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2110:
229:
108:
2121:
2141:
2151:
2131:
2100:
214:(DEG), it was possible to affect both the impression of sweetness and the body of the wine. German wine chemists have stated that it is unlikely that an individual winemaker of a small winery had sufficient chemical knowledge to devise the scheme, implying that the recipe must have been drawn up by a knowledgeable wine chemist consulting for a large-scale producer.
248:, which is what is commonly understood as antifreeze, and is more toxic. Most of the recalled wines contained up to a few grams of DEG per litre (and many only a fraction of a gram), which meant that dozens of bottles would have to be consumed in a limited period to reach the lethal dose of approximately 40 grams. However, in one record-setting wine (a 1981
428:
Pieroth's actions, which did not earn the company any sympathy with the public, were probably not meant as a measure to allow the further selling of adulterated wine but as an attempt to put
Pieroth in a position to recover money from customers who had refused to pay their outstanding bills following
433:
proceedings that deliveries of wines found to contain DEG were a form of non-fulfillment of a purchase contract that removed any obligation to pay but that customers still had to pay if they only suspected that a wine contained DEG, and the wine was subsequently cleared of suspicion. Thus, the legal
320:
From mid-July onward, selling
Austrian wine on any export market was almost impossible. Some countries like Switzerland and France confiscated thousands of bottles, and Japan introduced a ban on the import and sale of all Austrian wines on July 29, 1985. In many other countries, wine dealers removed
202:
to supply large quantities of wine at a specified quality level in terms of Prädikat. These producers encountered problems in some weak vintages, where much of the grape harvest did not reach sufficient ripeness levels. At the levels of ripeness that were reached, the wines would be less sweet, less
178:
conditions, and all wines with higher designations sell at a premium price. As the sweet wines were more favoured at the time of the scandal than they have been in the 1990s and 2000s, and since the Prädikat designations were almost universally recognized throughout the German-speaking countries, a
442:
As a consequence of the scandal, a total of 27,000,000 litres of wine (corresponding to 36 million bottles or seven months' worth of
Austria's total wine exports at the pre-1985 level) had to be destroyed by the West German authorities, which had confiscated or otherwise collected the wine. Doing
324:
From a pre-1985 level of around 45 million liters per year, exports immediately fell to one-tenth or roughly 4.4 million liters in 1986. They stayed at approximately the same level until 1989 and were slightly higher in 1990–97, but still well below pre-1985 levels. Not until 2001 did the export
325:
volume, at just over 50 million liters, match the old level. It thus took the
Austrian wine industry fifteen years to regain its former position in terms of export volume, despite optimistic predictions from some quarters in Austria that it would all be forgotten in other countries in one year.
86:
The short-term effect of the scandal was a complete collapse of
Austrian wine exports and a total loss of reputation of the entire Austrian wine industry, with a significant adverse impact on the reputation of German wines. The long-term effect was that the Austrian wine industry focused their
303:
of the winemakers involved. What made the 1985 findings very different was that a toxic compound had been used, and subsequent sampling indicated that many different bottlings were part of this dangerous adulteration scheme. Therefore, unlike cases of simple sweetening, the 1985 DEG findings
207:. One vintage plagued by these problems in Austria was 1982. It is believed that when this led to insufficient quantities of wine being available to fulfill the contracts, some producers started to search for methods, including illegal ones, to "correct" the wines.
1730:
420:
when his ministry had issued a public list containing all wines that had been found to contain DEG, and naming the bottler in each case. The case went through all three tiers of the administrative courts. It was finally settled on
October 18, 1990, when the
355:
In the weeks following the breaking of the scandal, dozens of wine producers and dealers were arrested by
Austrian authorities. The industry's practice of DEG adulteration was traced back to Otto Nadrasky, a 58-year-old chemist and wine consultant from
82:
on wines sold in West
Germany and immediately made headlines worldwide. The affected wines were immediately withdrawn from the market. Many involved in the scandal were sentenced to prison or heavy fines in Austria and West Germany.
383:
enacted a stricter wine law on August 29, 1985. Having seen the immediate collapse of wine exports, the
Austrian government rushed this legislation through parliament for it to be in effect before the 1985 harvest.
187:
was often identified as a "bargain" by many German consumers. Many of the affordable sweet wines exported from
Austria were blends from different grape varieties, and several of them did not carry any
312:
issued an official health warning against the consumption of Austrian wines. The findings immediately made headlines in West German media, and from there were cabled out throughout the world.
1725:
459:
instead of water. In Austria, it was reported that the wine, mixed with other agents, was used as a road antifreeze in the particularly severe continental winter of February to March 1986.
131:
and had been so for several years, with an increasing trend. The Austrian wines exported to West Germany were of a similar style to those produced by West Germany itself, meaning semi-
467:
The wine scandal has been the subject of many satirical references to Austrian wine inside Austria, in Germany, and beyond, and long after 1985. Shortly after the scandal, the
256:), 48 grams per litre was detected, which meant that the consumption of a single bottle could have been lethal. Also, long-term consumption of DEG is known to damage the
283:
was the German minister for health in 1985. His ministry issued health warnings for Austrian wines and a blacklist with all wines found to contain diethylene glycol.
387:
In West Germany, following a lengthy investigation, six former leading employees of the wholesale dealer and bottler Pieroth were sentenced to fines of one million
1893:
236:
DEG was otherwise used as an industrial chemical. Adulteration of products with DEG has led to thousands of deaths worldwide since the first recorded case: the
174:
were allowed for any wines with a Prädikat designation. Thus, the production of wines at higher Prädikat levels tends to vary from year to year depending on
472:
1858:
139:. However, many of these Austrian wines were focused on the low-cost segment, priced lower than German wines at the corresponding level of sweetness.
1888:
1344:
1848:
351:
The Federal Administrative Court of Germany, then still located in Berlin, ruled against bottling firm Pieroth and upheld the legality of the list.
210:
Simple sweetening (also illegal) would not necessarily do the job since it would not sufficiently correct the taste profile of the wine. By using
304:
immediately took the proportion of a full-scale scandal requiring action by federal authorities in both West Germany and Austria. On July 9, the
1025:
1780:
573:
2033:
834:
1971:
628:
364:. The first prison sentence, of one and a half years, followed in mid-October. Many of the adulterated wines were found to originate in
937:
1809:
368:
in Lower Austria, where a consulting wine chemist was prosecuted. One of the convicted Wagram winemakers, Karl Grill, proprietor of
3263:
1853:
1715:
598:
723:
3147:
1823:
422:
276:
3283:
1814:
1762:
1667:
2969:
2154:
2017:
1828:
1757:
1682:
1501:
413:
305:
2005:
1883:
927:
3248:
1018:
3243:
2231:
2022:
1981:
1946:
1931:
1913:
1838:
1617:
543:– Another product containing diethylene glycol which similarly led to tighter food and drug laws in the United States
2027:
1863:
1794:
1789:
347:
751:
2206:
1966:
1873:
1737:
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1415:
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Further legal action took place over the coming years across West Germany. Pieroth fought a legal action in the
3288:
2687:
1995:
1868:
1705:
1672:
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designations, in contrast to the more expensive Prädikat wines of West Germany, which often were produced from
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3258:
3173:
1771:
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1011:
241:
237:
3293:
3178:
2134:
2000:
893:
663:
2054:
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1710:
1064:
95:. Still, it took the Austrian wine industry over a decade to recover. Austria also enacted much stricter
3098:
3065:
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2049:
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3188:
3078:
2079:
1799:
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involving illegal sweetening had occurred earlier in West Germany and had led to investigations and
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3183:
2962:
2904:
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2725:
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2309:
1941:
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878:
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by the importers, resulting in diethylene glycol ending up in some bulk-bottled West German wines.
3073:
2446:
2282:
1921:
1833:
1274:
1149:
567:
3273:
3268:
2936:
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2304:
1989:
1909:
1804:
1627:
1506:
828:
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this in an environmentally acceptable way proved challenging because DEG was incompatible with
782:
2874:
2643:
2287:
2011:
1961:
1956:
1700:
1448:
516:
380:
417:
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2277:
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540:
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405:
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8:
3103:
3055:
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2199:
2084:
1843:
1541:
501:
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2140:
592:
333:
3093:
2598:
1742:
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1521:
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854:
704:
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which grows on grapes and results in a very sweet and concentrated wine when processed.
3047:
2994:
2578:
2316:
2069:
1878:
1564:
1198:
1183:
1165:
1079:
956:
804:
696:
679:
Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Temple WA, Beasley DM (2009). "Diethylene glycol poisoning".
223:
211:
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132:
56:
48:
40:
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708:
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plants. In the end, the wine was disposed of and destroyed by being poured into the
409:
280:
2838:
2765:
2628:
2530:
1720:
1632:
1612:
1460:
1430:
1046:
788:("20 years ago: glycol wine scandal comes to noise – adulterated with antifreeze")
756:
688:
512:
is staying are arrested after putting antifreeze in wine and making Bart drink it.
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3014:
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79:
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facilities. At these facilities, some Austrian wines were illegally blended into
24:
2144:
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2700:
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2192:
2059:
1223:
1188:
1084:
910:
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92:
3088:
934:
Abgrenzung zwischen Sachmangel und aliud beim Gattungskauf ("Glykolwein"-Fall)
692:
425:
ruled against Pieroth and found that Geißler had the right to issue the list.
357:
3237:
3212:
3113:
3022:
2920:
2828:
2823:
2500:
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2064:
1584:
1392:
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1144:
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728:
636:
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288:
228:
184:
170:) was allowed for the production of semi-sweet wines, no external sources of
163:
128:
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60:
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to try to establish that the Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health,
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982:
785:
Vor 20 Jahren: Glykol-Wein-Skandal wird bekannt -Mit Frostschutz gepanscht
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status of the list was a crucial element in the many contract disputes.
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534:
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level was one of the measures introduced in the 1985 Austrian wine law.
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253:
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88:
44:
36:
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626:
2999:
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1951:
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1516:
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1321:
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1059:
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68:
2465:
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Some Austrian exporters had entered into long-term contracts with
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3004:
2755:
2608:
2583:
2510:
2246:
1382:
1099:
1069:
456:
398:
373:
180:
175:
143:
2359:
627:
Tagliabue, John; Special To The New York Times (2 August 1985).
146:
are produced from late harvest grapes, some of them affected by
67:, some of them in bulk to be bottled at large-scale West German
3163:
3126:
2750:
2638:
2633:
1526:
1484:
1054:
519:
reference the scandal in the song "RSVP" from their 2011 album
505:
468:
452:
365:
257:
32:
87:
production on other wine types than previously, primarily dry
2947:
2663:
2618:
2588:
1480:
1132:
724:"The shocking truth about adulterated wine: it was delicious"
476:
265:
261:
171:
2099:
2215:
2171:
678:
448:
309:
167:
91:
instead of sweet wines, and increasingly targeted a higher
337:
A mandatory numbered seal on all Austrian wine bottles at
78:
The scandal was uncovered by wine laboratories performing
1377:
805:"Wine, Lies and Glycol – the Austrian Antifreeze Scandal"
629:"Scandal over poisoned wine embitters village in Austria"
2184:
855:"Adulterated wine: "Nice round and oily" (in German)"
287:
The first wine discovered to contain DEG was a 1983
162:, depending on the ripeness of the grapes. Although
1859:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
537: – Fraudulent activity in the commerce of wine
3235:
142:The traditional sweet wines of West Germany and
852:
504:", a reference to the scandal is made when two
2963:
2200:
1019:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
2034:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
1849:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
1748:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
778:
776:
774:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
31:) was an incident in which several Austrian
21:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1972:United Kingdom food information regulations
853:Stübling, H.; Bittner, W. (July 29, 1985).
563:
561:
559:
557:
2970:
2956:
2207:
2193:
1026:
1012:
811:
437:
1810:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
771:
658:
656:
654:
611:
232:Molecular structure of diethylene glycol.
127:was the most important export market for
2170:
1854:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
1716:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1033:
894:Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung, 10.07.2008:
721:
554:
346:
332:
275:
227:
106:
3148:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1824:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
932:Urteil v. 23.11.1988 – VIII ZR 247/87:
879:Wein aus Österreich: Jahresbericht 2009
749:
429:the scandal. Other courts had ruled in
423:Federal Administrative Court of Germany
3236:
1839:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
1416:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
799:
797:
651:
315:
295:, analysed on June 27, 1985. Domestic
43:(a minor ingredient in some brands of
39:their wines using the toxic substance
2951:
2188:
2169:
1007:
846:
462:
328:
2130:
2018:Institute for Food Safety and Health
1758:Australian meat substitution scandal
1726:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
1502:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
722:Jeffreys, Henry (November 4, 2023).
672:
217:
2150:
2006:Food Information and Control Agency
928:Federal Court of Justice of Germany
829:Stuttgarter Zeitung, July 6, 2005:
794:
13:
750:Koerner, Brendan (July 13, 2004).
605:("The tricks of the wine mixers")
487:was also announced to be the 1985
14:
3305:
2232:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2023:International Food Safety Network
1947:International Food Safety Network
1668:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1618:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
1345:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
980:
752:"Why Is Antifreeze So Delicious?"
150:, and labelled in a hierarchy of
3211:
2919:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2098:
2028:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
1864:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
1795:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
1790:ICA meat repackaging controversy
3264:1985 in international relations
1967:Quality Assurance International
1874:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
1844:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
1738:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
1653:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
974:
949:
921:
904:
887:
872:
580:("In wine was not only truth")
2977:
1996:European Food Safety Authority
1869:Food safety incidents in China
1706:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1673:Water fluoridation controversy
743:
715:
586:
570:Im Wein war nicht nur Wahrheit
568:Sonntagsblitz, July 10, 2005:
291:Auslese from a supermarket in
166:(blending a wine with its own
1:
3174:Glossary of viticulture terms
547:
321:Austrian wines from shelves.
238:Elixir sulfanilamide incident
102:
3179:Glossary of winemaking terms
2001:Food and Drug Administration
1683:Food contamination incidents
666:("Sour grapes, sweet sins")
271:
123:At the time of the scandal,
7:
2055:Food and drink prohibitions
1829:Bihar school meal poisoning
1753:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
1711:1900 English beer poisoning
1065:Antibiotic use in livestock
528:
10:
3310:
3099:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2050:Curing (food preservation)
1123:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
664:Saure Trauben, süße Sünden
595:Die Tricks der Weinmischer
306:Federal Ministry of Health
221:
47:) to make the wines taste
3284:Austria–Germany relations
3249:1985 disasters in Austria
3207:
3189:History of the wine press
3156:
3140:
3112:
3079:Sparkling wine production
3064:
3046:
3013:
2985:
2913:
2852:
2814:
2709:
2686:
2569:
2456:
2444:
2337:
2265:
2222:
2182:
2093:
2080:Genetically modified food
2042:
1980:
1932:Food labeling regulations
1904:
1800:2008 Chinese milk scandal
1681:
1603:
1550:
1479:
1429:
1401:
1363:
1252:
1160:
1108:
1041:
693:10.1080/15563650903086444
3244:1985 disasters in Europe
3184:Wine tasting descriptors
2905:Wine tasting descriptors
2834:Phenolic content in wine
2726:Alternative wine closure
2310:Great French Wine Blight
2214:
1942:Food safety in Australia
1138:High-fructose corn syrup
479:under the rhyming title
111:Ripe grapes affected by
3074:Malolactic fermentation
1922:Acceptable daily intake
1834:2013 horse meat scandal
1275:Clostridium perfringens
438:Destruction of the wine
376:after being sentenced.
1990:Centre for Food Safety
1805:2008 Irish pork crisis
1507:Benzene in soft drinks
913:Warnung vor Glykolwein
418:exceeded his authority
352:
344:
284:
233:
203:full-bodied, and more
120:
28:
3289:Wine-related scandals
2875:Wine and food pairing
2012:Food Standards Agency
1962:Organic certification
1957:Nutrition facts label
1701:Esing Bakery incident
1489:environment pollution
983:"Wine and Antifreeze"
957:"The Crepes of Wrath"
517:Half Man Half Biscuit
406:administrative courts
381:Parliament of Austria
350:
336:
279:
242:commonly misconceived
231:
110:
3279:Food safety scandals
3259:1985 in West Germany
2526:Muscat of Alexandria
1781:2006 North American
1439:Acesulfame potassium
1268:Campylobacter jejuni
1162:Intestinal parasites
1035:Consumer food safety
541:Elixir sulfanilamide
522:90 Bisodol (Crimond)
483:– "Cheers, glycol".
370:Firma Gebrüder Grill
160:Trockenbeerenauslese
3294:Scandals in Austria
3104:Yeast in winemaking
3056:Carbonic maceration
2085:Conspiracy theories
1638:Heterocyclic amines
1542:Shellfish poisoning
961:simpsonsarchive.com
783:WDR, July 9, 2005:
662:Zeit Online, 1985:
593:Zeit Online, 1985:
502:The Crepes of Wrath
316:Market consequences
252:Beerenauslese from
3094:Traditional method
2895:Wine personalities
2599:Cabernet Sauvignon
1743:Toxic oil syndrome
1696:Swill milk scandal
1522:Diethylstilbestrol
1194:Diphyllobothriasis
940:2005-01-10 at the
837:2009-12-09 at the
831:"Zum Wohl, Glykol"
633:The New York Times
601:2010-02-06 at the
576:2007-09-28 at the
515:British rock band
500:season 1 episode "
463:In popular culture
353:
345:
329:Legal consequences
285:
234:
200:supermarket chains
154:designations from
121:
57:late harvest wines
29:Glykolwein-Skandal
3231:
3230:
3225:
3224:
2995:Late harvest wine
2945:
2944:
2682:
2681:
2579:Alicante Bouschet
2327:Judgment of Paris
2163:
2162:
2070:Food preservation
1879:Foodborne illness
1431:Sugar substitutes
1184:Cryptosporidiosis
1166:parasitic disease
1080:HGH controversies
1047:food contaminants
911:BVerwGE 87, 37 –
240:in 1937. DEG was
224:Diethylene glycol
218:Diethylene glycol
212:diethylene glycol
63:were exported to
41:diethylene glycol
3301:
3216:
3215:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2924:
2923:
2839:Proteins in wine
2506:Grüner Veltliner
2454:
2453:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2167:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2115:Drink portal
2113:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2014:(United Kingdom)
1763:Jack in the Box
1734:
1721:Minamata disease
1633:Food irradiation
1613:4-Hydroxynonenal
1461:Sodium cyclamate
1304:Escherichia coli
1296:Escherichia coli
1028:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
953:
947:
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925:
919:
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908:
902:
901:
891:
885:
884:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
850:
844:
843:
826:
809:
808:
801:
792:
791:
780:
769:
768:
766:
764:
747:
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740:
738:
736:
719:
713:
712:
676:
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660:
649:
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609:
608:
590:
584:
583:
565:
489:Word of the Year
481:Zum Wohl, Glykol
445:sewage treatment
80:quality controls
59:. Many of these
55:in the style of
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3254:1985 in Austria
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3218:Wine portal
3210:
3203:
3194:History of wine
3152:
3136:
3108:
3060:
3042:
3023:Deacidification
3009:
2981:
2976:
2946:
2941:
2926:Wine portal
2918:
2909:
2848:
2810:
2715:
2705:
2678:
2565:
2546:Sauvignon blanc
2481:Cayetana blanca
2449:
2447:grape varieties
2440:
2333:
2261:
2218:
2213:
2178:
2164:
2159:
2109:
2107:
2105:Food portal
2097:
2089:
2038:
1976:
1937:Food libel laws
1900:
1728:
1677:
1643:Modified starch
1605:Food processing
1599:
1546:
1475:
1425:
1421:Sodium benzoate
1397:
1359:
1354:Vibrio cholerae
1248:
1219:Gnathostomiasis
1204:Fasciolopsiasis
1156:
1104:
1095:Mercury in fish
1037:
1032:
1002:
1001:
991:
989:
979:
975:
965:
963:
955:
954:
950:
944:
942:Wayback Machine
926:
922:
916:
909:
905:
899:
896:In vino veritas
892:
888:
882:
877:
873:
863:
861:
851:
847:
841:
839:Wayback Machine
827:
812:
803:
802:
795:
789:
781:
772:
762:
760:
748:
744:
734:
732:
720:
716:
677:
673:
667:
661:
652:
642:
640:
625:
612:
606:
603:Wayback Machine
591:
587:
581:
578:Wayback Machine
566:
555:
550:
531:
473:Volker Schöbitz
465:
440:
401:in April 1996.
331:
318:
274:
246:ethylene glycol
226:
220:
105:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
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3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
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3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Sugars in wine
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:Chaptalization
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2952:
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2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Classification
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2844:Sugars in wine
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2816:Wine chemistry
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Wine dispenser
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Cabernet Franc
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2561:Welschriesling
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Müller-Thurgau
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
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2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2407:
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2399:
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2384:
2379:
2368:
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2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
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2329:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:Ancient Greece
2280:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Food marketing
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2043:Related topics
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
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1939:
1934:
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1918:
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1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Food additives
1625:
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1600:
1598:
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1369:
1367:
1361:
1360:
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1357:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1254:Microorganisms
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Paragonimiasis
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Cyclosporiasis
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:Food additives
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:Lead poisoning
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1000:
999:
973:
948:
920:
903:
886:
871:
845:
810:
793:
770:
742:
714:
671:
650:
610:
585:
552:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
538:
530:
527:
464:
461:
439:
436:
410:Heiner Geißler
389:Deutsche Marks
330:
327:
317:
314:
281:Heiner Geißler
273:
270:
250:Welschriesling
222:Main article:
219:
216:
104:
101:
93:market segment
61:Austrian wines
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3306:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Austrian wine
3272:
3270:
3269:1985 scandals
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
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3165:
3162:
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3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Acids in wine
2827:
2825:
2824:Aroma of wine
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2688:Major regions
2685:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Montepulciano
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
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2358:
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2353:
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2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Food politics
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:(South Korea)
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
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1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
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1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1894:United States
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
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1870:
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1820:
1818:
1815:2011 Germany
1813:
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1808:
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1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
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1779:
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1772:1996 Odwalla
1770:
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1500:
1498:
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1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1403:Preservatives
1400:
1394:
1393:Methamidophos
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
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1286:
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1279:
1277:
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1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Toxoplasmosis
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:Vegetable oil
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
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1073:
1071:
1068:
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1063:
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1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
988:
984:
977:
962:
958:
952:
943:
939:
936:
935:
929:
924:
915:
914:
907:
898:
897:
890:
880:
875:
860:
856:
849:
840:
836:
833:
832:
825:
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3066:Fermentation
2917:
2900:Wine tasting
2521:Muscat blanc
2491:Chenin blanc
2288:Ancient Rome
2075:Food quality
1982:Institutions
1816:
1782:
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1764:
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1648:Nitrosamines
1411:Benzoic acid
1373:Chlorpyrifos
1352:
1346:
1337:
1320:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1244:Trichuriasis
1229:Toxocariasis
1199:Enterobiasis
1075:Formaldehyde
990:. Retrieved
987:nowiknow.com
986:
981:Lewis, Dan.
976:
964:. Retrieved
960:
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895:
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858:
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761:. Retrieved
755:
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733:. Retrieved
727:
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684:
681:Clin Toxicol
680:
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641:. Retrieved
632:
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497:The Simpsons
495:
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125:West Germany
122:
115:, a type of
85:
77:
73:German wines
65:West Germany
20:
18:
3169:Wine bottle
3141:Other steps
3132:Wine cellar
3089:Süssreserve
2781:Wine cellar
2771:Wine bottle
2712:accessories
2710:Packaging,
2669:Tempranillo
2298:Noah's wine
2278:Phoenicians
2224:Viticulture
2155:WikiProject
1992:(Hong Kong)
1729: [
1691:Devon colic
1565:Breast milk
1537:Nonylphenol
1512:Bisphenol A
1449:controversy
1316:Hepatitis E
1311:Hepatitis A
1289:Enterovirus
1282:Cronobacter
1239:Trichinosis
1209:Fasciolosis
1179:Anisakiasis
1150:controversy
1043:Adulterants
945:(in German)
917:(in German)
900:(in German)
883:(in German)
859:Der Spiegel
842:(in German)
790:(in German)
668:(in German)
639:. p. 1
607:(in German)
582:(in German)
475:composed a
455:plant as a
394:Landgericht
358:Grafenwörth
301:prosecution
137:white wines
117:fungal mold
89:white wines
53:full-bodied
37:adulterated
3238:Categories
3048:Maceration
3038:Wine press
3028:Destemming
2979:Winemaking
2885:Wine fraud
2880:Wine fault
2865:Oenophilia
2801:Wine label
2796:Wine glass
2761:Port tongs
2659:Sangiovese
2654:Pinot noir
2614:Douce noir
2541:Rkatsiteli
2486:Chardonnay
2476:Catarratto
2450:by acreage
2424:Biodynamic
2387:Aromatized
2176:winemaking
1906:Regulation
1889:death toll
1658:Shortening
1623:Acrylamide
1552:Food fraud
1532:Mycotoxins
1365:Pesticides
1339:Salmonella
1214:Giardiasis
1174:Amoebiasis
1118:Flavorings
548:References
535:Wine fraud
508:with whom
297:wine fraud
254:Burgenland
135:and sweet
103:Background
45:antifreeze
35:illegally
16:Wine fraud
3000:Noble rot
2890:Winemaker
2870:Sommelier
2806:Wine rack
2786:Wine cork
2776:Wine cave
2766:Screw cap
2736:Corkscrew
2701:New World
2696:Old World
2674:Zinfandel
2649:Mourvèdre
2556:Trebbiano
2496:Colombard
2397:Noble rot
2377:Fortified
2355:Sparkling
2322:New World
1952:ISO 22000
1914:watchdogs
1910:standards
1884:outbreaks
1785:outbreaks
1663:Trans fat
1575:Olive oil
1497:Aflatoxin
1471:Sucralose
1456:Saccharin
1444:Aspartame
1388:Malathion
1333:Rotavirus
1328:Norovirus
864:April 25,
506:Frenchmen
431:civil law
293:Stuttgart
272:Discovery
148:noble rot
113:noble rot
97:wine laws
51:and more
3015:Pressing
2937:Glossary
2853:Industry
2746:Jug wine
2741:Decanter
2731:Box wine
2629:Isabella
2624:Grenache
2604:Carignan
2551:Sémillon
2536:Riesling
2531:Palomino
2274:Ancient
2257:Vineyard
2252:Veraison
2237:Oenology
2145:Cookbook
2125:Category
1927:E number
1819:outbreak
1776:outbreak
1767:outbreak
1517:Dieldrin
1466:Sorbitol
1322:Listeria
1262:Botulism
1090:Melamine
1060:Aldicarb
938:Archived
835:Archived
763:June 24,
735:June 24,
709:22023562
701:19586352
599:Archived
574:Archived
529:See also
195:grapes.
193:Riesling
189:varietal
156:Kabinett
152:Prädikat
69:bottling
33:wineries
3199:Terroir
3157:Related
3005:Vintage
2987:Harvest
2932:Outline
2756:Muselet
2718:storage
2609:Cinsaut
2584:Barbera
2511:Macabeo
2471:Aligoté
2429:Organic
2419:Natural
2372:Dessert
2317:Georgia
2267:History
2247:Terroir
2242:Species
2135:Commons
2008:(Spain)
1817:E. coli
1783:E. coli
1774:E. coli
1765:E. coli
1585:Seafood
1485:poisons
1383:Lindane
1347:E. coli
1306:O157:H7
1298:O104:H4
1100:Sudan I
1070:Cyanide
881:, p. 6
643:14 July
469:Styrian
399:Koblenz
391:by the
374:suicide
181:Auslese
176:vintage
144:Austria
49:sweeter
3164:Winery
3127:Solera
2751:Kvevri
2639:Merlot
2634:Malbec
2434:Kosher
2410:Other
2365:Orange
2338:Styles
2305:France
1590:Shrimp
1527:Dioxin
1481:Toxins
1055:3-MCPD
992:10 May
966:10 May
930:(BGH)
707:
699:
485:Glykol
453:cement
416:) had
366:Wagram
289:Ruster
264:, and
258:kidney
205:acidic
179:cheap
25:German
3114:Aging
2664:Syrah
2619:Gamay
2589:Bobal
2501:Glera
2466:Airén
2458:White
2414:Table
2402:Straw
2392:Fruit
2350:White
2293:China
2172:Wines
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1580:Prawn
1560:Bread
1133:Sugar
757:Slate
705:S2CID
477:polka
471:bard
451:of a
449:ovens
266:brain
262:liver
172:sugar
133:sweet
2716:and
2445:Top
2360:Rosé
2216:Wine
2174:and
1128:Salt
994:2021
968:2021
866:2020
765:2024
737:2024
697:PMID
645:2010
510:Bart
379:The
310:Bonn
168:must
19:The
3122:Oak
2571:Red
2382:Ice
2345:Red
1595:Tea
1570:Egg
1378:DDT
689:doi
494:In
414:CDU
397:in
308:in
183:or
158:to
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