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636:. In addition, Israel was concerned that the dropout rate could result in immigration being banned once again. According to Israeli Immigrant Absorption Minister Yaakov Zur, "over half of Soviet Jewish dropouts who immigrated to the United States assimilated and ceased to live as Jews within a short period of time...it could jeopardize the whole program if Jews supposedly going to Israel all wind up in
624:
passed by US Congress in 1974, along with additional US congressional funding for Soviet Jewish resettlement, and "reports of work and housing difficulties" in Israel due to the 1973 Yom Kippur War, created a situation for this dropout rate to rise, forcing 51,000 Soviet Jews from 1975 - 1980 to
576:, few Soviet Jews emigrated to Israel. Israel's decisive victory changed the opinion of many Soviet Jews towards Israel. After the war, many Soviet Jews began to demand the right to move to Israel. However, given a choice, many Soviet Jews chose to emigrate to the United States.
595:
In 1968, 231 Jews were granted exit visas to Israel, followed by 3,033 in 1969. From that point on, the USSR began granting exit visas in growing numbers. During the late 1960s and the 1970s, some 163,000 Soviet Jews emigrated to Israel; mostly between 1969 and 1973.
632:. Israel argued that it needed highly skilled and well-educated Soviet Jewish immigrants for its survival. In addition to contributing to the country's economic development, Soviet immigration was also seen as a counterweight to the high fertility rate among
659:, while the dropouts were mainly assimilated Jews from the Russian heartland. Overall, between 1970 and 1988, some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas, of whom 165,000 migrated to Israel, and 126,000 migrated to the United States.
540:
in 1970 following the crackdown, international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase emigration quotas. Between 1960 and 1970, only 4,000 people had left the USSR. The number rose to 250,000 in the following decade.
968:
620:. In March 1976, the "dropout rate" rose to over 50%. Most of the Soviet Jews who only wanted to emigrate to Israel out of religious and/or ideological reasons had done so by 1973. However, the
456:
A Type 2 Soviet Exit Visa given to those who received permission to leave the USSR permanently and lost their Soviet citizenship. This visa belonged to 24-year-old Elena Kassel who left via
486:
emigration in 1971. More than 150,000 Soviet Jews immigrated during this period, motivated variously by religious or ideological aspirations, economic opportunities, and a desire to escape
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524:. By the end of the 1960s, Jewish cultural and religious life in the Soviet Union suffered from a strict policy of discrimination. This
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Israel was concerned over the dropout rate, and suggested that Soviet emigres be flown directly to Israel from the Soviet Union or
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644:. How will the Soviets explain to their own people that it's just Jews who are allowed to emigrate to the U.S.?"
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in the USSR. The fee reached as high as twenty times an annual salary. This measure was designed to combat the
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1972. A tearful reunion after 20 years between a brother and sister, who just arrived from Russia, at
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migrate to the US and join the 1.5 million Jews who fled the
Russian Empire prior to World War I.
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persecution denied Jews the ethnic-cultural rights experienced by other Soviet ethnic groups.
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Most Soviet Jews who emigrated to Israel who had stronger Jewish identities came from the
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843:"Toward a Comprehensive Policy Planning for Russian- Speaking Jews in North America"
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612:", the emigres applied for US refugee visas while waiting at transit centers in
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soon revoked the tax, but continued to sporadically impose various limitations.
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774:"Declassified KGB Study Illuminates Early Years of Soviet Jewish Emigration"
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In 1967, the USSR broke diplomatic relations with Israel in the wake of the
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caused by the growing emigration of Soviet Jews and other members of the
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913:"Refugee Resettlement and 'Freedom of Choice': The Case of Soviet Jewry"
865:"Refugee Resettlement and 'Freedom of Choice': The Case of Soviet Jewry"
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Refugee
Resettlement and 'Freedom of Choice': The Case of Soviet Jewry
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929:. 15th World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem. August 2–6, 2009.
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This wave of immigration was followed two decades later by a larger
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Jewish People Policy
Institute of the Jewish Agency for Israel
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Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish
Demographic Transformation
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While many Jews emigrated to Israel, others chose the
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The
Refusenik Project - a free educational resource
560:to the West. Following international protests, the
509:. During this time, popular discrimination against
684:History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union
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888:"Israel Troubled by Soviet Jews' 'Dropout' Rate"
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482:after the Soviet Union lifted its ban on Jewish
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1498:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
792:. Center for Immigration Studies. July 2005.
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1508:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
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733:The Status of the Jews in the Soviet Union
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750:History of Dissident Movement in the USSR
548:" on would-be emigrants who had received
404:Demographic history of Palestine (region)
399:History of the Jews in the Land of Israel
714:Jewish emigration from Communist Romania
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699:USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–87)
544:In 1972, the USSR imposed a so-called "
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886:Montalbano, William D. (2 June 1988).
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764:. Vilnius, 1992 (in Russian)
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258:Hebraization of surnames
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183:from Muslim countries
852:. Special Report: 2.
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709:Refugees as weapons
704:Migration diplomacy
608:instead. Known as "
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343:Mossad LeAliyah Bet
60:Gathering of Israel
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755:2017-02-22 at the
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88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
55:Promised Land
53:
52:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1450:Soviet Union
1363:Avraham Burg
1338:Shimon Peres
1277:Jimmy Carter
1159:Soviet Union
1117:1970s aliyah
1116:
994:1970 – 2000)
921:
915:. July 2005.
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:
881:
869:. Retrieved
858:
849:
836:
811:
807:
797:
769:
748:
744:
736:
727:
646:
627:
603:
594:
571:
543:
535:
515:anti-Semitic
511:Soviet Jewry
504:
492:
465:
463:
414:Yom HaAliyah
338:Youth Aliyah
232:from Romania
209:
1312:Meir Kahane
1257:Iosif Begun
1176:antisemitic
1034:Six-Day War
642:Los Angeles
590:Lod Airport
574:Six-Day War
554:brain drain
546:diploma tax
507:Six-Day War
222:from Poland
215:post-Soviet
1574:Categories
1412:Pro-Jewish
1389:Pro-Soviet
1328:Golda Meir
1067:Ashkenazim
1000:Background
720:References
568:Emigration
536:After the
522:mass media
501:Background
245:Absorption
173:Aliyah Bet
120:Old Yishuv
1559:Channel 9
1542:Aftermath
1237:Ida Nudel
1082:Krymchaks
978:Refusenik
897:7 October
871:9 October
820:0065-8987
484:refusenik
307:Austerity
295:Ma'abarot
828:23605643
814:: 3–57.
753:Archived
663:See also
638:Brooklyn
610:dropouts
600:Dropouts
125:Perushim
70:Negation
65:Diaspora
47:Concepts
24:a series
22:Part of
1029:Zionism
657:Georgia
653:Moldova
630:Romania
614:Austria
562:Kremlin
275:Kibbutz
203:Lebanon
198:Morocco
87:Zionism
1580:Aliyah
1517:Israel
1477:Pamyat
1321:Israel
1229:Jewish
1151:People
1105:Events
1077:Karaim
1007:Causes
826:
818:
655:, and
480:Israel
473:Soviet
468:aliyah
389:Yerida
379:Yishuv
178:Bricha
163:Fourth
148:Second
32:Aliyah
1524:Nativ
1382:Other
846:(PDF)
824:JSTOR
618:Italy
384:Sabra
348:El Al
268:Ulpan
188:Yemen
168:Fifth
158:Third
143:First
899:2012
873:2012
816:ISSN
640:and
616:and
476:Jews
464:The
193:Iraq
760:by
478:to
1576::
992:c.
890:.
848:.
822:.
812:94
810:.
806:.
781:^
735:.
651:,
497:.
490:.
26:on
1174:/
990:(
970:e
963:t
956:v
901:.
875:.
830:.
441:e
434:t
427:v
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