1905:
382:. Yugoslav authorities accused Albania of interfering in their internal matters. The level of influence exerted by the Albanian government in the protests is disputed however. Mertus notes that some of the students held up signs saying "We Are Enver Hoxha's Soldiers" but that their numbers were small. Albania used radio, television and sent books to encourage Kosovo Albanians to "unite with the motherland" but little else beyond that, as Mertus argues directly assisting the protesters would have been a violation of Albanian policy.
457:
247:
2208:
483:". 226 students and workers were tried, convicted and sentenced to up to fifteen years in prison. Many Albanians were purged from official posts, including the president of the university and two rectors. They were replaced with Communist Party hardliners. The university was also prohibited from using textbooks imported from Albania; from then on, the university was only permitted to use books translated from
271:, which could hardly secure work except in bureaucracy or local cultural institutions, especially outside of Kosovo. This created a large pool of unemployed but highly educated, and resentful, Albanians ā prime recruits for nationalist sentiment. Demonstrations were organized by several professors and students: Besim Baraliu, Fehmi Lladrovc.
345:, entirely lacked independence, and instead ran only official statements. Some of the official statements were inherently vague, talking of "internal and external enemies", which provoked a variety of conspiracy theories that stoked nationalist sentiment elsewhere in Yugoslavia. One of the conspiracy theories was promoted by
283:
The demonstrations started on 11 March 1981, originally as a spontaneous small-scale protest for better food in the school cafeteria and improved living conditions in the dormitories. Tired of being made to wait in line, for hours, for poor quality food, students began demonstrating under Gani Kociās
330:
Within days, the protests over conditions for students turned into discontent over the treatment of the ethnic
Albanian population by the Serbian majority, and then to rioting and Albanian nationalist demands. The primary demand was that Kosovo become a republic within Yugoslavia as opposed to its
262:
was the starting point of the 1981 Kosovo student protests. Kosovo's cultural isolation within
Yugoslavia and its endemic underdevelopement, compared to the rest of the country, resulted in the province having the highest ratio of both students and illiterates in Yugoslavia. A university education
516:
In 1981, it was reported that some 4,000 Serbs planned to move from Kosovo to
Central Serbia after the riots in March that resulted in several Serb deaths and the desecration of Serbian Orthodox architecture and graveyards. 33 nationalist formations were dismantled by the Yugoslav Police who
295:
As the police reacted negatively to a perceived increase in nationalism among the protesters, more arrests were made, which in turn fueled more protests. On 30 March, students of the three of the largest university faculties declared a boycott, fearing a return of
513:, and Serbia reacted by a desire to reduce the power of the Albanians in the province, and a propaganda campaign that claimed that Serbs were being pushed out of the province primarily by the growing Albanian population, rather than the bad state of the economy.
274:
In addition, the Serb and
Montenegrin population of Kosovo increasingly resented the economic and social burden incurred by the university's student population. By 1981, the University of Pristina had 20,000 students ā one in ten of the city's total population.
287:
The student protests resumed two weeks later on 26 March 1981, as several thousand demonstrators chanted increasingly nationalist slogans, and the police used force to disperse them, injuring 32 people. The engagement included a
340:
said the goal of the protests was for a
Republic of Kosovo to become separate from Yugoslavia, and join Albania. The authorities imposed a ban on foreign reporting, and the local reporting, unlike at the time of the
1779:
1901:
1974:
323:
On 1 April, demonstrations swept through Kosovo, and 17 policemen were injured in clashes with demonstrators, failing to disperse them. The army moved in to secure state institutions, and
448:
reported that nine people had died and more than fifty were injured during the protests. In July, the outlet reported that more than 250 had been injured by the end of the protests.
524:. The government response to the demonstrations changed the political discourse in the country in a way that significantly impaired its ability to sustain itself in the future.
1893:
1791:
1861:
2095:
1820:
238:, which led to rioting. The unrest was suppressed by a large police intervention that caused numerous casualties, and a period of political repression followed.
2254:
1501:
1282:
1838:
2072:
2066:
1886:
1043:
886:
830:
423:
The federal government rushed up to 30,000 troops to the province. Riots broke out and the
Yugoslav authorities used force against the protesters.
394:
saw the protesters' opposition to self-management and their nationalism as a grave threat, and decided to "suppress them by all available means".
1674:
1856:
1879:
1761:
1992:
914:
1998:
1530:
1335:
1047:
1957:
1951:
1904:
1373:
1277:
263:
was not deemed a guarantee of future employment; instead of training students for technical careers, the university specialized in
223:
284:
command, who later was arrested. Two to four thousand demonstrators were dispersed by police, with around a hundred arrests made.
1933:
215:
2089:
1921:
1477:
1229:
259:
2289:
1927:
1703:
1556:
1443:
2274:
2269:
2101:
1945:
1939:
1415:
2004:
1667:
2294:
1980:
1304:
1732:
1536:
1292:
391:
197:
2264:
1541:
1198:
1179:
1136:
1115:
1094:
1061:
2183:
1526:
1407:
1343:
1614:
1497:
1348:
1287:
357:
137:
356:
The demand that Kosovo become the seventh republic of
Yugoslavia was politically unacceptable to Serbia and the
2212:
2054:
1660:
1358:
1053:
574:
517:
sentenced some 280 people (800 fined, 100 under investigation) and seized arms caches and propaganda material.
506:
2249:
1619:
1368:
2244:
2036:
1986:
1808:
1604:
1468:
1458:
1297:
680:
2284:
2259:
1589:
1363:
552:, tending to the injured students. The figure of Teuta was inspired by the actions of Albanian physician
312:
834:
1222:
464:
Kosovo's
Communist Party suffered purges, with several key figures, including its president, expelled.
2084:
768:
521:
499:. The university was denounced by the Serbian Communist leadership as a "fortress of nationalism".
398:
227:
2279:
2173:
1826:
1584:
1314:
569:
520:
The demonstrations in Kosovo were the beginning of a deep crisis in
Yugoslavia that later led to
342:
1463:
2239:
2168:
2143:
1551:
371:
were stopped by
Albanian demonstrators who had taken local Serbs and Montenegrins as hostages.
250:
Average strength of Yugoslav state economies as a deviation from the Yugoslav average in 1975.
1453:
1126:
1084:
2188:
1726:
1697:
1683:
1634:
1546:
1505:
1319:
1215:
1169:
307:, implying a desire for a different kind of socialism than the Yugoslav kind, marked by semi-
30:
402:
157:
2163:
2153:
1482:
510:
375:
1146:
769:"The Ideology and Agency of Kosovar Albanian Marxist Groups in the Demonstrations of 1981"
8:
2234:
2178:
2158:
1749:
1599:
1578:
1572:
1067:
487:. The demonstrations also produced a growing tendency for Serbian politicians to demand
438:
and Kosovska Mitrovica, which were soon suppressed by the additional police deployment.
349:, who later publicly discussed the alleged involvement of the Albanian security service
1609:
1492:
891:
796:
502:
Presidency did not repeal the province's autonomy as some Serbian Communists demanded.
492:
414:
406:
235:
231:
1814:
1773:
1594:
1194:
1175:
1132:
1111:
1090:
1057:
800:
788:
541:
2128:
2078:
2031:
1850:
1272:
780:
475:
Following the demonstrations, the University of Pristina faculty and students were
219:
120:
456:
2138:
2123:
2118:
1755:
1738:
1720:
1487:
1448:
1309:
1105:
553:
496:
166:
857:
2133:
2060:
1832:
1767:
1629:
1624:
488:
484:
368:
324:
304:
113:
57:
16:
Protests and riots demanding greater Kosovan autonomy within the SFR Yugoslavia
297:
2228:
2025:
1639:
1473:
1000:
Paul Lendvai (5 February 1982). "Police fail to crush resistance in Kosovo".
792:
533:
435:
308:
2148:
1353:
1250:
1238:
784:
334:
The authorities blamed the protests on nationalist radicals ā the May 1981
264:
80:
1780:
8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia
246:
2193:
2048:
2042:
1402:
557:
379:
346:
1652:
431:
1785:
480:
268:
251:
105:
49:
427:
1392:
1255:
465:
109:
53:
833:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute. Archived from
1844:
1160:
410:
364:
350:
336:
211:
76:
1438:
1397:
495:
for Albanians and an increase in the protection and promotion of
1207:
469:
468:
replaced Bakalli because he was thought to have been harder on
303:
The demands of the Albanian students were both nationalist and
289:
1792:
Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
420:
Presidency sent in special forces to stop the demonstrations.
378:
whose ideology was shaped by the views of the Albanian leader
887:"One Storm has Passed but Others are Gathering in Yugoslavia"
476:
1862:
Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia
981:
254:(in red) was the least developed entity within Yugoslavia.
2096:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1159:]. Politika's Little Library (in Serbian). Belgrade:
957:
915:"6 More Yugoslavs Sentenced For Ethnic Rioting in Kosovo"
1821:
14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
807:
750:
748:
746:
695:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
608:
606:
604:
602:
2073:
Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2067:
Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1008:
933:
743:
731:
1020:
719:
707:
660:
639:
618:
599:
587:
1128:Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989
945:
441:The rioting involved 20,000 people in six cities.
327:soon called on them to send tanks to the streets.
2226:
426:On 3 April, the last demonstrations happened in
824:
822:
532:The events inspired a novel by Albanian writer
1857:Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia
881:
879:
210:In March and April 1981, a student protest in
1887:
1762:Contributions to the Slovene National Program
1668:
1223:
548:), where he describes an Albanian physician,
367:, where police reinforcements coming in from
331:then-current status as a province of Serbia.
2255:Political repression in Communist Yugoslavia
1191:The Case for Kosova: Passage to Independence
999:
819:
556:, gynaecologist and wife of Albanian writer
1103:
1046:(1999). "The 1981 Student Demonstrations".
963:
907:
876:
1894:
1880:
1675:
1661:
1230:
1216:
1107:Kosovo: the politics of identity and space
1049:Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War
1682:
1188:
1145:
987:
969:
767:Myrtaj, Mrika Limani (1 September 2021).
701:
527:
491:, the unity of Serb lands, a decrease in
318:
1374:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
1089:. Purdue University Press. p. 184.
849:
678:
460:Memorial to two of the dead, in Pristina
455:
245:
224:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
216:Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
2227:
2090:Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control
1909:Independence referendums in Yugoslavia
1478:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1086:Yugoslavia: A State That Withered Away
1042:
1014:
951:
939:
864:(in Serbo-Croatian). Radio Free Europe
813:
773:Comparative Southeast European Studies
766:
737:
725:
713:
666:
612:
593:
509:declared the riots to be a product of
374:Some of the groups of protesters were
1875:
1704:Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia
1656:
1444:1949 East German State Railway strike
1416:World Federation of Democratic Youth
1211:
1167:
1124:
1082:
1026:
975:
855:
828:
754:
654:
633:
385:
292:by Albanian students in a dormitory.
1839:MiloÅ”eviÄāTuÄman KaraÄorÄevo meeting
1315:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan
538:The Wedding Procession Turned to Ice
68:Demanding higher autonomy for Kosovo
679:PavloviÄ, MomÄilo (26 April 2013).
278:
222:demanding more autonomy within the
13:
1733:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1537:Sovietization of the Baltic states
831:"Kosovo: One year after the riots"
392:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
14:
2306:
1408:World Federation of Trade Unions
858:"Raif DizdareviÄ: Velika prevara"
856:PejiÄ, Nenad (27 February 2008).
2207:
2206:
1903:
1625:January 1991 events in Lithuania
1283:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1237:
218:, led to widespread protests by
2102:Overthrow of Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ
1349:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1171:Historical Dictionary of Kosovo
993:
829:AntiÄ, Zdenko (17 March 1982).
760:
681:"1981 demonstrations in Kosovo"
358:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
2055:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1131:. Cambridge University Press.
1054:University of California Press
672:
575:2014 student protest in Kosovo
507:League of Communists of Kosovo
1:
1630:January 1991 events in Latvia
1620:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1369:Socialist Republic of Romania
1344:People's Republic of Bulgaria
1336:People's Republic of Albania
1305:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ć©tat
580:
241:
2290:Socialist Republic of Serbia
2184:SerbianāMontenegrin unionism
2037:Croatian War of Independence
1809:Anti-bureaucratic revolution
1615:Collapse of the Soviet Union
1605:Fall of communism in Albania
1157:What was happening in Kosovo
1104:Kostovicova, Denisa (2005).
451:
7:
2275:April 1981 events in Europe
2270:March 1981 events in Europe
1590:End of communism in Hungary
1359:Hungarian People's Republic
563:
10:
2311:
1354:German Democratic Republic
1125:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010).
1036:
401:under the chairmanship of
214:, the capital of the then
2202:
2111:
2085:Joint Criminal Enterprise
2018:
1967:
1914:
1871:
1801:
1713:
1690:
1565:
1542:Information dissemination
1519:
1469:1956 Hungarian Revolution
1459:1953 East German uprising
1427:
1385:
1328:
1265:
1245:
1152:ŠØŃŠ° ŃŠµ Š“Š¾Š³Š°ŃŠ°Š»Š¾ Š½Š° ŠŠ¾ŃŠ¾Š²Ń
417:, which lasted one week.
363:A standoff happened near
181:
176:
153:
148:
99:
94:
86:
72:
64:
44:
36:
28:
23:
2265:20th century in Pristina
1527:Emigration and defection
1364:Polish People's Republic
1189:Di Lellio, Anna (2006).
1150:
399:Presidency of Yugoslavia
313:workers' self-management
228:Presidency of Yugoslavia
2174:Montenegrin nationalism
1915:Republics and provinces
1827:Independence of Croatia
1745:1981 protests in Kosovo
1585:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1511:1981 protests in Kosovo
1449:Rebellion of Cazin 1950
570:2013 protests in Kosovo
546:Krushqit janƫ tƫ ngrirƫ
479:of those deemed to be "
343:1968 protests in Kosovo
40:11 March ā 3 April 1981
24:1981 protests in Kosovo
2295:Yugoslav People's Army
2169:Macedonian nationalism
2144:Anti-Serbian sentiment
1946:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1168:Elsie, Robert (2010).
785:10.1515/soeu-2021-0026
545:
528:In literature and arts
461:
390:The leadership of the
319:Escalation of protests
260:University of Pristina
255:
2189:Slovenian nationalism
1727:Brotherhood and unity
1698:Breakup of Yugoslavia
1684:Breakup of Yugoslavia
1635:Breakup of Yugoslavia
1083:JoviÄ, Dejan (2009).
862:Radio Slobodna Evropa
459:
249:
177:Casualties and losses
31:breakup of Yugoslavia
2250:Events in Yugoslavia
2164:Croatian nationalism
2154:Albanian nationalism
1483:1970 Polish protests
1464:1956 PoznaÅ protests
1329:Soviet-allied states
511:Albanian nationalism
397:On 2 April 1981 the
196:1,500 expelled from
2245:Communism in Kosovo
2179:Serbian nationalism
2159:Bosniak nationalism
1750:Islamic Declaration
1600:Romanian revolution
1573:Revolutions of 1989
1454:1953 PlzeÅ uprising
1174:. Scarecrow Press.
1149:, ed. (May 1981).
683:. transconflict.com
267:, in particular in
2285:Protests in Serbia
2260:Protests in Kosovo
1610:Singing Revolution
1493:June 1976 protests
1278:Soviet occupations
1147:BulatoviÄ, Predrag
1070:on 1 December 2008
892:The New York Times
493:cultural pluralism
462:
415:Kosovska Mitrovica
407:state of emergency
403:Cvijetin MijatoviÄ
386:State of emergency
256:
236:Kosovska Mitrovica
232:state of emergency
158:Cvijetin MijatoviÄ
2222:
2221:
2014:
2013:
1815:Gazimestan speech
1802:Events and actors
1774:Agrokomerc Affair
1650:
1649:
1595:Velvet Revolution
1557:Telephone tapping
1531:list of defectors
1320:TitoāStalin split
816:, pp. 37ā38.
353:in the protests.
208:
207:
204:
203:
144:
143:
2302:
2210:
2209:
2129:United Macedonia
2079:Dayton Agreement
2032:Ethnic cleansing
1999:Eastern Slavonia
1908:
1907:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1851:Brioni Agreement
1677:
1670:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1439:Goryani Movement
1419:
1411:
1377:
1339:
1273:Yalta Conference
1232:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1193:. Anthem Press.
1185:
1164:
1142:
1121:
1100:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1066:. Archived from
1044:Mertus, Julie A.
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1005:
997:
991:
990:, p. 39-40.
985:
979:
973:
967:
964:Kostovicova 2005
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
883:
874:
873:
871:
869:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
826:
817:
811:
805:
804:
779:(2ā3): 183ā203.
764:
758:
752:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
637:
631:
616:
610:
597:
591:
376:Marxist-Leninist
279:Student protests
234:in Pristina and
220:Kosovo Albanians
183:
182:
135:
121:Kosovo Albanians
101:
100:
21:
20:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2198:
2139:United Slovenia
2124:Greater Croatia
2119:Greater Albania
2107:
2010:
1963:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1867:
1797:
1756:SANU Memorandum
1739:Croatian Spring
1721:Josip Broz Tito
1709:
1686:
1681:
1651:
1646:
1561:
1515:
1502:Soviet reaction
1488:Croatian Spring
1432:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1381:
1375:
1337:
1324:
1310:Berlin Blockade
1261:
1260:
1241:
1236:
1201:
1182:
1154:
1139:
1118:
1097:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1002:Financial Times
998:
994:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:
946:
938:
934:
924:
922:
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908:
898:
896:
895:. 19 April 1981
885:
884:
877:
867:
865:
854:
850:
840:
838:
837:on 28 July 2011
827:
820:
812:
808:
765:
761:
753:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
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708:
700:
696:
686:
684:
677:
673:
665:
661:
653:
640:
632:
619:
611:
600:
592:
588:
583:
566:
554:Sehadete Mekuli
530:
522:its dissolution
497:Serbian culture
454:
444:In late April,
388:
321:
281:
244:
200:
195:
193:
188:
172:
171:
167:Fehmi Lladrovci
165:
161:
140:
136:
131:
123:
116:
112:
108:
90:Protests failed
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:1981 in Kosovo
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Greater Serbia
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2061:Graz agreement
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1833:Log Revolution
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1768:Slovene Spring
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
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1701:
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1508:
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988:Di Lellio 2006
980:
968:
956:
944:
932:
921:. 30 July 1981
919:New York Times
906:
875:
848:
818:
806:
759:
757:, p. 186.
742:
730:
718:
706:
702:BulatoviÄ 1981
694:
671:
659:
657:, p. 185.
638:
636:, p. 184.
617:
598:
585:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
572:
565:
562:
529:
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489:centralization
485:Serbo-Croatian
453:
450:
446:New York Times
387:
384:
369:Central Serbia
325:Mahmut Bakalli
320:
317:
305:egalitarianist
280:
277:
243:
240:
206:
205:
202:
201:
194:4,200 arrested
191:
189:
186:
179:
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174:
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169:Milazim Shala
162:
155:
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119:
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114:SFR Yugoslavia
104:
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48:
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2240:1981 protests
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2027:
2026:Yugoslav Wars
2024:
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2017:
2006:
2003:
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1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
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1640:Yugoslav Wars
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1474:Prague Spring
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1386:Organizations
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1308:
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1303:
1299:
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1294:
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1288:Baltic states
1286:
1284:
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1280:
1279:
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1274:
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1264:
1257:
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1202:
1200:9780857287120
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1181:9780810874831
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1158:
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1140:
1138:9780521716161
1134:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1117:9780415348065
1113:
1110:. Routledge.
1109:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1096:9781557534958
1092:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1063:0-253-20703-7
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1029:, p. 82.
1028:
1023:
1017:, p. 44.
1016:
1011:
1003:
996:
989:
984:
978:, p. 361
977:
972:
966:, p. 44.
965:
960:
953:
948:
942:, p. 42.
941:
936:
920:
916:
910:
894:
893:
888:
882:
880:
863:
859:
852:
836:
832:
825:
823:
815:
810:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
756:
751:
749:
747:
740:, p. 39.
739:
734:
728:, p. 32.
727:
722:
716:, p. 31.
715:
710:
704:, p. 10.
703:
698:
682:
675:
669:, p. 30.
668:
663:
656:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
635:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
615:, p. 29.
614:
609:
607:
605:
603:
596:, p. 28.
595:
590:
586:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
561:
559:
555:
551:
550:Teuta Shkreli
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Ismail Kadare
525:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
503:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
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478:
473:
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366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
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344:
339:
338:
332:
328:
326:
316:
314:
310:
309:confederalism
306:
301:
299:
293:
291:
285:
276:
272:
270:
266:
261:
253:
248:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
199:
190:
185:
184:
180:
175:
170:
168:
164:Besim Baraliu
160:
159:
152:
147:
139:
134:
133:Supported by:
129:
127:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2211:
2149:Islamophobia
2019:Consequences
1744:
1735:(until 1990)
1729:(until 1990)
1723:(until 1980)
1577:
1510:
1251:Soviet Union
1239:Eastern Bloc
1190:
1170:
1156:
1151:
1127:
1106:
1085:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1048:
1022:
1010:
1001:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:. Retrieved
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
890:
866:. Retrieved
861:
851:
839:. Retrieved
835:the original
809:
776:
772:
762:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:. Retrieved
674:
662:
589:
549:
537:
531:
519:
515:
504:
501:
474:
463:
445:
443:
440:
425:
422:
419:
396:
389:
373:
362:
355:
335:
333:
329:
322:
302:
294:
286:
282:
273:
265:liberal arts
257:
209:
163:
156:
149:Lead figures
132:
81:Civil unrest
29:Part of the
18:
2194:Yugoslavism
2112:Nationalism
2098:(1993ā2017)
2075:(1992ā1994)
2069:(1992ā2001)
2051:(1992ā1995)
2049:Bosnian War
2043:Ten-Day War
2039:(1991ā1995)
2028:(1991-2001)
1975:SAO Krajina
1864:(1991ā1993)
1835:(1990ā1991)
1829:(1989ā1992)
1811:(1988ā1989)
1770:(1987ā1988)
1741:(1967ā1971)
1706:(1980ā2008)
1700:(1991ā1992)
1566:Dissolution
1506:Martial law
1429:Revolts and
1403:Warsaw Pact
1015:Mertus 1999
952:Mertus 1999
940:Mertus 1999
814:Mertus 1999
738:Mertus 1999
726:Mertus 1999
714:Mertus 1999
667:Mertus 1999
613:Mertus 1999
594:Mertus 1999
558:Esad Mekuli
481:separatists
405:declared a
380:Enver Hoxha
347:Azem Vllasi
298:RankoviÄism
230:declared a
87:Resulted in
2235:1981 riots
2229:Categories
1958:Montenegro
1952:Montenegro
1786:JBTZ trial
1714:Background
1520:Conditions
1498:Solidarity
1431:opposition
1027:Elsie 2010
976:Ramet 2010
755:JoviÄ 2009
655:JoviÄ 2009
634:JoviÄ 2009
581:References
269:Albanology
252:SAP Kosovo
242:Background
106:SAP Kosovo
58:Yugoslavia
50:SAP Kosovo
2005:Macedonia
1934:Macedonia
1579:Die Wende
1552:Economies
1393:Cominform
1376:(to 1948)
1338:(to 1961)
1266:Formation
1256:Communism
1074:13 August
1004:. London.
925:14 August
899:14 August
868:14 August
841:14 August
801:244134295
793:2701-8202
687:13 August
466:Veli Deva
452:Aftermath
110:SR Serbia
54:SR Serbia
2213:Category
1968:Autonomy
1922:Slovenia
1845:RAM Plan
1691:Overview
1547:Politics
1161:Politika
564:See also
542:Albanian
432:UroŔevac
411:Pristina
365:Podujevo
351:Sigurimi
337:Politika
212:Pristina
192:7 killed
187:4 killed
77:Protests
45:Location
2057:(1992ā)
1993:Ilirida
1981:Sandžak
1928:Croatia
1794:(1980s)
1398:COMECON
1298:Romania
1293:Hungary
1037:Sources
428:VuÄitrn
138:Albania
95:Parties
73:Methods
2104:(2000)
2092:(1996)
2081:(1996)
2063:(1992)
2045:(1991)
2007:(2004)
2001:(1997)
1995:(1992)
1989:(1991)
1987:Srpska
1983:(1991)
1977:(1990)
1960:(2006)
1954:(1992)
1948:(1992)
1942:(1991)
1940:Kosovo
1936:(1991)
1930:(1991)
1924:(1990)
1853:(1991)
1847:(1991)
1841:(1991)
1823:(1990)
1817:(1989)
1788:(1988)
1782:(1987)
1776:(1987)
1764:(1987)
1758:(1986)
1752:(1983)
1418:(WFDY)
1410:(WFTU)
1197:
1178:
1135:
1114:
1093:
1060:
799:
791:
477:purged
470:Tirana
436:Vitina
290:sit-in
226:. The
1155:[
797:S2CID
65:Goals
1195:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1076:2013
1058:ISBN
927:2013
901:2013
870:2013
843:2013
789:ISSN
689:2013
505:The
413:and
311:and
258:The
37:Date
781:doi
409:in
198:LCY
2231::
1504:/
1500:/
1476:/
1056:.
1052:.
917:.
889:.
878:^
860:.
821:^
795:.
787:.
777:69
775:.
771:.
745:^
641:^
620:^
601:^
560:.
544::
536:,
472:.
434:,
430:,
360:.
315:.
300:.
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1529:(
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1217:v
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1184:.
1163:.
1141:.
1120:.
1099:.
1078:.
954:.
929:.
903:.
872:.
845:.
803:.
783::
691:.
540:(
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