812:) several thousand Bolivians sought asylum in foreign countries, 3,000 political opponents were arrested, 200 were killed, and many more were tortured. In the basement of the Ministry of the Interior or "the horror chambers" around 2,000 political prisoners were held and tortured during the 1971–1978 military rule. Many others simply disappeared. Among the victims of the regime were Colonel Andrés Selich, Banzer's first Minister of the Interior and co-conspirator in the August 1971 coup. Selich was accused of plotting to overthrow Banzer and died of blows sustained while in custody. Two other leaders with sufficient stature to potentially eclipse the dictator were murdered under suspicious circumstances while in exile: General Joanquin Zenteno Anaya and former president Juan José Torres, both in 1976.
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805:, and closed the nation's universities. "Order" was now the paramount aim, and no means were spared to restore authority and stifle dissent. Buoyed by the initial legitimacy provided by Paz and Gutierrez's support, the dictator ruled with a measure of civilian support until 1974, when the main parties realized he did not intend to hold elections and was instead using them to perpetuate himself in power. At that point, Banzer dispensed with all pretenses and banned all political activity, exiled all major leaders (Paz Estenssoro included), and proceeded to rule henceforth solely with military support.
448:
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901:, a large organization that attracted most conservative groups under his leadership. Banzer ran for elections in 1979 and 1980, obtaining third place in both contests. The 1979 contest remained inconclusive because, no candidate having received the necessary 50% of the vote, Congress had to determine the president. The legislature would have likely picked Siles had it not been for the coup of 17 July 1980 which installed a reactionary (and cocaine-tainted) dictatorship led by General
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835:" projects of dubious usefulness but which nonetheless impressed certain sectors of the population. The loans would soon raise Bolivia's external debt to record levels, but proved useful in the manipulation of political patronage. In 1975, Banzer restored diplomatic relations with Chile, broken since 1962, with an eye toward obtaining an access to the Pacific Ocean, denied to Bolivia since the loss of its maritime coast in the 19th century
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677:. He had called an Asamblea del Pueblo, or People's Assembly, in which representatives of specific "proletarian" sectors of society were represented (miners, unionized teachers, students, peasants). The Assembly was imbued with all the powers of a working parliament, even though the right-wing opponents of the regime tended to call it a gathering of virtual
932:. Until the 1989 election Banzer and Paz Zamora had been staunch political enemies, but driven by a shared disdain for the MNR they came to a deal. Banzer and the ADN agreed to vote in congress for Paz Zamora to become president, in return for Paz Zamora's promise to support Banzer in a future election.
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offered a narrow outlet just north of the port of Arica, on the border with Peru, on lands that had previously belonged to that country. According to the terms of the treaty that handed that territory to Chile, Peru had to agree to any proposal of transferring that land to a third party. Peru refused
958:
In 1997, Banzer finally achieved democratic election as president of
Bolivia, at the age of 71. He was the first former dictator in Latin America's recent history to transition successfully to democratic politics and return to power by way of the ballot box. During his tenure he launched – under the
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Nonetheless, the elections of 9 July were rigged. Official results showed Pereda not only far ahead of Siles, but with just a few thousand votes over the threshold to win the presidency outright. However, massive protests brought the country to a halt, and independent organizations agreed that all
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When an attempted coup by rightist general Hugo Bánzer Suárez was threatened by a breakdown in the plotters' radio communications, the U.S. Air Force made their radio communications available to them. Though this first attempted takeover was crushed, Bánzer was able to seize power by August of the
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was elected president (by congress, due to the virtual unattainability of the 50% necessary for direct election) in 1985. Indeed, Banzer's party claimed authorship of some of the most prominent neoliberal economic reforms instituted by Paz to curb galloping hyperinflation, repress the influence of
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either, as the rights to rainwater had also been given to the company. By
January 2000, protests erupted in Bolivia in response to the privatization of water. Violence occurred when police and demonstrators clashed. Banzer then declared a "state of siege". When officials of the consortium who had
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Banzer once again finished second to the MNR and Sánchez de Lozada. The MNRs plurality, in coalition with the small center-left
Bolivia Libre party, made it possible to confirm the MNR's electoral victory. In the 1997 elections, however, Banzer finished first by a small plurality, and was able to
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However, Pereda and other officers felt Banzer was manipulating them for his own political ends. They overthrew Banzer in a coup on 21 July. Pereda blamed Banzer for the fraud and promised to call elections in the future, though he did not specify a time frame. Pereda, in turn, was overthrown in
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as the regime's candidate. It was assumed that Pereda would be elected with government "help" at the polls, rule for four years, and then allow Banzer to return as constitutional president once he had time to polish up his image and transition to civilian politics. However, by election time the
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properties, angered his opponents even more, chief among whom was Banzer and his US supporters. In early 1971, a faction of the
Bolivian military attempted to unseat the new president but failed, whereupon Banzer fled to Argentina, but did not give up his ambitions to the presidency.
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to accept the
Pinochet proposal and instead created its own counter-proposal, which declared Arica and its waters an area of joint-sovereignty between the three nations. Chile refused this proposal and talks with Bolivia ended. Diplomatic relations were once again frozen in 1978.
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bought the right to run the water works fled after being told by the authorities that their safety could not be guaranteed, the Banzer government declared that they had abandoned the project in April 2000, declared the contract void, and settled with the demonstrators.
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and repressed labor leaders, clergymen, indigenous people, and students during his 1971–1978 dictatorship. Several thousand
Bolivians were either forced to seek asylum in foreign countries, arrested, tortured, or killed during this period, known as the
876:
With the evidence of irregularities too great to ignore, Banzer had the
Electoral Court annul the elections. He denounced the electoral fraud, blaming it on Pereda and his supporters. He declared he would call fresh elections within a year or two.
824:, was integrated into the special services in order to "renew" repression techniques and received Bolivian nationality. During the Banzer government, drug trafficking experienced an unprecedented expansion that lasted until the 1980s.
905:. With the military's reputation badly damaged by the excesses of the 1980–1982 dictatorship, it was decided to accept the 1980 election results and reconvene the Congress elected that year. That body duly elected Siles as president.
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discouraged water subsidies, writing "... no subsidies should be given to ameliorate the increase in water tariffs in
Cochabamba." However, that year, in Cochabomba, a water contract was awarded to Aguas del Tunari, a subsidiary of
800:
Frustrated by the political divisions and protests that characterized the Torres and Ovando years, and, traditionally an enemy of dissent and freedom of speech, Banzer banned all the left-leaning parties, suspended the powerful
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in 2000 that suspended several civil liberties and lead to violent clashes between demonstrators and law enforcement. After being diagnosed with lung cancer, Banzer resigned in 2001 and was succeeded by Vice
President
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979:, comprised the party's old guard and its members were less ideologically inclined, being mostly concerned with holding power and preserving Banzer's historical reputation. In contrast, Quiroga's
1989:
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in 2001, and even though he had a year left of his five-year term (he had himself agitated to legally extend the presidential term), he resigned on 7 August. He was succeeded by Vice
President
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who, embarrassed by the events of the last few months, and suspecting that Pereda did not intend to call new elections either, promptly set a firm date for a return to civilian rule.
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via a narrow plurality of 22.26% of the popular vote. During Banzer's constitutional term, he extended presidential term limits from four years to five and presided over the
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1976:
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577:, he remained an influential figure in Bolivian politics and would run for election to the presidency via the ballot box on several occasions, eventually succeeding in
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or the autonomy of the indigenous people who lived there." After one month of the contract, Bechtel raised the water rates over 60%. Local people could not collect
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on 5 May 2002, aged 75, five days before he would have turned 76 and around two months before his original presidential term ended. His remains were buried at the
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exit polls indicated that Siles had actually won handily. It later emerged that some 200,000 more votes were cast than the total number of registered voters.
554:. He held the Bolivian presidency twice: from 1971 to 1978 as a military dictator; and then again from 1997 to 2001, as a democratically elected president.
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With such backing secured, Banzer emerged as the strong man of the new regime, and, on 22 August, was given full power as president. Conversely, President
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797:, considered to be the two largest parties in the country. For the next seven years, and with the rank of army general, he ruled Bolivia as dictator.
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Banzer was promoted to colonel in 1961, and appointed three years later to head the Ministry of Education and Culture in the government of General
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860:. Since the Bolivian constitution did not at the time allow a sitting president to immediately succeed himself, Banzer initially endorsed General
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forced Banzer to institute a carefully regulated "democratic opening" in 1978. A restricted amnesty was declared, and the country prepared for
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faction was made up of technocratic free-market hardliners, and was far more willing to use force against protestors than the
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Banzer opposed bitterly the UDP government of Siles which lasted from 1982 to 1985, but turned more conciliatory when
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it is apparent that significant clandestine financial and advisory assistance existed at a critical level within the
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Members of the Military College of La Paz class of 1947 celebrating their golden jubilee. Left to right: General
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were. Relations between Banzer and Quiroga soon broke down, causing frequent chaos within the cabinet.
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On 17 August 1971, Banzer, at long last, masterminded a successful military uprising that erupted in
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in 2000, which centered on the privatization of the water works of Bolivia's third largest city,
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was sustained by the constant flow of easy credit from abroad, which was often used on mammoth "
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take the presidency with the support of Paz and others in a grand coalition ranging from Paz'
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1447:"FRONTLINE/WORLD . Bolivia - Leasing the Rain . Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt | PBS"
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998:, Constitutional President Banzer, Admiral José Vargas, and Major Mario Villavicencio.
641:, a personal friend. Banzer became increasingly involved in politics, siding with the
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1019:(a U.S. company) and the only bidder, for $ 2.5 billion. According to a report from
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garrisons, although not without considerable bloodshed. The combined levels of
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Human rights groups claim that during Banzer's 1971–1978 tenure (known as the
689:/Bolivian Workers' Union (COB). These measures, coupled with Ovando's earlier
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List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes
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649:. He was also appointed director of the military academy and the Coronel
634:. He was a descendant of the German immigrant Georg Banzer Schewetering.
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labor unions, and generally reduce government control of the economy.
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following year in a bloody uprising, also with apparent U.S. support.
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November 1978 by democratically oriented officers under General
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Prado Salmón, Gral. Gary. "Poder y Fuerzas Armadas, 1949-1982."
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1023:, "The federal congress did this without consideration of the
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Crisis in Bolivia: The Elections of 2002 and their Aftermath
1338:
Crisis in Bolivia: The Elections of 2002 and their Aftermath
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Crisis in Bolivia: The Elections of 2002 and their Aftermath
781:. Banzer received the political support of the center-right
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and with the acquiescence of Banzer. His murder was part of
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847:
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
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direction, arousing the ire and mistrust of conservative
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popularity of a left-wing coalition of former president
550:
politician and military officer who served as the 51st
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Candidates in the 1997 Bolivian presidential election
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Candidates in the 1993 Bolivian presidential election
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Candidates in the 1989 Bolivian presidential election
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Candidates in the 1985 Bolivian presidential election
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Candidates in the 1980 Bolivian presidential election
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Candidates in the 1979 Bolivian presidential election
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51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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602:Banzer was native to the rural lowlands of the
135: and the second or maternal family name is
3495:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru
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1369:
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1376:Assies, Willem; Salman, Ton (January 2003).
1375:
1335:Assies, Willem; Salman, Ton (January 2003).
1334:
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1294:Assies, Willem; Salman, Ton (January 2003).
1293:
1289:
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1515:Barcelona Centre for International Affairs
673:circles in Bolivia and, crucially, in the
622:, including the Armored Cavalry School at
152:
3520:Nationalist Democratic Action politicians
1573:
1284:
1244:"Hidden cells reveal Bolivia's dark past"
1191:"Gobierno Banzer – Espacio de la memoria"
869:was such that nothing could disguise it.
656:
573:After Banzer's removal via a coup led by
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
989:
740:
630:. He took a Motor Officer Course at the
546:; 10 May 1926 – 5 May 2002) was a
280:5 November 1964 – 6 August 1966
1158:"AN ATTEMPTED COUP REPORTED IN BOLIVIA"
948:As constitutional president (1997–2001)
893:Upon leaving office, Banzer formed the
848:Democratic opening of 1978 and toppling
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827:Much of the stability achieved by the
783:Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario
226:21 August 1971 – 21 July 1978
179:6 August 1997 – 7 August 2001
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1215:
1128:"International Commission of Jurists"
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3530:People from Ñuflo de Chávez Province
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1209:
1002:Banzer was the president during the
685:, to resume his post as head of the
681:. Torres also allowed labor leader,
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
3515:Military College of the Army alumni
730:have been debated but according to
13:
3485:Deaths from lung cancer in Bolivia
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1410:
606:. He attended military schools in
598:Military and ideological formation
14:
3546:
3440:Bolivian people of German descent
3420:21st-century Bolivian politicians
3415:20th-century Bolivian politicians
2861:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives
2809:nominee for President of Bolivia
2766:nominee for President of Bolivia
2673:Minister of Education and Culture
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975:. Banzer's faction, known as the
899:(Acción Democrática Nacionalista)
268:Minister of Education and Culture
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1270:"Former Bolivian president dies"
967:in Bolivia which called for the
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434:Order of the Condor of the Andes
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25:
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36:needs additional citations for
3525:Operatives of Operation Condor
3510:Leaders who took power by coup
3490:Education ministers of Bolivia
1538:On the crisis of December 1977
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1236:
1218:"U.S. Intervention in Bolivia"
1216:Zunes, Stephen (25 May 2011).
1183:
1150:
1120:
1085:
1061:General Cemetery of Santa Cruz
944:to Banzer's ADN on the right.
916:Banzer finished second in the
761:where five years later he was
443:Order of Isabella the Catholic
1:
2764:Nationalist Democratic Action
1612:José María Pérez de Urdininea
1113:
924:and ahead of the centre-left
753:was forced to take refuge in
665:was leading the country in a
379:Nationalist Democratic Action
3480:Culture ministers of Bolivia
3245:Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)
1419:"Like Water for Capitalists"
1193:(in Spanish). Archived from
1073:First Cabinet of Hugo Banzer
791:Falange Socialista Boliviana
561:against socialist president
543:[ˈuɣoˈβanseɾˈswaɾes]
414:Military College of the Army
127:, the first or paternal
7:
1524:50 años del golpe de Banzer
1280:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
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959:guidelines outlined by the
942:Revolutionary Left Movement
926:Revolutionary Left Movement
557:Banzer rose to power via a
10:
3551:
1494:
1035:Banzer was diagnosed with
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785:(MNR) of former president
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3233:Operation Paperclip (USA)
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2728:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
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2704:
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2519:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
2480:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
2285:Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas
1585:
1581:
922:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
920:closely behind the MNR's
889:Civilian political leader
745:Official photograph, 1971
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16:51st President of Bolivia
3505:Leaders ousted by a coup
3445:Bolivian Roman Catholics
3430:Bolivian anti-communists
3257:Robert Leiber (Holy See)
3208:Colonia Dignidad (Chile)
2752:Party political offices
2647:Offices and distinctions
2545:Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé
2064:José Luis Tejada Sorzano
1046:
996:Hernán Terrazas Céspedes
954:2000 Cochabamba protests
803:Central Obrera Boliviana
704:Dictatorship (1971–1978)
687:Central Obrera Boliviana
452:Order of the Sun of Peru
2801:New political alliance
1423:historicly.substack.com
1078:
1057:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
1055:at a medical clinic in
839:. The Chilean dictator
712:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
2886:Ludolf von Alvensleben
1726:José Miguel de Velasco
1669:José Miguel de Velasco
1643:José Miguel de Velasco
1621:José Miguel de Velasco
999:
746:
657:As plotter (1970–1971)
632:School of the Americas
539:Spanish pronunciation:
419:School of the Americas
416:Armored Cavalry School
3535:Presidents of Bolivia
3267:Stroessner (Paraguay)
2793:Ronald MacLean Abaroa
2454:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
2298:Alfredo Ovando Candía
2259:Alfredo Ovando Candía
2233:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
2207:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
2181:Mamerto Urriolagoitía
2038:Carlos Blanco Galindo
2012:Felipe Segundo Guzmán
1986:José Gutiérrez Guerra
1691:Mariano Enrique Calvo
1603:Antonio José de Sucre
1575:Presidents of Bolivia
1417:Esha (23 July 2020).
993:
963:– a program to fight
952:Further information:
910:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
854:Carter administration
816:, former head of the
789:and the conservative
787:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
744:
604:Santa Cruz Department
511:Years of service
293:Alfredo Ovando Candía
3425:Amateur radio people
3358:Krunoslav Draganović
2896:Hermine Braunsteiner
2735:President of Bolivia
2698:President of Bolivia
2389:Lidia Gueiler Tejada
2129:Gualberto Villarroel
2025:Hernando Siles Reyes
1739:Manuel Isidoro Belzu
1656:Andrés de Santa Cruz
1387:University of London
1346:University of London
1305:University of London
1004:Cochabamba Water War
858:democratic elections
773:associated with the
736:Nixon administration
726:involvement for the
675:Nixon administration
651:Gualberto Villarroel
583:Cochabamba Water War
552:president of Bolivia
167:President of Bolivia
45:improve this article
3151:Other nationalities
2966:Josef Schwammberger
2818:Alliance dissolved
2758:New political party
1164:. 11 January 1971.
969:eradication of coca
661:In 1970, President
3351:Disputed / dubious
3250:list of scientists
3238:list of scientists
3228:Videla (Argentina)
3158:Tscherim Soobzokov
2714:Title next held by
2658:Political offices
2441:Hernán Siles Zuazo
2220:Hernán Siles Zuazo
2103:Carlos Quintanilla
1778:José María de Achá
1765:José María Linares
1389:. pp. 44–45.
1348:. pp. 45–46.
1197:on 18 January 2021
1162:The New York Times
1102:should be spelled
1000:
852:Pressure from the
837:War of the Pacific
747:
535:Hugo Banzer Suárez
334:Hugo Banzer Suárez
3435:Bolivian generals
3392:
3391:
3311:
3310:
3298:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
3223:Perón (Argentina)
3201:State involvement
3173:
3172:
3027:Vjekoslav Vrančić
3007:Vjekoslav Luburić
2997:Andrija Artuković
2921:Walter Kutschmann
2874:German / Austrian
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2790:Succeeded by
2742:Succeeded by
2680:Succeeded by
2639:
2638:
2607:
2606:
2116:Enrique Peñaranda
1999:Bautista Saavedra
1960:Eliodoro Villazón
1934:José Manuel Pando
1791:Mariano Melgarejo
1634:Pedro Blanco Soto
1220:. Huffington Post
775:Videla government
653:Military School.
532:
531:
121:
120:
113:
95:
3542:
3337:Simon Wiesenthal
3262:Banzer (Bolivia)
3182:
3181:
3074:Feodor Fedorenko
2956:Walter Schreiber
2951:Eduard Roschmann
2926:Johann von Leers
2871:
2870:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2807:Patriotic Accord
2725:Preceded by
2710:Government Junta
2691:Juan José Torres
2688:Preceded by
2682:Edgar Ortiz Lema
2663:Preceded by
2655:
2654:
2643:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2602:
2582:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2467:Jaime Paz Zamora
2465:
2452:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2402:Luis García Meza
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2311:Juan José Torres
2309:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2051:Daniel Salamanca
2049:
2036:
2023:
2010:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1921:Severo Fernández
1919:
1908:Mariano Baptista
1906:
1893:
1882:Gregorio Pacheco
1880:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1830:Adolfo Ballivián
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1713:Eusebio Guilarte
1711:
1698:
1689:
1682:Sebastián Ágreda
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1632:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1520:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1302:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1134:. Archived from
1124:
1107:
1089:
965:drug-trafficking
930:Jaime Paz Zamora
903:Luis García Meza
841:Augusto Pinochet
779:Operation Condor
751:Juan José Torres
706:
705:
663:Juan José Torres
563:Juan José Torres
545:
540:
503:
501:
500:
485:
483:
482:
470:Military service
465:
450:
441:
432:
364:
343:
341:
325:Personal details
316:Edgar Ortiz Lema
313:
301:
278:
257:
249:Juan José Torres
245:
233:
224:
210:
198:
188:
177:
156:
142:
141:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3372:
3346:
3327:Beate Klarsfeld
3323:Serge Klarsfeld
3307:
3271:
3196:
3169:
3146:
3142:Herberts Cukurs
3125:
3116:Aleksander Laak
3104:
3083:
3057:
3031:
2980:
2862:
2859:
2829:
2824:
2811:
2795:
2768:
2747:
2738:
2730:
2715:
2712:
2701:
2693:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2580:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2450:
2437:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2376:Alberto Natusch
2372:
2359:
2346:
2333:
2320:
2307:
2294:
2281:
2272:René Barrientos
2268:
2255:
2246:René Barrientos
2242:
2229:
2216:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2168:Enrique Hertzog
2164:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2060:
2047:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1869:Narciso Campero
1865:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1804:Agustín Morales
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1639:
1630:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1577:
1572:
1532:
1518:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1478:. 6 August 1997
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1069:
1063:in Santa Cruz.
1051:Banzer died of
1049:
1010:. In 1999, the
956:
950:
891:
850:
795:Mario Gutiérrez
708:
703:
702:
691:nationalization
659:
639:René Barrientos
600:
538:
498:
496:
480:
478:
445:
436:
417:
415:
405:
375:Political party
366:
362:
345:
339:
337:
336:
335:
311:
299:
291:
289:René Barrientos
279:
274:
255:
243:
231:
225:
220:
208:
196:
184:
178:
173:
147:
140:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Charles Lescat
3290:
3285:
3283:Rodolfo Freude
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3218:Nasser (Egypt)
3215:
3213:Franco (Spain)
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3164:Aarne Kauhanen
3161:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:John Demjanjuk
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Horst Schumann
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Hermann Michel
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Adolf Eichmann
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Franz Abromeit
2877:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2669:
2666:Carlos Serrate
2664:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2578:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2513:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2415:Celso Torrelio
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2363:Wálter Guevara
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2194:Hugo Ballivián
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2142:Néstor Guillén
2136:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1700:José Ballivián
1694:
1685:
1676:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1628:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1521:
1506:
1505:External links
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1463:
1435:
1409:
1395:
1368:
1354:
1327:
1313:
1307:. p. 11.
1283:
1261:
1250:. 5 March 2009
1235:
1208:
1182:
1149:
1138:on 6 June 2007
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1048:
1045:
949:
946:
918:1989 elections
890:
887:
849:
846:
833:white elephant
769:by right-wing
707:
700:
671:anti-communist
658:
655:
599:
596:
587:state of siege
585:, declaring a
530:
529:
526:
525:
520:
516:
515:
512:
508:
507:
494:
493:Branch/service
490:
489:
476:
472:
471:
467:
466:
459:
455:
454:
426:
422:
421:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
397:
394:
390:
389:
386:
382:
381:
376:
372:
371:
365:(aged 75)
359:
355:
354:
333:
331:
327:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
305:Carlos Serrate
302:
296:
295:
286:
282:
281:
271:
270:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
246:
240:
239:
234:
232:Vice President
228:
227:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
189:
186:Vice President
181:
180:
170:
169:
162:
161:
158:
157:
149:
148:
145:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3547:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
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3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3342:Efraim Zuroff
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Eli Rosenbaum
3330:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3303:Otto Skorzeny
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:Other persons
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
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3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:Organizations
3183:
3180:
3176:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Viktors Arājs
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Léon Degrelle
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Milivoj Ašner
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2976:Gustav Wagner
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Erich Priebke
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Josef Mengele
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Alois Brunner
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2745:Jorge Quiroga
2737:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:Jorge Quiroga
2501:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:Guido Vildoso
2423:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:David Padilla
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
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2150:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
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62: –
61:
60:"Hugo Banzer"
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
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40:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
3368:Stille Hilfe
3261:
3160:(Circassian)
3079:Mykola Lebed
3012:Ante Pavelić
3002:Anton Geiser
2971:Franz Stangl
2946:Walter Rauff
2916:Aribert Heim
2891:Klaus Barbie
2817:
2805:
2800:
2762:
2757:
2733:
2716:
2705:
2696:
2671:
2588:2020–present
2571:Jeanine Áñez
2492:
2323:
2090:Germán Busch
1895:Aniceto Arce
1533:(in Spanish)
1529:Página Siete
1527:
1519:(in Spanish)
1480:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:
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1378:
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1337:
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1296:
1274:. Retrieved
1272:. 5 May 2002
1264:
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1222:. Retrieved
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
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1136:the original
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867:Hernán Siles
851:
828:
826:
814:Klaus Barbie
809:
807:
799:
771:death squads
767:assassinated
755:Buenos Aires
748:
738:for Banzer.
709:
660:
636:
601:
572:
567:
556:
534:
533:
406:Luisa Suárez
404:César Banzer
363:(2002-05-05)
312:Succeeded by
275:
256:Succeeded by
236:
221:
209:Succeeded by
174:
136:
132:
125:Spanish name
107:
98:
88:
81:
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67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
3410:2002 deaths
3405:1926 births
3288:Alois Hudal
3121:Karl Linnas
3100:Carl Værnet
3053:René Lagrou
3043:Pierre Daye
3022:Dinko Šakić
3017:Ivo Rojnica
2911:Hans Eisele
2718:Juan Pereda
2558:Evo Morales
2532:Carlos Mesa
2493:Hugo Banzer
2337:Juan Pereda
2324:Hugo Banzer
2155:Tomás Monje
1843:Tomás Frías
1817:Tomás Frías
1636:(1828–1829)
1605:(1825–1828)
1511:Hugo Banzer
1451:www.pbs.org
1132:www.icj.org
1096:orthography
1053:lung cancer
1037:lung cancer
1021:Historic.ly
985:dinosaurios
977:dinosaurios
862:Juan Pereda
728:coup d'état
683:Juan Lechín
575:Juan Pereda
559:coup d'état
344:10 May 1926
300:Preceded by
261:Juan Pereda
244:Preceded by
197:Preceded by
146:Hugo Banzer
3399:Categories
3178:Assistance
2739:1997–2001
2702:1971–1978
2677:1965–1966
2077:David Toro
1482:10 October
1396:1900039605
1355:1900039605
1314:1900039605
1276:10 October
1201:25 October
1142:12 January
1114:References
1012:World Bank
1008:Cochabamba
643:right wing
475:Allegiance
368:Santa Cruz
361:5 May 2002
351:Santa Cruz
347:Concepción
340:1926-05-10
71:newspapers
3166:(Finnish)
3095:Søren Kam
3062:Ukrainian
2867:Fugitives
2584:Luis Arce
2575:2019–2020
2562:2006–2019
2549:2005–2006
2536:2003–2005
2523:2002–2003
2510:2001–2002
2497:1997–2001
2484:1993–1997
2471:1989–1993
2458:1985–1989
2445:1982–1985
2419:1981–1982
2406:1980–1981
2393:1979–1980
2354:1978–1979
2328:1971–1978
2315:1970–1971
2302:1969–1970
2276:1966–1969
2250:1964–1966
2237:1960–1964
2224:1956–1960
2211:1952–1956
2198:1951–1952
2185:1949–1951
2172:1947–1949
2159:1946–1947
2133:1943–1946
2120:1940–1943
2107:1939–1940
2094:1937–1939
2081:1936–1937
2068:1934–1936
2055:1931–1934
2042:1930–1931
2029:1926–1930
2016:1925–1926
2003:1921–1925
1990:1917–1920
1977:1913–1917
1964:1909–1913
1951:1904–1909
1938:1899–1904
1925:1896–1899
1912:1892–1896
1899:1888–1892
1886:1884–1888
1873:1880–1884
1860:1876–1879
1847:1874–1876
1834:1873–1874
1821:1872–1873
1808:1871–1872
1795:1864–1871
1782:1861–1864
1769:1857–1861
1756:1855–1857
1743:1848–1855
1717:1847–1848
1704:1841–1847
1673:1839–1841
1660:1829–1839
1224:11 August
1170:0362-4331
1029:rainwater
829:Banzerato
810:Banzerato
763:kidnapped
759:Argentina
724:Brazilian
624:Fort Hood
612:Argentina
568:Banzerato
514:1952–1978
458:Signature
411:Education
401:Parent(s)
370:, Bolivia
353:, Bolivia
285:President
276:In office
222:In office
175:In office
165:51st
101:June 2010
3377:See also
3192:Ratlines
3109:Estonian
2985:Croatian
2621:Category
1517:(CIDOB)
1402:19 April
1361:19 April
1320:19 April
1248:BBC News
1175:23 April
1067:See also
695:Gulf Oil
618:and the
548:Bolivian
393:Children
123:In this
3316:Hunters
3130:Latvian
3036:Belgian
1540:(video)
1513:at the
1495:Sources
1472:"CIDOB"
1456:25 July
1428:25 July
1093:Spanish
1017:Bechtel
981:pitufos
935:At the
818:Gestapo
679:soviets
667:leftist
645:of the
608:Bolivia
523:General
487:Bolivia
129:surname
85:scholar
3363:ODESSA
3325:&
3088:Danish
2706:Vacant
1693:(1841)
1684:(1841)
1614:(1828)
1596:(1825)
1393:
1352:
1311:
1168:
1104:Bánzer
1100:Banzer
1025:pueblo
897:party
716:La Paz
616:Brazil
502:
484:
425:Awards
385:Spouse
237:Vacant
137:Suárez
133:Banzer
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1476:CIDOB
1383:(PDF)
1342:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1254:4 May
1047:Death
628:Texas
92:JSTOR
78:books
2813:1993
2786:1997
2782:1989
2778:1985
2774:1980
2770:1979
2631:List
2432:1982
2380:1979
2367:1979
2341:1978
2289:1969
2263:1966
2146:1946
1730:1848
1647:1829
1625:1828
1484:2019
1458:2020
1430:2020
1404:2004
1391:ISBN
1363:2004
1350:ISBN
1322:2004
1309:ISBN
1278:2019
1256:2010
1226:2016
1203:2022
1177:2021
1166:ISSN
1144:2022
1079:Note
822:Lyon
765:and
722:and
579:1997
519:Rank
358:Died
330:Born
64:news
1526:at
1091:In
928:'s
895:ADN
820:de
793:of
693:of
131:is
47:by
3401::
2784:,
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