263:
32:
348:
410:
39:
62:
48:
517:, estimated the death toll of the 1970 quake to be 10,000. He did not give a reason why his government had not previously disclosed this knowledge. Government officials from China released a different estimate in 2000, putting the death toll at 15,621. China published the estimate after a memorial service for survivors and relatives was held in
362:, the epicentral region, is one of the more seismically active Chinese provinces. The earliest earthquake recorded there was in the 9th century; however, moderate to strong ones have been observed since the 15th century. Since the 9th century, 32 earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 or greater have occurred in the province. Shallow
448:. It may have killed more than 15,000 people, making it the third deadliest in China during the 20th century, and injured an additional 26,783. The tremor caused between US$ 5 to $ 25 million in damage. A Reuters news report, the only one in the immediate aftermath, mentioned the recording of a "severe" quake by Hong Kong's
524:
Twenty-five years after the earthquake, the largest earthquake-monitoring network nationally was established in Yunnan. It set up earthquake offices in every county to prepare for another large rupture. The 1970 Tonghai earthquake was cited as one of the reasons behind creating the monitoring system.
497:
The details of the earthquake were not widely publicized by
Chinese authorities until about 18 years after its occurrence. In China's first decades of Communist rule, its policy was to not disclose natural disasters or accidents unless foreigners were injured. While the Chinese official press had not
474:
The earthquake was among the first to be studied over a long term by the
Chinese government. More than 40 Chinese seismologists, engineers, and geologists visited the disaster zone to conduct research into the cause and damage of the earthquake; some spending as much as a year collecting soil samples
377:
on which this quake is alleged to have occurred, has lacked seismological activity as a whole. Red River temblors generally rise at high angles, as shown in a 1962 Ministry of
Geology report. Marking in sedimentary rocks indicate that several large earthquakes formed on the fault during the
828:
701:
338:
and condolence letters. Nevertheless, the earthquake was among the first to be studied over a long term by the
Chinese government. It was cited as one of the reasons behind creating the largest earthquake monitoring system in China, 25 years later.
460:
techniques, scientists were able to decide that several events comprised the surface faulting. This further confirmed that the earthquake, along with a later earthquake in Yunnan in 1973, corresponded to a fault within the area.
314:
province, China. At least 10,000 people were killed, making it one of the deadliest in its decade. The tremor caused between US$ 5 and $ 25 million in damage, felt over an area of 8,781 km (3,390 sq mi). In
483:
According to the
Reuters report, the survivors came together to "fight against the disaster". Much of the aid provided to survivors was in "spiritual" form. The Chinese government sent tens of thousands of
521:
on 5 January. A Yuxi
Seismology Bureau official noted that the information had been classified for "political reasons" and the death toll estimate had been known among bureaucrats as early as 1997.
490:
books and badges in his honor to victims as part of the relief effort, and survivors also received 14,350 sympathy letters. However, the amount of aid and finances distributed was described by the
1133:
Chen, Xiaofei; Li, Zhengbo; Zhang, Zhenguo; Zhang, Wenqiang; Yu, Houyun (2020), "Investigation on the
Dynamic Rupture of the 1970 Ms 7.7 Tonghai, Yunnan, China, Earthquake on the Qujiang Fault",
452:
and cited an unconfirmed report that it might have destroyed part of
Kunming. It caused 50 km (31 mi) of visible surface faulting on the Tonghai Fault. There was a maximum horizontal
393:
had occurred on this fault since about 1700, and the fault was believed to be "dead". Since the 1970 Tonghai rupture, it is believed that the Red River fault is instead experiencing a long
475:
and recording other primary research evidence for future study. Such data was collected over a broad area of almost 1,400 towns within the area.
330:, it was not widely publicized by the Chinese government for well over a decade. The amount of aid and finances distributed was described by the
1329:
1212:
872:
1184:
1968:
916:
623:"Rupture complexity of the 1970 Tonghai and 1973 Luhuo earthquakes, China, from P-wave inversion, and relationship to surface faulting"
31:
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801:
369:
Earthquakes in southwestern Yunnan, such as the 1970 Tonghai event, are less frequent than in other parts of the province. The
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2004:
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168:
1946:
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441:, almost 483 km (300 mi) from the epicenter, victims left their homes as the rupture rumbled through the city.
323:, almost 483 km (300 mi) from the epicenter, victims left their homes as the rupture rumbled through the city.
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and the Royal Hong Kong
Observatory both released information soon after the disaster. At the time of the quake,
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1026:"Red River and associated faults, Yunnan Province, China; Quaternary geology, slip rates, and seismic hazard"
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433:-growing region. Effects of the rupture were felt over an area of 8,781 km (3,390 sq mi). In
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2009:
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briefly mentioned a smaller magnitude quake but did not provide information on damage or casualties.
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as "pathetically small". Much of the aid provided to survivors was in "spiritual" form, including
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of 2.5 m (8 ft) and vertical offset of about 0.5 m (1.5 ft). As a result of
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335:
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1112:
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306:, which had not experienced an earthquake above magnitude 7 since 1700, and affected
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374:
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303:
986:
409:
266:
Tonghai
Earthquake Memorial Monument, erected at Fengyi Pavilion of Xiushan Park
618:
307:
1983:
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320:
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The epicenter of the quake was about 121 km (75 mi) southwest of
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On 19 November 1988, nearly 19 years later, Chen Zhangli of the
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311:
829:"China breaks silence on devastation from quake 30 years ago"
434:
426:
414:
389:. Until this quake, no earthquake above magnitude 7.0 on the
316:
702:"China finally talking about devastating earthquake of 1970"
597:
ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900â2009)
563:
518:
1050:
10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<686:RRAAFY>2.0.CO;2
917:"Chinese Disclose That Quake In 1970 Killed About 10,000"
222:
1176:
987:"China's Largest Earthquake Monitoring System in Yunnan"
16:
1970 earthquake in southwest China and northern Vietnam
1295:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
1109:
Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction
283:
1981:
1135:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1132:
627:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1088:Hu, Yu-Xian; Shih Chi Liu; Weimin Dong (1996).
956:"Severe Quake in Yunnan Is Confirmed by Peking"
823:
821:
819:
38:
1300:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
566:28,194,000 to $ 140,968,000 in 2008 US$ . See
417:was 97 km (60 mi) from the epicenter
1323:
1206:
515:another earthquake that had recently occurred
816:
1220:
1107:Zschau, Jochen; Andreas N. KĂźppers (2003).
660:
658:
656:
342:
1969:China International Search and Rescue Team
1330:
1316:
1213:
1199:
1024:; Zhang Buchun; Zhu Chengnan (June 1984).
733:
731:
729:
699:
1106:
1069:Chen, Wai-Fah; Charles Scawthorn (2002).
1016:
995:. HighBeam Research, Inc. 11 October 1995
915:Kristof, Nicholas D. (19 November 1988).
859:
773:
761:
737:
695:
693:
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685:
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425:and 97 km (60 mi) northwest of
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1337:
1068:
883:United States Department of the Interior
802:United States Department of the Interior
792:"Today in Earthquake History: January 4"
786:
784:
782:
749:
653:
494:30 years later as "pathetically small."
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404:
346:
261:
914:
767:
755:
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1982:
1087:
1030:Geological Society of America Bulletin
942:
910:
908:
906:
904:
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612:
610:
582:
366:is a characteristic of Yunnan quakes.
1311:
1194:
967:. Reuters. 9 January 1970. p. 30
779:
700:Kurtenbach, Elaine (8 January 2000).
664:
513:, speaking at a news conference for
1947:China Meteorological Administration
901:
607:
593:
487:Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong
469:
444:The earthquake measured 7.1 on the
326:Occurring during the height of the
13:
1177:International Seismological Centre
1126:
602:International Seismological Centre
14:
2026:
1169:
617:Hui-Lan Zhou; Clarence R. Allen;
498:released a comprehensive report,
1957:China Earthquake Networks Center
284:01:00:41 local time on January 5
60:
46:
37:
30:
1952:China Earthquake Administration
1071:Earthquake Engineering Handbook
1010:
979:
948:
936:
878:United States Geological Survey
865:
853:
797:United States Geological Survey
673:United States Geological Survey
230:
61:
1433:1739 YinchuanâPingluo, Ningxia
885:. 21 July 2003. Archived from
743:
556:
279:
1:
1438:1786 Kangding-Luding, Sichuan
1020:; A. R. Gillespie; Han Yuan;
873:"Magnitude 6.0 YUNNAN, CHINA"
576:
540:List of earthquakes in Yunnan
1624:1976 SongpanâPingwu, Sichuan
1358:1290 Chihli (Inner Mongolia)
668:PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog
545:List of earthquakes in China
464:
47:
7:
2005:January 1970 events in Asia
1679:1996 Baotou, Inner Mongolia
1649:1988 LancangâGengma, Yunnan
750:Chen & Scawthorn (2002)
535:List of earthquakes in 1970
528:
478:
10:
2031:
860:Zchau & KĂźppers (2003)
399:Japan Median Tectonic Line
302:rupture originated on the
213:People's Republic of China
1939:
1918:
1712:
1589:1969 Yangjiang, Guangdong
1476:
1345:
1290:
1234:
834:Saint Louis Post-Dispatch
707:The Philadelphia Inquirer
665:USGS (4 September 2009),
429:; this area was mainly a
250:
229:
217:
209:
199:
162:
154:
138:
130:
115:
102:
89:
78:
26:
1850:2017 Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan
1845:2017 Taxkorgan, Xinjiang
1398:1668 Tangcheng, Shandong
1092:. Taylor & Francis.
562:This would cost roughly
550:
343:Background and tectonics
158:11 km (6.8 mi)
119:5 January 1970
2015:1970 disasters in China
1964:China Geological Survey
1860:2019 Changning, Sichuan
1760:2008 Panzhihua, Sichuan
1609:1975 Haicheng, Liaoning
1499:1918 Shantou, Guangdong
1428:1738 Dangjiang, Qinghai
511:State Seismology Bureau
397:similar to that of the
272:1970 Tonghai earthquake
22:1970 Tonghai earthquake
1865:2020 Kashgar, Xinjiang
1835:2014 Kangding, Sichuan
1820:2014 Yingjiang, Yunnan
1795:2012 Yangzhou, Jiangsu
1755:2008 Yingjiang, Yunnan
1740:2005 Ruichang, Jiangxi
1569:1955 Kangding, Sichuan
1539:1936 Lingshan, Guangxi
1484:1902 Kashgar, Xinjiang
1423:1733 Dongchuan, Yunnan
1090:Earthquake Engineering
647:10.1785/BSSA07306A1585
446:moment magnitude scale
418:
356:
351:Fertile plains around
267:
1995:Earthquakes in Yunnan
1890:2022 Menyuan, Qinghai
1855:2017 Jinghe, Xinjiang
1840:2015 Pishan, Xinjiang
1815:2014 Yutian, Xinjiang
1800:2012 Zhaotong, Yunnan
1735:2003 Zhaosu, Xinjiang
1699:1998 Ninglang, Yunnan
1684:1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang
1664:1995 Menglian, Yunnan
1614:1976 Longling, Yunnan
1604:1974 Zhaotong, Yunnan
1504:1920 Haiyuan, Ningxia
1468:1889 Chilik, Xinjiang
1458:1850 Xichang, Sichuan
1378:1604 Quanzhou, Fujian
1368:1536 Xichang, Sichuan
1363:1303 Hongdong, Shanxi
671:, Version 2008_06.1,
412:
405:Damage and casualties
350:
290:of 7.1 and a maximum
265:
1900:2022 Luding, Sichuan
1885:2021 Luxian, Sichuan
1870:2020 Qiaojia, Yunnan
1805:2013 Lushan, Sichuan
1725:2003 Bachu, Xinjiang
1674:1996 Lijiang, Yunnan
1654:1990 Gonghe, Qinghai
1644:1985 Wuqia, Xinjiang
1619:1976 Tangshan, Hebei
1594:1970 Tonghai, Yunnan
1554:1948 Litang, Sichuan
1524:1931 Fuyun, Xinjiang
1489:1906 Manas, Xinjiang
1453:1833 Kunming, Yunnan
1393:1654 Tianshui, Gansu
1388:1626 Lingqiu, Shanxi
1339:Earthquakes in China
568:Inflation Calculator
492:Beijing Morning Post
364:strike-slip faulting
332:Beijing Morning Post
1895:2022 Ya'an, Sichuan
1880:2021 Maduo, Qinghai
1830:2014 Jinggu, Yunnan
1825:2014 Ludian, Yunnan
1780:2010 Yushu, Qinghai
1765:2008 Damxung, Tibet
1745:2006 Yanjin, Yunnan
1669:1995 Wuding, Yunnan
1639:1985 Luquan, Yunnan
1634:1983 Heze, Shandong
1599:1973 Luhuo, Sichuan
1579:1966 Xingtai, Hebei
1574:1955 Yuzha, Sichuan
1544:1937 Heze, Shandong
1534:1933 Diexi, Sichuan
1509:1923 Renda, Sichuan
1443:1815 Pinglu, Shanxi
1418:1718 Tongwei, Gansu
1408:1695 Linfen, Shanxi
1403:1679 Beijing, Hebei
1225:Earthquakes in 1970
1147:2020BuSSA.110..898Y
1042:1984GSAB...95..686A
774:Allen et al. (1984)
762:Allen et al. (1984)
738:Allen et al. (1984)
639:1983BuSSA..73.1585Z
328:Cultural Revolution
254:10,000â15,621 dead
180: /
85:1970-01-04 17:35:54
23:
1810:2013 Dingxi, Gansu
1659:1994 Taiwan Strait
1629:1981 Dawu, Sichuan
1519:1927 Gulang, Gansu
1494:1913 Eshan, Yunnan
1448:1830 Cixian, Hebei
1185:authoritative data
1155:10.1785/0120190185
1056:on 16 October 2015
992:Xinhua News Agency
964:The New York Times
922:The New York Times
504:Xinhua News Agency
419:
357:
292:Mercalli intensity
268:
21:
2010:Geography of Yuxi
1977:
1976:
1875:2021 Dali, Yunnan
1689:1997 Manyi, Tibet
1514:1925 Dali, Yunnan
1305:
1304:
1118:978-3-540-67962-2
1099:978-0-419-20590-6
1080:978-0-8493-0068-4
633:(6a): 1585â1597.
450:Royal Observatory
355:in Tonghai County
336:Mao Zedong badges
260:
259:
2022:
1990:1970 earthquakes
1559:1950 AssamâTibet
1463:1879 Wudu, Gansu
1332:
1325:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1250:(7.2, March 28)
1215:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1165:
1122:
1103:
1084:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1052:. Archived from
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
983:
977:
976:
974:
972:
960:
952:
946:
943:Hu et al. (1996)
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841:. 8 January 2000
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470:Scientific study
288:moment magnitude
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185:
184:24.19°N 102.54°E
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1935:
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1187:for this event.
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1129:
1127:Further reading
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889:on 12 June 2011
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600:, Version 2.0,
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371:Red River Fault
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304:Red River Fault
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225:5 to 25 million
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1584:1969 Bohai Sea
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1383:1605 Guangdong
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1353:1038 Dingxiang
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1268:(7.6, July 31)
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1259:(7.9, May 31)
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1235:
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1171:
1170:External links
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1141:(2): 898â919,
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804:. 16 July 2008
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391:Richter scale
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33:
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1790:2011 Myanmar
1750:2008 Sichuan
1713:21st century
1593:
1564:1952 Damxung
1529:1932 Changma
1477:20th century
1373:1556 Shaanxi
1297:
1292:
1281:
1278:PeruâEcuador
1260:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1181:bibliography
1138:
1134:
1111:. Springer.
1108:
1089:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:the original
1033:
1029:
1018:Allen, C. R.
1011:Bibliography
997:. Retrieved
990:
981:
969:. Retrieved
962:
950:
938:
926:. Retrieved
920:
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
876:
867:
855:
843:. Retrieved
832:
806:. Retrieved
795:
769:
757:
745:
716:. Retrieved
705:
667:
630:
626:
596:
594:ISC (2015),
558:
523:
508:
496:
491:
485:
482:
473:
443:
420:
413:The city of
368:
358:
331:
325:
295:
271:
269:
240:
218:Total damage
18:
1919:By province
1785:2011 Yunnan
1775:2009 Yunnan
1720:2001 Kunlun
1704:2000 Yunnan
808:16 November
395:seismic gap
380:Pleistocene
300:strike-slip
204:Strike-slip
187: /
93: event
1984:Categories
1730:2003 Dayao
1549:1947 Assam
1346:Historical
1272:New Guinea
999:8 November
971:26 January
928:8 November
893:9 November
845:6 November
718:6 November
577:References
251:Casualties
123:1970-01-05
82: time
1163:213502598
1060:5 January
945:, p. 107.
862:, p. 482.
776:, p. 686.
764:, p. 687.
752:, p. 442.
740:, p. 689.
465:Aftermath
458:inversion
353:Qilu Lake
280:1970ĺš´é澡ĺ°é
233:intensity
163:Epicenter
139:Magnitude
1266:Colombia
839:NewsBank
712:NewsBank
621:(1983).
529:See also
479:Reaction
384:Holocene
221:Between
175:102°32â˛E
134:01:00:41
1926:Sichuan
1239:Tonghai
1183:and/or
1143:Bibcode
1038:Bibcode
635:Bibcode
500:Reuters
431:tobacco
423:Kunming
298:). The
296:Extreme
286:with a
276:Chinese
241:Extreme
239:MMI X (
172:24°11â˛N
121: (
68:Kunming
1931:Yunnan
1257:Ancash
1179:has a
1161:
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1096:
1077:
454:offset
387:epochs
373:, the
360:Yunnan
312:Yunnan
294:of X (
278::
110:ComCat
97:799712
1248:Gediz
1159:S2CID
959:(PDF)
551:Notes
435:Hanoi
427:Gejiu
415:Gejiu
375:fault
317:Hanoi
155:Depth
103:USGS-
1175:The
1113:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1062:2016
1001:2008
973:2009
930:2008
895:2008
847:2008
810:2008
720:2008
564:US$
519:Yuxi
382:and
270:The
231:Max.
200:Type
142:7.1
105:ANSS
54:Yuxi
1151:doi
1139:110
1046:doi
643:doi
223:USD
91:ISC
80:UTC
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