850:, Andrew Meldrum, said that President Mugabe's Youth Militia threatened health professionals that provided medical treatment to political opponents. He said that, combined with decreasing education standards, low pay, and a shortage of medical supplies like latex gloves, this led doctors to leave Zimbabwe at an alarming rate. According to Douglas Gwatidzo, the chairman of the Zimbabwe Doctors for Human Rights group, Zimbabwe had only one doctor assigned to a group of 12,000 citizens. Doctors in Zimbabwe fill only 25% of the medical posts available, and even fewer specialist positions are taken. According to Meldrum, this poses serious challenges to health care for diseases like HIV/AIDS and cholera. Similarly, the effects of cholera are exacerbated without proper nutrition, and Zimbabwe has faced food shortages for the last several years.
866:, this was exacerbated by a shortage of international aid, as Zimbabwe's government didn't acknowledge the epidemic and accept aid until the disease was widespread. It was not contained or prevented from spreading. Until 2008, the government insisted that there was no cholera in Zimbabwe, and Pruyt says the U.N. did not provide the country with safe drinking water until after the crisis started. Meldrum says that, during Zimbabwe's continuing HIV/AIDS dilemma, some major international donors did not give much money because they believed it would help President Mugabe stay in power, which they did not want.
29:
655:
160:
266:". A major contributing factor to the severity of the outbreak was the collapse of Zimbabwe's public health system, declared a national emergency on 4 December 2008. By the end of November 2008, three of Zimbabwe's four major hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working. Zimbabwean hospitals still open by December 2008 lacked medicines and staff. Due to
600:
788:. In Mozambique, cholera spread to 10 out of 11 provinces, with a total of 9,533 cases by 1 Jan to 1 Mar 2009 and 119 deaths by 17 March. Four health workers also died in a mob attack, blamed on "misinformation and misunderstanding in efforts to combat cholera", and 12 of the prisoners from the incident died in jail. In Malawi 104 deaths were recorded since January, making it the worst outbreak since 2001β02 where 960 people died.
283:
564:
732:(CSIR) in South Africa, who had earlier warned of the risk of cholera in South Africa and wrote a report that recommended that the South African government increase its spending on water treatments lest a cholera outbreak occur in the country, was suspended for having made "inappropriate statements to the media". On 10 December 2008, the Limpopo Provincial Government declared
3212:
843:, the country's health programs were negatively impacted, resulting in diminished health care for those infected with cholera. According to a draft paper from the WHO's World Conference on Social Determinants in Health, there were fewer health workers in the villages than in urban areas, which hindered early detection and isolation of cholera cases.
894:, President Mugabe blamed the U.S. and the U.K. for the cholera outbreak, saying that they sent the disease so that they have a reason to credibly remove him from the presidency. One Zimbabwean citizen was shown with a sign that blamed UK Prime Minister Gordan Brown for the disease; the sign expressed the horrors of "Brown's cholera".
286:
The spread of cholera in
Zimbabwe: (top) The number of cases recorded in the most infected centres and districts, and in the remainder of each province of Zimbabwe as of 4 March 2009. (bottom) Total number of reported cases. Since totals for many districts are not updated daily, the first occurrence
245:
stopped receiving piped water on 1 December 2008. By that date, many suburbs had not had any water supply for much longer. On 4 December 2008, the
Zimbabwe deputy minister for water and infrastructural development stated that there were only sufficient treatment chemicals in stock nationally for 12
816:
After the 2008 epidemic was declared a national emergency, the
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOHCW) collaborated with several other departments, governments, and non-governmental organizations to create a Cholera Command and Control Centre. This centre works to prevent cholera outbreaks in
949:
contradicted Mugabe's view and indicated a growing death toll. According to the WHO, as of 8 December nearly 800 people had died of cholera and more than 16,000 cases were being treated. Later that same day, Zimbabwean visas were denied to six French aid workers, including three crisis management
886:
was criticized by
Innocent Nhapi of the National University of Rwanda on the basis of capacity and funding of the authority. The lack of funding for water treatment chemicals, maintenance and staff salaries was cited by Colwell of the Baker Institute as a major cause of the epidemic. According to
911:
blamed the cholera deaths on
Western sanctions, saying "the cholera issue has been used to drive a wedge among us". On 12 December, Ndlovu repeated his accusation, and claimed that the cholera outbreak was actually a "serious biological-chemical weapon" attack by the United Kingdom, which Ndlovu
637:
had secured international donor funding to provide sufficient water treatment chemicals for three weeks water supply for Harare and had arranged a shipment of chemical sufficient for four months supply. UNICEF distributed 360,000 litres of water per day in Harare, as well as handing out soap and
342:
The case fatality rate for the outbreak was higher than expected for such outbreaks, although it began declining by
January 2009. Official estimates of fatalities have run from 484 to 800, since the outbreak in August 2008, with an upper estimate of 3,000 from an anonymous senior official in the
270:, hospitals were not able to buy basic drugs and medicines, and the resources of even internationally funded emergency clinics were stretched. The ongoing political and economic crisis contributed to the emigration of doctors and people with medical knowledge. Some victims were travelling to
334:
The number of cases reported by the United
Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs escalated from 30 on 1 September 2008 to 15,572 by 10 December. According to the Red Cross, around 46% of reported deaths occur en route to clinics and hospitals. The head of the British
185:
which is spread through water contaminated with the feces of infected individuals. Cholera had been seen in
Zimbabwe in the decade leading up to the 2008 outbreak. However, the severity of the 2008 has been attributed to a combination of societal factors including poor access to
857:
in
Zimbabwe, said that attending school may be dangerous in Zimbabwe, instead of providing a ladder for self-improvement. She noted that "Sanitation is now so bad in schools that they may become a breeding ground for infection", rather than a place of valuable education.
371:
Assistance after the 2008 outbreak was made available by numerous international agencies, and funding for water, sanitation and hygiene programmes, epidemic response and the provision of essential drugs came from several governments and trans-governmental organisations:
146:
declared the outbreak over. In total, 98,596 cases of cholera and 4,369 deaths were reported, making this the largest outbreak of cholera ever recorded in
Zimbabwe. The large scale and severity of the outbreak has been attributed to poor sanitation, limited access to
928:
official argued that the government and party leadership was more focussed on the forthcoming ZANU-PF conference than on the current crisis. On 11 December 2008, President Robert Mugabe made a speech screened on national television in which he said:
2897:
861:
According to Meldrum, Zimbabwe's high inflation left the country with a lack of financial resources, resulting in a shortage of ambulances and pharmaceutical drugs. According to Eric Pruyt of the Delft University of Technology in The
881:
said that the crisis began in 2005 when the government took over water treatment facilities but without sufficient funding to maintain purification processes. The transfer of water treatment from local government to the
254:, the spread of cholera from urban to rural areas from December 2008 onwards was due to infected city-dwellers visiting their families' rural homes for Christmas and the burial of infected city-dwellers in rural areas.
1863:
708:
on 3 December 2008. By 12 December 2008, 11 deaths and 859 infections had been recorded in South Africa, rising to 2,100 cases and 15 deaths by 14 January 2009, and to 12,000 cases and 59 deaths by 10 March.
240:
being washed into water sources, in particular public drains, as well as providing readily available but contaminated water. Due to a shortage of purification chemicals, such as chlorine, the capital city of
966:
I don't know what world he is living in. There is a raging humanitarian crisis in Zimbabwe as well as an economic crisis and still there is no representative government able to lead the country out of this
2110:
920:
Cholera is a calculated, racist, terrorist attack on Zimbabwe by the unrepentant former colonial power, which has enlisted support from its American and Western allies so that they can invade the country.
907:
and state media blamed the outbreak on European and American sanctions and a Reuters report said it accused Britain of plotting an invasion under the cover of the outbreak. Information minister
2903:
5714:
6090:
6085:
883:
1292:
6046:
1027:
288:
3600:
1756:
1055:
296:
763:
Cholera is spreading... We are beginning to see a shift from Zimbabwe to South Africa. The situation is scary... I am concerned about the impact this is having on our provinces.
2428:
2176:
1604:
1867:
6063:
1491:
327:. In the first two weeks of November, the epidemic rapidly spread across Zimbabwe, appearing in a total of 9 provinces and 54 districts. The disease spread to reach all of
218:
which led to shortages of food and other basic goods, disruption of public services, and a large number of refugees moving within the country and to neighboring countries.
1703:
642:
indicated on 9 December 2008 that US$ 17,500,000 was needed to respond properly to the outbreak. As of 15 December, following agreement with the Zimbabwe government, the
6058:
869:
As the outbreak and health crisis grew worse, American and British leaders cited the crisis as further proof that it was, in their view, "well past time for (President)
5585:
6053:
1795:
5750:
2302:
6146:
5984:
2792:
2592:
2567:
2084:
1655:
933:
I am happy to say our doctors have been assisted by others and WHO (the World Health Organization)... so now that there is no cholera... Because of cholera,
3607:
3500:
1350:
5954:
1919:
122:. The outbreak peaked in January 2009 with 8,500 cases reported per week. Cholera cases from this outbreak were also reported in neighboring countries
3402:
1751:
3044:
1059:
780:
by 9 December 2008. In 2009, cases increased, with 4,354 cases and 55 deaths reported by 10 February 2009 in Zambia and 1,596 cases and 14 deaths in
3695:
3429:
142:. With the help of international agencies, the outbreak was controlled, and by July 2009, after no cases had been reported for several weeks, the
6100:
5996:
143:
1941:
1118:"Zimbabwe: Areas affected by cholera outbreaks (SeptemberβNovember 2008), showing showing locations of cholera treatment units, 3 December 2008"
6125:
5862:
5628:
5530:
5248:
4633:
729:
1300:
887:
Colwell, before funds were diverted from the plants to other uses, there were only sixty-five cases and four deaths from cholera in Zimbabwe.
817:
Zimbabwe by addressing broader societal factors that could contribute to cholera outbreaks, such as water sanitation and poor hygiene habits.
6156:
6151:
175:
washed out of the neighbouring areas as the urban sanitation system collapsed. This contributed to the rapid spread of the cholera outbreak.
2062:
5548:
5440:
2826:
5720:
5391:
4531:
2523:
2501:
2202:
2018:
772:
The spread of cholera to Zimbabwe's other neighbouring countries was initially slower than in South Africa, with one death recorded in
658:
Spread of cholera within southern Africa, as of 10 February 2009. Not all cases are part of the 2008β2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak.
6141:
5744:
3461:
3130:
2630:
2432:
2180:
236:
programs throughout the country, but especially in urban areas. With this, the onset of the rainy season led to cholera-contaminated
3420:
853:
Cholera and malnutrition keep children out of school β a serious social consequence of the outbreak. Rachel Pound, the director of
5684:
5592:
5512:
5344:
3871:
2733:
603:
336:
5660:
3407:
3182:
1519:
1496:
1404:
6012:
5690:
5254:
4618:
4526:
2804:
2399:
1769:
1461:
1003:
993:
331:. The attack rate was highest in Beitbridge, Chegutu, Mudzi and Zvimba Districts (above 1,000 cases per 100,000 people or 1.0%).
2604:
2227:
1707:
6202:
5947:
5654:
5038:
4762:
4648:
4608:
4593:
3751:
3690:
3434:
941:
wants military intervention because of cholera... There is no cause for war any more. The cholera cause doesn't exist any more.
5379:
5284:
5212:
5157:
4638:
3839:
3585:
3412:
1552:
5634:
5578:
5403:
5350:
4613:
4603:
3736:
3595:
3492:
5409:
1088:
6136:
5518:
5314:
5308:
5290:
5188:
5108:
4909:
4562:
4567:
5572:
5332:
5218:
4853:
4670:
4623:
4546:
4516:
4274:
4100:
4042:
4023:
3844:
3685:
3474:
1799:
3347:
2377:
2132:
1354:
5940:
5755:
5726:
5616:
5560:
5476:
4316:
3917:
3612:
3590:
2545:
1439:
3664:
2859:
6041:
6036:
5963:
5868:
5672:
5542:
5494:
5397:
5320:
4628:
4536:
3866:
3622:
3573:
3533:
3397:
2571:
2088:
1659:
1031:
801:
785:
497:
2657:"Three Strategic Water Quality Challenges that Decision-Makers Need to Know About and How the CSIR Should Respond"
1894:
6182:
6177:
5738:
5732:
5702:
5622:
5524:
5464:
5427:
5415:
5326:
5151:
4937:
4541:
4159:
3659:
998:
106:
in August 2008, then spread throughout the country so that by December 2008, cases were being reported in all 10
5850:
5838:
5832:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5696:
5640:
5610:
5598:
4643:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
3932:
3807:
3373:
5932:
6095:
5566:
5482:
5084:
3988:
3802:
3454:
3234:
753:
351:, the crisis reached the extent that the city council offered free graves to cholera victims. By 7 December,
251:
3256:
3160:
833:
says Zimbabwe was historically one of the African countries least affected by cholera. A news commentary in
5536:
5356:
5242:
5236:
5145:
4832:
4827:
4598:
4215:
3705:
2860:"Intersectoral Actions in response to cholera in Zimbabwe: From emergency response to institution building"
2656:
733:
103:
3051:
2275:
1846:
1262:
1153:
6105:
5920:
5914:
5708:
5678:
5488:
5458:
5338:
5114:
4847:
4521:
4228:
4201:
4013:
2768:
2351:
1322:
773:
458:
287:
of a case may represent the date of the reporting of that case, not the date of infection. Data sources:
2711:
1971:
6197:
5500:
5169:
5139:
4716:
4583:
4123:
3983:
3861:
3854:
3761:
3077:
2631:"Statement by Minister of Health Barbara Hogan on the outbreak of cholera in Zimbabwe and South Africa"
2476:
1993:
1574:
745:
471:
267:
247:
215:
1117:
6192:
6187:
5224:
4887:
3766:
3700:
3642:
3525:
3300:
2764:
1945:
1149:
1113:
1084:
946:
749:
643:
567:
484:
339:
in Harare said that "there are probably twice as many people with cholera as turn up for treatment".
292:
3099:
Nhapi, Innocent (2009). "The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: A policy and management problem".
6080:
5892:
5874:
4861:
4821:
4736:
4500:
4376:
4233:
4110:
4033:
4008:
3973:
3897:
3812:
3627:
3543:
3484:
3447:
1296:
1223:
899:
713:
211:
3418:
US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Notice: Cholera in Zimbabwe and Neighboring Countries
1026:
979:
also contradicted Mugabe's statements and called on him to allow aid to reach the people in need.
6075:
5898:
5802:
5796:
5163:
5096:
5078:
4902:
4813:
4080:
3927:
3829:
3824:
3817:
720:
border post and deployed the National Outbreak Response Team and additional medical personnel to
523:
389:
2899:
Oceans, Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment
1547:
1545:
5844:
5790:
5604:
5195:
5181:
4998:
4808:
3834:
3669:
2834:
2055:
904:
402:
360:
111:
5826:
5784:
5362:
4795:
4309:
4178:
3942:
3907:
3902:
3849:
3797:
3756:
3741:
3719:
1542:
1174:
Ahmed S; Bardhan PK; Mazumder RN; Khan AI; Islam MS; Siddique AK; Cravioto A (October 2011).
830:
432:
328:
199:
962:, dismissed Mugabe's claim that the Zimbabwe cholera crisis is over, commenting as follows:
825:
Because of its well-organised health care system and effective water sanitation facilities,
808:
have had unrelated cholera outbreaks with between 10 and 100 deaths in 2009 as of February.
107:
5433:
5230:
5175:
5090:
4003:
3968:
3785:
3771:
3731:
580:
3417:
2634:
2454:
1054:
28:
8:
6006:
5666:
5296:
5061:
5014:
5008:
4788:
4267:
4164:
4133:
4047:
3956:
3937:
3885:
3632:
3563:
3516:
2329:
725:
549:
445:
33:
The spread of cholera in Zimbabwe as of 5 February 2009, using data from several sources.
2737:
2253:
1850:, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 12 September 2008.
654:
6131:
5647:
5554:
5302:
5133:
5102:
4895:
4662:
4191:
4128:
3617:
3553:
3190:
3020:
2971:
2154:
1824:
1527:
1412:
1200:
1175:
988:
959:
737:
308:
259:
115:
3325:
3007:
2990:
2958:
2941:
2403:
2040:
1773:
1681:
1630:
1465:
171:
in 2004. By 2008 drains such as this were carrying sewage from burst sewage pipes and
6019:
5991:
5904:
5385:
5050:
4987:
4868:
4752:
4711:
4283:
4018:
3998:
3993:
3912:
3637:
3580:
3504:
3488:
3142:
3012:
2963:
1379:
1205:
1089:"Zimbabwe: Areas affected by cholera and anthrax outbreaks (SeptemberβNovember 2008)"
972:
908:
854:
415:
262:; Oxfam attributed the high mortality to a population "seriously weakened by hunger,
119:
2975:
2378:"African Union contributes USD $ 100,000 to help fight cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe"
1176:"The 2008 Cholera Epidemic in Zimbabwe: Experience of the icddr,b Team in the Field"
6121:
5886:
5020:
4975:
4926:
4680:
4302:
4248:
4243:
3108:
3024:
3002:
2953:
1268:. World Health Organization - Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 31 October 2009
1195:
1187:
781:
344:
320:
316:
233:
203:
95:
646:
was procuring medical supplies to roll out a response plan to run health centres.
5470:
5026:
4981:
4954:
4838:
4802:
4706:
4417:
4381:
4344:
3568:
3558:
3538:
3424:
955:
826:
489:
US$ 820,000 to an emergency aid programme and logistical support for UN agencies
181:
61:
3278:
2902:. Rice University: James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Archived from
2685:
1729:
355:
estimated 60,000 cases by the end of January 2009 and a 10% fatality rate, with
179:
The 2008 cholera outbreak was caused by widespread infection with the bacterium
5962:
4962:
4767:
4726:
4223:
4196:
4085:
3978:
3746:
3548:
938:
878:
221:
One of the major contributing factors to the outbreak was the breakdown of the
6171:
5979:
5880:
5032:
4875:
4690:
4402:
4238:
4075:
3922:
870:
840:
756:
705:
536:
207:
191:
1191:
6069:
6002:
4675:
4422:
4407:
4397:
4090:
4070:
4065:
4057:
3146:
3016:
2967:
2893:
2294:
1209:
951:
934:
874:
616:
585:
246:
weeks supply. The collapse of these systems was blamed on the then-current
225:
222:
123:
3131:"The Zimbabwe mayhem--how many people must die for the neighbours to act?"
5856:
5044:
4721:
4685:
4443:
4412:
3649:
2477:"World Vision, HIPC airlifts $ 4 million cholera medications to Zimbabwe"
863:
463:β¬5,000,000 for medication, drinking water and water purification tablets
304:
187:
148:
99:
3112:
5421:
5269:
4757:
4118:
835:
717:
701:
681:
229:
159:
135:
4917:
1942:"Zimbabwe rainy season increasing cholera risk says British Red Cross"
347:. Fatality rates varied from 2.5% in Harare to 18% in Chitungwiza. In
4731:
4427:
4186:
4149:
2633:. SA Government Information Service. 26 November 2008. Archived from
1920:"Zimbabwe, Harare: Residents Slam ZINWA After Fatal Cholera Outbreak"
1154:"WHO Zimbabwe Cholera Epidemiological Bulletin No. 4, 3 January 2009"
599:
164:
3439:
704:
provinces of South Africa and cholera bacteria were detected in the
307:
on 20 August 2008. In September, cases spread to the urban areas of
5776:
4922:
4918:
4095:
3508:
3496:
3470:
1173:
913:
797:
677:
312:
282:
271:
263:
131:
50:
3374:"UK dismisses Mugabe's claim that Zimbabwe cholera crisis is over"
1028:
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
289:
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
151:, and insufficient healthcare infrastructure throughout Zimbabwe.
4325:
925:
793:
777:
697:
250:; many households cannot afford fuel to boil water. According to
94:
affecting much of Zimbabwe from August 2008 until June 2009. The
91:
3403:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Zimbabwe
1770:"United Nations, Red Cross mobilize cholera relief for Zimbabwe"
1757:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1722:
1462:"United Nations, Red Cross mobilize cholera relief for Zimbabwe"
297:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
4350:
4153:
2805:"Mozambique: Health workers killed in tragic case of ignorance"
2155:"Germany Increases Aid to Zimbabwe as Cholera Death Toll Rises"
1553:"Capital lacks clean water, cholera kills hundreds in Zimbabwe"
741:
721:
685:
639:
634:
420:β¬200,000 for water purification tablets and distribution points
356:
348:
324:
242:
237:
168:
139:
127:
1864:"Red alert as cholera crisis spreads to Zimbabwe's neighbours"
1353:. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 3 December 2008. Archived from
563:
2019:"Zimbabwe health cluster weekly bulletin No. 2 β 12 Dec 2008"
1575:"Cholera death rate multiplies in Zimbabwe's economic crisis"
976:
805:
789:
716:
set up medical facilities and drinking water supplies at the
696:
Cholera spread to the Zimbabwean migrant worker community in
510:
352:
172:
258:
The 2008 cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe had an unusually high
6147:
Zimbabwe African National Union β Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)
2736:. The Times (South Africa). 28 January 2009. Archived from
2568:"Zimbabwe cholera surges as neighbours report rising cases"
2063:"Cholera Outbreak Hits Zimbabwe as Australia Increases Aid"
1798:. The Standard (Zimbabwe). 29 November 2008. Archived from
1605:"Zimbabwe's cholera victims 'ten times more likely to die'"
4294:
3303:. institute for war & peace reporting. 4 December 2008
2429:"UN, aid groups step up fight against cholera in Zimbabwe"
2177:"Namibia sends drugs worth 165,000 USD to Zimbabwe: media"
1847:
Zimbabwe Humanitarian Situation Report On Cholera Outbreak
1056:
International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
515:
US$ 6,200,000 for health, water and sanitation programmes
315:. By the end of October, cases had spread to 3 provinces:
2763:
1972:"Health clinics overwhelmed by cholera cases in Zimbabwe"
1656:"Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency"
1227:
1148:
1112:
1083:
740:
province, a disaster area. On a 28 January 2009 visit to
195:
2769:"Africa weekly emergency situation update Vol. 2, No. 8"
2179:. IC Publications / AFP. 7 December 2008. Archived from
1866:. Evening Standard (UK). 9 December 2009. Archived from
1603:
Berger, Sebastien; Thornycroft, Peta (7 December 2008).
2546:"SOUTH AFRICA-ZIMBABWE: Cholera crosses the border too"
2133:"Zimbabwe : la France envoie du matΓ©riel Γ Harare"
1944:. Zimbabwe Journalists. 14 January 2009. Archived from
1895:"Cholera in Zimbabwe:Epidemiological Bulletin number 1"
890:
According to an editorial by Daniel J Ncayiyana in the
2135:. Government of France via ReliefWeb. 12 December 2008
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
2854:
2852:
2524:"Zimbabwe cholera death toll nears 1,000, UN reports"
1405:"Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain"
638:
buckets. Notwithstanding the contributions received,
3408:
World Health Organization Alert: Cholera in Zimbabwe
3183:"Britain plots Zimbabwe invasion β Mugabe spokesman"
2431:. AFP via Africasia. 4 December 2008. Archived from
2330:"Zimbabwe neighbors should seal borders-US official"
528:
Over 74 tons of medical supplies and drinking water
1135:
359:giving a similar estimate. On 4 December 2008, the
3348:"France says Zimbabwe denies visas to aid workers"
2849:
2793:AFP:12 Mozambican prisoners die after cholera riot
2085:"Botswana aid to Zimbabwe not intended for Mugabe"
1495:
1323:"Health in Ruins: A Man-Made Disaster in Zimbabwe"
363:declared the outbreak to be a national emergency.
3038:
3036:
3034:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2867:World Conference on Social Determinants of Health
1602:
676:The 2008 cholera outbreak spread to districts in
6169:
3413:World Health Organization: Daily Cholera Updates
3050:. Delft University of Technology. Archived from
2827:"Malawi: Malawi says cholera outbreak kills 104"
2013:
2011:
274:and other neighbouring countries for treatment.
2869:. World Health Organization. 19β21 October 2011
2526:. United Nations News Service. 15 December 2008
3031:
2881:
2560:
2402:. News24 (SA). 3 December 2008. Archived from
2324:
2322:
2320:
2276:"Zimbabwe cholera crisis blamed on government"
1965:
1963:
1819:
1817:
1494:. London: The Independent (UK). Archived from
1224:"Zimbabwe declares cholera national emergency"
730:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
6157:Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee
5948:
5908:
4903:
4310:
3455:
3367:
3365:
3205:
2203:"More aid for Zimbabwe epidemic : media"
2021:. World Health Organization. 12 December 2008
2008:
1900:. World Health Organization. 15 December 2008
1706:. Radio VOP. 19 November 2008. Archived from
1380:"ZIMBABWE: Cholera feeds off a perfect storm"
1293:"Beyond Cholera: Zimbabwe's Worsening Crisis"
144:Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Welfare
3128:
3075:
2942:"Zimbabwe's health-care system struggles on"
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2705:
2703:
1650:
1648:
1520:"Zimbabwe appeals for donor help on cholera"
1440:"Zimbabwe: coping with the cholera outbreak"
1180:Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition
3042:
2982:
2712:"Mugabe: 'There is no cholera in Zimbabwe'"
2317:
2300:
2033:
1960:
1858:
1856:
1814:
1772:. VOA news. 3 December 2008. Archived from
1485:
1483:
1464:. VOA news. 3 December 2008. Archived from
1345:
1343:
1328:. Physicians for Human Rights. January 2009
5955:
5941:
4910:
4896:
4317:
4303:
3462:
3448:
3362:
3293:
2734:"Cholera situation is 'scary', says Hogan"
2496:
2494:
1912:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1696:
210:. In 2008, Zimbabwe was suffering from an
5091:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
3350:. Reuters via ReliefWeb. 11 December 2008
3301:"Mugabe Allies Squash Succession Rumours"
3124:
3122:
3006:
2957:
2939:
2918:
2788:
2786:
2700:
2593:AFP S.Africa cholera outbreak 'declining'
2303:"Zimbabwe's cholera epidemic hits 10,000"
1674:
1645:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1199:
873:to leave" and that Zimbabwe had become a
3872:Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations
2991:"Zimbabwe's humanitarian crisis worsens"
2709:
2222:
2220:
2077:
1994:"Cholera outbreak kills 484 in Zimbabwe"
1969:
1853:
1788:
1762:
1682:"The death throes of Harare's hospitals"
1480:
1454:
1374:
1372:
1340:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1050:
1048:
736:, which borders Zimbabwe at Beitbridge,
653:
621:Health Partners International of Canada
604:International Committee of the Red Cross
394:A$ 8,000,000 for food and emergency aid
337:Department for International Development
281:
158:
3398:Cholera situation in Zimbabwe β UN OCHA
3320:
3318:
2538:
2491:
2457:. Giving Children Hope. 2 December 2008
1996:. Financial Times (UL). 2 December 2008
1882:
1577:. Financial Times (UK). 3 December 2008
1399:
1397:
1022:
1020:
1018:
994:Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe
572:US$ 340,000 of medication and supplies
6170:
4763:Cholera Monument Grounds and Clay Wood
3608:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
3175:
3153:
3119:
2988:
2783:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2678:
2597:
2570:. AFP. 15 January 2009. Archived from
2516:
2087:. AFP. 3 December 2008. Archived from
1922:. Sanitation Updates. 8 September 2008
1658:. AFP. 4 December 2008. Archived from
1589:
1512:
1427:
5964:2008 Zimbabwean presidential election
5936:
5158:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
4891:
4298:
3469:
3443:
3257:"Zimbabwe: Cholera is genocide by UK"
3098:
2726:
2710:Fletcher, Martin (11 December 2008).
2423:
2421:
2392:
2370:
2301:Thornycroft, Peta (1 December 2008).
2246:
2217:
2111:"Humanitarian assistance to Zimbabwe"
1970:Fletcher, Martin (10 December 2008).
1567:
1492:"3,000 dead from cholera in Zimbabwe"
1369:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1242:
1167:
1045:
6142:Movement for Democratic Change (MDC)
3371:
3315:
3235:"Zimbabwe blames cholera on Britain"
2548:. IRIN via Reuters. 19 November 2008
2479:. Newswire (Canada). 13 January 2009
2254:"Cabinet approves Zimbabwe food aid"
2113:. France-Diplomatie. 4 December 2008
1827:. New Zimbabwe.com. 10 December 2008
1489:
1394:
1060:"Zimbabwe: Cholera, 3 December 2008"
1015:
3596:Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation
3435:Zimbabwe cholera crisis (Red Cross)
3326:"Zimbabwe cholera is over β Mugabe"
2752:
1490:Peta, Basildon (26 November 2008).
1315:
1263:"Cholera Country Profile: Zimbabwe"
1004:2018β2019 Zimbabwe cholera outbreak
958:expert. Britain's Africa minister,
784:, the southernmost province of the
13:
4024:Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games
3279:"UK caused cholera, says Zimbabwe"
3161:"Calls mount for Mugabe to resign"
2418:
2205:. The Zimbabwean. 14 December 2008
2065:. Christian Today. 2 December 2008
1796:"Doctors Say Cholera Toll Now 800"
1730:"Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500"
1704:"Zimbabwe's Medical School Closes"
1411:. 30 November 2008. Archived from
1280:
776:in Zambia and none in Botswana or
767:
14:
6214:
3391:
3213:"Zim Cholera 'Is Beyond Control'"
3189:. 7 December 2008. Archived from
3076:Tupy, Marian (22 February 2010).
2686:"South Africa at risk of cholera"
2609:Independent Online (South Africa)
2605:"SAβZim border under close watch"
2256:. The Times (SA). 4 December 2008
2232:Independent Online (South Africa)
2157:. Deutsche Welle. 9 December 2008
2041:"Zimbabwe 'set for cholera jump'"
1631:"Cholera moves to rural Zimbabwe"
1526:. 4 December 2008. Archived from
937:wants a military intervention...
884:Zimbabwe National Water Authority
820:
608:over 13 tons of medical supplies
202:, food shortages, high levels of
5863:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
3701:Cricket crisis (2003–2007)
3215:. Sky News (UK). 9 December 2008
2502:"Zimbabwe: Tracking the Descent"
598:
562:
498:Government of the United Kingdom
450:US$ 165,000 of medical supplies
88:2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
27:
22:2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
5641:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
4938:List of epidemics and pandemics
3430:Zimbabwe cholera crisis (Oxfam)
3372:Tran, Mark (11 December 2008).
3340:
3271:
3249:
3227:
3092:
3069:
2833:. 20 March 2009. Archived from
2819:
2797:
2649:
2623:
2586:
2469:
2447:
2344:
2268:
2195:
2169:
2147:
2125:
2103:
1986:
1934:
1839:
1744:
1623:
999:Cholera outbreaks and pandemics
846:A news commentator writing for
691:
3808:Capital punishment in Zimbabwe
3623:1975 Victoria Falls Conference
3237:. Al Jazeera. 12 December 2008
2455:"Cholera Outbreak in Zimbabwe"
2400:"EU gives Zim E9m for cholera"
2352:"Venezuela sends Zimbabwe aid"
1216:
1106:
1077:
912:asserted was trying to commit
897:According to a news report in
1:
6203:Disease outbreaks in Zimbabwe
6096:Seventh Zimbabwean Parliament
4966:
3918:Zimbabwean dollar (2019β2024)
3601:Malayan Emergency involvement
3163:. Al Jazeera. 7 December 2008
3129:Ncayiyana DJ (January 2009).
3008:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60151-3
2959:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60468-7
2504:. ReliefWeb. 11 December 2008
2380:. ReliefWeb. 11 December 2008
1825:"Cholera death toll tops 746"
1009:
892:South African Medical Journal
811:
459:Government of the Netherlands
6152:Government of National Unity
4568:1992 (AerolΓneas Argentinas)
3043:Pruyt, Eric (26 July 2009).
734:Vhembe District Municipality
624:US$ 4,000,000 of medication
476:Emergency food and medicine
437:β¬1,000,000 to the Red Cross
104:Harare Metropolitan Province
16:Disease outbreak in Zimbabwe
7:
4848:Love in the Time of Cholera
4634:2022β2024 (Southern Africa)
4324:
3913:Dollar (suspended currency)
3376:. London: The Guardian (UK)
2332:. Reuters. 11 December 2008
1094:. World Health Organization
982:
839:said that, under President
366:
303:The 2008 outbreak began in
10:
6219:
5751:2024 Latin American dengue
5531:Western African meningitis
5345:Pacific Northwest smallpox
3655:2008β2009 cholera outbreak
2807:. reliefweb. 16 March 2009
1752:Zimbabwe: Cholera Outbreak
924:In the meantime, a senior
590:US$ 500,000 of medication
472:Government of South Africa
422:Water treatment equipment
192:health care infrastructure
6114:
6029:
5971:
5775:
5451:
5372:
5357:Buenos Aires yellow fever
5277:
5268:
5255:Philadelphia yellow fever
5225:Great Plague of Marseille
5219:Great Northern War plague
5213:Iceland smallpox epidemic
5205:
5126:
5071:
5060:
4997:
4953:
4946:
4933:
4780:
4745:
4699:
4661:
4576:
4555:
4509:
4463:
4456:
4436:
4390:
4372:
4365:
4339:
4332:
4261:
4214:
4177:
4142:
4109:
4056:
4041:
4032:
3964:
3955:
3893:
3884:
3793:
3784:
3727:
3718:
3696:Cricket (1992–2006)
3678:
3643:Lancaster House Agreement
3524:
3515:
3507:under UDI; 1980βpresent:
3481:
2765:World Health Organization
1150:World Health Organization
1114:World Health Organization
1085:World Health Organization
728:and Unit Fellow with the
649:
644:World Health Organization
568:World Health Organization
485:Government of Switzerland
293:World Health Organization
277:
76:
68:
56:
46:
38:
26:
6137:Joint Operations Command
6081:Operation Ngatipedzenavo
5921:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
5915:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
5875:Seventh cholera pandemic
4862:The Horseman on the Roof
4377:Oral rehydration therapy
2989:Kapp C (February 2009).
2940:Meldrum A (March 2008).
2714:. London: The Times (UK)
1974:. London: The Times (UK)
1382:. IRIN. 27 November 2008
1297:Medecins Sans Frontieres
714:South African government
329:Zimbabwe's ten provinces
252:Médecins Sans Frontières
206:, and lack of access to
154:
114:declared the outbreak a
110:. In December 2008, The
6076:Operation Mavhoterapapi
5833:Fourth cholera pandemic
5815:Second cholera pandemic
5661:Γquateur province Ebola
5249:North American smallpox
5164:Great Plague of Seville
4594:2009 (Papua New Guinea)
3328:. BBC. 11 December 2008
3281:. BBC. 12 December 2008
3259:. CNN. 12 December 2008
3078:"Mugabe's U.N. Helpers"
2688:. BBC. 27 November 2008
1192:10.3329/jhpn.v29i5.8909
524:Government of Venezuela
390:Government of Australia
343:Ministry of Health and
42:August 2008 β July 2009
6183:2009 disease outbreaks
6178:2008 disease outbreaks
6101:Political negotiations
6091:International reaction
6042:Parliamentary election
5851:Sixth cholera pandemic
5839:Fifth cholera pandemic
5821:Third cholera pandemic
5809:First cholera pandemic
5791:Second plague pandemic
5351:Barcelona yellow fever
5196:Great Plague of Vienna
5182:Great Plague of London
5152:Massachusetts smallpox
4517:1832 (Lord Wellington)
3767:Wards (municipalities)
3628:1976 Geneva Conference
2043:. BBC. 6 December 2008
1732:. BBC. 2 December 2008
1684:. BBC. 7 November 2008
1633:. BBC. 22 January 2009
1555:. CNN. 1 December 2008
1351:"Zimbabwe in collapse"
1032:"Daily Cholera Update"
969:
943:
922:
765:
673:
403:Government of Botswana
300:
176:
5966:and subsequent events
5827:Third plague pandemic
5785:First plague pandemic
5579:Western African Ebola
5489:Chikungunya outbreaks
5441:Malaysian Nipah virus
5309:Great Plains smallpox
4796:Memories and Vagaries
4532:1849-1850 (Tennessee)
3908:Zimbabwean bond notes
3903:Zimbabwean bond coins
3867:2007 political crisis
3045:"Cholera in Zimbabwe"
2664:www.environment.co.za
975:foreign ministry and
964:
931:
918:
877:. Marian Tupy of the
831:James Baker Institute
761:
657:
446:Government of Namibia
433:Government of Germany
378:Government or Agency
285:
200:political instability
162:
112:Zimbabwean government
6047:constituency results
5887:Russian flu pandemic
5629:Angolan yellow fever
5380:San Francisco plague
5333:Broad Street cholera
5231:Great Plague of 1738
4671:Chicago cholera myth
4619:2018β2019 (Zimbabwe)
4563:1913 (Romanian Army)
3732:Chimanimani District
2767:(23 February 2009).
1087:(12 December 2008).
1030:(24 November 2008).
724:. Anthony Turton, a
688:bordering Zimbabwe.
633:By 7 December 2008,
581:Giving Children Hope
416:Government of France
6007:Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn
5793:(1348β19th century)
5721:New Zealand measles
5549:Darfur yellow fever
5392:LA pneumonic plague
5009:Plague of Justinian
4789:Mastro-don Gesualdo
4781:Cultural depictions
4639:2023 (South Africa)
4604:2012 (Sierra Leone)
4547:1854 (Broad Street)
3752:Place name renaming
3633:Internal Settlement
3564:Second Matabele War
3113:10.2166/wp.2009.018
2837:on 15 November 2011
1116:(3 December 2008).
1058:(3 December 2008).
905:Zimbabwe government
726:political scientist
684:, South Africa and
672:Infections recorded
550:European Commission
361:Zimbabwe government
90:was an epidemic of
23:
6132:Emmerson Mnangagwa
5803:Influenza pandemic
5797:Influenza pandemic
5745:Bangsamoro measles
5727:Singaporean dengue
5691:Pacific NW measles
5685:Philippine measles
5673:Madagascar measles
5655:Kerala Nipah virus
5648:Saudi Arabian MERS
5561:Singaporean dengue
5507:Zimbabwean cholera
5477:Singaporean dengue
5321:Copenhagen cholera
5303:Groningen epidemic
5097:Influenza pandemic
5079:Influenza pandemic
4649:2023β2024 (Zambia)
4609:2014β2015 (Africa)
3933:Telecommunications
3670:2019 fuel protests
3660:2016β2017 protests
3554:First Matabele War
3423:6 May 2009 at the
3193:on 10 January 2009
3057:on 20 October 2013
2906:on 26 October 2013
2740:on 30 January 2009
2666:. 18 November 2008
2574:on 5 February 2009
2435:on 6 December 2008
2406:on 8 December 2008
2228:"Zimbabwe crashes"
2183:on 9 December 2008
2091:on 6 December 2008
1870:on 14 January 2013
1776:on 8 December 2008
1759:, 11 November 2008
1710:on 6 December 2008
1662:on 6 December 2008
1530:on 6 December 2008
1468:on 8 December 2008
1442:. 26 November 2008
1415:on 6 December 2008
1357:on 5 December 2008
1152:(3 January 2009).
989:Health in Zimbabwe
960:Mark Malloch-Brown
744:with high-ranking
738:Matabeleland South
674:
301:
177:
116:national emergency
77:Non-fatal injuries
21:
6198:Cholera outbreaks
6165:
6164:
6050:
6020:Langton Towungana
6016:
5992:Morgan Tsvangirai
5930:
5929:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5703:Kuala Koh measles
5617:South Korean MERS
5605:Polio declaration
5593:Madagascar plague
5525:Gujarat hepatitis
5513:Madagascar plague
5465:Midwest monkeypox
5416:Yugoslav smallpox
5386:Manchurian plague
5327:Stockholm cholera
5264:
5263:
5051:Sweating sickness
5039:Japanese smallpox
4988:Plague of Cyprian
4927:disease outbreaks
4885:
4884:
4776:
4775:
4753:Broad Street Pump
4712:Waldemar Haffkine
4657:
4656:
4614:2016β2022 (Yemen)
4537:1853 (Copenhagen)
4452:
4451:
4361:
4360:
4292:
4291:
4257:
4256:
4210:
4209:
4173:
4172:
4019:Sport in Zimbabwe
3989:Human trafficking
3951:
3950:
3880:
3879:
3840:Political parties
3803:Foreign relations
3780:
3779:
3714:
3713:
3691:Cricket (to 1992)
3638:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
3581:Southern Rhodesia
3505:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
3489:Southern Rhodesia
2952:(9618): 1059β60.
2611:. 4 December 2008
2305:. London. Reuters
2282:. 9 December 2008
2234:. 7 December 2008
1802:on 3 January 2009
1230:. 9 December 2008
950:specialists, two
945:Reports from the
909:Sikhanyiso Ndlovu
855:Save the Children
631:
630:
544:11 December 2008
518:11 December 2008
453:7 December 2008.
427:11 December 2008
299:. and news media,
163:An open drain in
120:international aid
84:
83:
6210:
6193:2009 in Zimbabwe
6188:2008 in Zimbabwe
6122:Arthur Mutambara
6106:Cholera outbreak
6044:
6010:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5910:
5697:New York measles
5651:
5611:Indian swine flu
5599:Odisha hepatitis
5589:
5543:Pakistani dengue
5495:Pakistani dengue
5444:
5410:WrocΕaw smallpox
5363:Hong Kong plague
5297:Caragea's plague
5275:
5274:
5192:
5085:Mexican smallpox
5069:
5068:
5021:Plague of Sheroe
4976:Plague of Athens
4971:
4968:
4951:
4950:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4822:The Painted Veil
4697:
4696:
4681:Cholera Hospital
4624:2020 (Bengaluru)
4542:1853 (Stockholm)
4527:1833 (Lexington)
4461:
4460:
4437:Fluoroquinolones
4370:
4369:
4337:
4336:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4277:
4270:
4054:
4053:
4039:
4038:
3962:
3961:
3891:
3890:
3791:
3790:
3737:Cities and towns
3725:
3724:
3665:2017 coup d'Γ©tat
3591:Second World War
3586:colonial history
3522:
3521:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3080:. Cato Institute
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3010:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2961:
2937:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2890:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2358:. 3 January 2009
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1303:on 7 August 2016
1299:. Archived from
1289:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1259:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1024:
671:
666:
627:13 January 2009
611:4 December 2008
602:
593:2 December 2008
575:4 December 2008
566:
557:3 December 2008
492:9 December 2008
479:4 December 2008
440:8 December 2008
410:3 December 2008
397:2 December 2008
375:
374:
321:Mashonaland East
317:Mashonaland West
234:waste collection
204:displaced people
31:
24:
20:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6110:
6025:
5967:
5961:
5931:
5926:
5763:
5646:
5584:
5567:Swansea measles
5519:Bolivian dengue
5447:
5439:
5428:Indian smallpox
5398:Croydon typhoid
5368:
5260:
5201:
5187:
5122:
5063:
5056:
5027:Plague of Amwas
5000:
4993:
4982:Antonine Plague
4969:
4942:
4929:
4916:
4886:
4881:
4839:The Seventh Sin
4803:Death in Venice
4772:
4741:
4737:Henry Whitehead
4707:Gaspard Goyrand
4695:
4653:
4644:2023 (Zimbabwe)
4589:2008 (Zimbabwe)
4572:
4551:
4505:
4448:
4432:
4418:Chloramphenicol
4386:
4357:
4345:Vibrio cholerae
4328:
4323:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4253:
4206:
4169:
4138:
4105:
4045:
4028:
4014:Public holidays
3947:
3876:
3776:
3710:
3674:
3574:First World War
3569:Second Boer War
3559:Shangani Patrol
3539:Rudd Concession
3511:
3477:
3468:
3425:Wayback Machine
3394:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3127:
3120:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3041:
3032:
2987:
2983:
2938:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2762:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2637:on 7 March 2009
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1948:on 18 July 2011
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1601:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1488:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1012:
985:
956:water treatment
952:epidemiologists
916:. Said Ndlovu:
827:Rita R. Colwell
823:
814:
770:
768:Other countries
754:Health Minister
694:
669:
668:
667:Deaths recorded
664:
663:
659:
652:
620:
584:
531:3 January 2009
466:December 2008.
426:
425:4 December 2008
421:
369:
280:
257:
248:economic crisis
212:economic crisis
182:Vibrio cholerae
157:
62:Vibrio cholerae
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6216:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6017:
6000:
5988:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5937:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5902:
5896:
5895:(1981βpresent)
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5748:
5747:(2023βpresent)
5742:
5739:Jamaica dengue
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5644:
5638:
5635:Yemeni cholera
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5586:DR Congo Ebola
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5291:Maltese plague
5288:
5285:Ottoman plague
5281:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5243:Persian Plague
5240:
5237:Russian plague
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5189:Maltese plague
5185:
5179:
5173:
5170:Maltese plague
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5146:Italian plague
5143:
5140:Maltese plague
5137:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5109:Maltese plague
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5075:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5005:
5003:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4963:Hittite plague
4959:
4957:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4799:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Filippo Pacini
4724:
4719:
4717:George Johnson
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4629:2022 (Lebanon)
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Child marriage
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3943:Transportation
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:Stock exchange
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Prime Minister
3859:
3858:
3857:
3855:Vice-President
3847:
3845:Heads of State
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Great Zimbabwe
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:Constitutional
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Pioneer Column
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3392:External links
3390:
3388:
3387:
3361:
3339:
3314:
3292:
3270:
3248:
3226:
3204:
3174:
3152:
3135:S. Afr. Med. J
3118:
3107:(2): 221β235.
3091:
3068:
3030:
2981:
2917:
2880:
2848:
2818:
2796:
2782:
2751:
2725:
2699:
2677:
2648:
2622:
2596:
2585:
2559:
2537:
2515:
2490:
2468:
2446:
2417:
2391:
2369:
2343:
2316:
2293:
2267:
2245:
2216:
2194:
2168:
2146:
2124:
2102:
2076:
2054:
2032:
2007:
1985:
1959:
1933:
1911:
1881:
1852:
1838:
1813:
1787:
1761:
1743:
1721:
1695:
1673:
1644:
1622:
1609:Telegraph (UK)
1588:
1566:
1541:
1511:
1479:
1453:
1426:
1393:
1368:
1339:
1314:
1279:
1241:
1215:
1186:(5): 541β546.
1166:
1134:
1105:
1076:
1044:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
984:
981:
879:Cato Institute
822:
821:Politicisation
819:
813:
810:
774:Kafue District
769:
766:
693:
690:
651:
648:
629:
628:
625:
622:
613:
612:
609:
606:
595:
594:
591:
588:
577:
576:
573:
570:
559:
558:
555:
552:
546:
545:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
513:
507:
506:
505:November 2008
503:
500:
494:
493:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
474:
468:
467:
464:
461:
455:
454:
451:
448:
442:
441:
438:
435:
429:
428:
423:
418:
412:
411:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
379:
368:
365:
279:
276:
268:hyperinflation
216:hyperinflation
156:
153:
118:and requested
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6215:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6059:Vote counting
6057:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:(independent)
6021:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5980:Robert Mugabe
5977:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5958:
5953:
5951:
5946:
5944:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5907:(2019βpresent
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5881:Hong Kong flu
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5709:Tonga measles
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5679:Samoa measles
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5537:Haiti cholera
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5501:Iraqi cholera
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5483:Indian dengue
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5339:Guam smallpox
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5176:Naples Plague
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5134:London plague
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5115:London plague
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5103:London plague
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5033:Plague of 664
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4878:
4877:
4876:The Ghost Map
4873:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4691:Cholera riots
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:2010s (Haiti)
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Cotrimoxazole
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4043:Ethnic groups
4040:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Zimbabwe Gold
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:; 1965β1979:
3494:
3491:; 1953β1963:
3490:
3487:; 1923β1980:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3349:
3343:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3302:
3296:
3280:
3274:
3258:
3252:
3236:
3230:
3214:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3079:
3072:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3001:(9662): 447.
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2687:
2681:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2547:
2541:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2472:
2456:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2304:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2255:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2204:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2112:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2064:
2058:
2042:
2036:
2020:
2014:
2012:
1995:
1989:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1921:
1915:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1731:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1683:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1632:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1500:on 1 May 2022
1498:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1324:
1318:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
980:
978:
974:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
921:
917:
915:
910:
906:
902:
901:
895:
893:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
871:Robert Mugabe
867:
865:
859:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
841:Robert Mugabe
838:
837:
832:
828:
818:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
764:
760:
758:
757:Barbara Hogan
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
707:
706:Limpopo River
703:
699:
689:
687:
683:
679:
662:
656:
647:
645:
641:
636:
626:
623:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
605:
601:
597:
596:
592:
589:
587:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
538:
537:African Union
535:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
424:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
380:
377:
376:
373:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Child Welfare
340:
338:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
294:
290:
284:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:fatality rate
255:
253:
249:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
183:
174:
170:
166:
161:
152:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
6086:Second round
6070:An Yue Jiang
6068:
6064:SADC meeting
6003:Simba Makoni
5990:
5978:
5733:Uganda Ebola
5506:
5452:21st century
5434:Surat plague
5404:NYC smallpox
5373:20th century
5278:19th century
5206:18th century
5127:17th century
5093:(1545, 1576)
5072:16th century
5015:Roman Plague
4984:(165β180 AD)
4978:(429β426 BC)
4925:and notable
4874:
4867:
4860:
4846:
4837:
4820:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4676:Cholera belt
4588:
4522:1832 (Sligo)
4501:1961βpresent
4423:Furazolidone
4408:Erythromycin
4398:Tetracycline
4343:
4234:Coat of arms
4034:Demographics
4009:Prostitution
3974:Architecture
3898:Central bank
3813:Human rights
3654:
3544:Company rule
3534:Pre-colonial
3485:Company rule
3378:. Retrieved
3352:. Retrieved
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3305:. Retrieved
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3251:
3239:. Retrieved
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3186:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3155:
3138:
3134:
3104:
3101:Water Policy
3100:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3052:the original
2998:
2994:
2984:
2949:
2945:
2908:. Retrieved
2904:the original
2898:
2894:Rita Colwell
2871:. Retrieved
2866:
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5811:(1816β1826)
5805:(1557β1559)
5735:(2022β2023)
5723:(2019β2020)
5717:(2019β2020)
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5669:(2018β2020)
5637:(2016β2022)
5625:(2015β2016)
5581:(2013β2016)
5575:(2013β2014)
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5533:(2009β2010)
5515:(2008β2017)
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