27:
381:(ZSL)). There was no opposition party in Poland since all political groupings had to support the program of the PZPR. As a result, no real opposition candidates were permitted to run in the elections, but in theory the Polish voters could have stripped the communists from their claimed legitimacy by abstaining from voting. Another means of preventing the PZPR from obtaining a political victory would have occurred if all of the PZPR candidates were struck out, leaving only 100 to be elected.
106:
1608:
303:
154:
309:, at the height of his popularity, addresses hundreds of thousand of people in Warsaw on 24 October 1956. He appealed for an end to demonstrations and return to work. "United with the working class and the nation", he concluded, "the Party will lead Poland along a new way of socialism." Gomułka's popularity at that time probably equalled that of
275:, and enjoyed moderate support during the first few years after the election in the "little stabilization" period of 1957–1963. However, by the mid-1960s it faced opposition from the competing factions in the PZPR itself. Coupled with growing popular opposition to Communist rule, Gomułka would be removed from power in the aftermath of the
626:
than in 1952, ZSL gained 28, and SD, 14. However, as the other parties and "independents" were in fact subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was, in fact, total. The representational pattern in the Sejm would be nearly stable for the next 30 years, following a slight swing from the independents to PZPR in 1961.
629:
According to official data, turnout was 94.14%, which are considered to be somewhat suspect considering heavy snowfalls and unfavorable weather conditions prevailing in Poland at the time, and 98.4% of votes were cast for official candidates. Approximately 10.6% of the voters disobeyed the calls for
384:
Despite the lack of genuine opposition, the liberalized election format allowed for various power struggles to be played out, primarily between the communist party candidates. A particularly notable case was the rivalry between certain candidates from the main communist party (PZPR) and one of the
349:
The candidates were divided into two groups - one officially supported by the party and the 'independents' (broadly following the communist party line but not declared members of the party). The latter would be only considered if over half of the registered voters in the district voted against the
625:
Overall, the FJN alliance gained 8 seats compared to its 1952 results, but the independents nearly doubled their presence, from 37 to 63 (this is explained as the Sejm of 1957 had 459 seats, an increase of 34 from the 1952, which had only 425 seats). PZPR was the biggest loser, with 34 seats less
680:
Despite Gomułka's hopes, the elections, while victorious for him, did not mean the end of opposition to the communist rule. For a while, support for the Gomułka-led communist party ran high. Reflecting this, the period 1957-1963 is known as "little stabilization". While his regime was much more
741:
in March and May that year. As his article was published in May 1958, his results thus cannot include the results of by-elections from
October 1958. Michalski, Bardach and Ajnenkiel (1989) mention that two more by-elections occurred at that time, and Davies (2005) gives the results presumably
353:
Over 60,000 candidates were registered for the 459 seats in the Sejm. The government was not prepared to release its hold on power, so the candidates were screened and only 720 or 723 out of 60,000 were finally allowed to participate and be published on the official list by the
714:
Staar (1958), Davies (2005) and majority of other sources report there were 459 seats. Diskin (2001:113) notes that in
January 1957 there were 458 representatives. This illustrates the fact that one seat that did not get filled until the by-election held on 17 March 1957 at
1559:
388:
A day before the elections, Gomułka appealed to Polish citizens not to vote against the Party's candidates, asserting that 'crossing them out would equal crossing Poland off the map of Europe' and would bring upon Poland
329:
was that of free elections. He knew that this was a promise that he could not keep without seeing his party defeated. In the
January 1957 elections the new 'democratic' aspect was the reintroduction of the
270:
While the elections were a clear victory for Gomułka, they did not guarantee lasting changes in the Polish society. Gomułka's rule was somewhat more humane than that of his predecessor, hardline
Stalinist
2209:
618:) and a few independents. PZPR 237 seats gave it 51.7% of total, ZSL with 120 (118 after by-elections) had 26.1%, the independents with 63 had 14% (non-party faction, 51, and Catholics from the
2382:
2169:
1908:
1898:
1843:
664:
on 5 May 1957 to replace the incumbent who died on
February 5. Those by-elections were won by the PZPR and the ZSL respectively. Two more by-elections took place on October 19, 1958, in
822:
366:), the only organization allowed to put forth candidates in Polish elections. Factors such as the number of signatures in support of a candidate were deemed to be irrelevant.
263:. However, as in all Communist countries, there was no opportunity to elect any true opposition members to the Sejm. The elections resulted in a predictable victory for the
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the number of candidates equaled the number of seats in the Sejm. Another liberalizing factor was that unlike in previous elections, intimidation by the
1574:
325:, they were delayed until early 1957. Among the various promises made by First Secretary Gomułka, during the Polish October peaceful revolution, to the
693:, would eventually cause him to lose support with the PZPR party; suffering from nervous exhaustion, Gomułka would be forced to resign and replaced by
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The elections were originally planned for
December 1956 but due to significant political changes in the government, resulting from Gomułka's
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2041:
2036:
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2026:
2021:
2329:
2584:
2117:
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819:
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liberal than the one he succeeded, this gave rise to an opposition within the PZPR party, as some communist politicians, like
General
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official candidates; otherwise all seats from the district (on average between 3 and 6) would be awarded to the official candidates.
2229:
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dispatch, about half of the candidates (approx. 360) were PZPR members. A majority of the remainder belonged to PZPR allies (
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newspaper on
January 27, 1957, and cites results of the February and March by-elections that year, as reported by
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2299:
603:
444:
202:
185:
660:
were held after the main election. The first took place on 17 March 1957 at Nowy Sącz. The second took place at
2377:
1589:
401:
to urge voters to go to the polls and declare a vote of confidence in the government. Supporting him, Cardinal
228:
220:
397:, which noted that Gomułka's argument while "cruel", is likely "entirely correct." Gomułka also persuaded the
2528:
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232:
343:
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2538:
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390:
276:
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2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
924:
260:
946:
2259:
2344:
1055:
The origins of democratization in Poland: workers, intellectuals, and oppositional politics, 1976-1980
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1582:
611:
480:
374:
2419:
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306:
236:
118:
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192:
174:
334:, and more importantly, there were more candidates than available seats in the parliament; in the
2397:
437:
355:
264:
130:
1287:
Jerzy
Michalski; Juliusz Bardach; Andrzej Ajnenkiel; Janina Zakrzewska; Tadeusz Mołdawa (1989).
1286:
1151:
1111:
1060:
326:
2089:
2084:
2069:
1256:
Ludzie władzy, 1944-1991: władze państwowe i polityczne Polski według stanu na dzień 28 II 1991
685:, saw Gomułka as "too soft." Meanwhile, dissension with the communist rule would grow, and the
370:
244:
1458:
1424:
1390:
1356:
1322:
1220:
1183:
1018:
829:, Białoruskie Zeszyty Historycznye Nr 6, pod red. E. Mironowicza, Białystok 1996, str. 130-165
783:
393:. The fear of a possible Soviet intervention, in case of Gomułka's loss, was also repeated by
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8:
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2013:
1625:
1612:
622:, 12) and SD with 39 had 8.5%. The FJN alliance was victorious, with 80.8% of the seats.
2449:
2244:
999:, Kampania wyborcza i wybory do Sejmu 20 stycznia 1957 roku, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2000,
996:
719:. A few sources incorrectly report that there were 458 seats available in the election.
642:
402:
2543:
2429:
1144:
1104:
1053:
619:
2290:
1542:, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 403–424,
272:
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957:
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742:
corrected for by-elections results, indicating that two seats from ZSL went to PZPR.
394:
243:. Although conducted in a more liberal atmosphere than previous elections, they were
650:
2474:
2469:
2269:
314:
971:
2339:
2274:
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2239:
1288:
1254:
1020:
Broadcasting
Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
978:
953:
931:
826:
398:
359:
885:, Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No. 2 (May, 1958), pp. 200-218,
2511:
2349:
638:
322:
240:
2573:
2408:
2304:
2285:
758:
694:
339:
331:
2424:
733:
646:
607:
716:
665:
631:
657:
653:. Only 12% of the new deputies were members of the previous, 1952, Sejm.
1185:
The spring will be ours: Poland and the Poles from occupation to freedom
669:
886:
224:
1543:
1533:
634:) remained unfilled due to no candidate achieving absolute majority.
2177:
661:
105:
610:) seats out of 459 while the remainder went its satellite parties (
1540:
Sejm Elections in Communist Poland: An Overview and a Reappraisal
302:
1607:
1532:
Soviet Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr., 1990), pp. 295–315,
216:
1422:
1388:
1354:
1218:
405:
officially declared his support for the 'no crossing' policy.
781:
235:. It took place during the liberalization period, following
1181:
72:
1460:
God's Playground, a History of Poland: 1795 to the present
1324:
The seeds of triumph: church and state in Gomułka's Poland
820:
Białorusini w wyborach do Sejmu PRL II kadencji 1957 roku
346:) and the government against the opposition was limited.
219:
on 20 January 1957. They were the second election to the
1348:
1214:
1212:
637:
The new Sejm had its first session on 20 February. Its
2549:
1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum
672:. In those by-elections, ZSL lost the seats to PZPR.
1416:
1382:
1280:
1209:
1050:
1327:. Central European University Press. p. 167.
1175:
1143:
1103:
1052:
317:'s in 1980; but disillusionment would soon follow.
1490:
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2220:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland
1569:List of members of Polish Sejm from 1957 to 1961
1361:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–366.
788:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 295–296.
630:"no crossing", but in the end only one seat (in
259:against the government and the ruling Communist
169:
2137:Elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1252:
1016:
782:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (17 July 2006).
1293:. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 288.
286:The previous elections in Poland were held in
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1097:
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1023:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 121.
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731:Staar (1958) reports results as cited by the
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1135:
1044:
992:
990:
1429:. Cambridge University Press. p. 385.
1395:. Cambridge University Press. p. 367.
1246:
1225:. Cambridge University Press. p. 365.
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2156:
1597:
1583:
1560:„Październikowe” wybory do Sejmu 1957 roku
1494:Poles apart: Solidarity and the new Poland
1484:
1463:. Columbia University Press. p. 591.
1450:
1314:
1084:
2590:Elections in the Polish People's Republic
1423:Roy Francis Leslie; R. F. Leslie (1983).
1389:Roy Francis Leslie; R. F. Leslie (1983).
1355:Roy Francis Leslie; R. F. Leslie (1983).
1219:Roy Francis Leslie; R. F. Leslie (1983).
987:
2330:Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia
2230:Provisional Government of National Unity
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1290:Historia sejmu polskiego: Polska Ludowa
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231:, and the third ever in the history of
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1182:Andrzej Paczkowski; Jane Cave (2003).
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1150:. Columbia University Press. p.
1146:God's Playground: 1795 to the present
1110:. Columbia University Press. p.
1106:God's Playground: 1795 to the present
1059:. Columbia University Press. p.
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569:
556:
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215:Parliamentary elections were held in
1528:Jerzy Drygalski, Jacek Kwasniewski,
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763:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
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371:an official government press agency
255:having a small chance to express a
13:
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247:. Voters had the option of voting
19:1957 Polish parliamentary election
14:
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2585:Parliamentary elections in Poland
2485:1981 Polish hunger demonstrations
2465:Independent Students' Association
2383:Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation
2320:Mokotów Prison executions of 1951
1549:
1188:. Penn State Press. p. 229.
752:
2373:1957 Polish legislative election
2255:1947 Polish legislative election
1606:
1497:. Psychology Press. p. 12.
1426:The History of Poland since 1863
1392:The History of Poland since 1863
1358:The History of Poland since 1863
1222:The History of Poland since 1863
385:lesser communist parties (ZSL).
153:
152:
104:
25:
2460:Solidarity (Polish trade union)
2250:1946 Polish people's referendum
925:Wybory styczniowe do Sejmu 1957
2378:Millennium of the Polish State
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709:
1:
2595:January 1957 events in Europe
2480:1981 warning strike in Poland
1538:George Sakwa, Martin Crouch,
934:Last accessed on 5 April 2007
883:Elections in Communist Poland
745:
297:
290:. These were followed by the
2559:Polish Round Table Agreement
2539:Federation of Fighting Youth
2388:1968 Polish political crisis
2300:Polish United Workers' Party
1051:Michael H. Bernhard (1993).
1017:Arch Puddington (May 2003).
691:1968 Polish political crisis
675:
604:Polish United Workers' Party
445:Polish United Workers' Party
7:
2315:Socialist realism in Poland
785:A concise history of Poland
761:& Philip Stöver (2010)
596:Source: Nohlen & Stöver
261:Polish United Workers Party
229:People's Republic of Poland
10:
2616:
2500:autocratic rule and demise
2435:Workers' Defence Committee
2260:Small Constitution of 1947
1491:Jacqueline Hayden (1994).
1142:Norman Davies (May 2005).
1102:Norman Davies (May 2005).
606:(PZPR) won 237 (239 after
408:
364:Front Jedności Narodu, FJN
327:restless Polish population
251:some official candidates;
47:January 20, 1957
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2600:1957 elections in Poland
2580:1957 elections in Europe
2455:Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes
2183:Polish People's Republic
1253:Tadeusz Mołdawa (1991).
700:
2398:Polish protests of 1970
2345:Poznań protests of 1956
2100:Silesian Sejm elections
1681:Parliamentary elections
438:Front of National Unity
356:Front of National Unity
265:Front of National Unity
1626:Presidential elections
1457:Norman Davies (1982).
923:Bartłomiej Kozłowski,
363:
318:
2524:Pacification of Wujek
2507:Martial law in Poland
2413:international opening
2393:Kniefall von Warschau
2335:Trial of the Generals
2200:Recovered Territories
1321:Hanna Diskin (2001).
972:Front Jedności Narodu
947:Front Jedności Narodu
616:United People's Party
466:United People's Party
379:United People's Party
344:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
305:
277:1968 political crisis
257:vote of no confidence
71:All 459 seats in the
2235:Trial of the Sixteen
2210:Expulsion of Germans
1530:No-Choice Elections,
687:Polish 1970 protests
281:Polish 1970 protests
2554:1988 Polish strikes
2534:Fighting Solidarity
2529:1982 demonstrations
2445:1980 Lublin strikes
2366:autarchic communism
1571:on Polish Knowledge
1259:. PWN. p. 57.
414:
391:the fate of Hungary
20:
2544:Orange Alternative
2430:June 1976 protests
2014:European elections
977:2011-06-07 at the
952:2016-03-04 at the
930:2009-01-03 at the
881:Richard F. Staar,
825:2011-07-28 at the
818:Sławomir Iwaniuk,
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323:ascension to power
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241:ascension to power
199:Józef Cyrankiewicz
182:Józef Cyrankiewicz
18:
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2440:Flying University
2420:1971 Łódź strikes
2325:1952 Constitution
2215:Operation Vistula
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1504:978-0-7146-4589-6
1470:978-0-231-05353-2
1436:978-0-521-27501-9
1402:978-0-521-27501-9
1368:978-0-521-27501-9
1334:978-963-9241-16-9
1300:978-83-01-08532-2
1266:978-83-01-10386-6
1232:978-0-521-27501-9
1195:978-0-271-02308-3
1161:978-0-231-12819-3
1121:978-0-231-12819-3
1070:978-0-231-08093-4
1030:978-0-8131-9045-7
958:WIEM Encyklopedia
795:978-0-521-61857-1
689:, soon after the
683:Mieczysław Moczar
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418:Party or alliance
395:Radio Free Europe
307:Władysław Gomułka
237:Władysław Gomułka
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612:Democratic Party
481:Democratic Party
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403:Stefan Wyszyński
375:Democratic Party
233:Communist Poland
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2240:Cursed soldiers
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1836:Local elections
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506:Blank ballots
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369:According to
367:
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357:
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341:
340:secret police
337:
333:
332:secret ballot
328:
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316:
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245:far from free
242:
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74:
68:
61: →
60:
57:
55:
45:
43:
40:←
39:
38:
34:
22:
16:
2425:Letter of 59
1823:
1728:
1668:
1539:
1529:
1508:. Retrieved
1493:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1459:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1425:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1391:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1357:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1323:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1289:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1255:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1221:
1199:. Retrieved
1184:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1145:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1105:
1074:. Retrieved
1054:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1019:
1012:
964:
939:
882:
811:
799:. Retrieved
784:
777:
762:
754:
739:Radio Warsaw
734:Trybuna Ludu
732:
727:
722:
721:
710:
705:
704:
679:
658:by-elections
655:
647:Sejm marshal
636:
628:
624:
608:by-elections
601:
495:Independents
387:
383:
368:
352:
348:
320:
285:
269:
252:
248:
214:
197:
191:
180:
173:
94:First party
46:
15:
2052:Referendums
1617:referendums
1566:(in Polish)
1558:Godziemba.
1556:(in Polish)
969:(in Polish)
944:(in Polish)
921:(in Polish)
816:(in Polish)
570:Total votes
544:Valid votes
315:Lech Wałęsa
2574:Categories
2496:Jaruzelski
2135:See also:
2118:1930 (Nov)
2113:1930 (May)
746:References
586:17,944,081
573:16,892,213
547:16,833,316
526:16,833,316
449:16,563,314
298:Background
225:parliament
131:FJN - PZPR
51:1957-01-20
1619:in Poland
1613:Elections
717:Nowy Sącz
676:Aftermath
666:Myślenice
632:Nowy Sącz
2494:1981–89
2407:1970–81
2360:1956–70
2284:1948–56
2190:1945–48
975:Archived
950:Archived
928:Archived
823:Archived
765:, p1491
670:Oleśnica
279:and the
253:de facto
2362:Gomułka
2293:'s rule
2181:of the
2179:History
1909:1938–39
1899:1933–34
1844:1916–17
1562:. Polis
1007:(blurb)
509:270,002
409:Results
249:against
227:of the
193:Premier
175:Premier
115:Leader
101:
91:
79:Turnout
49: (
2409:Gierek
2352:(1956)
2291:Bierut
2289:under
1510:26 May
1501:
1476:26 May
1467:
1442:26 May
1433:
1408:26 May
1399:
1374:26 May
1365:
1340:26 May
1331:
1306:3 June
1297:
1272:3 June
1263:
1238:3 June
1229:
1201:3 June
1192:
1167:3 June
1158:
1127:3 June
1118:
1076:26 May
1067:
1036:26 May
1027:
1003:
801:2 June
792:
769:
662:Wieluń
645:; its
576:100.00
560:58,897
529:100.00
377:(SD),
360:Polish
217:Poland
127:Party
82:94.14%
1544:JSTOR
1534:JSTOR
887:JSTOR
701:Notes
589:94.14
550:99.65
523:Total
452:98.40
427:Seats
421:Votes
2123:1935
2108:1922
2090:2023
2085:2015
2080:2003
2075:1997
2070:1996
2065:1987
2060:1946
2042:2024
2037:2019
2032:2014
2027:2009
2022:2004
2004:2024
1999:2018
1994:2014
1989:2010
1984:2006
1979:2002
1974:1998
1969:1994
1964:1990
1959:1988
1954:1984
1949:1980
1944:1976
1939:1973
1934:1969
1929:1965
1924:1961
1919:1958
1914:1954
1904:1936
1894:1929
1889:1927
1884:1926
1879:1925
1874:1924
1869:1923
1864:1922
1859:1921
1854:1920
1849:1919
1825:Next
1819:2023
1814:2019
1809:2015
1804:2011
1799:2007
1794:2005
1789:2001
1784:1997
1779:1993
1774:1991
1769:1989
1764:1985
1759:1980
1754:1976
1749:1972
1744:1969
1739:1965
1734:1961
1729:1957
1724:1952
1719:1947
1714:1938
1709:1935
1704:1930
1699:1928
1694:1922
1689:1919
1670:2025
1664:2020
1659:2015
1654:2010
1649:2005
1644:2000
1639:1995
1634:1990
1615:and
1512:2011
1499:ISBN
1478:2011
1465:ISBN
1444:2011
1431:ISBN
1410:2011
1397:ISBN
1376:2011
1363:ISBN
1342:2011
1329:ISBN
1308:2011
1295:ISBN
1274:2011
1261:ISBN
1240:2011
1227:ISBN
1203:2011
1190:ISBN
1169:2011
1156:ISBN
1129:2011
1116:ISBN
1078:2011
1065:ISBN
1038:2011
1025:ISBN
1001:ISBN
803:2011
790:ISBN
767:ISBN
668:and
656:Two
649:was
614:and
602:The
563:0.35
512:1.60
288:1952
221:Sejm
203:PZPR
186:PZPR
142:459
73:Sejm
59:1961
42:1952
2411:'s
1152:409
1112:459
1061:220
981:in
956:in
535:+34
532:459
501:+26
488:+14
473:+28
470:118
458:–34
455:239
430:+/–
239:'s
157:34
2576::
2498:'s
2364:'s
1211:^
1154:.
1114:.
1086:^
1063:.
989:^
893:^
834:^
723:b.
706:a.
697:.
498:63
485:39
362::
294:.
283:.
2171:e
2164:t
2157:v
1598:e
1591:t
1584:v
1514:.
1480:.
1446:.
1412:.
1378:.
1344:.
1310:.
1276:.
1242:.
1205:.
1171:.
1131:.
1080:.
1040:.
805:.
518:–
515:–
424:%
358:(
342:(
53:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
