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Over the course of several days, police shot and killed dozens as protesters blocked streets, taunted police officers and paraded flags demanding a restoration of the multiparty democracy system that the country had in the 1950s. At the climax of the protests, people surrounded government buildings,
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to hand over decisions of government to the Nepali people. Through rallies and protest, King
Birendra was convinced to enforce a new constitution of the people, and "identifies the people as the source of political legitimacy . . . and guarantees of basic rights". Now Nepalese citizens 18 years of
1348:
The construction of the constitution faced many difficulties because of the chasm between elites and the typical voter. The leaders of the most prominent parties are typically upper class citizens who are rarely concerned or associate with the larger section of the Nepal population, in which the
1320:
Communication between opposition members faltered and palace leadership was at times absent, leaving local governments to deal with the protests as they saw fit. Some even joined the movement in absence of central government. These protests escalated from the countryside until they reached the
1349:
typical voter had a high probability of being illiterate and high ethnic attachment. This large disparity increased the difficulty of creating a usable system that allowed electoral officials and Nepali citizens to create a new system, yet still embrace traditions and beliefs about caste.
1345:
age and up are eligible to vote. Due to the high illiteracy rates, nearly 40% of the population, political parties are related or associated with symbols. For instance, the Tree represents the Nepali
Congress Party, and the Sun represents the Unified Marxist-Leninist Party.
1244:
were frequently subjected to arrests in efforts to maintain his authority. However, by the 1980s, there was a gradual relaxation of political constraints, leading to the emergence of liberal student movements advocating for constitutional reforms in Nepal.
1300:
day in Nepal and officially ended after 49 long days. In order to stall the movement, the government arrested national and district-level leaders of both the NC and the ULF on 17 February 1990, and banned all opposition newspapers.
1333:
urging the king to accept their demands. By that point, many police did not engage with protesters but looked on as some protesters smashed government property, such as the prime minister's car and a statue of
1304:
The king called on the nation in a radio address to stand unified with the monarchy and to pursue democratic reforms through constitutional channels. In late
February, police fired on a demonstration in
1309:, killing 12 people. The movement became increasingly large and dangerous as thousands of students marched against riot police and hundreds were arrested and injured. The movement called for
1221:
that led to the banning of political parties, and executive power over the cabinet and parliament being effectively placed in the power of the monarch. This political regime, known as the
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1708:
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in the country, and the United Left Front, a coalition of communist and leftist parties, joined to launch a campaign to achieve a multiparty democracy in Nepal. The
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took place in May 1980, resulting in a loss for the multi-party system, with 45% of the votes in favor, as opposed to 55% for the continuation of the
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In Min Ratna
Bajracharya's famous image from the April 1990 victory rally, student activist Durga Thapa leaps up in a double victory salute
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The movement was marked by the unity between the various political parties. Not only did various
Communist parties group together in the
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17:
1820:
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1810:
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The 1990s People's
Movement drafted the constitution into effect in November 1990. This constitution forced the monarchy of
1337:, as a result of which the leaders called off the protests. On 8 April 1990, the king removed the ban on political parties.
1499:
1825:
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in early April, the movement gathered some 200,000 people who marched in protest of the monarchy in the capital.
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to determine the future political system of the country. The options presented to the public were between a
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rather an absolute monarchy. However, the period of parliamentary rule soon ended following a
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1296:(People's Movement) officially started on 18 February 1990(BS २०४६ फागुन ०७) which is
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1240:, inheriting significant power. Throughout his reign, prominent members of the
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Nepal transitions from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy
1789:
240:
1322:
1306:
1297:
1366:
326:
286:
1638:
Baral, L. R. (1994). "The Return of Party
Politics in Nepal".
1437:"Nepal's democracy revolutions, and achievements and failures"
1718:
1128:
70:
1248:
In response to the escalating pro-democracy sentiments,
1154:(NC). One result of this unity was the formation of the
1716:
1150:(ULF), but they also cooperated with parties such as
1122:
1156:
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified
Marxist-Leninist)
1369:[In memory of Nepalese revolution 1990].
1802:
1666:
1583:Resistance and the State: Nepalese Experiences
1702:
1500:"Birenda, 55, Ruler of Nepal's Hindu Kingdom"
1087:
1637:
1709:
1695:
1317:) that quickly spread across the country.
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1080:
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1803:
1554:
1552:
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1325:. After the army killed protesters in
1205:, resulting in the establishment of a
1690:
1532:"Birendra: Nepal's monarch of change"
1391:HIMAL SOUTHASIAN | March - April 2006
1367:"सम्झनामा जनआन्दोलन ०४६ (श्रृंखला १)"
957:Back to the Village National Campaign
1566:
1460:
1458:
1225:, persisted throughout his ruling.
1165:
1545:
24:
1631:
1610:The Democratic Transition in Nepal
25:
1852:
1676:Contributions to Nepalese Studies
1498:Crossette, Barbara (2001-06-03).
1455:
1418:Contributions to Nepalese Studies
1342:King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev
1016:1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
27:Restoration of democracy in Nepal
1409:Hachhethu, Krishna (July 1990).
1169:
1063:
228:
182:
170:
150:
139:
128:
1600:
1127:) was a multiparty movement in
804:Second Campaign Against Gurkhas
799:First Campaign Against Tibetans
790:Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal
61:18 February 1990 – 8 April 1990
1524:
1491:
1465:Malhotra, Inder (2001-06-04).
1435:Ghimire, Binosh (2022-02-19).
1428:
1402:
1384:
1359:
1288:group and the largest illegal
13:
1:
1743:Maoist insurgency (1996–2006)
1352:
1161:
1046:2015 Mount Everest avalanches
1821:History of Nepal (1951–2008)
1811:Nepalese democracy movements
1717:Revolutions and protests in
1613:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1262:party-less Panchayati system
407:c. 12th century CE – 1790 CE
7:
1774:Madhes Movement (2007–2015)
1236:, assumed the throne as an
1123:
1028:April 2015 Nepal earthquake
910:Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike
40:Nepalese democracy movement
18:1990 People's Movement
10:
1857:
1826:Political history of Nepal
1790:Guthi Bill protests (2019)
1275:
1005:Comprehensive Peace Accord
389:, c. 954 CE – 14th century
1782:
1756:
1725:
1607:Parajulee, R. P. (2000).
1280:In 1989, two groups, the
1203:civil uprising in 1950-51
1139:. It also eliminated the
1115:
1034:May 2015 Nepal earthquake
1022:Nepal humanitarian crisis
898:1846 Bhandarkhal massacre
836:1806 Bhandarkhal massacre
395:, c. 1097 CE – c. 1324 CE
118:
113:
92:
77:
65:
57:
45:
37:
32:
1769:Student protests of 1979
1764:Jayatu Sanskritam (1947)
1467:"King Birendra of Nepal"
999:2006 Nepalese revolution
963:1990 Nepalese revolution
922:1951 Nepalese revolution
98:Restoration of democracy
1667:Hachchethu, K. (1992).
1207:parliamentary democracy
1137:constitutional monarchy
1131:that brought an end to
975:Nepalese royal massacre
289:, c. 1st millennium BCE
277:, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE
271:, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE
1836:Nonviolent revolutions
1201:Nepal had undergone a
1108:1990 People's Movement
993:Second Battle of Khara
697:Kingdom of Atbis Gotam
327:Limbuwan tribal states
283:, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE
33:1990 People's Movement
1652:10.1353/jod.1994.0012
1258:multi-party democracy
1135:and the beginning of
1051:Constitution of Nepal
809:Third Nepal-Tibet War
419:c. 1404 CE – 1789 CE
383:, c. 700 CE – 1065 CE
318:Khasas in Mahabharata
85:multi-party democracy
1669:"Mass Movement 1990"
1640:Journal of Democracy
1580:Gellner, D. (2007).
1411:"Mass Movement 1990"
741:Unification of Nepal
682:Kingdom of Phalawagh
647:Kingdom of Thalahara
463:Twenty-four kingdoms
453:Kingdom of Bhaktapur
413:c. 1380 CE – 1795 CE
371:, c. 400 – c. 750 CE
329:c. 580 BCE – 1774 CE
293:Nepal in Mahabharata
1560:"People Movement I"
1040:2015 Nepal blockade
981:Battle of Bhalubang
866:Battle of Makwanpur
782:Battle of Bhaktapur
770:Battle of Kathmandu
752:Battle of Makwanpur
707:Kingdom of Gurnakot
672:Kingdom of Sallyana
617:Kingdom of Jajarkot
598:Twenty-two kingdoms
441:Kingdom of Kantipur
157:Government of Nepal
145:Royal Nepalese Army
1748:Revolution of 2006
1738:Revolution of 1990
1733:Revolution of 1951
1586:. Berghahn Books.
1504:The New York Times
1442:The Kathmandu Post
1396:2006-05-07 at the
1181:. You can help by
969:Nepalese Civil War
878:Brigade of Gurkhas
854:Battle of Nalapani
848:Anglo-Nepalese War
830:Battle of Khurbura
795:Sino-Nepalese War
776:Battle of Lalitpur
764:Battle of Sindhuli
758:Battle of Kirtipur
652:Kingdom of Dailekh
642:Kingdom of Malneta
627:Kingdom of Musikot
587:Kingdom of Tanahun
582:Kingdom of Satahun
577:Kingdom of Rishing
572:Kingdom of Pyuthan
552:Kingdom of Nuwakot
547:Kingdom of Musikot
542:Kingdom of Lamjung
537:Kingdom of Khanchi
512:Kingdom of Garahun
507:Kingdom of Ghiring
497:Kingdom of Dhurkot
482:Kingdom of Bhirkot
477:Kingdom of Bajhang
387:Khas Malla Kingdom
377:, c. 600 – c. 1200
343:Mahisapala dynasty
1831:Protests in Nepal
1816:Conflicts in 1990
1798:
1797:
1270:party-less system
1260:and the existing
1199:
1198:
1148:United Left Front
1133:absolute monarchy
1124:2046 Jana Andolan
1121:
1104:
1103:
971:, c. 1996 – 2006
916:Jayatu Sanskritam
872:Treaty of Sugauli
860:Battle of Jaithak
746:Battle of Nuwakot
692:Kingdom of Darnar
687:Kingdom of Jehari
677:Kingdom of Chilli
662:Kingdom of Duryal
637:Kingdom of Biskot
622:Kingdom of Bajura
567:Kingdom of Parbat
557:Kingdom of Paiyun
517:Kingdom of Gorkha
502:Kingdom of Galkot
487:Kingdom of Butwal
350:, c. 205 – c. 305
202:
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198:
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189:United Left Front
101:Abolition of the
16:(Redirected from
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1223:Panchayat system
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1120:romanized:
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1070:Nepal portal
1068:
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1066:
1024:, c. 2015 – 2017
987:2004 Beni attack
959:, c. 1967 – 1975
953:, c. 1960 – 1990
888:, c.1846 – 1951
712:Kingdom of Rukum
702:Kingdom of Majal
657:Kingdom of Dullu
632:Kingdom of Gajur
607:Kingdom of Jumla
562:Kingdom of Palpa
532:Kingdom of Kaski
522:Kingdom of Gulmi
472:Kingdom of Argha
455:, c. 1482 – 1769
449:, c. 1482 – 1768
447:Kingdom of Patan
443:, c. 1484 – 1826
401:, c. 1201 – 1482
369:Licchavi Kingdom
308:Himalaya kingdom
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1757:Major movements
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1290:political party
1282:Nepali Congress
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1242:Nepali Congress
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1179:needs expansion
1164:
1152:Nepali Congress
1100:
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1062:
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1012:
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850:c. 1814 – 1816
842:Gurkha–Sikh War
730:
722:
721:
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719:
718:
667:Kingdom of Dang
612:Kingdom of Doti
600:
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527:Kingdom of Isma
492:Kingdom of Dhor
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375:Thakuri dynasty
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1783:Minor protests
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1315:general strike
1277:
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1211:constitutional
1197:
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1190:September 2023
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1116:२०४६ जनआन्दोलन
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904:Battle of Alau
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338:Gopala dynasty
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333:Videha kingdom
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313:Kirata kingdom
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287:Shakya Kingdom
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1841:1990 in Nepal
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1682:(2): 177–201.
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1335:King Mahendra
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1299:
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1294:Jana Andolan'
1291:
1287:
1286:pro-communist
1283:
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1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:King Birendra
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:King Mahendra
1232:, the son of
1231:
1230:King Birendra
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:King Mahendra
1216:
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1177:This section
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822:
821:Thapa dynasty
819:
817:
816:Pande dynasty
814:
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428:
427:
418:
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412:
411:Kingdom of Lo
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:Malla Dynasty
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:Katyuri kings
379:
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135:King Birendra
126:
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19:
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1679:
1675:
1643:
1639:
1609:
1602:
1582:
1536:. Retrieved
1534:. 2001-06-02
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1471:The Guardian
1470:
1446:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1404:
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1293:
1279:
1252:announced a
1247:
1227:
1200:
1187:
1183:adding to it
1178:
1145:
1107:
1105:
962:
944:Contemporary
928:Delhi Accord
892:Kot massacre
886:Rana dynasty
736:Shah dynasty
348:Soma dynasty
303:Nepa kingdom
1726:Revolutions
1646:: 121–133.
1373:(in Nepali)
1313:(a kind of
405:Chand kings
219:History of
93:Resulted in
1805:Categories
1538:2024-05-14
1517:2024-05-14
1484:2024-05-14
1448:2023-09-20
1377:2021-02-09
1371:Nepal Live
1353:References
1266:referendum
1254:referendum
1162:Background
431:Golden Age
275:Bronze Age
1660:153394711
1512:0362-4331
1479:0261-3077
1323:Kathmandu
1321:capital,
1307:Bhaktapur
1298:Democracy
1228:In 1972,
1215:1960 coup
1141:Panchayat
1053:, c. 2015
1042:, c. 2015
1036:, c. 2015
1030:, c. 2015
1018:, c. 2008
1007:, c. 2006
1001:, c. 2006
995:, c. 2005
989:, c. 2004
983:, c. 2003
977:, c. 2001
965:, c. 1990
951:Panchayat
930:, c. 1951
924:, c. 1951
918:, c. 1947
912:, c. 1947
906:, c. 1847
900:, c. 1846
894:, c. 1846
880:, c. 1816
874:, c. 1816
868:, c. 1816
862:, c. 1814
856:, c. 1814
844:, c. 1809
838:, c. 1806
832:, c. 1804
792:, c. 1768
784:, c. 1769
778:, c. 1768
772:, c. 1768
760:, c. 1767
754:, c. 1762
748:, c. 1744
362:Classical
269:Neolithic
241:Etymology
1394:Archived
1209:under a
1143:system.
766:, c.1767
281:Iron Age
251:Urheimat
246:Timeline
210:a series
208:Part of
66:Location
38:Part of
1276:History
1217:led by
262:Ancient
114:Parties
1658:
1617:
1590:
1510:
1477:
1311:bandhs
1264:. The
1112:Nepali
729:Modern
212:on the
1719:Nepal
1672:(PDF)
1656:S2CID
1414:(PDF)
1327:Patan
1129:Nepal
221:Nepal
78:Goals
71:Nepal
1615:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1508:ISSN
1475:ISSN
1424:(2).
1284:, a
1106:The
58:Date
1648:doi
1185:.
1807::
1680:17
1678:.
1674:.
1654:.
1642:.
1568:^
1547:^
1506:.
1502:.
1473:.
1469:.
1457:^
1439:.
1422:17
1420:.
1416:.
1272:.
1158:.
1118:,
1114::
1710:e
1703:t
1696:v
1662:.
1650::
1644:5
1623:.
1596:.
1562:.
1541:.
1520:.
1487:.
1451:.
1380:.
1192:)
1188:(
1110:(
1095:e
1088:t
1081:v
20:)
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