979:(Asamblea Popular) in an attempt to form an alternative popular government. Consisting mainly of representatives of workers' and peasants' organizations, the Popular Assembly was intended to serve as a base for the radical transformation of society. However, the left remained divided by ideological differences and rivalry for leadership. They could not agree on controversial issues dealing with full worker participation in state and private enterprises, the creation of armed militias, and the establishment of popular tribunals having legal jurisdiction over crimes against the working class. No consensus was achieved, and many delegates, resenting the lack of power to enforce the resolutions and running short of funds, returned home prematurely. The Popular Assembly did, however, succeed in weakening the government by creating a climate in which popular organizations acted independently from the state.
153:
60:
983:
The military, in turn, became increasingly polarized because of their discontent with Torres's chaotic leadership. Torres had cut the defense budget to free money for education and allowed civilian interference in strictly military matters. He often permitted military disobedience to go unpunished. The last step of institutional decay was a manifesto written during the last weeks of the Torres regime by a group of junior officers who questioned military authority. It resulted in widespread military support for the coup on August 21, 1971, by
Colonel
599:
557:
532:
74:
650:
916:. Many Bolivian officers believed that the military had to intervene in politics to lead the country toward reform because civilian governments had failed in that undertaking. They were convinced that it was in the main interest of the armed forces to end underdevelopment, which they saw as the cause of insurgency. The military would, therefore, fight on the internal frontiers against social injustice and economic dependence.
747:
1188:, who was supported by the younger institutionalist faction of the military. Arancibia saw the main role of the military as the defense of the country rather than political intervention and announced elections for 1979 without naming an official government candidate. Electoral reforms simplified voter registration, and 90% of the electorate chose among eight presidential candidates in honest elections.
1490:
723:. In 1974, impatient with schisms in the party, he replaced civilians with members of the armed forces and suspended political activities. The economy grew impressively during Banzer's presidency, but demands for greater political freedom undercut his support. He called elections in 1978, and Bolivia once again plunged into turmoil.
1114:
The government, however, soon began to face serious problems. The "economic miracle" turned out to be a myth; petroleum production declined sharply, and
Comibol produced at a loss, despite high mineral prices, because it was subsidizing other state agencies. Cotton production also declined when world
982:
Torres's hope of placating conservative opposition by avoiding radical change did not win him the support of the right, especially of the powerful business community. Conservative groups unified in their opposition because they saw a chance for a political comeback in alliance with rightist officers.
924:
of
Bolivian crude oil on the international market, and a general economic downturn became divisive factors. Even though Ovando legalized the COB and withdrew troops from the mining camps, lasting worker support for the regime was not ensured. Frustrated expectations, broken promises, and the massacre
764:
occupied the presidential palace and declared themselves co-presidents. But as the crowd, which had gathered outside the palace, persisted in shouting its preference for the more charismatic
Barrientos, Ovando allowed Barrientos to assume the formal title alone. At the same time, he occupied the post
1340:
Rather than calling a new election, Vildoso decided to reconvene the 1980 Congress and respect the results of that year's presidential contest. When
Congress reconvened on September 23, 1982, one of its first acts was to reconfirm the 1980 election results, which showed former president Hernán Siles
841:
Determined to keep the labor sector under control, Barrientos took away most of the gains it had achieved during the MNR's rule. He placed
Comibol under the control of a military director and abolished the veto power of union leaders in management decisions. The president also cut the miners' pay to
907:
Ovando (co-president, May 1965 – January 1966, and president, January–August 1966 and 1969–70) annulled the 1970 elections, dismissed the
Congress, and appointed a cabinet that included independent reformist civilians who had opposed Barrientos's policies. Ovando hoped to gain civilian and military
1161:
Between 1978 and 1980, Bolivia was constantly in a state of crisis. The fragmentation of political forces made it impossible for any party to dominate. In the three elections held during this period, no party achieved a majority, and alliances of various groups could not break the deadlock. Social
1118:
The stability of the Banzer regime was superficial because the military remained divided by personal rivalry, ideological differences, and a generational gap. Growing civilian opposition was centered in the labor sector despite the renewed military occupation of the mines. Radical students and the
861:
Barrientos could not wholly silence the labor sector; miners led the growing opposition to his rule. The various groups opposing his rule joined in denouncing
Barrientos's selling of natural resources to the United States under favorable terms. They resented his invitation to United States private
928:
While the left became radicalized, the right became weary of Ovando's vacillating statements, which included the suggestion that private property be abolished. Even when Ovando moved right during the last months of his regime, he was unable to enlist the support of the conservative groups in the
1308:
for
Bolivia. Cocaine exports reportedly totaled US$ 850 million in the 1980–81 period of the García Meza regime, twice the value of official government exports. The "coca dollars" were used to buy military officers' silence or active support. But García Meza, who failed to gain support in the
1110:
model, he announced the complete reorganization of the
Bolivian political system and the formation of a "new Bolivia" under military rule. Banzer hoped to keep the support of the business community, the mine owners, the agricultural entrepreneurs in Santa Cruz, and the growing number of loyal
1076:
The governing alliance disintegrated almost immediately when the MNR and the FSB split. They proved unreliable in supporting Banzer because only minor factions remained in the FPN. The armed forces were also divided, and various factions tried to overthrow the regime. On June 5, 1974, younger
974:
However, because of his lack of a clear strategy and political experience, Torres soon alienated all sectors of Bolivian society. He found it difficult to organize groups on the left because they confronted him with demands he could not meet, such as giving them half of all cabinet seats. The
727:
ruled for only four months in 1978, but his ascent to the presidency marked the beginning of an even more unstable period in Bolivian history, with nine civilian and military presidents in little over four years (1978–1982). 1982 marked the return to a democratically elected government, with
1137:
In 1977, with mounting opposition from civilian groups and the military and increasing pressure from the United States, Banzer announced a presidential election for 1980, hoping to remain in control. However, labor unrest and hostility to his regime forced him to set a date for 1978.
138:
707:. Barrientos was elected president in 1966 but died suspiciously in a helicopter crash in 1969 while touring the countryside and visiting the indigenous people of Bolivia. This led to a coup in September 1969 by General Ovando, who was overthrown in October 1970 by General
140:
139:
135:
137:
136:
134:
1007:, ruled for six years, one of the longest continuous presidential terms in recent Bolivian history. Banzer's presidency was characterized by relative political stability and unprecedented economic growth. At first, he was supported by the
919:
Despite highly popular measures, such as the nationalization of the holdings of the Gulf Oil Company, Ovando failed to gain popular support. Popular enthusiasm over the nationalization was short-lived. Disagreement over compensation, a
949:, formed on October 6, failed to consolidate support. On October 7, as the country moved toward civil war after the COB had declared a general strike, General Torres emerged as the compromise candidate and became president of Bolivia.
1162:
unrest increased as peasants began to agitate again on a large scale for the first time since their rebellion in the late colonial period. The Bolivian workers were more radical than ever. In 1979, during the first congress of the
1229:
in November 1979. Natusch stepped down after just two weeks because of intense civilian opposition, his limited military support, and diplomatic action by the United States to prevent recognition of the Natusch government.
944:
The chaos surrounding the overthrow of Ovando highlighted the division in the armed forces. Military officers demanded the resignation of Ovando and Miranda after a failed coup attempt by the latter on October 5, 1970. A
932:
Ovando's reform program also polarized the military. Reformist officers, concerned about the decline in popular support for the military since the Barrientos regime, shifted their support to the more radical General
911:
Revolutionary nationalism reflected the heritage and rhetoric of the military reformist regimes of the past and the spirit of the 1952 Revolution. It also showed the influence of the Peruvian government of General
846:(Central Obrera Boliviana, COB) and the mine workers' union, suppressed all strike activity, disarmed the miners' militias, and exiled union leaders. Military troops again occupied the mines, and in 1967 they
796:. The emphasis on reducing social costs remained in effect. In May 1965, the army forced Barrientos to accept Ovando as his co-president as a reward for suppressing an uprising by miners and factory workers.
1312:
The ruthlessness, extreme corruption, and international isolation of the García Meza government completely demoralized and discredited the military; many officers wanted to return to democracy. However, the
132:
2014:
822:(Movimiento Popular Cristiano, MPC) as his base of support. Although the MPC was unsuccessful, he won the election with a coalition of conservative politicians, the business community, and the peasants.
1997:
1637:
1992:
1632:
1126:
External factions contributed to the weakening of the Banzer regime as well. The negotiation with Chile for an outlet to the sea had raised hopes in 1974. When an agreement between Banzer and General
2349:
952:
The main feature of Torres's presidency was a lack of authority. Rather than taking the initiative on policies, Torres primarily reacted to pressure from different groups. His minister of interior,
838:
agreed to adopt an anti-leftist stance and to subordinate themselves to the army. However, his attempt to impose taxes on peasants resulted in a violent response and loss of support in rural areas.
1664:
1642:
1654:
1304:
by paramilitary units, torture, and disappearances—with the assistance of Argentine advisers—destroyed the opposition. Government involvement in cocaine trafficking resulted in
889:(1969). Real power, however, remained with the armed forces under its commander in chief, General Ovando, who took power on September 26, 1969, in a coup that reformist officers supported.
807:(Corporación Minera de Bolivia, Comibol) in 1966. They contributed to increased production in the medium-sized mines that had remained private. Barrientos encouraged the private sector and
133:
1177:
groups reflected the institutional decay of the military. A civilian investigation into human rights violations committed during the Banzer regime further demoralized the officer corps.
2328:
2156:
1981:
1976:
1956:
1893:
1857:
1822:
1756:
1611:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1555:
2237:
2004:
902:
1253:, the third in three years. The parties of the left gained a clear majority of the vote. Although no presidential candidate secured a majority of the popular vote, former president
2253:
2090:
1908:
1847:
1736:
975:
workers, students, and parties of the left wanted a socialist state and saw the Torres government only as a step in that direction. In June 1970, the Torres regime established the
1089:
attempted a coup, demanding that Banzer legitimize his rule. It failed, however, as did another on November 7 that was supported by military, MNR, and FSB elements in Santa Cruz.
959:
Torres hoped to retain civilian support by moving to the left. He nationalized some United States property, such as the waste-processing operation of the Catavi tin mines and the
1951:
1795:
1710:
1669:
1616:
1590:
1560:
1800:
1842:
2035:
1023:. Both parties had been enemies until the chaos of the Torres regime gave them a chance for a political comeback in alliance with conservative elements in the armed forces.
2248:
2120:
2115:
976:
1146:
2009:
1026:
During the first years of the Banzer presidency, the economy improved rapidly. Exports tripled between 1970 and 1974 because of increased production of petroleum,
1261:(Unidad Democrática y Popular, UDP) coalition alone got 38% of the votes; Siles was thus favored to win the presidency by congressional ballot on August 6, 1980.
953:
826:
1330:
1314:
1297:
862:
investment in Bolivia because he offered greater privileges to foreign investors. The defection of Barrientos's close friend and minister of interior, Colonel
423:
777:
2085:
1082:
1078:
1046:
1522:
1070:
863:
695:
from 1964 to 1982 is a time of periodic instability under various military dictators. On November 4, 1964, power passed from the elected leader of the
793:
784:(Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario, MNR) had deviated during its twelve-year rule. His government continued many of the policies of the second
17:
960:
776:
Barrientos, Quechua-speaking general, insisted that his assumption of power was not a counterrevolutionary move and promised to restore the
1341:
well ahead, though short of a majority. In October, Congress overwhelmingly elected Siles, who assumed the presidency on October 10, 1982.
678:
2045:
874:(CIA) aroused national indignation. The military also resented the crucial role of United States officers in the capture and killing of
1049:, ordered a massive crackdown on the left, abolishing labor unions and closing the universities. The government brutally suppressed a
1929:
967:, a United States program, out of Bolivia. While limiting United States influence in Bolivia, Torres increased cooperation with the
925:
of miners by the military in Catavi in 1967 had radicalized the workers, who now refused to cooperate with the military government.
2422:
1515:
908:
support with a program of "revolutionary nationalism", which he had outlined in the "Revolutionary Mandate of the Armed Forces".
2586:
1149:
annulled the elections because of widespread fraud by Pereda's supporters. Although Bolivia continued under military rule, the
550:
1011:(Frente Popular Nacionalista, FPN), an alliance between the MNR under Paz Estenssoro, who was allowed to return from exile in
2629:
2509:
2484:
2479:
638:
1772:
1570:
885:
The death of Barrientos in a helicopter crash on April 27, 1969, initially left control in the hands of his vice president,
1045:
Despite this economic growth, Bolivia reverted to the repression of earlier regimes. The new minister of interior, Colonel
2344:
1218:
as interim president for a year, beginning on August 8, 1979. This was the first civilian regime since the brief term of
537:
2417:
1508:
1246:
1211:
781:
720:
628:
623:
1674:
1166:(Central Obrera Boliviana, COB) since 1970, they vehemently protested the economic austerity measures dictated by the
2100:
842:
US$ 0.80 a day, reducing the mining workforce and the enormous Comibol bureaucracy by 10%. Finally, he destroyed the
825:
Barrientos's efforts to build support in the countryside succeeded at first with the signing in February 1964 of the
2530:
2463:
2442:
2402:
2397:
2382:
2361:
2206:
2176:
2171:
2151:
2146:
2110:
2070:
2065:
2040:
1971:
1961:
1941:
1888:
1832:
1761:
1585:
1500:
2458:
671:
2323:
2275:
2196:
2181:
2161:
2095:
2080:
2060:
1936:
1903:
1852:
1807:
1746:
1550:
2634:
2581:
2565:
2387:
2333:
2313:
2260:
2216:
2211:
2191:
2186:
2166:
1966:
1837:
1817:
1741:
1695:
1679:
1659:
1265:
1020:
898:
741:
152:
2105:
1827:
1301:
1250:
1242:
1203:
1150:
2555:
2468:
2285:
2030:
1715:
1700:
804:
2550:
2535:
2514:
2437:
2427:
2318:
2270:
2055:
1777:
1751:
1258:
1207:
875:
696:
2050:
1219:
886:
598:
1167:
871:
789:
757:
664:
578:
1249:
politician and became the first female leader of Bolivia. The following June, Gueiler presided over the
2502:
2412:
1595:
1016:
819:
618:
124:
799:
The economy improved during the Barrientos regime at a growth rate averaging 6.5% yearly. The rise of
59:
2545:
2432:
2232:
1782:
1720:
1484:
1163:
1153:
marked the beginning of Bolivia's traumatic transition to democracy during the following four years.
1008:
843:
808:
409:
390:
256:
2075:
1334:
1134:
assumed the United States presidency in 1976, the United States pressured Banzer to hold elections.
1812:
2407:
785:
700:
268:
2497:
2366:
1305:
1197:
1185:
1127:
468:
79:
1898:
1358:
1130:
failed because of the opposition of Chilean nationalists, Banzer's position was weakened. After
760:(president, 1964–65; co-president, May 1965 – January 1966; and president, 1966–69) and General
1867:
1705:
1184:
did not call for elections. In November 1978, he was overthrown in a bloodless coup by General
1329:
In July 1982, after yet another attempt by the García Meza clique to return to power, a third
1003:(1971–78), a highly respected officer who had repeatedly attempted to overthrow the regime of
719:. Banzer ruled for seven years, initially from 1971 to 1974, with the support of Estenssoro's
1924:
1417:
Maria Luise Wagner. "Revolutionary nationalism: Ovando and Torres". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1226:
1120:
913:
818:
In 1966, Barrientos legitimized his rule by winning the presidential election. He formed the
761:
613:
217:
213:
1254:
1123:
became spokespersons for the oppressed groups; the peasants also criticized the government.
984:
716:
2356:
2290:
2201:
1862:
1318:
1293:
1238:
1106:) because it gave Banzer a reason to rule without civilian interference. Influenced by the
1093:
988:
1142:
1086:
8:
1481:
1215:
1039:
937:(1970–71), whom Ovando had dismissed as his commander in chief, the right backed General
770:
208:
2125:
1272:, cousin of the deposed president Gueiler, who fled the country. Reportedly financed by
1269:
1004:
934:
712:
352:
280:
189:
1621:
1337:
as de facto president and entrusted him with returning the country to democratic rule.
766:
608:
587:
73:
30:
1309:
military, faced repeated coup attempts and was pressured to resign on August 4, 1981.
704:
241:
2392:
1946:
1530:
847:
200:
181:
1531:
2540:
2130:
1919:
812:
177:
1225:
However, Guevara was overthrown after a few months by a bloody coup under Colonel
1649:
1233:
938:
708:
328:
185:
65:
1264:
The congressional ballot process was disrupted on July 17, 1980, by the violent
2265:
1050:
750:
654:
364:
1241:
was appointed interim president on November 16, 1979. Gueiler was head of the
2623:
1494:
1058:
855:
729:
503:
491:
376:
340:
316:
2560:
1281:
1174:
1145:, Banzer's handpicked candidate, carried out a coup in July 1978 after the
1131:
968:
1477:
1393:
Maria Luise Wagner. "The Barrientos presidency". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1202:
When none of the primary presidential candidates gained a majority in the
1913:
1277:
1181:
1062:
1054:
1027:
1000:
964:
946:
851:
724:
304:
292:
1463:
Maria Luise Wagner. "Transition to democracy". In Hudson & Hanratty.
2280:
1098:
870:
after his announcement that he had been an agent for the United States
1191:
2602:
2473:
1872:
1535:
1103:
1066:
879:
1986:
1626:
1031:
835:
498:
433:
1443:
Maria Luise Wagner. "The Banzer regime". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1173:
The division in the armed forces and the increasing visibility of
2338:
2306:
2242:
1493:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1285:
1273:
1061:
in 1972. In 1974, price increases for basic goods and control of
921:
831:
746:
2301:
1107:
1035:
956:, labeled the Torres government the "ten months of emergency".
892:
167:
1234:
Gueiler interim presidency, 1980 election, and military juntas
1789:
1766:
1210:
was equally unable to elect a president, it appointed former
815:
permission to export petroleum and natural gas from Bolivia.
163:
1296:, Italian neo-fascist, the coup began the rule of the first
1042:
area in eastern Bolivia also tripled between 1970 and 1975.
2491:
2295:
1289:
1012:
867:
1180:
Despite his promise after four months in office, General
800:
929:
country because this move only emphasized his weakness.
1324:
711:, who was overthrown a couple of days later by General
971:
and its allies in the economic and technical sectors.
829:(Pacto Militar-Campesino). Under the agreement, the
1192:
1979 election, Guevara presidency, and Natusch coup
703:, to a military junta under vice-president General
1300:, one of the darkest periods in Bolivian history.
878:in 1967 in Bolivia, where he had tried to start a
2621:
1538:, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900
1073:and their subsequent massacre by the military.
715:, who in turn was overthrown in August 1971 by
1315:second Junta of Commanders of the Armed forces
1030:, and tin, which was then refined in Bolivian
1516:
672:
113:
92:
893:Revolutionary nationalism: Ovando and Torres
803:prices resulted in the first profit for the
735:
1523:
1509:
1156:
1019:(Falange Socialista Boliviana, FSB) under
679:
665:
151:
745:
1331:Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces
1321:) was reluctant to call for elections.
1298:Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces
424:Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces
14:
2622:
1476:Rex A. Hudson and Dennis M. Hanratty.
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1276:traffickers and supported by European
1504:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1325:Vildoso reconvenes the 1980 congress
994:
1396:
780:to its "true path", from which the
24:
1446:
1420:
1372:
1247:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
1212:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
991:commander whom Torres had exiled.
782:Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
721:Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
130:
25:
2646:
850:miners and their families at the
792:(IMF) stabilization plan and the
1488:
648:
597:
555:
530:
72:
58:
1359:"Human Development Report 2014"
1351:
1251:1980 Bolivian general election
788:administration, including the
18:1980 Bolivian coup d'état
13:
1:
1470:
805:Mining Corporation of Bolivia
2630:History of Bolivia by period
1259:Democratic and Popular Unity
1208:National Congress of Bolivia
1206:the following July, and the
778:Bolivian National Revolution
697:Bolivian National Revolution
7:
1168:International Monetary Fund
872:Central Intelligence Agency
790:International Monetary Fund
10:
2651:
2459:Trinidad and Tobago (1990)
1195:
1119:progressive sector of the
1077:officers belonging to the
1017:Bolivian Socialist Falange
903:1970 Bolivian coups d'état
896:
820:Popular Christian Movement
739:
125:National Anthem of Bolivia
28:
2595:
2574:
2523:
2451:
2375:
2225:
2182:Dominican Republic (1963)
2139:
2023:
1881:
1729:
1688:
1604:
1543:
1485:Federal Research Division
1220:Luís Adolfo Siles Salinas
1164:Bolivian Labor Federation
1009:Nationalist Popular Front
899:1969 Bolivian coup d'état
887:Luís Adolfo Siles Salinas
844:Bolivian Labor Federation
742:1964 Bolivian coup d'état
736:The Barrientos presidency
509:
497:
487:
467:
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439:
429:
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415:
403:
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389:
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257:Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas
250:
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115:Himno Nacional de Bolivia
108:
94:"¡La unión es la fuerza!"
93:
88:
54:
49:
37:
1478:Bolivia: a country study
1344:
1147:National Electoral Court
1306:international isolation
1186:David Padilla Arancibia
1157:Transition to democracy
1128:Augusto Pinochet Ugarte
2635:Military dictatorships
1335:Guido Vildoso Calderón
758:René Barrientos Ortuño
753:
455:• Disestablished
144:
114:
1227:Alberto Natusch Busch
1151:1978 general election
1121:Roman Catholic Church
1094:November 7, 1974 coup
1085:) and led by General
963:, and he ordered the
954:Jorge Gallardo Lozada
914:Juan Velasco Alvarado
876:Ernesto "Che" Guevara
827:Military-Peasant Pact
786:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
762:Alfredo Ovando Candia
749:
701:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
614:Pre-Columbian Bolivia
269:Alfredo Ovando Candía
218:military dictatorship
214:Presidential republic
174:Common languages
143:
1319:Celso Torrelio Villa
1294:Stefano Delle Chiaie
1239:Lidia Gueiler Tejada
1198:All Saints' Massacre
1034:. The production of
756:On November 4, 1964
103:"Unity is Strength!"
43:República de Bolivia
2015:Paraguay (Sep 1949)
1482:Library of Congress
1243:Chamber of Deputies
1216:Walter Guevara Arze
1096:has been called an
1069:by peasants in the
445:• Coup d'état
39:Republic of Bolivia
2362:El Salvador (1979)
2271:El Salvador (1972)
2152:El Salvador (1961)
2147:El Salvador (1960)
1977:El Salvador (1948)
1762:El Salvador (1931)
1333:appointed General
1255:Hernán Siles Zuazo
1083:Grupo Generacional
1079:Generational Group
985:Hugo Banzer Suárez
809:foreign investment
767:commander in chief
754:
717:Hugo Banzer Suárez
693:history of Bolivia
655:Bolivia portal
145:
31:History of Bolivia
2617:
2616:
2428:Panama (Mar 1988)
1675:Costa Rica (1917)
1487:(December 1989).
1143:Juan Pereda Asbún
1087:Gary Prado Salmón
1071:Cochabamba Valley
995:The Banzer regime
961:Matilde zinc mine
689:
688:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
543:
542:
405:• 1964-1982
381:
360:• 1981-1982
348:• 1980-1981
336:• 1979-1980
312:• 1978-1979
288:• 1971-1978
276:• 1970-1971
264:• 1969-1970
246:
237:• 1964-1969
201:Roman Catholicism
141:
16:(Redirected from
2642:
2551:Venezuela (2002)
2510:Guatemala (1993)
2423:Haiti (Sep 1988)
2418:Haiti (Jun 1988)
2403:Guatemala (1983)
2398:Guatemala (1982)
2324:Argentina (1976)
2286:Chile (Sep 1973)
2281:Chile (Jun 1973)
2202:Argentina (1966)
2172:Guatemala (1963)
2162:Argentina (1962)
2111:Venezuela (1958)
2101:Guatemala (1957)
2076:Argentina (1955)
2071:Guatemala (1954)
2036:Argentina (1951)
1972:Venezuela (1948)
1962:Nicaragua (1947)
1942:Venezuela (1945)
1904:Argentina (1943)
1833:Nicaragua (1936)
1747:Argentina (1930)
1665:Haiti (Nov 1914)
1655:Haiti (Jan 1914)
1586:Venezuela (1908)
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1464:
1461:
1444:
1441:
1418:
1415:
1394:
1391:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1317:(led by General
1302:Arbitrary arrest
1270:Luis García Meza
1204:general election
1005:Juan José Torres
989:Military Academy
977:Popular Assembly
935:Juan José Torres
864:Antonio Arguedas
813:Gulf Oil Company
713:Juan José Torres
681:
674:
667:
653:
652:
651:
601:
591:
573:
572:
559:
558:
547:
546:
534:
533:
527:
526:
511:
510:
483:
482:
474:
379:
353:Luis García Meza
281:Juan José Torres
244:
155:
142:
121:
117:
104:
100:
96:
95:
76:
62:
35:
34:
21:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2599:successful coup
2591:
2570:
2566:Honduras (2009)
2536:Paraguay (2000)
2519:
2515:Paraguay (1996)
2464:Suriname (1990)
2447:
2443:Paraguay (1989)
2393:Dominica (1981)
2383:Suriname (1980)
2371:
2334:Honduras (1978)
2314:Honduras (1975)
2261:Honduras (1972)
2221:
2187:Honduras (1963)
2135:
2096:Colombia (1957)
2091:Honduras (1956)
2066:Paraguay (1954)
2061:Colombia (1953)
2019:
2005:Colombia (1949)
1982:Paraguay (1948)
1889:Paraguay (1940)
1877:
1858:Paraguay (1937)
1828:Paraguay (1936)
1725:
1684:
1612:Paraguay (1911)
1600:
1581:Paraguay (1908)
1576:Paraguay (1905)
1566:Paraguay (1904)
1556:Paraguay (1902)
1551:Colombia (1900)
1539:
1529:
1489:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1447:
1442:
1421:
1416:
1397:
1392:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1327:
1236:
1200:
1194:
1159:
1021:Mario Gutiérrez
997:
939:Rogelio Miranda
905:
895:
794:Triangular Plan
744:
738:
709:Rogelio Miranda
705:René Barrientos
685:
649:
647:
589:
582:
556:
531:
480:
479:
478:
472:
459:October 10 1982
456:
449:November 4 1964
446:
406:
373:
361:
349:
337:
329:Alberto Natusch
325:
313:
301:
289:
277:
265:
253:
242:René Barrientos
238:
146:
131:
128:
122:
119:
102:
101:
98:
84:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
63:
45:
40:
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2609:attempted coup
2605:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2587:Bolivia (2024)
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Ecuador (2000)
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Bolivia (1984)
2410:
2408:Grenada (1983)
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Bolivia (1980)
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2367:Bolivia (1979)
2364:
2359:
2357:Grenada (1979)
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2336:
2331:
2329:Ecuador (1976)
2326:
2321:
2319:Ecuador (1975)
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2293:
2291:Bolivia (1974)
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:Uruguay (1973)
2273:
2268:
2266:Ecuador (1972)
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2240:
2238:Bolivia (1970)
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2217:Bolivia (1969)
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Bolivia (1964)
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Ecuador (1963)
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Ecuador (1961)
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:Bolivia (1959)
2118:
2116:Bolivia (1958)
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Bolivia (1952)
2053:
2048:
2046:Bolivia (1951)
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:Bolivia (1949)
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Ecuador (1947)
1954:
1949:
1947:Bolivia (1946)
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1911:
1909:Bolivia (1943)
1906:
1901:
1899:Uruguay (1942)
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Bolivia (1937)
1845:
1843:Ecuador (1936)
1840:
1838:Bolivia (1936)
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Ecuador (1935)
1820:
1818:Bolivia (1934)
1815:
1810:
1808:Uruguay (1933)
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Bolivia (1930)
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1721:Ecuador (1925)
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:Bolivia (1920)
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1419:
1395:
1371:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1326:
1323:
1245:and a veteran
1235:
1232:
1193:
1190:
1158:
1155:
1051:general strike
996:
993:
894:
891:
751:Alfredo Ovando
737:
734:
732:as president.
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
669:
661:
658:
657:
644:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
603:
602:
594:
593:
584:
583:
576:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
553:
544:
541:
540:
535:
523:
522:
517:
507:
506:
501:
495:
494:
489:
485:
484:
475:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
431:
430:Historical era
427:
426:
421:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
391:Vice President
387:
386:
383:
382:
374:
371:
368:
367:
365:Celso Torrelio
362:
359:
356:
355:
350:
347:
344:
343:
338:
335:
332:
331:
326:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
308:
307:
302:
299:
296:
295:
290:
287:
284:
283:
278:
275:
272:
271:
266:
263:
260:
259:
254:
251:
248:
247:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
211:
205:
204:
198:
194:
193:
175:
171:
170:
161:
157:
156:
148:
147:
129:
106:
105:
86:
85:
78:
71:
70:
64:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
47:
46:
41:
38:
29:Main article:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2647:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Panama (1989)
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Panama (1968)
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Brazil (1964)
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Brazil (1959)
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Brazil (1956)
2084:
2082:
2081:Brazil (1955)
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Panama (1951)
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Brazil (1945)
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Panama (1941)
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Brazil (1938)
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Brazil (1937)
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Panama (1931)
1755:
1753:
1752:Brazil (1930)
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Brazil (1922)
1704:
1702:
1701:Mexico (1920)
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Mexico (1913)
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Mexico (1911)
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Brazil (1904)
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1496:
1495:public domain
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:recruited by
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:military coup
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1115:prices fell.
1112:
1111:bureaucrats.
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Bolivian peso
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Andrés Sélich
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
987:, the former
986:
980:
978:
972:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
942:
940:
936:
930:
926:
923:
917:
915:
909:
904:
900:
890:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
763:
759:
752:
748:
743:
733:
731:
730:Guido Vildoso
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
663:
662:
660:
659:
656:
646:
645:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
600:
596:
595:
592:
586:
585:
580:
575:
574:
554:
552:
549:
548:
545:
539:
536:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
502:
500:
499:ISO 3166 code
496:
493:
492:Bolivian peso
490:
486:
476:
470:
466:
462:
458:
452:
448:
442:
438:
435:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
414:
411:
408:
402:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
378:
377:Guido Vildoso
375:
369:
366:
363:
357:
354:
351:
345:
342:
341:Lidia Gueiler
339:
333:
330:
327:
321:
318:
317:David Padilla
315:
309:
306:
303:
297:
294:
291:
285:
282:
279:
273:
270:
267:
261:
258:
255:
249:
243:
240:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
149:
126:
116:
111:
107:
91:
87:
81:
75:
67:
61:
53:
48:
44:
36:
32:
27:
19:
2608:
2607:no sign for
2556:Haiti (2004)
2546:Haiti (2001)
2469:Haiti (1991)
2433:Haiti (1989)
2233:Haiti (1970)
2106:Haiti (1958)
2031:Haiti (1950)
1952:Haiti (1946)
1873:Chile (1939)
1868:Chile (1938)
1716:Chile (1925)
1711:Chile (1924)
1670:Haiti (1915)
1617:Haiti (1911)
1591:Haiti (1908)
1561:Haiti (1902)
1366:hdr.undp.org
1365:
1353:
1339:
1328:
1311:
1282:Klaus Barbie
1263:
1237:
1224:
1201:
1179:
1175:paramilitary
1172:
1160:
1140:
1136:
1132:Jimmy Carter
1125:
1117:
1113:
1097:
1091:
1075:
1065:resulted in
1053:against the
1044:
1025:
998:
981:
973:
969:Soviet Union
958:
951:
943:
931:
927:
918:
910:
906:
884:
860:
840:
830:
824:
817:
798:
775:
771:armed forces
755:
692:
690:
639:1982–present
633:
520:Succeeded by
519:
514:
372:• 1982
324:• 1979
300:• 1978
252:• 1969
109:
90:Motto:
89:
80:Coat of arms
42:
26:
2582:Peru (2022)
2561:Peru (2005)
2541:Peru (2000)
2212:Peru (1968)
2167:Peru (1962)
2131:Cuba (1959)
2051:Cuba (1952)
1967:Peru (1948)
1914:El Salvador
1813:Cuba (1933)
1742:Peru (1930)
1680:Peru (1919)
1660:Peru (1914)
1596:Peru (1909)
1278:mercenaries
1268:of General
1063:food prices
1055:devaluation
1028:natural gas
1001:Hugo Banzer
965:Peace Corps
947:triumvirate
725:Juan Pereda
588:History of
515:Preceded by
420:Legislature
305:Juan Pereda
293:Hugo Banzer
2624:Categories
1536:self-coups
1471:References
1196:See also:
1099:auto-golpe
1067:roadblocks
1040:Santa Cruz
1015:, and the
897:See also:
882:movement.
740:See also:
209:Government
203:(official)
2603:self-coup
2474:Venezuela
1801:September
1778:September
1288:chief in
1284:, former
1222:in 1969.
1108:Brazilian
1104:self-coup
880:guerrilla
848:massacred
832:campesino
811:and gave
634:1964–1982
629:1920–1964
624:1809–1920
619:1532–1809
224:President
197:Religion
120:(Spanish)
99:(Spanish)
50:1964–1982
2503:November
2485:November
2480:February
2350:November
2302:February
1998:February
1987:Paraguay
1783:December
1638:February
1627:Paraguay
1257:and his
1141:General
1032:smelters
999:Colonel
856:Siglo XX
836:militias
609:Overview
579:a series
577:Part of
488:Currency
434:Cold War
216:under a
192:, others
2494:(1992)
2476:(1992)
2341:(1978)
2339:Bolivia
2298:(1975)
2249:January
2245:(1971)
2243:Bolivia
1993:January
1989:(1949)
1930:October
1916:(1944)
1792:(1932)
1769:(1931)
1633:January
1629:(1912)
1286:Gestapo
1274:cocaine
1170:(IMF).
1057:of the
1038:in the
922:boycott
858:mines.
769:of the
590:Bolivia
551:Bolivia
538:Bolivia
245:(first)
190:Guaraní
182:Quechua
178:Spanish
160:Capital
110:Anthem:
2307:August
2254:August
1292:, and
1182:Pereda
1036:cotton
852:Catavi
581:on the
473:(1980)
471:
395:
380:(last)
227:
186:Aymara
168:La Paz
118:
112:
97:
2575:2020s
2524:2000s
2498:April
2452:1990s
2376:1980s
2226:1970s
2140:1960s
2024:1950s
1920:April
1882:1940s
1790:Chile
1767:Chile
1730:1930s
1689:1920s
1643:March
1605:1910s
1544:1900s
1532:Coups
1362:(PDF)
1345:Notes
1214:head
866:, to
477:0.494
164:Sucre
2492:Peru
2345:July
2296:Peru
1796:June
1773:July
1290:Lyon
1092:The
1013:Lima
901:and
868:Cuba
691:The
410:List
66:Flag
1925:May
801:tin
765:of
481:low
469:HDI
2626::
1534:,
1480:.
1448:^
1422:^
1398:^
1374:^
1364:.
941:.
773:.
699:,
504:BO
188:,
184:,
180:,
166:,
1524:e
1517:t
1510:v
1497:.
1368:.
1102:(
1081:(
854:-
680:e
673:t
666:v
127:"
123:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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