 695:, stated that the drought may worsen the security situation in the region. "This is happening precisely in a part of the world that our Defense Secretary 4942: 4901: 2163:

Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (7 October 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa".

5759: 5321: 688: 289: 5169: 3272: 3198: 2983: 2067: 1761: 1557: 324:'s humanitarian director Jane Cocking stated that "This is a preventable disaster and solutions are possible". Suzanne Dvorak, the chief executive of 5454: 5311: 1051: 5037: 3991: 6023: 4854:, David Smith in Johannesburg, The Guardian (UK), Global Development section "Supported by Bill & Melinda Gates foundation", 21 September 2011. 3613: 3129: 2498: 1374: 3700: 3626: 3545: 1983:"FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan" 1095:

August, the United States announced that it would no longer prosecute humanitarian organizations who attempt to enter rebel-controlled territory.

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Humanitarian agencies have requested US$ 2.48 billion to address the crisis, but as of 1 August have secured less than half that amount. The

4369: 3375: 2106: 478:

Although fighting disrupted aid delivery in some areas, a scaling up of relief operations in mid-November had unexpectedly significantly reduced

4631: 3104: 2048:, Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as 640:

2 million. The epidemic in Ethiopia may have led to an measles outbreak in the United States and other parts of the developed world. The

5347: 4839: 1107: 666: 571: 488: 4574: 4410: 3969: 3078: 2939: 2397: 755:

A girl stands amid the graves of 70 children on the outskirts of Dadaab. The long desert journey to the relief camps has claimed many lives.

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by destroying makeshift homes. Tens of thousands of southern Somalia's internally displaced people were consequently left out in the cold.

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were also not expected to return until September of the year. The crisis is compounded by rebel activity around southern Somalia from the

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unveiled a public service message in which celebrities appear to be cursing and then the message says that famine is the real obscenity.

669:(UNHCR) also announced that 60 cholera cases, with 10 lab-confirmed and one fatality, had hit the Dadaab refugee camp in northern Kenya. 550: 1054:

to deliver the materials to the drought-stricken parts of the country. China also donated $ 16 million to the relief efforts, with

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since farmers often stay behind on their land plots to "protect their crops", while herders move with their livestock to pastureland.

6147: 5135: 3881: 3301: 1346: 1268: 4863: 4757: 5815: 5800: 5467: 5429: 4920: 484: 225: 4436: 2641: 1006:

sending its first consignment to Mogadishu over the same period. Despite experiencing financial difficulties, Palestinians in the

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result, cereal prices rose to record levels while livestock prices and wages fell, reducing purchasing power across the region.

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also reported that widespread famine would soon occur across the entire Horn of Africa, "a situation...not seen for 25 years".

2427: 1427: 6142: 5910: 5062: 5017: 4989: 4880: 4295: 4228: 4075: 3473: 3331: 2527: 1989: 1633: 1497: 1002:

dispatched multiple convoys of humanitarian supplies and $ 25 million to the famine-stricken parts of the country, with

3451: 2017: 1340:"Mortality among populations of southern and central Somalia affected by severe food insecurity and famine during 2010–2012" 6157: 5840: 5660: 5375: 5139: 4043: 1935: 1553: 37: 5126: 3032: 1875: 316:

contributed to the intensity of the drought, the relationship between La Niña and climate change is not well-established.

6177: 6152: 6137: 5865: 5370: 4604: 3926: 3793: 3221: 2837: 839: 682: 4774: 2356: 1901: 538:, with the northern and northeastern sections of the nation expected to be at Stressed and Crisis levels through March. 405:

September 2011, 63 percent of the UN's appeal for $ 2.5 billion (US) in humanitarian assistance has been financed.

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kits are also being sent through land routes. Among other measures being taken by aid agencies are the distribution of

3948: 3500: 2587: 6172: 5573: 3652: 3172: 2644: 385: 176: 5130: 2301: 534:

states. Below average cereal production and a trade blockade imposed by Sudan have also extended food insecurity in

3904: 3837: 3678: 3057: 2266: 1603: 1238: 1203: 1127: 1099: 4851: 4273: 2767: 6117: 6102: 5926: 5754: 5563: 5385: 4105: 2612: 764: 5082: 4251: 3401: 2453: 2137: 5810: 5650: 5523: 5380: 5269: 5220: 4176: 3882:"Bahrain Donates $ 3 Million of Humanitarian Aid to Somalia, Continues Efforts with Day-Long Donation Campaign" 1258: 1225:

requirements for food were so stringent that record keeping was not possible outside of the capital, Mogadishu.

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had predicted a long-term increase in rain for this area. While there is consensus that a particularly strong

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contributed to the severity of the crisis. "There's no question that hotter and drier growing conditions in

6087: 6003: 5931: 5677: 5558: 4481: 3194: 2074: 1564: 2794: 2237: 1220:

Despite the approaching famine, no food aid was prepared for Somalia in fall 2011. Scholars have written:

751: 388:-Somalia, the food crisis in Somalia has primarily affected farmers in the south rather than the northern 6107: 5845: 5805: 5518: 5390: 1208: 810:, told Reuters that her group had received complaints of government soldiers robbing civilians. However, 719: 711: 357: 282: 273: 205: 3010: 703:

are violently competing for dwindling resources. In Kenya alone more than 100 herders have been killed.

224:

By January 2012, the food crisis in southern Somalia was no longer at emergency levels according to the

6122: 6008: 5625: 5599: 5568: 5071: 3778: 3704: 3379: 4842:, Daily Nation (Kenya), NATION CORRESPONDENT, Additional reporting by Walter Menya, 23 September 2011. 2045: 6112: 6072: 6067: 5977: 5946: 5548: 5444: 5365: 5213: 1784: 1757: 641: 623: 213: 1161:

make a difference" in thousands of lives. In September 2011, during the UN General Assembly in NYC,

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Aid agencies subsequently shifted their emphasis to recovery efforts, including digging irrigation

3082: 40:(FEWS Net) food security projection for East Africa at the height of the drought (July–Sept 2011). 6097: 5956: 5264: 2465: 2389: 1850: 1199: 819: 653: 308:

suggested that it was premature to blame climate change for the drought. Indeed, the majority of

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announced that it had begun an airlift of food to Somalia. Ten tonnes of food were delivered to

459:(KWS) of intentionally moving the monkeys to the district. However, this was denied by the KWS. 32: 6162: 6092: 6077: 5936: 5764: 5513: 1152: 1077: 987: 456: 5941: 5898: 5820: 5738: 5498: 5305: 4628:"Main – Malaysia – Despite death, Mercy Malaysia says Somalia aid still on @ Wed Sep 07 2011" 1453: 503:

average. Ameliorated food security outcomes are also expected on account of the start of the

451: 3530:

Kenyan troops, helicopters search for 2 kidnapped Spaniards; UN, aid groups curtail aid work

990:

who distributed to its 5 partners. Over C$ 14 Million dollars was raised by the Coalition.

783:

with assessing and addressing the needs of the drought-impacted segments of the population.

416: 5667: 5434: 5099: 2172: 1134: 1040: 835: 827: 779: 724: 611: 592: 304:

have reduced the resiliency of these communities." On the other hand, two experts with the

217: 5533: 2670: 191:(HRW) consequently noted that most of the displaced persons belonged to the agro-pastoral 8: 5951: 5615: 5299: 4754: 1243: 831: 799: 795: 105: 5121: 5111: 4755:

USAID and Ad Council to Announce Awareness Campaign for the Crisis in the Horn of Africa

2905: 2176: 5508: 5316: 4344: 2196: 1118: 807: 657: 471: 345: 301: 188: 248: 6028: 5855: 5703: 5462: 5173: 5013: 4985: 4815: 4363: 2214: 2200: 2188: 1115:

to residents, and discussions with traders to freeze rapidly increasing food prices.

498:

A Somali woman and child at a relief center in Dollow on the Somalia-Ethiopia border.

353: 325: 5077: 3571:"Security&Itemid=115 Kenyan ramps up security at Somali border, eyes al Shabaab" 204:

governments preventing aid from reaching affected areas in an attempt to weaken the

5860: 5713: 5247: 5236: 4967: 3701:"UK public donate £57m for East Africa Crisis | Disasters Emergency Committee" 3557: 3533: 3429: 3323: 2858: 2523: 2477: 2180: 1625: 1489: 811: 579: 554:

New Ifo II camp in Kenya, built to try and ease overcrowding in the Dadaab complex.

436: 344:, two regions of southern Somalia. On 3 August, famine was further declared in the 4083: 790: 376: 5903: 5718: 5708: 5259: 4908: 4811: 4761: 4127: 3815: 3246: 3064: 2861:(30-second commercial at beginning). Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya, 29 July 2011. 2745: 2727: 2021: 1253: 740:

peacekeepers launched a major offensive against Al-Shabaab militants in northern

575: 221:

surpassed expectations, improving the prospects of a good harvest in early 2012.

6042: 4676:"US to aid groups: Feed the starving, even if Al Qaeda gets collateral benefits" 4199:"QNA | Miscellaneous Archive1 | Qatar Aid to Somalia Reaches 188 Tons" 3173:"Aid effort for drought-hit Horn of Africa must include long-term measures – UN" 6013: 5987: 5830: 5733: 5528: 4526:"Kazakhstan to render aid to hungry people of Somalia. Politics. Tengrinews.kz" 3147:"UN Declares Famine in Two South Somalia Regions as 3.7 million Need Help" 1902:"Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab" 1524:"Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official" 978: 583: 523: 420: 349: 337: 297: 132:

Occurring between July 2011 and mid-2012, a severe drought affected the entire

126:

9.5 million in need of assistance in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya

2795:"OCHA – Somalia – Famine & Drought Situation Report No. 3225 January 2012" 1659:"Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity" 1122:

Oxfam distributing clean water to a drought-stricken area in southern Ethiopia

6061: 5104: 4819: 4525: 2731: 2192: 2184: 1814: 1145: 737: 370: 309: 265: 137: 5051: 4547: 4503: 6047: 5982: 5972: 5883: 5728: 5594: 5294: 5116: 4504:"Kazakhstan rendered USD 500 thousand as humanitarian aid to Somalia – MFA" 4318:"Somalia receives humanitarian aid from UAE amid severe drought | AHN" 4128:"Somalia: Planes From Kuwait Carrying Humanitarian Aid Arrive at Mogadishu" 3648: 3508: 3222:"Somalia famine relief effort hit harder by food aid delays than by rebels" 2617: 2456:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 1171: 994: 696: 661: 582:

had risen threefold in the few months leading up to July 2011. The overall

527: 479: 401: 196: 160:

led to a large number of deaths. Other countries in East Africa, including

157: 4852:

Bono and Youssou N'Dour lead call for urgent action on east African famine

4731:

IKEA giving UN $ 62 million to expand overcrowded refugee complex in Kenya

3067:, Seattle Times, Christian Torres, The Washington Post, 17 September 2011. 2648: 1728:"UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid" 199:

ethnic minority group. On 20 July, the United Nations officially declared

5698: 5543: 5191: 3674: 2293: 2049: 1595: 1457:(UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) (10 June 2011). 1195: 1102: 1091: 728:

humanitarian workers, and that all aid organizations will be allowed in.

700: 535: 440: 396: 389: 184: 165: 133: 3992:"Egypt sends two military aircraft carrying humanitarian aid to Somalia" 3079:"MSF: No More Delays or Restrictions For Somalis Needing Aid and Refuge" 2613:"Somali famine victims lose homes as torrential rain hits refugee camps" 4548:"Azerbaijan's aid to Somalia shows commitment to human principles – MP" 3105:"U.N.: Cholera scourge now ravaging Somalia | | The Bulletin" 1166: 1063: 1059: 1007: 692: 444: 293: 257: 5038:

Famine in Somalia: Competing Imperatives, Collective Failures, 2011–12

3548:, news.scotsman, Mike Pflan, in Nairobi, Friday 14 October 2011 19:20. 1263: 971:

Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

818:

On 13 October 2011, two women from Spain employed as aid workers with

313: 269: 5723: 5693: 5672: 4806: 3593:"Kenyan troops pursue al-Shabab into Somalia in Operation Linda Nchi" 3405: 2978: 2728:"Kenya: Hungry Taita Taveta Residents Now Appeal for Relief Supplies" 2639: 1248: 1138: 1067: 1055: 1050:

dispatched multiple aid convoys to Somalia, working closely with the

741: 531: 432: 410: 361: 192: 2390:"U.N. declares famine in Somalia; makes urgent appeal to save lives" 2107:"Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia" 1458: 1288:"ActionAid launches £1.5 million appeal for drought-hit East Africa" 1058:

sending $ 5 million, Russia contributing $ 3 million, and

802:(SPF) have ramped up security operations in the wake of the drought. 5205: 2229: 2138:"East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says" 1071: 599: 494: 467: 380:

Rainfall levels in the larger East Africa region from 1995 to 2011.

229: 149: 145: 57: 53: 5067:

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

4407:"U2's Bono praises Erdoğan's Somalia visit, Turkish aid campaigns" 3247:"Somalia's Al-Shabaab Rebels Ban Some Aid Groups From Territories" 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 627:

A Somali boy receiving treatment at a health facility in Hilaweyn.

136:. Said to be "the worst in 60 years", the drought caused a severe 3432:, Mary Harper, BBC News, 13 August 2011 Last updated at 12:54 ET. 1112: 1016: 1012: 1003: 760: 745: 723:

the insurgent group's control to deliver aid. The United Nations

649: 645: 632: 603: 509: 365: 183:

primarily affected farmers in the south rather than the northern

180: 141: 49: 3641: 3354:"African Union sources: Al-Shabaab planning push during Ramadan" 1229:

OFAC's rules were eventually relaxed, but the delay cost lives.

5439: 5200: 5196: 3753:"Canadians donate $ 70-million to drought-stricken East Africa" 2131: 2129: 2127: 2092: 1047: 1028: 1024: 851:

Funding Status Horn of Africa Crisis (as of 24 September 2011)

772: 768: 636: 567: 463: 462:

Food shortages have also been reported in northern and eastern

341: 200: 169: 65: 4857: 2215:"Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought" 1517: 1515: 5655: 5620: 5553: 5182: 5152: 5143: 4982:

Problems, Promises, and Paradoxes of Aid: Africa's Experience

4345:"Third Turkish cargo plane carrying aid to Somalia takes off" 1929: 1899: 1876:"Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall" 1162: 1082: 1036: 1032: 1020: 706: 563: 518: 424: 321: 237: 161: 153: 61: 4014:"Egyptian airlift to transport food, medical aid to Somalia" 2924: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2495:"The UN World Food Program Begins Relief Flights to Somalia" 2417: 2415: 2327:"African crisis exposes failed logic of humanitarian system" 2288: 2286: 2284: 2124: 2041: 2039: 1375:"SomaliaFamine & Drought Situation Report No. 25 – OCHA" 1126:

The UN's declaration of famine has been its first since the

5784: 5334: 5148: 4742: 3058:

Fighting Horn of Africa famine puts new tactics to the test

2746:"Uganda: Famine Bites As Families Resort to One Meal a Day" 1549: 1512: 1454: 999: 849: 588: 578:

said that many people had died en route. Within the camps,

435:

warns of a looming humanitarian crisis in the northwestern

278: 3546:

Kidnap forces medics to leave world’s largest refugee camp

3261: 2573: 2424:"What It Took for the U.N. to Declare a Famine in Somalia" 5056: 5008:

Hobson, Christopher; Bacon, Paul; Cameron, Robin (2014).

4721:, By Barry Malone, ADDIS ABABA (Reuters), 26 August 2011. 4385:"Turkish aid to Somalia: A new pulse in Africa – Opinion" 4150:"3rd Kuwaiti aid plane heads to drought-stricken Somalia" 3324:"Somali famine: Fighting in Mogadishu after 'aid threat'" 2932:"Somali refugee death rate at 15 times above norm: UNHCR" 2893: 2875:"Famine refugees face increased violence, aid groups say" 2768:"Famine ends, yet 31% of the population remain in crisis" 2551:"The forgotten people of Africa's famine cry out for aid" 2412: 2281: 2036: 1932:"Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC" 1315:"Famine Toll in 2011 Was Larger Than Previously Reported" 4733:, Washington Post, Associated Press, Tuesday, 30 August. 4571:"Indonesia Joins Forces to Help Somalian Famine Victims" 3376:"Somali government declares Islamist rebellion defeated" 3132:, Stephanie Nebehay, GENEVA, 15 November 2011 (Reuters). 2162: 1449: 1447: 1445: 252:

Carcasses of sheep and goats amidst a severe drought in

4433:"Erdoğan says Somalia aid needs to reach $ 500 million" 3444:"All sides in Somali conflict guilty of violations-HRW" 3292: 3290: 2830: 1589: 1587: 1585: 4227:. Thepeninsulaqatar.com. 7 August 2011. Archived from 3816:"Iran's 9th Cargo of Humanitarian Aid Sent to Somalia" 3402:"Somalia: Government names national drought committee" 3269:"Ethiopia and UN accuse Eritrea of backing Al Shabaab" 2671:"Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana" 2524:"UN to declare famine in parts of drought-hit Somalia" 2468:, New York Times, Jeffrey Gettleman, 5 September 2011. 2263:"Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa" 1626:"Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted" 1483: 1481: 4921:"Kenyans use mobile phones to send drought aid money" 4274:"UAE charity sends emergency aid to Somalia – Yahoo!" 3794:"Saudi Government grants $ 60 million aid to Somalia" 3627:"E. African Nations Back Kenyan Offensive in Somalia" 3316: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2906:"UNHCR chief urges more help for drought-hit Somalis" 1966:

U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain

1618: 1542: 1442: 5149:

FWD (Famine, War, Drought) Public Awareness Campaign

4775:"F*** Famine: Stars Unite to Fight Hunger in New Ad" 4698:"Millions at risk of cholera in Ethiopia, WHO warns" 4459:"Venezuela to give food aid to Somalia, Chavez says" 3728:"Appeal from Rudd as world ignores Somalia disaster" 3287: 3164: 3140: 3138: 3130:

Cholera breaks out in Kenya's Dadaab refugee camp-UN

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Horn of Africa Drought Crisis Factsheet 28 July 2011

1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1582: 1428:"UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed" 644:

stated that "8.8 million people are at risk of

4409:. Todayszaman.com. 1 September 2011. Archived from 4320:. Allheadlinenews.com. 30 June 2011. Archived from 3430:

Somalia famine: PM Ali sets up aid protection force

3298:"Somalia offensive: 300 new militants in Mogadishu" 2542: 1478: 5322:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission 5007: 4568: 3970:"Somalia drought victims receive aid from Algeria" 3187: 3107:. Bendbulletin.com. 13 August 2011. Archived from 2998: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2020:. Africa and Europe in Partnership. Archived from 1900:Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi (22 February 2012). 1558:"East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia" 1459:"Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3" 689:United States Agency for International Development 450:In August 2012, an estimated 87,000 people in the 290:United States Agency for International Development 212:from famine to emergency levels. According to the 5170:Video: Fighting Hunger During Kenya's Food Crisis 4435:. Todayszaman.com. 22 August 2011. Archived from 3271:. The Africa Report. 28 July 2011. Archived from 3213: 3135: 2974:"UN reports measles outbreaks in Ethiopia, Kenya" 2864: 2480:, BBC, 5 September 2011 Last updated at 13:00 ET. 1700: 1070:have assisted in the humanitarian campaign, with 336:On 20 July 2011, the UN declared a famine in the 6059: 6024:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic 5078:Humanitarian response and analysis via ReliefWeb 4840:Top Africans appeal for action in Horn of Africa 3745: 3675:"Andrew Mitchell urges action on Africa drought" 3368: 3070: 2808: 1750: 1312: 208:militant group, against whom they were engaged. 4902:Reprieve for US Somalis on money transfer issue 4719:AU famine meet raises $ 351m, figure questioned 3927:"Bahrain offers $ 3m in crisis aid for Somalia" 3905:"Bahrain offers $ 3m in crisis aid for Somalia" 3241: 3239: 3195:"Al-Shabab says aid group ban remains in place" 2725: 2442: 1843:"Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid" 1487: 1156:Oxfam staff preparing to fly in relief supplies 1015:donated $ 3 million to the campaign, with 455:whom were receiving food aid, also accused the 3170: 2518: 2516: 2384: 2382: 2018:"The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa" 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1653: 1651: 1548: 806:On 16 August, Neela Ghoshal, an official with 778:On 4 July 2011, the Prime Minister of Somalia 5221: 5003: 5001: 4864:Cell phones may be new tool vs Somalia famine 4597:"Indonesia Pledges to Provide Aid to Somalia" 2838:"Help Kenya manage Somalia crisis, US pleads" 2694:"Now Kenya stands on brink of its own famine" 2012: 2010: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1870: 1868: 1422: 1420: 1108:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 6019:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks 5035:Maxwell, Daniel; Majid, Nisar, eds. (2016). 4668: 3703:. Dec.org.uk. 25 August 2011. Archived from 3404:. Raxanreeb.com. 4 July 2011. Archived from 3236: 2605: 2421: 2135: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1596:"Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'" 1011:entrepreneurs and local NGOs. Additionally, 714:, an Islamist group implicated in the crisis 610:According to the Lutheran World Federation, 4980:Ndulo, Muna; Walle, Nicolas van de (2014). 4877:"Internet Down for Second Day in Mogadishu" 4866:, Reuters, Andrew Quinn, 21 September 2011. 4368:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4177:"Kuwait offers $ 10 million aid to Somalia" 3425: 3423: 3346: 2738: 2645:"Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana" 2513: 2379: 2350: 2348: 2062: 2060: 2058: 1950: 1925: 1923: 1648: 5631:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation 5228: 5214: 5120: 4998: 4979: 4913: 4895: 4690: 4252:"Sudan pledges substantial aid to Somalia" 3563: 3144: 3033:"UN declares famine in rebel-held Somalia" 3025: 2789: 2787: 2581:"Expanding famine across southern Somalia" 2488: 2486: 2478:Somalia famine: UN warns of 750,000 deaths 2235: 2007: 1970: 1865: 1810:"A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa" 1782: 1417: 1369: 1367: 1189: 306:International Livestock Research Institute 31: 5100:East Africa's Famine: Disunited in hunger 5083:Full Report on the Horn of Africa drought 4799: 4654:"US Pledges $ 5 million for Somalia" 4630:. Themalaysianinsider.com. Archived from 4382: 4225:"Qatar Red Crescent sends aid to Somalia" 3725: 3618: 3474:"7 Killed in Looting at Somalia Aid Camp" 3300:. Seattlepi. 28 July 2011. Archived from 2760: 2685: 2663: 2492: 1830: 1593: 1490:"Horn of Africa tested by severe drought" 1399:"Famine in Somalia: causes and solutions" 845: 826:In October 2011 a coordinated operation, 331: 4935: 4869: 4479: 4249: 4174: 4106:"Two Kuwaiti aid planes set for Somalia" 3791: 3651:. Relief Web (UN-OCHA). 29 August 2011. 3624: 3466: 3420: 3394: 3378:. Reuters. 6 August 2011. Archived from 2816:"UN: One-Third of Somalis Now Displaced" 2633: 2586:. FEWS NET. 20 July 2011. Archived from 2345: 2236:Loewenberg, Sausage (26 November 2011). 2055: 1920: 1895: 1893: 1151: 1117: 1076: 789: 750: 705: 622: 602:, Ethiopia also hosted at least 110,000 549: 493: 485:International Committee of the Red Cross 415: 375: 247: 226:International Committee of the Red Cross 4764:, USAID Press Release, 19 October 2011. 4625: 4482:"Russia donates $ 3 Million to Somalia" 3838:"Lebanon sends aid shipment to Somalia" 3614:Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi 3441: 3435: 3011:"Ethiopia, Kenya Face Measles Epidemic" 2784: 2483: 2068:"Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot" 1364: 384:According to Luca Alivoni, the head of 172:, were also affected by a food crisis. 6060: 5158:PreventionWeb 2011 East Africa drought 4296:"Somali refugees get UAE aid supplies" 3607: 3498: 3492: 2548: 2321: 2319: 1725: 1521: 423:women in the Turkana District, one of 5209: 4626:Ariffin, Lisa J. (7 September 2011). 4276:. In.news.yahoo.com. 7 September 2011 3595:. Al Jazeera English. 16 October 2011 3501:"Two UPDF soldiers killed in Somalia" 2938:. India. 20 July 2011. Archived from 2721: 2719: 2691: 2255: 1890: 1269:Horn of Africa drought (2020–present) 618: 5661:The State of the Humanitarian System 5235: 5140:Famine Early Warning Systems Network 5010:Human Security and Natural Disasters 4943:"Unleashing people power in Somalia" 4802:"Bono gets stars to drop the f-word" 4076:"Jordan sends relief aid to Somalia" 4036:"Jordan sends relief aid to Somalia" 3902: 3860:"Gazans rush to help the famine-hit" 3558:Somalia famine aid workers shot dead 3219: 3197:. Al Jazeera English. 22 July 2011. 2466:Famine Spreads in Somalia, U.N. Says 2354: 1673: 38:Famine Early Warning Systems Network 4879:. Somaliareport.com. Archived from 4082:. 11 September 2011. Archived from 4042:. 11 September 2011. Archived from 3759:. Toronto. CBC News. 5 October 2011 3655:from the original on 11 August 2011 3625:Heinlein, Peter (22 October 2011). 3573:. Defenceweb.co.za. 17 October 2011 3076: 2673:. Indcatholicnews.com. 28 July 2011 2493:Mvunganyi, Jackson (27 July 2011). 2316: 1930:Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani. 1785:"Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster" 667:U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees 13: 5911:The State of the World's Cash 2020 5836:Central African Republic Civil War 5029: 3726:MacDonald, Hamish (26 July 2011). 3536:, Nairobi, Kenya, 14 October 2011. 2726:Raphael Mwadime (30 August 2012). 2716: 1849:. 18 November 2011. Archived from 1313:Associated Press (29 April 2013). 443:. According to officials with the 110:severe drought, irregular rainfall 14: 6189: 5574:Koyamada International Foundation 5114:collected news and commentary at 5091:collected news and commentary at 5072:African Flood and Drought Monitor 5045: 4984:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 4945:. Todayszaman.com. Archived from 4800:Oldenburg, Ann (4 October 2011). 4528:. En.tengrinews.kz. 9 August 2011 4342: 3818:. Allafrica.com. 1 September 2011 3681:from the original on 16 July 2011 3334:from the original on 28 July 2011 3201:from the original on 22 July 2011 3145:Richardson, Paul (20 July 2011). 2961:Somali women face sexual violence 2881:from the original on 28 July 2011 2561:from the original on 19 July 2011 2530:from the original on 20 July 2011 2400:from the original on 21 July 2011 2367:from the original on 20 July 2011 2304:from the original on 18 July 2011 2052:soared and livestock died . . . " 1764:from the original on 20 July 2011 1738:from the original on 21 July 2011 1636:from the original on 12 July 2011 1606:from the original on 10 July 2011 1500:from the original on 13 July 2011 1074:dispatching aid workers on site. 591:. According to UN representative 572:UN High Commissioner for Refugees 545: 427:'s most drought-affected regions. 6148:Natural disasters in South Sudan 6041: 4973: 4961: 4923:. Abcnews.go.com. 29 August 2011 4845: 4833: 4793: 4767: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4646: 4619: 4589: 4562: 4540: 4518: 4496: 4473: 4451: 4425: 4399: 4376: 4336: 4310: 4288: 4266: 4243: 4217: 4191: 4168: 4142: 4120: 4098: 4068: 4058: 4028: 4006: 3984: 3972:. Magharebia.com. 23 August 2011 3962: 3941: 3919: 3896: 3884:. News.yahoo.com. 19 August 2011 3874: 3442:Bayoumy, Yara (16 August 2011). 1688:. Human Rights Watch. p. 17 1465:from the original on 3 July 2011 1430:. Thejournal.ie. 6 February 2012 1204:Office of Foreign Assets Control 1100:United Nations Secretary-General 268:, including an unusually strong 5927:Attacks on humanitarian workers 5386:Inter-Agency Standing Committee 3929:. Hiiraan.com. 22 December 2006 3852: 3830: 3808: 3785: 3771: 3719: 3693: 3667: 3585: 3551: 3539: 3523: 3171:United Nations (13 July 2011). 3123: 3097: 3051: 2966: 2954: 2852: 2748:. Allafrica.com. 19 August 2011 2471: 2459: 2357:"UN declares famine in Somalia" 2207: 2156: 2112:. Relief Web, UN. 3 August 2011 1802: 1776: 1488:Mike Wooldridge (4 July 2011). 1062:adding $ 500,000. In addition, 765:Transitional Federal Government 683:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 5942:Health Care In Danger Campaign 5841:Western African Ebola outbreak 5524:International Rescue Committee 5381:Humanitarian-Development Nexus 5270:International humanitarian law 5085:, United Nations, 29 July 2011 4968:Turkey – Somalia aid pioneers? 3862:. Gulfnews.com. 14 August 2011 3649:"Horn of Africa Crisis – 2011" 2982:. 15 July 2011. Archived from 2265:. 28 June 2011. Archived from 2073:. 24 June 2011. Archived from 1522:Gordts, Eline (16 July 2011). 1391: 1332: 1306: 1280: 1259:Environmental issues in Africa 1: 6133:Natural disasters in Ethiopia 6128:Natural disasters in Djibouti 5889:Sexual exploitation and abuse 5765:German Federal Foreign Office 5343:History of the United Nations 4130:. allAfrica.com. 22 July 2011 3499:Mukasa, Henry (31 May 2011). 3249:. Allafrica.com. 22 July 2011 2692:Dugan, Emily (29 July 2011). 2549:Pflanz, Mike (20 July 2011). 2422:Uri Friedman (20 July 2011). 2136:Joshua Hersh (13 July 2011). 1783:Alex Perry (18 August 2011). 1726:Pflanz, Mike (20 July 2011). 1274: 984:Disasters Emergency Committee 243: 179:-Somalia, the food crisis in 6143:Natural disasters in Somalia 6004:2015 European migrant crisis 5932:Aid Worker Security Database 5806:Great Indian Famine of 1870s 5678:Global Humanitarian Overview 5188:Horn of Africa Hunger Crisis 5052:Crisis in the Horn of Africa 4745:, USAID FWD Campaign Website 4573:. KOMPAS.com. Archived from 4506:. Inform.kz. 17 October 2011 1878:. Pcusa.org. 5 December 2011 1758:"Somalia on verge of famine" 1239:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia 1128:1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia 264:Weather conditions over the 7: 6158:Natural disasters in Uganda 5519:International Medical Corps 5391:Humanitarian Cluster System 5197:Eastern and Southern Africa 4678:. CS Monitor. 2 August 2011 4201:. Qnaol.net. Archived from 3220:Rice, Xan (4 August 2011). 2647:. Kbc.co.ke. Archived from 2355:Tran, Mark (20 July 2011). 1934:. Trust.org. Archived from 1290:. ActionAid. Archived from 1232: 1052:Somali Red Crescent Society 676: 10: 6194: 6178:2011 disasters in Ethiopia 6153:Natural disasters in Sudan 6138:Natural disasters in Kenya 6009:Detention Centres in Libya 5894:Core Humanitarian Standard 5626:Network for Refugee Voices 5600:Global Refugee-Led Network 5164:Humanitarian organizations 5041:. Oxford University Press. 4250:Muqdisho (1 August 2011). 3677:. BBC News. 16 July 2011. 2877:. CBC News. 25 July 2011. 2840:. Capital FM. 16 July 2011 2497:. VOA News. Archived from 2294:"Once more unto the abyss" 1760:. CBC News. 18 July 2011. 1563:. FEWS-Net. Archived from 1345:. FEWS NET. Archived from 1206:(OFAC). In February 2008, 1144:On 25 Aug, a much delayed 687:In July 2011, the head of 680: 195:clan and the agricultural 100:0.6–2.8 per 10,000 per day 6037: 5996: 5978:International development 5965: 5947:Kunduz hospital airstrike 5919: 5874: 5793: 5747: 5686: 5643: 5608: 5582: 5549:Norwegian Refugee Council 5491: 5453: 5412: 5403: 5366:World Humanitarian Summit 5356: 5332: 5285: 5278: 5243: 4550:. News.Az. 10 August 2011 4480:Muqdisho (22 July 2011). 4175:Muqdisho (19 July 2011). 3792:Muqdisho (26 July 2011). 2331:The Sydney Morning Herald 1594:Ben Brown (8 July 2011). 970: 642:World Health Organization 214:Lutheran World Federation 122: 114: 104: 96: 88: 80: 72: 68:and neighboring countries 45: 30: 23: 6173:2011 disasters in Africa 5851:South Sudanese Civil War 5826:2011 East Africa drought 5539:Médecins Sans Frontières 5504:Catholic Relief Services 5136:Horn of Africa Emergency 4970:, BBC, 22 February 2012. 4907:21 December 2011 at the 4760:22 November 2011 at the 4700:. EuroNews. 15 July 2011 4569:pt. kompas cyber media. 4298:. gulfnews. 31 July 2011 3560:, BBC, 23 December 2011. 3356:. CNN News. 30 July 2011 2963:, UPI, 28 December 2011. 2700:. London. Archived from 2185:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 915:Ethiopia (non-refugees) 439:of Kenya, which borders 431:In addition, the Kenyan 25:2011 East Africa drought 5957:Dolo hospital airstrike 5801:Chinese Famine of 1870s 5348:1951 Refugee Convention 5265:Humanitarian principles 5179:East Africa food crisis 3063:19 October 2011 at the 1682:Human Rights Watch Plan 1190:United States Sanctions 1135:UN World Food Programme 1043:also sending supplies. 820:Doctors Without Borders 654:Doctors Without Borders 635:cases broke out in the 84:July 2011 – August 2012 6118:History of East Africa 6103:2011 natural disasters 5937:World Humanitarian Day 5811:Ethiopian famine 1980s 5644:Analysis and reporting 5514:Danish Refugee Council 5492:International agencies 5142:(FEWS NET), funded by 5089:Horn of Africa Drought 3779:"East African Drought" 2621:. London. 31 July 2011 2238:"The Famine Next Time" 1661:. 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Bar-kulan.com 3790: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3480:. 5 August 2011 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3075: 3071: 3065:Wayback Machine 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3037:Financial Times 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3008: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2936:Hindustan Times 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2724: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2698:The Independent 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2420: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2353: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2300:. 7 July 2011. 2292: 2291: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2142:Huffington Post 2134: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2056: 2044: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1971: 1964: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1928: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1898: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1841: 1840: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1724: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1592: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1528:Huffington Post 1520: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1486: 1479: 1468: 1466: 1452: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1408: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1254:Desertification 1235: 1192: 864: 859: 848: 836:Kenyan military 832:Somali military 685: 679: 621: 576:Melissa Fleming 548: 470:region and the 360:settlements in 356:as well as the 354:Middle Shabelle 334: 246: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6191: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6098:2011 in Uganda 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6053: 6052: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6014:Crisis mapping 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5988:Neocolonialism 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5966:Related fields 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5831:Typhoon Haiyan 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5734:James Orbinski 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5687:Notable people 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5609:Local agencies 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5559:Guardian Girls 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:Islamic Relief 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5146: 5133: 5109: 5108:, 21 July 2011 5097: 5086: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5060: 5047: 5046:External links 5044: 5043: 5042: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5018: 4997: 4990: 4972: 4960: 4934: 4912: 4894: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4810:. McLean, VA: 4792: 4766: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4689: 4667: 4645: 4618: 4588: 4561: 4539: 4517: 4495: 4472: 4450: 4424: 4398: 4375: 4335: 4309: 4287: 4265: 4242: 4216: 4190: 4167: 4141: 4119: 4097: 4067: 4057: 4027: 4005: 3983: 3961: 3940: 3918: 3895: 3873: 3851: 3829: 3807: 3784: 3770: 3744: 3732:The Australian 3718: 3692: 3666: 3640: 3617: 3606: 3584: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3522: 3511:on 4 July 2011 3491: 3465: 3434: 3419: 3393: 3367: 3345: 3315: 3286: 3260: 3235: 3212: 3186: 3163: 3134: 3122: 3096: 3069: 3050: 3039:. 20 July 2011 3024: 3013:. 20 July 2011 2997: 2965: 2953: 2923: 2912:. 14 July 2011 2892: 2863: 2851: 2829: 2807: 2783: 2759: 2737: 2715: 2684: 2662: 2640:SawaSawa.com ( 2632: 2604: 2572: 2541: 2512: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2441: 2411: 2378: 2344: 2333:. 18 July 2011 2315: 2280: 2269:on 1 July 2011 2254: 2228: 2217:. 12 July 2011 2206: 2155: 2123: 2091: 2054: 2035: 2006: 1969: 1949: 1919: 1889: 1864: 1829: 1801: 1775: 1749: 1699: 1672: 1647: 1617: 1581: 1541: 1511: 1477: 1441: 1416: 1390: 1363: 1352:on 12 May 2013 1331: 1305: 1294:on 10 May 2013 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1231: 1191: 1188: 979:European Union 973: 972: 968: 967: 964: 961: 958: 952: 951: 949: 946: 944: 940: 939: 936: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 919: 916: 912: 911: 908: 905: 902: 898: 897: 894: 891: 888: 884: 883: 880: 877: 874: 870: 869: 866: 861: 856: 847: 844: 830:, between the 681:Main article: 678: 675: 631:In July 2011, 620: 617: 598:In July 2011, 584:mortality rate 547: 546:Refugee crisis 544: 524:South Kordofan 437:Turkana region 338:Lower Shabelle 333: 330: 310:climate models 298:climate change 296:, stated that 260:region in 2017 245: 242: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 92:50,000–260,000 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 47: 43: 42: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6190: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163:2011 droughts 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6093:2011 in Sudan 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6078:2011 in Kenya 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406:organizations 5402: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:Grand Bargain 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5331: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288:the Red Cross 5284: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105:The Economist 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5033: 5021: 5015: 5012:. 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