Economy of Zimbabwe

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administration, were inexperienced or uninterested in farming, thereby failing to retain the labour-intensive, highly efficient management of previous landowners. Short term gains were achieved by selling the land or equipment. The contemporary lack of agricultural expertise triggered severe export losses and negatively affected market confidence. The country has experienced a massive drop in food production and idle land is now being utilised by rural communities practising subsistence farming. Production of staple foodstuffs, such as maize, has recovered accordingly – unlike typical export crops including tobacco and coffee. Zimbabwe has also sustained the 30th occurrence of recorded hyperinflation in world history.

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since independence (Kanyenze 2004). During the first half of 1997, the war veterans organized themselves and demonstrations that were initially ignored by the government. As the intensity of the strikes grew, the government was forced to pay the war veterans a once-off gratuity of ZWD $ 50,000 by December 31, 1997, and a monthly pension of US$ 2,000 beginning January 1998 (Kanyenze 2004). To raise money for this unbudgeted expense, the government tried to introduce a ‘war veterans’ levy,’ but they faced much opposition from the labor force and had to effectively borrow money to meet these obligations. Following the massive depreciation of the

2122: 756: 650: 1737:", signed by Bush, as an effort to undermine Zimbabwe's economy. Soon after the bill was signed, IMF cut off its resources to Zimbabwe. Financial institutions began withdrawing support for Zimbabwe. Terms of the sanctions made it such that all economic assistance would be structured in support of "democratisation, respect for human rights and the rule of law." The EU terminated its support for all projects in Zimbabwe. Because of the sanctions and US and EU foreign policy, none of Zimbabwe's debts have been cancelled as in other countries. 636: 1248:, supplied farmers with agricultural inputs, equipment, and loans, and supervised them in growing tobacco. By 2018, tobacco production had recovered to 258 million kg, the second largest crop on record. Instead of large white-owned farms selling mostly to European and American companies, Zimbabwe's tobacco sector now consists of small black-owned farms exporting over half of the crop to China. Tobacco farming accounted for 11% of Zimbabwe's GDP in 2017, and 3 million of its 16 million people depended on tobacco for their livelihood. 664: 1599: 1562: 1921:

According to IMF data, GDP growth was forecast to be 3.1% by the end of 2014, a major decline from an average rate of 10% between 2009 and 2012, while government data showed that consumer prices declined for five consecutive months by the end of June. The Reserve Bank continued to issue large values of treasury bills to support the government's over-budget spending. This added to the money supply and in effect devalued all bank balances, despite them being US Dollar denominated.

742: 622: 876: 852: 969: 678: 770: 2030:, the finance minister, toured Europe in an effort to raise investment capital and loans, admitting "Right now we have nothing." In August 2016 the government announced that it would be laying off 25,000 civil servants (8% of the country's 298,000 civil servants), cut the number of embassies and diplomatic expenses and cut ministerial expenses in an attempt to save $ 4 billion in annual wages and secure help from the World Bank and the IMF. 1675:

was made free, and secondary school enrolment increased by 33 percent in two years. These social policies lead to an increase in the debt ratio. Several laws were passed in the 1980s in an attempt to reduce wage gaps. However, the gaps remained considerable. In 1988, the law gave women, at least in theory, the same rights as men. Previously, they could only take a few personal initiatives without the consent of their father or husband.

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time of the first issue it was worth US$ 1.93. In a widely unreported parallel move, on 15 May 2008, the RBZ issued three "special agro-cheques" with face values $ 5 billion (at time of first issue – $ 19.30), $ 25 billion ($ 96.50) and $ 50 billion ($ 193). It is further reported that the new agro-cheques can be used to buy any goods and services like the bearer cheques.

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quoted, once debts to other African countries and China are included. As of May 2014, it has been reported that Zimbabwe's economy was in decline following the period of relative economic stability during the Government of National Unity. It is estimated that Zimbabwe's manufacturing sector requires an investment of roughly US$ 8 billion for working capital and equipment upgrades.

1522:(2012) cites sectorial policies with a focus on biotechnology, information and communication technologies (ICTs), space sciences, nanotechnology, indigenous knowledge systems, technologies yet to emerge and scientific solutions to emergent environmental challenges. The policy makes provisions for establishing a National Nanotechnology Programme. 1948:

In March 2020, blaming the challenges of dealing with COVID-19, the government allowed formal transactions in US Dollars once more. Zimbabwe once more extended its multi-currency system from 2025 until 31st Dec'2030 in October 2023 as a result of declining trust in the Zimbabwean dollar, which also declined by more than 80% in 2023.

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rate in 1982, 1983, and 1984. In 1985, the economy rebounded strongly due to a 30% jump in agricultural production. However, it slumped in 1986 to a zero growth rate and registered a negative of about 3% in 1987, primarily because of drought and the foreign exchange crisis faced by the country. Zimbabwe's

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In June 2019 the use of foreign currencies in local transactions was prohibited as part of the prospective plan for a new national currency and thus ended the dollarization period. There was still low volume trade in US Dollars, particularly in the informal sector and using in-shop bureau de change.

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in December 1979, the transition to majority rule in early 1980, and the lifting of sanctions, Zimbabwe enjoyed a brisk economic recovery. Real growth for 1980–1981 exceeded 20%. However, depressed foreign demand for the country's mineral exports and the onset of a drought cut sharply into the growth

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rates at over 90%. The crisis since 2000 has, however, diminished these achievements because of a lack of resources and the exodus of teachers and specialists (e.g. doctors, scientists, engineers) to other countries. Also, the start of the new curriculum in primary and secondary sections has affected

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Government spending is 29.7% of GDP. State enterprises are strongly subsidized. Taxes and tariffs are high, and state regulation is costly to companies. Starting or closing a business is slow and costly. Due to the regulations of the labour market, hiring and terminating workers is a lengthy process.

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In mid-July 2019 inflation had increased to 175% following the adoption of a new Zimbabwe dollar and banning the use of foreign currency thereby sparking fresh concerns that the country was entering a new period of hyperinflation. The Zimbabwean government stopped releasing inflation data in August

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In April 2014, Chinamasa admitted that the country was heavily in debt and that the country needed to better attract foreign direct investment. Officially Zimbabwe's debt is $ 7 billion, or over 200% of the country's GDP. However, this figure is disputed, with figures as high as $ 11 billion being

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rate in 2000. In 2004 a system of auctioning scarce foreign currency for importers was introduced, which temporarily led to a slight reduction in the foreign currency crisis, but by mid-2005 foreign currency shortages were once again severe. The currency was devalued by the central bank twice, first

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In February 2009, the newly installed national unity government (which included the opposition to Mugabe) allowed foreign currency transactions throughout the economy as a measure to stimulate the economy and end inflation. The Zimbabwean dollar quickly lost all credibility, and by April 2009, the

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In November 2006, it was announced that sometime around 1 December there would be a further devaluation and that the official exchange rate would change to revalued ZWD 750 per USD. This never materialized. However, the parallel market immediately reacted to this news with the parallel rate falling

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The Mugabe Government attribute Zimbabwe's economic difficulties to sanctions imposed by the Western powers. It has been argued that the sanctions imposed by Britain, the US, and the EU have been designed to cripple the economy and the conditions of the Zimbabwean people in an attempt to overthrow

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In 1992, a World Bank study indicated that more than 500 health centres had been built since 1980. The percentage of children vaccinated increased from 25% in 1980 to 67% in 1988, and life expectancy increased from 55 to 59 years. Enrolment increased by 232 percent one year after primary education

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in 1997, the cost of agricultural inputs soared, undermining the viability of the producers who in turn demanded that the producer price of maize (corn) be raised. Millers then hiked prices by 24 percent in January 1998 by 24 percent and the consequent increase in the price of maize meal triggered

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More banknotes were issued since Gono vowed to continue printing money: $ 10,000 and $ 20,000 (29 September); $ 50,000 (13 October); $ 100,000, $ 500,000 and $ 1 million (3 November); $ 10 million (2 December); $ 50 million and $ 100 million (4 December); $ 200 million (9

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On 6 May 2008, the RBZ issued new $ 100 million and $ 250 million bearer cheques. At the date of first issue the $ 250 million bearer cheque was worth approximately US$ 1.30 on the parallel market. On 15 May 2008, a new $ 500 million bearer cheque was issued by the RBZ. At the

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In 1997, Zimbabwe's economic decline began to visibly take place. It began with the crash of the stock market on November 14, 1997. Civil society groups began to agitate for their rights as these had been eroded under ESAP. In 1997 alone, 232 strikes were recorded, the largest number in any year

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commented during a visit to South Africa in June 2006, "Land redistribution has long been a noble goal to achieve but it has to be done in a way that minimises trauma. The process has to attract investors rather than scare them away. What is required in Zimbabwe is democratic rule, democracy is

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In response to the negative long-term economic situation the three parliamentary parties agreed on a Government of National Unity. Despite serious internal differences this government made some important decisions that improved the general economic situation, first of all the suspension of the

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In August 2014, Zimbabwe began selling treasury bills and bonds to pay public sector salaries that have been delayed as GDP growth weakens while the economy experiences deflation. US$ 2 million was sold in July through private placements of Six-month Treasury bills at an interest rate of 9.5%.

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began in 2000. Land in Zimbabwe was forcibly seized from white farmers and redistributed to black settlers, justified by Mugabe on the grounds that it was meant to rectify inequalities left over from colonialism. The new owners did not have land titles, and as such did not have the collateral

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of the economy were fast tracked and laws requiring that 51% or more of non-black Zimbabwean owned companies had to be handed over to black Zimbabweans were implemented. This has been credited with creating further uncertainty in the economy and negatively impacting investment climate in the

1059:, the possibility of abandoning the US dollar as official currency, and political uncertainty following the end of the government of national unity with the MDC as well as power struggles within ZANU-PF have increased concerns that the country's economic situation could further deteriorate. 1046:

A 2014 report by the Africa Progress Panel found that, of all the African countries examined when determining how many years it would take to double per capita GDP, Zimbabwe fared the worst, and that at its current rate of development it would take 190 years for the country to double its

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In January, 2013 Finance Minister Tendai Biti announced that Zimbabwe's national public account held just $ 217. The election budget for the July 2013 presidential election was $ 104 million and government budget for 2013 was $ 3.09 billion at a projected economic growth of 5 per cent.

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In 2000, Zimbabwe planned a land redistribution act to seize white-owned, commercial farms attained through colonization and distribute the land to the native black majority. The new occupants, mainly consisting of indigenous citizens and several prominent members of the ruling ZANU-PF

1140:. The Hwange station is not capable of using its full capacity due to old age and maintenance neglect. In 2006, crumbling infrastructure and lack of spare parts for generators and coal mining lead to Zimbabwe importing 40% of its power, including 100 megawatts from the 1822:

began to issue higher denomination ZWD bearer cheques (a banknote with an expiry date), including $ 10 million bearer cheques – each of which was worth less than US$ 1.35 (70p Sterling; 0.90 Euro) on the parallel market at the time of first issue. On 4 April 2008 the

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In September 2016 the finance minister identified "low levels of production and the attendant trade gap, insignificant foreign direct investment and lack of access to international finance due to huge arrears" as significant causes for the poor performance of the economy.

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regulations in order to try to promote exports and reduce the currency shortage. In June and July 2016, after Government employees had not been paid for weeks, police had set up road blocks to coerce money out of tourists and there were protests throughout Zimbabwe,

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exchange rate had been frozen at Z$ 101,196 per U.S. dollar since early 2006, but as of 27 July 2006 the parallel (black market) rate has reached Z$ 550,000 per U.S. dollar. By comparison, 10 years earlier, the rate of exchange was only Z$ 9.13 per USD.

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At the time of independence, annual inflation was 5.4 percent and month-to-month inflation was 0.5 percent. Currency of Z$ 2, Z$ 5, Z$ 10 and Z$ 20 denominations were released. Roughly 95 percent of transactions used the Zimbabwean dollar. Following the

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On February 2, 2009, a final denomination was implemented, cutting 12 zeroes, before the Zimbabwe dollar was officially abandoned on April 12, 2009. Pending economic recovery, Zimbabwe relied on foreign currency rather than introducing a new currency.

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which dates from 2005. Despite poor infrastructure and a lack of both human and financial resources, biotechnology research is better established in Zimbabwe than in most sub-Saharan countries, even if it tends to use primarily traditional techniques.

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In July 2005 Zimbabwe was reported to be appealing to the South African government for US$ 1 billion of emergency loans, but despite regular rumours that the idea was being discussed no substantial financial support has been publicly reported.

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country. Although legislation dealing with the indigenisation of the Zimbabwean economy has been in development since 2007 and actively initiated by ZANU-PF in 2010 the policy has continued to be accused of being unclear and a form of "

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nation-wide riots during the last month. The government intervened by introducing price controls on all basic commodities (Kanyenze 2004). Many interventionist moves were undertaken to try to reverse some of the negative effects of the

2830: 1456:; a November 2012 report by NGO Reap What You Sow revealed a huge lack of transparency of diamond revenues and asserted that Zimbabwe's elite are benefiting from the country's diamonds. This followed former South African President 2689: 1232:

After land redistribution, much of Zimbabwe's land went fallow, and agricultural production decreased steeply. The University of Zimbabwe estimated in 2008 that between 2000 and 2007 agricultural production decreased by 51%.

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in 1998. In 1999, the country also witnessed a drought which further weakened the economy, ultimately leading to the country's bankruptcy in the next decade. In the same year, 1999, Zimbabwe experienced its first

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In March 2011, the government of Zimbabwe implemented laws which required local ownership of mining companies; following this news, there were falls in the share prices of companies with mines in Zimbabwe.

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Zimbabwe's internal transportation and electrical power networks are adequate; nevertheless, maintenance has been ignored for several years. Zimbabwe is crossed by two trans-African automobile routes: the

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The government started crumbling when a bonus to independence war veterans was announced in 1997 (which was equal to 3 percent of GDP) followed by unexpected spending due to Zimbabwe's involvement in the

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President Mugabe's government. These countries on their side argue that the sanctions are targeted against Mugabe and his inner circle and some of the companies they own. Critics point to the so-called "

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and to try to strengthen the private sector that was suffering from decreasing output and increasing competition from cheap imported products. Some of the most detrimental policies that followed include:

3394: 2038: 1631:) are also highlighted. It shows that economic activity declined in Zimbabwe over the period that the land reforms took place whilst the rest of Africa rapidly overtook the country in the same period. 1917:

described the 2013 election as "rigged" and how, after regaining full control of the government, the Mugabe government doubled the civil service and embarked on "...misrule and dazzling corruption."

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2019. The year-on-year inflation rate was 521% in December 2019, but Zimbabwe central bank officials said in February 2020 that they hoped to reduce the figure to 50% by the end of December 2020.

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reported that at least $ 2 billion worth of diamonds had been stolen from Zimbabwe's eastern diamond fields and had enriched Mugabe's ruling circle and various connected gem dealers and criminals.

2827: 2661: 3822: 5403: 2017:, an opposition politician estimated the government was running a deficit of up to 12% of GDP and Zimbabwe began experiencing a significant shortage of US dollars partly due to a consistent 5429: 5374: 3156: 3364: 1722:, recurrent interference with, and intimidation of the judiciary, as well as maintenance of unrealistic price controls and exchange rates has led to a sharp drop in investor confidence. 3633: 1740:

Other observers also point out how the asset freezes by the EU on people or companies associated with Zimbabwe's Government have had significant economic and social costs to Zimbabwe.

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Dollarization reversed inflation, permitting the banking system to stabilize and the economy to resume slow growth after 2009. Dollarization also had other consequences, including:

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terms which translates to 64.1% of the total economy. Agriculture and mining largely contribute to exports. The economy is estimated to be at $ 73 billion at the end of 2023.

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national currency, the Zimbabwean Dollar, in April 2009. That stopped hyperinflation and made normal forms of business possible again, by using foreign currency such as the

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announced that the Zimbabwe dollar would be redenominated by removing 10 zeroes, with effect from 1 August 2008. ZWD10billion became 1 dollar after the redenomination.

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introduced new $ 25 million and $ 50 million bearer cheques. At the time of first issue they were worth US$ 0.70 and US$ 1.40 on the parallel market respectively.

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Deficits of coinage for everyday transactions, leading to the adoption of South African rand coins, sweets, airtime for mobile phones or even condoms for small change.

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to 9,000 to the US$ , and then to 17,500 to the US$ on 20 July 2005, but at that date it was reported that that was only half the rate available on the black market.

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asserts the government commitment to allocating at least 1% of GDP to research and development, focusing at least 60% of university education on developing skills in

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affects the development of the economy while the state of the economy can affect access and quality of teachers and education. Zimbabwe has one of Africa's highest

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In August 2006 the RBZ revalued the Zimbabwean Dollar by 1000 ZWD to 1 (revalued) dollar. At the same time Zimbabwe devalued the Zim Dollar by 60% against the

1460:’s warning days earlier that Zimbabwe needed to stop its "predatory elite" from colluding with mining companies for their own benefit. Also in that month, the 5129: 3386: 1858:

Zimbabwean dollar was suspended entirely, to be replaced by the US dollar in government transactions. In 2014 there were eight legal currencies – US dollar,

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Between 2000 and December 2007, the national economy contracted by as much as 40%; inflation vaulted to over 66,000%, and there were persistent shortages of

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Tobacco production recovered after 2008 thanks to the contract system of agriculture and growing Chinese demand. International tobacco companies, such as

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by regulation." The government doubled the civil service and embarked on what the Economist described as "...misrule and dazzling corruption."

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is responsible for providing the country with electrical energy. Zimbabwe has two larger facilities for the generation of electrical power, the

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On 1 April 2007, the parallel market was asking ZWD 30,000 for US$ 1. By year end, it was down to about ZWD 2,000,000. On 18 January 2008, the

1168:, however, Zimbabwe has only one fixed line service provider. Cellular phone networks are an alternative. Principal mobile phone operators are 3637: 2577: 2109: 252: 88: 4926: 3910: 3851: 4534: 3882: 2469: 2405: 1754:

stopping its food aid due to insufficient donations from the world community, has forced the government into borrowing from local sources.

390: 380: 3416: 2676:"Zimbabwe | Imports and Exports | World | ALL COMMODITIES | Value (US$ ) and Value Growth, YoY (%) | 2011 - 2022" 2648:"Zimbabwe | Imports and Exports | World | ALL COMMODITIES | Value (US$ ) and Value Growth, YoY (%) | 2011 - 2022" 4372: 3506: 3133: 2214: 1998: 1729:, fuel, medicine, and food. GDP per capita dropped by 40%, agricultural output dropped by 51% and industrial production dropped by 47%. 1052: 2375: 5214: 3037: 5314: 5032: 4073: 4025: 4956: 4298: 2929: 257: 4605: 3185: 5336: 4684: 4555: 3446: 468:

data include both unemployment and underemployment; true unemployment is unknown and, under current economic conditions, unknowable

76: 5751: 5945: 5591: 4659: 4509: 4455: 3660: 3616: 3302: 5528: 3334: 1944:. This completed the conversion of all US Dollar denominated bank balances to a devalued Zimbabwean currency at a rate of 1:1. 1780:

Zimbabwe began experiencing severe foreign exchange shortages, exacerbated by the difference between the official rate and the

1152:. In May 2010 the country's generation power was an estimated 940MW against a peak demand of 2500MW. Use of local small scale 84: 4786: 4761: 4484: 4434: 4106: 3568: 4067: 4019: 3976: 1117: 822: 5285: 5092: 4904: 4630: 4277: 3794: 3759: 3721: 2892: 1981:) tried to hold a disciplined budget. In 2009 Zimbabwe recorded a period of economic growth for the first time in a decade. 1070:. They were ranked high for ability to get credit (ranked 85) and protecting minority investors (ranked 95). 5611: 3544: 2539: 2502: 866: 5496: 2781: 2528: 5065: 1229:

necessary to access bank loans. The small-scale farmers also did not have experience with commercial-scale agriculture.

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Reduced taxation and financial transparency, as people continued to keep their money out of the formal banking system.

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December); $ 500 million (11 December); $ 10 billion (19 December); $ 1 trillion (17 January 2009).

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In recent years, there has been considerable economic hardship in Zimbabwe. Many western countries argue that the

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On 1 May 2008, the RBZ announced that the dollar would be allowed to float in value subject to some conditions.

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Land reform has found considerable support in Africa and a few supporters among African-American activists, but

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As of February 2004, Zimbabwe's foreign debt repayments ceased, resulting in compulsory suspension from the

5940: 5626: 2079: 2064: 1556: 1550: 1141: 1129: 5002: 4348: 3149:"Zimbabwe Mobile Operators & Fixed Network Operators list (Africa mobile and fixed network operators)" 2633: 5955: 5909: 5905: 5501: 3063: 2599: 2371: 2277: 2188: 1793: 1744: 1689: 1364: 1098:. Poorly paved highways connect the major urban and industrial areas, while rail lines controlled by the 4807: 5521: 4867: 2953: 1763: 2248: 1102:

connect Zimbabwe to a vast central African railroad network that connects it to all of its neighbors.

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Commercial farming was almost exclusively in the hands of the white minority until the controversial

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and ensuring that school pupils devote at least 30% of their time to studying science subjects.

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Limited, which began operations 29 May 2018. The Bank operates under the supervision of the

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to ZWD 2,000 per USD (18 November 2006) and by year end it had fallen to ZWD 3,000 per USD.

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At the same time, the government sought to improve women's access to microfinance via the

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Zimbabwe's development experiment 1980–1989, Peter Makaye and Constantine Munhande, 2013

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Government forced into a "pay as you go" system, unable to spend more than it takes in.

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Official, black market, and OMIR exchange rates Jan 1, 2001 to Feb 2, 2009. Note the

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coal field. However, total generation capacity does not meet the demand, leading to

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In December 2005 Zimbabwe made a mystery loan repayment of US$ 120 million to the

5796: 5706: 5596: 5467: 5277: 4990: 4896: 4813: 4765: 4626: 4273: 3780: 3745: 3707: 3664: 3620: 3572: 3121: 2888: 2834: 2428:"Poverty headcount ratio at $ 3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Zimbabwe" 1932:, through a monetary policy presentation formally introduced a new currency, the 1165: 3536: 2398:"Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Zimbabwe" 2600:"Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Zimbabwe" 1867: 1748: 1604: 1306: 1256:

lacking in the country and that is the major cause of this economic meltdown."

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in Zimbabwe can be divided into two parts: commercial farming of crops such as

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Zimbabwe: Reap What You Sow – Greed and Corruption in Marange Diamond Fields

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in current US dollars from 1980 to 2014. The graph compares Zimbabwe (blue

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was Zimbabwe's largest gold miner. The group is controlled by its Chairman

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Zimbabwe came 140 out of 190 ease of doing business report released by the

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African Studies Commons, International Economics Commons, Public Economics

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Reuters Africa; May 3, 2010; Zimbabwe, China in $ 400 mln power plant deal

2252: 2014: 1974: 1933: 1838: 1627:), and the dollarization/government of national unity period (light blue 1475: 1457: 1194: 968: 596: 56: 3417:"Partnering Chinese, Zimbabwe tobacco farmers embark on road to success" 2607: 2573: 2435: 2222: 1693: 1452:

Various NGOs reported that the diamond sector in Zimbabwe is rife with

1409:, discovered in 2006 are thought to be among the richest in the world. 1213:

and various fruits, and subsistence farming with staple crops, such as

1145: 1121: 1067: 683: 526: 3962:"Zimbabwe's Public Education System Reforms: Successes and Challenges" 2978:"Fish, Grain and Money: Financing Africa's Green and Blue Revolutions" 2156: 4252:. Zimbabwe Publication: University of Zimbabwe. pp. 14, 15, 16. 3208:"Ululations, tears as white Zimbabwean farmer returns to seized land" 1285: 1264: 775: 719: 715: 538: 522: 302: 5506: 1467:

In January 2013, Zimbabwe's mineral exports totalled $ 1.8 billion.

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which consists of electronic balances in banks and mobile wallets,

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In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.

1237:, Zimbabwe's main export crop, decreased by 79% from 2000 to 2008. 1024: 1020: 1004: 1000: 985: 604: 600: 580: 542: 534: 530: 490: 3585: 3238:"Bank loans beyond reach for Zimbabwe farmers without land titles" 1984: 1905:

Counterfeiting currencies with which Zimbabweans are not familiar.

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By 2008, an unofficial estimate of unemployment had risen to 94%.

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As of 2023, Zimbabwe's official unemployment rate stood at 9.3%.

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As other southern African countries, Zimbabwean soil is rich in

5481: 4927:"Virus fears prompt Zimbabwe to let citizens pay in US dollars" 3786: 3751: 3713: 1402: 1394: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1299: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1149: 1133: 1125: 1012: 1008: 584: 546: 518: 498: 494: 37: 5426:"Zimbabwe Sees Annual Inflation Dropping Tenfold in 12 Months" 3623:

in Platinum Today, Johnson and Matthey. Accessed 12. Jan 2011.

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Ministry of Women's Affairs, Gender and Community Development

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In November 2016 a pseudo-currency was issued in the form of

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In 2019, the country was the world's 3rd largest producer of

1271: 1218: 1214: 761: 723: 655: 514: 4723:. Vol. 420, no. 8997. 2016-07-09. pp. 43–44. 2708:"Zimbabwe Plans 14-Fold Increase in Spending to Aid Economy" 1928:

despite widespread protests against them. In February 2019,

4008:

Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe

3357:"Mugabe Makes Zimbabwe's Tobacco Farmers Land Grab Winners" 3038:"SA at top of wealth list for Africa, Zimbabwe near bottom" 1966: 1700:

debts in addition to debts taken out with Western lenders.

1490: 1386: 1378: 1148:, up to 450 from South Africa, and 300 megawatts from 1016: 592: 550: 506: 486: 482: 1997:

was appointed finance minister. Policies encouraging the

1951: 1896:

Extremely high real interest rates due to lack of capital.

5367:"Could new figures forecast hyperinflation for Zimbabwe?" 3678:"Zimbabwe's 2015 gold output seen at highest in 11 years" 2774:"Southern African Development Community :: Zimbabwe" 1808: 1668: 1566: 1313: 1164:

New telephone lines used to be difficult to obtain. With

510: 502: 5183:"Shopkeepers struggle with 'multicurrency' Mugabenomics" 4889: 4827:

Mugabe Paying Wages Using Debt as Zimbabwe Economy Slows

4531:"Fear and hope mingle as Harare awaits election results" 3634:"Implats, Aquarius fall on Zimbabwe indigenisation news" 2129:

work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from

5307:"Zim Women's Microfinance Bank opens | ZBC News Online" 4981:"ZIM has world's second largest informal economy: IMF" 3507:"Zimbabwe's 2018 tobacco production hits all-time high" 1989:

Following ZANU-PF's landslide electoral victory in the

909:

US$ 6.26 billion (parallel market $ 1:9,300 (Nov 2023))

4197: 2317:"2024 budget strategy paper: Zim's future looks bleak" 5278:"Zimbabwe: Women's Bank Finally Commences Operations" 4299:"Zimbabwe sanctions: are they political or economic?" 3291: 2044: 1671:

grew on average by about 4.5% between 1980 and 1990.

906:

US$ 10.0 billion (official rate $ 1:5,790 (Nov 2023))

5215:"Mugabe at war with militias that keep him in power" 4838:"ZIMBABWE HYPERINFLATION 2.0: THE US DOLLAR VERSION" 4005:

Lemarchand, Guillermo A.; Schneegans, Susan (2014).

4004: 2529:"Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)" 1735:

Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001

5423: 4995: 1405:deposits also exist, though in lesser amounts. The 5213: 5181: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4324:"Zimbabwe: Mugabe pays IMF - Zimbabwe | ReliefWeb" 4274:"Zimbabwe: Sanctions – Neither Smart Nor Targeted" 3269:"Zimbabwe to hand back land to some white farmers" 1055:(compulsory acquisition), the perceived lack of a 1003:. Other commercial mineral deposits include coal, 5090: 4581:"Zimbabwe introduces new high denomination notes" 3932:"Zimbabwe – Administration and social conditions" 5932: 4957:"Zimbabwe extends multi-currency system to 2030" 4558:. www.thetimes.co.za. 6 May 2008. Archived from 4373:"Zimbabwe Makes $ 120 Million Payment to I.M.F." 3090:"Zimbabwe is a Top 20 Ease of Business Reformer" 2847: 2845: 2843: 2837:, by Ian Scoones, The Zimbabwean,19 October 2010 1569:annual percentage growth rate from 1980 to 2010. 999:The country has reserves of metallurgical-grade 5057: 4698: 4215: 3782:Zimbabwe: Mineral Exports Net U.S.$ 1,8 Billion 1985:Post-Government of National Unity: 2013–present 1510:the state of the once strong education sector. 1393:have also been found in considerable deposits. 1073: 813:Abroad: $ 309.6 million (31 December 2017 est.) 5093:"Zimbabwe's economic collapse alarms business" 4865: 4349:"Zimbabwe makes $ 120M payment to IMF | Devex" 4198:Steenkamp, Philip John; Rodney Dobell (1994). 3447:"Zimbabwe farmers produce record tobacco crop" 2750:"Zimbabwe | GDP | 2023 | 2024 | Economic Data" 1852: 1030: 5522: 5149: 5122:"Zimbabwe threatens to cancel licenses | IOL" 5084: 5063: 3378: 3348: 3260: 2840: 2828:Zimbabwe's land reform: challenging the myths 2462:"GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Zimbabwe" 2181:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019" 2110:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 1757: 718:and transport equipment, other manufactures, 5502:World Bank Zimbabwe Summary Trade Statistics 5066:"Disempowerment of blacks by blacks (Part1)" 4897:"Why Zimbabwe has banned foreign currencies" 4753: 4751: 4749: 3477:"China gets lion's share of tobacco exports" 3235: 3205: 3013:. Mail & Guardian Africa. Archived from 2805:Cry Zimbabwe: Independence – Twenty Years On 2125: This article incorporates text from a 956:All values, unless otherwise stated, are in 5487:Zimbabwe latest trade data on ITC Trade Map 5211: 5025: 4583:. Afriquenligne. 6 May 2008. Archived from 4250:Zimbabwe's Agriculture Revolution Revisited 3670: 3469: 3354: 3266: 3229: 3066:. The Financial Gazette. 9 September 2016. 2132:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 1908:10% growth of the economy a year up to 2012 1645:GDP per capita (current) of Zimbabwe (blue 5529: 5515: 4768:BBC News Africa, retrieved 6 February 2014 4162: 4128:Munangagwa, Chidochashe L. (27 May 2021). 4127: 3499: 3414: 3408: 3321: 3319: 2155:like Work In Zimbabwe which posts several 1837:On 30 July 2008, the Governor of the RBZ, 1493:, in 2017 the country produced 23.9 tons. 27: 5951:World Trade Organization member economies 5424:Godfrey Marawanyika (February 17, 2020). 5337:"Zimbabwe's inflation doubles up to 175%" 5212:Raath, Jan; Graham, Stuart (2016-07-25). 4746: 4200:Public Management in a Borderless Economy 4062:. Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp. 562–563. 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 1513: 875: 851: 5471:) is being considered for deletion. See 4974: 4458:. The Zimbabwe Situation. Archived from 3959: 3566:Jesse Jackson lambastes Mugabe, SA banks 3355:Marawanyika, Godfrey (4 November 2013). 2135:, 562–563, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. 1767: 1560: 967: 5364: 5334: 4816:Zimbabwe's bank balance stands at $ 217 4163:Munangagwa, Chidochashe (30 May 2021). 3316: 2912: 2821: 2215:"World Bank Country and Lending Groups" 1952:Government of National Unity: 2009–2013 949:$ 431.8 million (31 December 2017 est.) 5933: 5272: 5270: 5116: 5114: 4789:from the original on 21 September 2018 4247: 4223:"Govt seeks new World Bank, IMF loans" 4097: 4095: 4093: 3740: 3738: 3487:from the original on 23 September 2016 3415:Machingura, Gretinah (July 10, 2016). 3384: 3070:from the original on 11 September 2016 3008: 2954:"Zimbabwe Unemployment Rate 1991-2023" 2690:"Zimbabwe committed to debt reduction" 2662:"Zimbabwe - import of goods 2012-2022" 2634:"Zimbabwe - export of goods 2012-2022" 2537:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 2500:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 2337: 2259: 1485:and the 6th largest world producer of 805:$ 3.86 billion (31 December 2017 est.) 5536: 5510: 5243: 5179: 5072:from the original on 30 November 2020 5045:from the original on 23 November 2020 4401: 4399: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3845:"USGS Platinum Production Statistics" 3762:from the original on 19 November 2012 3747:Zimbabwe: Mbeki Lectures Zim – Report 3724:from the original on 18 November 2012 3457:from the original on 24 November 2020 3279:from the original on 25 November 2020 3248:from the original on 11 November 2020 3236:Mambondiyani, Andrew (20 July 2016). 3143: 3141: 3064:"Mid-term report reveals deep crisis" 3044:from the original on 12 November 2014 3035: 3009:Mungai, Christine (5 November 2014). 2990:from the original on 12 November 2014 2851: 2802: 2546:from the original on 12 December 2020 2408:from the original on 30 November 2020 2292:"Zim GDP Set To Reach US$ 66 Billion" 1118:Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority 509:, numerous metallic and non-metallic 4937:from the original on 13 October 2020 4533:. www.thetimes.co.za. 6 April 2008. 4407:"Timeline: Zimbabwe's economic woes" 3876:"USGS Lithium Production Statistics" 3575:, June 20, 2006. Zimbabwe Situation. 3547:from the original on 25 January 2021 3537:"Farrakhan backs Zimbabwe land grab" 3331:Issues in the Global Tobacco Economy 2614:from the original on 4 December 2019 2540:United Nations Development Programme 2503:United Nations Development Programme 2442:from the original on 4 December 2019 2378:from the original on 26 January 2021 2331:"Zim GDP hits US$ 66bn – the Herald" 2229:from the original on 28 October 2019 2195:from the original on 10 October 2020 1535:Second Science and Technology Policy 1520:Second Science and Technology Policy 1295:(6th largest producer in the world); 903:ZWL58.2 trillion (proposed for 2024) 147:$ 47.08 billion (nominal, 2023 est.) 5388: 5267: 5246:"Mugabe fires 25,000 state workers" 5111: 4759:Zimbabwe's multi-currency confusion 4109:from the original on April 11, 2013 4090: 4056:UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 3735: 2807:. Johannesburg: Galago Publishing. 2796: 2784:from the original on 31 August 2018 334:1.0% on less than $ 3.20/day (2017) 13: 5152:"Zimbabwe's Own U.S. Dollar Bills" 5150:Vasilogambros, Matt (6 May 2016). 4652:"Zimbabwe introduces new currency" 4644: 4619: 4598: 4573: 4548: 4523: 4396: 4229:from the original on 5 August 2020 4165:"The Economic Decline of Zimbabwe" 4130:"The Economic Decline of Zimbabwe" 4042: 3993: 3385:Latham, Brian (30 November 2011). 3267:Thornycroft, Peta (13 July 2015). 3138: 3056: 2922:The Journal of Pan African Studies 2580:from the original on 1 August 2020 2070:Science and technology in Zimbabwe 2045:Re-adoption of the Zimbabwe Dollar 1796:due to expulsion threat from IMF. 855:$ 14.01 billion (23 February 2023) 14: 5967: 5475:to help reach a consensus. › 5455:The Economic Policies of Zimbabwe 5447: 5091:Majaka, Ndakaziva (20 May 2014). 4907:from the original on 27 June 2019 4779:"Zimbabwe 'had $ 217 in account'" 4606:"Introducing the new Zim note..." 4498: 4473: 4448: 4423: 4301:. Newzimbabwe.com. Archived from 4225:. New Zimbabwe. 15 October 2015. 4191: 3684:. 14 October 2015. Archived from 3559: 3108: 3036:Jones, Gillian (8 January 2014). 2509:from the original on 27 June 2016 2472:from the original on 31 July 2020 1078: 5837:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5607:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5417: 5358: 5328: 5299: 5237: 5205: 5173: 5143: 5099:from the original on 21 May 2014 5013:from the original on 25 May 2014 4949: 4919: 4859: 4757:Hungwe, Brian (6 February 2014) 4179:from the original on 27 May 2021 4144:from the original on 27 May 2021 3636:. Mining Journal. Archived from 3096:from the original on 8 July 2020 2120: 2035:Zimbabwe Women Microfinance Bank 1638: 1597: 1358: 945: 944: 874: 850: 831: 830: 809: 808: 801: 800: 768: 754: 740: 701: 700: 676: 662: 648: 634: 620: 566: 565: 410: 409: 371: 370: 232: 231: 224: 223: 151: 150: 143: 142: 125: 124: 5432:from the original on 2020-03-18 5406:from the original on 2020-07-31 5377:from the original on 2019-07-16 5365:Muronzi, Chris (16 July 2019). 5347:from the original on 2019-07-16 5335:Samaita, Kevin (15 July 2019). 5317:from the original on 2018-06-12 5288:from the original on 2018-06-09 5256:from the original on 2018-11-16 5226:from the original on 2020-06-29 5194:from the original on 2016-08-07 5162:from the original on 2016-06-17 5132:from the original on 2016-10-14 4878:from the original on 2019-05-06 4868:"RBZ introduces "RTGS Dollars"" 4848:from the original on 2020-09-20 4830: 4819: 4801: 4771: 4735:from the original on 2020-11-15 4687:from the original on 2017-04-10 4673: 4662:from the original on 2008-10-03 4633:from the original on 2008-06-07 4537:from the original on 2008-04-11 4512:from the original on 2013-05-12 4487:from the original on 2010-01-02 4437:from the original on 2010-12-02 4365: 4341: 4316: 4291: 4280:from the original on 2012-10-17 4266: 4241: 4206: 4156: 4121: 4079:from the original on 2017-06-30 4031:from the original on 2017-01-28 3982:from the original on 2021-06-13 3969:International Education Journal 3953: 3942:from the original on 2021-03-07 3924: 3913:from the original on 2020-11-03 3899: 3888:from the original on 2021-05-09 3868: 3857:from the original on 2021-05-09 3837: 3825:from the original on 2020-08-28 3807: 3797:from the original on 2013-01-31 3773: 3700: 3651: 3626: 3607: 3596:from the original on 2022-01-06 3578: 3529: 3439: 3397:from the original on 2020-08-28 3367:from the original on 2020-08-28 3337:from the original on 2016-09-17 3305:from the original on 2011-06-15 3218:from the original on 2020-11-09 3199: 3188:from the original on 2018-06-12 3170: 3159:from the original on 2018-06-12 3127: 3082: 3029: 3002: 2983:. Africa Progress Panel. 2014. 2970: 2946: 2935:from the original on 2014-08-13 2906: 2895:from the original on 2010-05-25 2881: 2870:from the original on 2020-11-04 2766: 2742: 2718: 2700: 2682: 2668: 2654: 2640: 2626: 2592: 2566:"Labor force, total – Zimbabwe" 2558: 2521: 2492:"Human Development Index (HDI)" 2484: 2454: 2420: 2153:employment websites in Zimbabwe 2145: 129:16,942,006 (April 11, 2024 est) 5946:African Union member economies 4134:The Gettysburg Economic Review 4103:"World Development Indicators" 2913:Mangena, Fainos (March 2014). 2861:Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas 2390: 2323: 2309: 2284: 2241: 2207: 2173: 2151:This can also be supported by 1973:. The former finance minister 1581:Structural Adjustment Programs 1183: 1: 5460: 5064:Yamamoto, Ken (13 May 2014). 4866:Staff Reporter (2019-02-20). 4276:. Allafrica.com. 2009-03-06. 3513:. 7 July 2018. Archived from 2166: 1527:National Biotechnology Policy 1100:National Railways of Zimbabwe 1051:GDP. Uncertainty around the 4556:"Zimbabwe's new $ 250m note" 3815:"Terms of Service Violation" 2080:Economic history of Zimbabwe 2065:1997 Zimbabwean Black Friday 1703: 1656: 1557:1997 Zimbabwean Black Friday 1551:Economic history of Zimbabwe 1496: 1259:Zimbabwe produced, in 2018: 1159: 1142:Democratic Republic of Congo 1130:Hwange Thermal Power Station 1074:Infrastructure and resources 417:58.6% employment rate (2022) 228:$ 2,860 (nominal, 2023 est.) 7: 5003:"Indigenisation now a mess" 4629:. All Africa. 21 May 2008. 4248:Rukuni, Mandivamba (2006). 3960:Kanyongo, Gibbs Y. (2005). 2372:Central Intelligence Agency 2278:International Monetary Fund 2249:"Zimbabwe Population(Live)" 2189:International Monetary Fund 2053: 1853:Dollarization: 2009–present 1794:International Monetary Fund 1745:International Monetary Fund 1365:Mining industry of Zimbabwe 1226:land redistribution program 1031:Current economic conditions 108:Lower-middle income economy 10: 5972: 4508:. The Zimbabwe Situation. 4483:. The Zimbabwe Situation. 4433:. The Zimbabwe Situation. 3907:"Zimbabwe Gold Production" 3301:. The Zimbabwe Situation. 3206:Sithole-Matarise, Emelia. 2854:Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe 2803:Stiff, Peter (June 2000). 2219:datahelpdesk.worldbank.org 2115: 1764:Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe 1761: 1758:Hyperinflation (2004–2009) 1707: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1362: 1187: 1144:, 200 megawatts from 1128:) and since 1983 by large 1109: 1082: 988:has a $ 44 billion dollar 972:Zimbabwean exports in 2006 893:−9.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.) 835:−$ 716 million (2017 est.) 705:$ 8.68 billion (2022 est.) 570:$ 6.59 billion (2022 est.) 426:Labour force by occupation 5850: 5825: 5544: 5244:Raath, Jan (2016-09-09). 5180:Raath, Jan (2016-06-27). 4627:"RBZ Issues Agro Cheques" 3658:www.zimbabwesituation.com 3124:, October 9, 2006. News24 3115:Outages short Zim revival 1664:Lancaster House Agreement 1105: 953: 934: 923: 915: 897: 883: 879:58.47% of GDP (2022 est.) 864: 859: 839: 820: 788: 730: 709: 696: 610: 574: 561: 556: 475: 458: 424: 400: 359: 341: 317: 300: 266: 243: 214: 187: 166: 133: 120: 115: 94: 66: 54: 44: 26: 5592:Central African Republic 5497:MBendi Zimbabwe overview 5473:templates for discussion 5007:The Zimbabwe Independent 4506:"The Zimbabwe Situation" 4481:"The Zimbabwe Situation" 4456:"The Zimbabwe Situation" 4431:"The Zimbabwe Situation" 3299:"The Zimbabwe Situation" 2138: 2060:Zimbabwe national budget 1825:Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe 1820:Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe 1698:African Development Bank 1623:), hyperinflation (grey 1242:British American Tobacco 1053:indigenisation programme 236:$ 3,928 (PPP, 2023 est.) 3936:Encyclopedia Britannica 3153:africantelecomsnews.com 1710:Land reform in Zimbabwe 1489:. In the production of 1190:Agriculture in Zimbabwe 1092:Cairo-Cape Town Highway 919:5.5 billion (2017 est.) 362:Human Development Index 3178:"Our Network | Telone" 1991:2013 general elections 1777: 1716:Government of Zimbabwe 1570: 1539:science and technology 1514:Science and technology 1419:Gold production year 1407:Marange diamond fields 973: 5752:São Tomé and Príncipe 5612:Republic of the Congo 4717:"Bailing out bandits" 3327:"Tobacco in Zimbabwe" 2852:Koech, Janet (2011). 2085:Education in Zimbabwe 1771: 1747:(IMF). This, and the 1564: 1503:education in Zimbabwe 1298:106 thousand tons of 1291:132 thousand tons of 1284:191 thousand tons of 1277:256 thousand tons of 1270:730 thousand tons of 1235:Production of tobacco 1124:(owned together with 1085:Transport in Zimbabwe 971: 253:153rd (nominal, 2023) 174:110th (nominal, 2023) 3453:. 4 September 2019. 2364:"The World Factbook" 2090:GBDT (digital token) 1752:World Food Programme 1472:Metallon Corporation 1470:As of October 2014, 1347:38 thousand tons of 1340:42 thousand tons of 1333:55 thousand tons of 1326:60 thousand tons of 1319:80 thousand tons of 1312:90 thousand tons of 1305:96 thousand tons of 1263:3,3 million tons of 1096:Beira-Lobito Highway 732:Main import partners 642:United Arab Emirates 612:Main export partners 5941:Economy of Zimbabwe 5827:States with limited 5492:CIA World Fact Book 5478:Economy of Zimbabwe 5095:. Daily News Live. 3821:. 17 October 2014. 2958:www.macrotrends.net 2714:. 30 November 2023. 2274:"Zimbabwe Datasets" 2105:Tobacco in Zimbabwe 2095:History of Zimbabwe 1720:land reform program 978:economy of Zimbabwe 245:GDP per capita rank 104:Developing/Emerging 68:Trade organisations 23: 5956:Economic collapses 5538:Economy of Africa 4989:2022-02-26 at the 4812:2013-01-31 at the 4785:. 31 August 2018. 4764:2018-08-16 at the 4376:The New York Times 3688:on 18 October 2015 3663:2011-06-15 at the 3619:2020-11-26 at the 3571:2013-05-12 at the 3120:2007-10-01 at the 2833:2010-11-04 at the 2678:. 28 January 2024. 2650:. 28 January 2024. 2604:data.worldbank.org 2570:data.worldbank.org 2466:data.worldbank.org 2432:data.worldbank.org 2402:data.worldbank.org 1963:South African Rand 1959:US American Dollar 1860:South African rand 1778: 1613:Sub-Saharan Africa 1571: 1112:Energy in Zimbabwe 974: 313:172.2% (2023 est.) 18: 5928: 5927: 5854:other territories 5627:Equatorial Guinea 5041:. 24 April 2014. 4933:. 27 March 2020. 4872:The Zimbabwe Mail 4681:"Zimbabwe Dollar" 4411:www.aljazeera.com 4069:978-92-3-100129-1 4021:978-92-3-100034-8 4014:. Paris: UNESCO. 3517:on 14 August 2020 3451:The Zimbabwe Mail 2100:Zimbabwean dollar 2075:Economy of Africa 2028:Patrick Chinamasa 1995:Patrick Chinamasa 1872:Australian dollar 1801:Zimbabwean dollar 1774:logarithmic scale 1576:Zimbabwean dollar 1450: 1449: 1138:rolling blackouts 966: 965: 924:Economic aid 517:; wood products, 465:11.3% (2014 est.) 319:Population below 258:175th (PPP, 2023) 205:5.2% (2024e) 202:5.3% (2023e) 179:132nd (PPP, 2023) 34:Sam Nujoma Street 5963: 5915: 5914:(United Kingdom) 5910:Tristan da Cunha 5906:Ascension Island 5898: 5885: 5876: 5852:Dependencies and 5545:Sovereign states 5531: 5524: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5282:263Chat (Harare) 5274: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5185: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5068:. New Zimbabwe. 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4999: 4993: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4903:. 26 June 2019. 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4834: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4775: 4769: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4713: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4658:. 30 July 2008. 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608:IOL. 15 May 2008 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4587:on 18 April 2012 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4099: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4061: 4051: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4013: 4002: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3674: 3668: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3582: 3576: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3543:. 13 July 2002. 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3481:NewsDay Zimbabwe 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3427:on July 11, 2016 3423:. 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Business Day. 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2858: 2849: 2838: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2360: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2270: 2257: 2256: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2177: 2160: 2157:Jobs in Zimbabwe 2149: 2124: 2023:exchange-control 1681:Second Congo War 1648: 1642: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1601: 1462:Associated Press 1416: 1415: 1132:adjacent to the 1068:World Bank Group 990:informal economy 948: 947: 939: 938:Foreign reserves 888: 878: 877: 869: 854: 853: 845: 834: 833: 825: 812: 811: 804: 803: 774: 772: 771: 760: 758: 757: 746: 744: 743: 704: 703: 682: 680: 679: 668: 666: 665: 654: 652: 651: 640: 638: 637: 626: 624: 623: 569: 568: 414:6,560,725 (2023) 413: 412: 389: 378: 374: 373: 354: 346: 345:Gini coefficient 324: 235: 234: 227: 226: 199:4.5% (2022) 196:5.3% (2021) 155:$ 66.0 billion ( 154: 153: 146: 145: 128: 127: 31: 24: 22: 17: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5896: 5883: 5874: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5830: 5828: 5821: 5540: 5535: 5476: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5435: 5433: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5378: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5348: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5318: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5259: 5257: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5210: 5206: 5197: 5195: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5009:. 23 May 2014. 5001: 5000: 4996: 4991:Wayback Machine 4979: 4975: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4820: 4814:Wayback Machine 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4766:Wayback Machine 4756: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4715: 4714: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4388: 4386: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4221: 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2314: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2272: 2271: 2260: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2118: 2056: 2047: 1987: 1954: 1855: 1766: 1760: 1712: 1706: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1525:Zimbabwe has a 1516: 1499: 1367: 1361: 1192: 1186: 1162: 1156:is widespread. 1114: 1108: 1087: 1081: 1076: 1033: 984:based economy. 962: 941: 937: 890: 886: 871: 868:Government debt 867: 860:Public finances 847: 843: 827: 824:Current account 823: 816: 794: 784: 769: 767: 755: 753: 741: 739: 733: 726:, food products 712: 692: 677: 675: 663: 661: 649: 647: 635: 633: 621: 619: 613: 577: 478: 477:Main industries 471: 454: 427: 420: 403: 396: 387: 376: 364: 352: 348: 344: 337: 325: 320: 310: 296: 269: 262: 246: 239: 217: 210: 190: 183: 162: 111: 97: 69: 59: 40: 20: 12: 11: 5: 5969: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919:Western Sahara 5916: 5899: 5886: 5877: 5863:Canary Islands 5859: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5458: 5449: 5448:External links 5446: 5443: 5442: 5416: 5387: 5357: 5327: 5298: 5284:. 2018-06-07. 5266: 5236: 5204: 5172: 5142: 5110: 5083: 5056: 5024: 4994: 4973: 4948: 4918: 4888: 4858: 4844:. 2017-09-11. 4829: 4818: 4800: 4770: 4745: 4697: 4672: 4643: 4618: 4597: 4572: 4547: 4522: 4497: 4472: 4447: 4422: 4395: 4378:. 2005-09-01. 4364: 4340: 4315: 4290: 4265: 4258: 4240: 4214: 4205: 4202:. p. 664. 4190: 4155: 4120: 4105:. World Bank. 4089: 4068: 4041: 4020: 3992: 3952: 3923: 3898: 3867: 3836: 3806: 3772: 3734: 3699: 3669: 3650: 3625: 3606: 3577: 3558: 3528: 3498: 3483:. 4 May 2015. 3468: 3438: 3407: 3377: 3347: 3315: 3290: 3259: 3228: 3198: 3169: 3137: 3126: 3107: 3081: 3055: 3028: 3001: 2969: 2945: 2905: 2880: 2839: 2820: 2814:978-1919854021 2813: 2795: 2765: 2741: 2717: 2699: 2681: 2667: 2653: 2639: 2625: 2591: 2557: 2520: 2483: 2468:. World Bank. 2453: 2419: 2404:. World Bank. 2389: 2336: 2322: 2308: 2283: 2258: 2240: 2206: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 1999:indigenisation 1986: 1983: 1953: 1950: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1868:pound sterling 1854: 1851: 1759: 1756: 1749:United Nations 1705: 1702: 1658: 1655: 1644: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1605:GDP per capita 1603: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1590:GDP per capita 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1546: 1543: 1515: 1512: 1498: 1495: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1363:Main article: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1185: 1182: 1161: 1158: 1107: 1104: 1080: 1079:Transportation 1077: 1075: 1072: 1032: 1029: 964: 963: 954: 951: 950: 942: 935: 932: 931: 925: 921: 920: 917: 913: 912: 911: 910: 907: 904: 899: 895: 894: 891: 887:Budget balance 884: 881: 880: 872: 865: 862: 861: 857: 856: 848: 840: 837: 836: 828: 821: 818: 817: 815: 814: 806: 797: 795: 789: 786: 785: 783: 782: 779: 765: 751: 736: 734: 731: 728: 727: 713: 710: 707: 706: 698: 694: 693: 691: 690: 687: 673: 659: 645: 631: 616: 614: 611: 608: 607: 578: 575: 572: 571: 563: 559: 558: 554: 553: 479: 476: 473: 472: 470: 469: 466: 462: 460: 456: 455: 453: 452: 449: 443: 437: 430: 428: 425: 422: 421: 419: 418: 415: 406: 404: 401: 398: 397: 395: 394: 384: 367: 365: 360: 357: 356: 349: 342: 339: 338: 336: 335: 332: 328: 326: 318: 315: 314: 311: 301: 298: 297: 295: 294: 291: 285: 279: 272: 270: 267: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 249: 247: 244: 241: 240: 238: 237: 229: 220: 218: 216:GDP per capita 215: 212: 211: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 193: 191: 188: 185: 184: 182: 181: 176: 170: 168: 164: 163: 161: 160: 148: 139: 137: 131: 130: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 110: 109: 106: 100: 98: 95: 92: 91: 70: 67: 64: 63: 60: 55: 52: 51: 46: 42: 41: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5968: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5920: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5667:Guinea-Bissau 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5431: 5428:. Bloomberg. 5427: 5420: 5405: 5401: 5400:aljazeera.com 5397: 5391: 5376: 5372: 5371:aljazeera.com 5368: 5361: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5208: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5176: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4847: 4843: 4842:Rolling Alpha 4839: 4833: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721:The Economist 4718: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4562:on 7 May 2008 4561: 4557: 4551: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4462:on 2010-03-10 4461: 4457: 4451: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4354: 4353:www.devex.com 4350: 4344: 4329: 4328:reliefweb.int 4325: 4319: 4305:on 2010-04-07 4304: 4300: 4294: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4261: 4259:0-86924-141-9 4255: 4251: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4209: 4201: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3819:bloomberg.com 3816: 3810: 3796: 3792: 3791:AllAfrica.com 3788: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3761: 3757: 3756:Allafrica.com 3753: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3718:Allafrica.com 3715: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3640:on 2011-04-04 3639: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3431:September 21, 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3278: 3274: 3273:The Telegraph 3270: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3017:on 2014-11-12 3016: 3012: 3005: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 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