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authorities had announced, and which it had put an end to after the riots. The
British had also at the same time announced a new disarmament policy directed at armed pastoralists. In response, Sheikh Bashir organized a group of some hundred armed tribesmen and dared the British authorities to enforce the policy, which resulted in him being arrested at the end of 1939 and sentenced to a minor term of imprisonment. After his release he returned to his tariqa in Beer, where he continued to preach and encourage his followers to resist all policies of the British authorities. He continued to resist the British authorities through preaching until 1945, when he decided to take arms.
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40:
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exposed the
British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of
121:
951:, Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard. A party of 30 police were immediately mobilized and tasked with perusing the group. Sheikh Bashir and his followers subsequently escaped to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao and north of Aynaba, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack.
1004:
Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Elmi, nicknamed
Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading the British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured.
1062:), he describes the aftermath of Sheikh Bashir's death and the British mistreatment of his body, and called on the people to continue the rebellion, and to avenge Sheikh Bashir and his followers as well as warning them of British settlers taking over the land, something which the British authorities denied and which led to his arrest for attempting to re-ignite the rebellion. In the poem, he said:
947:, where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of
1020:
Despite the death of Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, the
British authorities were not finished with the rebels and continued its counter-insurgency campaign. The authorities had quickly learned the names and identities of all the followers of Sheikh Bashir and tried to convince the locals to
1003:
troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The
British authorities mobilized a police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of
978:
and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of
Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized a substantial number of people in Erigavo armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending
855:
Sheikh Bashir had been arrested multiple times before the revolt itself had occurred for challenging the authority of the
British protectorate. He reached prominence in 1939 when he played a prominent role in a riot in Burao that happened that year as a result of a new educational policy the British
954:
The
British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news traveled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had
852:
anti-imperialism, stressing the evil of colonial rule and the bringing of radical change through war. His ideology was shaped by a millennial bent, which according to
Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm is the "hope of a complete and radical change in the world shorn of all its present deficiencies".
851:
the Sayyid had a significant influence on Sheikh Bashir through listening to his poetry and conversations, an influence that impelled him to a "war with the
British". After studying in the markaz in Beer he opened a Sufi tariqa (order) sometime in the 1930s, where he preached his ideology of
408:
Yet another example of the distrust of the Europeans is when massive riots throughout the entire protectorate had taken place in 1945 in response to the British authorities putting poison bait in grazing lands as part of an anti-locust campaign aimed at combatting locust swarms. The violent
859:
One day, according to a well known story, he challenged sheikhs who were fulminating against the British to actually do something about it. The exchange between Sheikh Bashir and the sheikhs was passed over into history in a poem composed by Yasin Ahmed Haji Nur in January 1980,
362:
mutiny in response to the British authorities attempting to send the camel corps abroad to serve in other British colonies. During that time several organizations were formed that articulated and promoted Somali nationalism, such as the Somali Islamic Association led by
1033:, off the coast of Zeila in northwestern Somaliland. Despite the death of Sheikh Bashir and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of
1029:, the clan that Sheikh Bashir belonged to. The British authorities made the return of the livestock dependent on the turning over and arrest of the escaped rebels. The remaining rebels were subsequently found and arrested, and transported to the
3601:
1045:
Sheikh Bashir appears as a significant figure in Somali popular culture, this is seen in references to his life and struggle in Somali poetry, with many poems describing his rebellion and calling on local Somalis to avenge him. In
843:
and studied there in succession to his father. This Markaz was first established by Sheikh Bashir's grandfather Sheikh Hassan Fiqi Abdi as an educational centre where the Quran, hadith and other Islamic sciences were taught.
1007:
After his death, Sheikh Bashir was widely hailed by locals as a martyr and was held in great reverence. His family took quick action to remove his body from the place of his death at Geela-eeg mountain, about 20 miles from
337:
protectorate during the 1920s until the rebellion was tense. Several other revolts had taken place both in urban and rural areas in the protectorate during the time period between the rebellion and the defeat of the
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Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic
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refused to sell a house to a French agent in the town, and claimed that he preferred a significant loss over the presence of dangerous friends.
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reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town.
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H.E. The Governor Opens 13th Session of Protectorate Advisory Council, Comprehensive Address Followed by Week of Important Discussion (1953).
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1601:
17:
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3626:
2731:
1361:. Anti-colonial poets that arose after his rebellion played a crucial role in the anti-colonial nationalist movement, as famous poet
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3435:
Jama Mohamed, 'The Evils of Locust Bait': Popular Nationalism During the 1945 Anti-Locust Control Rebellion in Colonial Somaliland,
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and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout the district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary.
2308:
1977:
1733:
1687:
1571:
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3173:"'The Evils of Locust Bait': Popular Nationalism during the 1945 Anti-Locust Control Rebellion in Colonial Somaliland"
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1967:
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A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa
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Rodd, Francis James Rennell Rodd Baron Rennell of; Rennell, Francis James Rennell Rodd Baron (1948).
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2115:
2074:
1999:
1994:
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Somalis feared European conquest of their land as early as the early 19th century, when in 1825 the
2787:
2736:
2441:
2145:
821:
724:
343:
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Sheekh Caamir, Prof. Yaxye (11 January 2018). "Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf".
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demonstrations spread to different parts of the vast protectorate, from Zeila in the far west to
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1938:
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359:
401:. Another example of the Somali distrust of Europeans is when, in 1855, the governor of Zeila
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British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa During the Years 1941-1947
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British Military Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa During the Years 1941–1947
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1982:
1945:
1918:
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sacked a British merchant ship that had attempted to dock in the important trading port of
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8:
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1025:, under which the authorities seized and impounded a total of 6,000 camels owned by the
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3200:
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2376:
2177:
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2019:
1908:
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1518:
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809:
626:
334:
296:
218:
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159:
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74:
1226:—Aden Ahmed "Af-Qallooc", "Sheekh Bashiir" in Suugaanta: Dugsiga Sare: Fasalka Labaad
389:
in 1827 in response, as well as Somalis attacking British explorers on expeditions in
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clan. Sheikh Bashir was cultivated at the Markaz (Centre) located in the village of
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Adan Ahmed Af-Qallooc also composed another poem in Sheikh Bashir's honour, titled
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125:
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3656:"Somali Youth Leaders Initiative, Quarterly Progress Report, Quarter 2, FY 2013"
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2436:
2356:
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2200:
1816:
1806:
1786:
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Sheikh Bashir's rebellion can also be credited for contributing to the rise of
1034:
948:
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718:
554:
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410:
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clan who refused attempts by the British authorities to tax them, and the 1944
312:
146:
141:
3655:
3701:
3291:
Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayid Mahammad 'Abdille Hasan
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This ugly blanket (upon which we sit) is better than the best Persian carpet
3336:
2952:
2657:
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1761:
1709:
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1376:, both called the Sheikh Bashir Secondary School, are named in his honour.
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religious leader. This rebellion occurred two months after the end of the
1854:
1791:
1390:
3351:
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3150:
Constructing colonial hegemony in the Somaliland protectorate, 1941-1960
1213:
The place were you pasture Daawad (she-camel), the infidels will settle,
926:—Yasin Ahmed Haji Nur, "Muruq Baa Dagaal Gala" (Muscle Parrakes in War)
299:
colony and protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by
39:
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It wants you to go through that and appear somewhere on the other side
939:
On 2 July, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of
2605:
2573:
2336:
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1766:
1692:
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848:
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1869:
1859:
1844:
1821:
1751:
1680:
1400:
1369:
1358:
940:
315:, may have been the reasons for the rebellion in the first place.
3548:
Annual Colonial Office Report on the Somaliland Protectorate, 1948
1161:
Worst the people whom he hated and the infidels, came to watch him
101:
Anti-colonialist and nationalist sentiment increases in Somaliland
3219:
The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884–1986
1849:
1431:
1362:
1127:
975:
974:
Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of
956:
596:
522:
394:
382:
304:
292:
3246:
Ibrahim, Dr. (20 February 2017). "Halgankii Laba Xaaji Faarax".
1353:, two famous styles of music and poetry practiced in modern-day
2667:
2662:
1781:
1746:
1350:
1131:
1111:
963:
812:. Taleh was known as the Dervish capital and is located in the
600:
244:
1190:
The houses of Bunjab and the gold that they contained has been
2652:
2346:
1801:
1741:
1665:
1373:
1346:
1219:
The few who survive that, will then know what I want (today)
1121:
1105:
1021:
turn them in. When they refused, the authorities invoked the
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996:
944:
840:
832:
805:
592:
390:
378:
311:, and post-war conditions, and the impending collapse of the
288:
3318:
Politics, language, and thought : the Somali experience
3231:
Aw Cali, Barkhad (19 February 2018). "Xaaji Faarax Oomaar".
1188:
What the English always wanted, the people of India refused.
2763:
1950:
1776:
1771:
864:(Muscle Partakes in War), where he describes the incident:
368:
1300:
And it never recognizes the man that was not hurt for it
2382:
Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland
1050:(The Corpse of Bashir), a poem composed by the famous
3221:, Madison: 1989, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 31
1307:
The desire and struggle are for posterity to remember
1203:
And the French are leaving Syria that they conquered.
1070:
Duhur baa Bashiir lagu shanaqay, daar agtiina ah ehe,
1251:
Sallax dakhar leh, Meyd soobiriyo, seedo waran gooya
1087:
Oo aanyay deero deero u hirdiyin, dadab galkoodiiye.
1085:
Dar kaloo ciyaar lagu dilay iyo, dawgal baa jirey e,
743:
Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence
3519:
British Military Administration in Africa 1941-1947
3439:, Volume 174, Issue 1, February 2002, Pages 201–202
1271:
Saxarba waa dilaa niman wakhtiga, sed ugu laabnayne
1184:
They refused him rights over his family and wealth.
1080:
Meydkii oo Daahir ahayn, markii debedda loo tuuray,
943:and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of
3677:"Competition Encourages Youth to Showcase Talents"
3613:
3611:
1209:They will bring here (Somaliland) those thrown out
1118:Damaashaadku waa Maxamed Cali, loo dabaal degay e.
1074:Isaga oo dem iyo dhiig leh, oo maro ku duu-duuban,
3471:"Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf"
1186:The unjust man (British) are punishing everybody.
1151:Sheikh Bashir was hanged in day-light, at a house
3699:
3370:The Prophet's Camel Bell: A Memoir of Somaliland
2422:List of colonial governors of British Somaliland
1267:Siyaadiyo Nuqsaan laguma daro, suu Ilaah yidhiye
1136:Dekedaha maraakiib shixnadan, baa ka soo degeye,
3608:
1284:Waa Sarac ku baxa dhiig ragoo, lagu Sadqeeyaaye
1282:gobonimo sun baa kaa xigtoo, laysma siin karo'e
1278:Safka ninka ka baqa ee warmaha sugi aqoon waaya
1262:Sawaarikhda waxa nooga dhigan, Suurtal Ikhlaase
1258:Iyo libintu waxay saaran tahay, suluf coladeede
1228:(Mogadisho: Madbacada Qaranka, n.d.), pp.49-50
1144:Durgufkiina soo hadhay, waxaan doonayuu garane
1089:Ma duugoobin Qaybdiid, lafuhu waana duhanayaane
1078:Dadkii uu nebcaa iyo kufirga, daawashou yimide,
847:According to the Somali historian and novelist
1287:Sarakaca, Kufrigu wa Sasabo, suu na leeyahaye
1275:Geerida u siman Sharafna, way kala Sarreeyaane
1264:Naftuna saacad bay leedahoon, abid la seegayne
1260:Salliga iyo Allahu Akbartay, siri ka buuxadaye
1249:Samaan laguma doonee xornimo, wa sange u fuule
1215:A man on a car and an airplane, will force you
1140:Halka daawad xeradeedu tahay, gaaladaa degiye,
1138:Daadxoorta oo idil, halkanaa lala damcaayaaye,
1076:Dacsad iyo ahaaniyo cag baa, loogu sii daraye.
3501:
2289:
1416:
1323:The chain and iron were not moulded for women
1253:Soofkoo la kala qaado, iyo siigo kor u duusha
1142:Nin daymud iyo gaadhi laa, beer idiin dirane,
1099:Loo diid dadkii uu dhaliyo, duunyaduu dhaqaye
1072:Dahriga iyo laabtay rasaas, kaga daloosheene,
785:
3534:Dictionary of African Biography, Volumes 1-6
3260:
1312:It hots only feared world-historical figures
1273:Geesiga senaad weyn leh, iyo fulaha seeraara
1269:kuwo saymihii nabad galaa, seexday oo go'a e
1255:Haweenkoo gambada saydha, iyo sebi agoomooba
1097:Imminkuu siduu dawri yahay, debedda meeraaye
1082:Ee aaska loo diiday, waad wada dul joogteene
966:and gathered around him a strong following.
3640:Ibrahim Warsame "Hadrawi", Mohamed (1993).
3575:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3458:. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 481–482.
3451:
1309:This place (jail) has been prepared for men
1165:And refused burial, you were all around him
1155:With bullets, they made holes on his chest,
1116:Daymada hadeeray indhuhu, dib u jaleecaane.
1101:Dad oo idil soo eri, ninkii daalinka ahaaye
3531:
2296:
2282:
1423:
1409:
1163:When the unwashed body was thrown outside,
907:With the religious verses they wen reading
792:
778:
283:was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the
3644:. Oslo, Norwat: GCS AS. pp. 141–142.
3468:
1280:Saldhigiisu akhirana waa, sakhara nareede
1194:Now they look back at them with nostalgia
982:
3408:
3366:
3321:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1566:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
1172:The body of Qayb-diid is still warm, and
986:
824:and was named by him. He hails from the
3516:
3398:. London: Colonial Office. p. 481.
3393:
3287:
3261:Lewis, I. M.; Samatar, Said S. (1999).
3245:
3230:
3170:
3146:
2303:
1205:They withdrew from Beirut, and Lebanon.
1159:They also kicked him, and insulted him.
14:
3700:
3594:"Xaaji Aadan Afqalooc AUN (1862-1986)"
3350:Burton, Richard Francis (2004-11-01).
3349:
3314:
3124:
2402:Italian invasion of British Somaliland
1314:A man like me never complains about it
1207:Many ships will arrive at (our) ports,
1157:While his body was covered with blood,
3588:
3586:
3497:
3495:
3447:
3445:
2277:
1404:
1337:—Aden Ahmed "Af-Qallooc", "Gobonimo"
1321:The hero Nakruma and Jamal slept here
1298:It is never bestowed without struggle
995:The British administration recruited
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3125:RĂ©unis, LĂ©vy & Neurdein (1920).
1430:
1365:maintained in his poem, "The Poet".
1243:
1064:
866:
346:, the most serious of which was the
27:Revolt waged by Habr Je'lo tribesmen
1294:Freedom is never attained with ease
1182:And now he roams the outside world.
1168:There were others killed playfully,
24:
3583:
3492:
3442:
3224:
991:Site of the death of Sheikh Bashir
804:Sheikh Bashir was born in 1905 in
25:
3734:
3718:Wars involving the United Kingdom
3367:Laurence, Margaret (2011-10-15).
3157:
3133:
1325:But for men who refuse subjection
1114:iyo ka kace, dahabkii hoos yiile,
1054:poet Haji Adan Ahmed Af-Qallooc (
969:
3629:from the original on 2011-10-26.
3604:from the original on 2014-09-19.
3532:Akyeampong, Emmanuel. K (2012).
3094:
3085:
3084:
2500:
2257:
2248:
2247:
1614:
1104:Ingriis wuxuu dooni jirey, reer
915:And destroyed it with one swing.
899:Take Sheikh Bashir as an example
820:. Sheikh Bashir was a nephew of
761:
445:
217:
198:
187:Alin Yusuf Elmi (Qaybdiid)
153:
140:
119:
38:
3669:
3648:
3633:
3619:"Xaaji Aadan Axmed "Afqallooc""
3554:
3540:
3525:
3510:
3481:from the original on 2021-06-02
3462:
3429:
3402:
3387:
3373:. University of Chicago Press.
3360:
3343:
3288:Samatar, Said S. (2009-03-19).
1534:Somaliland War of Independence
1316:Only children and women fear it
1023:Collective Punishment Ordinance
3517:of Rodd, Lord Rennell (1948).
3394:of Rodd, Lord Rennell (1949).
3353:First Footsteps in East Africa
3308:
3294:. Cambridge University Press.
3281:
3254:
3239:
3211:
3118:
1296:Nor with indifferent chit-chat
1120:Waa duubey Faransiis, dhulkii
713:Somaliland War of Independence
13:
1:
3409:Hobsbawm, Eric (2017-06-01).
3111:
1524:Trust Territory of Somaliland
1247:
1170:About which nothing was done.
1068:
870:
318:
3415:. Little, Brown Book Group.
2417:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
1192:denied to them (the British)
1060:Xaaji Aadan Axmed Af-Qallooc
1015:
934:
281:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
33:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
18:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
7:
2447:Declaration of Independence
1379:
1318:Haytin and Gandhi were here
1241:(Freedom). In it, he said:
917:The meaning of the story is
731:Declaration of Independence
416:
10:
3739:
2392:Somaliland campaign (1920)
1176:Though an old man, Farah (
905:And asked them to break it
903:Among whom he placed a can
707:Somali Democratic Republic
322:
309:Second World War in Europe
3708:Wars involving Somaliland
3315:Laitin, David D. (1977).
3080:
3006:
2948:
2939:
2869:
2860:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2643:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2498:
2470:
2324:
2315:
2243:
2176:
2106:
2097:
2027:
2018:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1835:
1732:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1612:
1584:
1451:
1442:
1368:Two secondary schools in
1303:Fire and heat surround it
1040:
872:Sheekh Bashiir ka daalaco
749:Constitutional referendum
387:British attack on Berbera
273:2 killed, several injured
264:
251:
234:
167:
111:
55:
37:
32:
2798:House of Representatives
1197:The celebration are for
1174:his bones are still wet.
909:Mer they read everything
888:dam-dagiigan kaga dhigay
822:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
350:led by tribesmen of the
344:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
247:and South African troops
3536:. OUP USA. p. 107.
3127:R.C.M Somali collection
2457:2022 Waheen Market fire
1484:Sultanate of the Geledi
1330:We must never complain
1031:Saad-ud-Din archipelago
919:Muscle partakes in war
663:Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
3665:: 9–10. 30 April 2013.
3469:Sheekh Caamir, Yaxye.
3267:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster.
3217:Samatar, Abdi Ismail
3189:10.1093/past/174.1.184
3171:Mohamed, Jama (2002).
3147:Mohamed, Jama (1996).
2407:Somaliland Camel Corps
1292:
1149:
1130:iyo ka kace, degelkii
1059:
992:
983:Death of Sheikh Bashir
897:
892:muruq baa dagaal gala
890:Dulucdeedu waxay tahay
882:wax kastay du-dubiyaan
876:daasada uu dhex keenee
702:1961 revolt in Somalia
360:Somaliland Camel Corps
287:clan in the cities of
168:Commanders and leaders
3475:Laashin iyo Hal-abuur
2462:Outline of Somaliland
2397:1922 Burao Tax Revolt
1217:to work on his farms,
1211:by the stream of shit
990:
911:And failed to dent it
862:Muruq Baa Dagaal Gala
768:Somaliland portal
348:1922 Burao Tax Revolt
333:The situation in the
325:1922 Burao Tax Revolt
265:Casualties and losses
3521:. HMSO. p. 482.
2628:Sa'ad ad-Din Islands
2372:Habr Yunis Sultanate
1573:(2009–present)
1504:Warsangali Sultanate
1494:Majeerteen Sultanate
901:The chanting priests
886:waa kii budh doontee
884:markay diisi waayeen
878:ku daloosha uu yidhi
587:Habr Yunis Sultanate
385:, which lead to the
354:sub-division of the
270:2 killed, 3 captured
240:Habr Je'lo tribesmen
95:Sheikh Bashir killed
3713:Conflicts in Africa
3248:Moment Media Ethics
2732:Diplomatic missions
2432:War of Independence
2427:State of Somaliland
2387:Somaliland campaign
1180:) was sent to jail.
1095:, jeelka loo diraye
913:He took a big stick
880:diinkay akhriyayeen
874:Wadaadii dikriyayee
690:State of Somaliland
645:Somaliland campaign
639:Somaliland campaign
521: •
514:Land of the Berbers
464:Caves in Somaliland
3600:. 17 August 2014.
3563:War Somali Sididii
3437:Past & Present
3177:Past & Present
2917:Telecommunications
2377:British Somaliland
1875:South West Somalia
1519:British Somaliland
1514:Italian Somaliland
1499:Sultanate of Hobyo
1091:Da'dii u ahaa baa
993:
810:British Somaliland
627:British Somaliland
599: •
595: •
561:Ethiopian–Adal war
335:British Somaliland
297:British Somaliland
257:25 armed followers
160:British Somaliland
75:British Somaliland
3723:Conflicts in 1945
3422:978-0-349-14300-2
3380:978-0-226-47007-8
3301:978-0-521-10457-9
3274:978-3-8258-3084-7
3108:
3107:
3076:
3075:
2935:
2934:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2805:Political parties
2781:Somaliland Police
2727:Foreign relations
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2496:
2495:
2442:National Movement
2412:Somaliland Scouts
2367:Battle of Berbera
2352:Sultanate of Ifat
2271:
2270:
2239:
2238:
2093:
2092:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1978:Political parties
1968:Political history
1924:Foreign relations
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1661:Guardafui Channel
1610:
1609:
1549:(1986–1992)
1536:(1981–1991)
1343:
1342:
1235:
1234:
932:
931:
802:
801:
682:
678:Modern Somaliland
619:
618:(1884–1960)
413:in the far east.
277:
276:
223:James David
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3730:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3598:Voice of Somalia
3590:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3412:Primitive Rebels
3406:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3183:(174): 184–216.
3168:
3155:
3154:
3153:(Thesis thesis).
3144:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3098:
3088:
3087:
2988:Independence Day
2946:
2945:
2912:
2867:
2866:
2771:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2322:
2321:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2104:
2103:
2070:
2057:Mineral industry
2047:Economic history
2025:
2024:
1958:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1574:
1567:
1550:
1537:
1509:Dervish movement
1469:Walashma dynasty
1449:
1448:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1396:Abdallah Shihiri
1244:
1065:
867:
794:
787:
780:
766:
765:
764:
680:
657:Italian invasion
651:Burao Tax Revolt
633:Dervish movement
617:
483:(5,000~3,500 BC)
449:
439:
421:
420:
340:Dervish movement
229:
222:
221:
213:
203:
202:
193:
184:
158:
157:
145:
144:
124:
123:
98:Unrest continues
91:British victory
57:
56:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3638:
3634:
3623:Hoyga Suugaanta
3617:
3616:
3609:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3530:
3526:
3515:
3511:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3467:
3463:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3344:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3259:
3255:
3244:
3240:
3233:Barkhad Aw Cali
3229:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3169:
3158:
3145:
3134:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3072:
3002:
2983:Public holidays
2958:National emblem
2931:
2910:
2848:
2793:House of Elders
2765:
2682:
2639:
2569:Golis Mountains
2564:Mountain ranges
2547:Greater Somalia
2505:
2492:
2466:
2362:Isaaq Sultanate
2311:
2302:
2272:
2267:
2235:
2172:
2163:Public holidays
2089:
2068:
2006:
1952:
1879:
1831:
1827:Woqooyi Galbeed
1812:Middle Shebelle
1728:
1688:Mountain ranges
1656:Greater Somalia
1619:
1606:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1548:
1535:
1489:Isaaq Sultanate
1438:
1429:
1382:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1043:
1018:
985:
972:
937:
921:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
894:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
828:subclan of the
798:
762:
760:
755:
754:
696:Somali Republic
685:
684:
679:
669:
668:
622:
621:
616:
615:Colonial period
606:
605:
581:Isaaq Sultanate
576:
566:
565:
543:Kingdom of Adal
538:
528:
527:
497:
487:
486:
459:
437:
430:
419:
365:Haji Farah Omar
331:
323:Main articles:
321:
243:Police guards,
225:
216:
215:
209:
197:
189:
186:
180:
152:
139:
126:Isaaq Sultanate
118:
82:
64:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3694:
3693:
3668:
3647:
3632:
3607:
3582:
3553:
3539:
3524:
3509:
3491:
3461:
3441:
3428:
3421:
3401:
3386:
3379:
3359:
3342:
3327:
3307:
3300:
3280:
3273:
3253:
3238:
3223:
3210:
3156:
3132:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2822:Vice-President
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Border dispute
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Isaaq genocide
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Adal Sultanate
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Child marriage
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2085:Transportation
2082:
2077:
2075:Communications
2072:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1995:Prime Minister
1992:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Lower Shebelle
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:Bajuni Islands
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1542:Isaaq genocide
1539:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Adal Sultanate
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1290:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1147:
1048:Raqdii Bashiir
1042:
1039:
1017:
1014:
984:
981:
971:
970:Erigavo revolt
968:
949:Burao District
936:
933:
930:
929:
927:
923:
922:
895:
800:
799:
797:
796:
789:
782:
774:
771:
770:
757:
756:
753:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
719:Isaaq genocide
716:
710:
704:
699:
693:
686:
676:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
623:
613:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
590:
589:(18th-19th c.)
584:
583:(17th-19th c.)
577:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
558:
557:(15th-16th c.)
555:Adal Sultanate
552:
551:(12th-15th c.)
549:Ifat Sultanate
546:
539:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
516:
511:
505:
504:(2500~2000 BC)
498:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
455:
454:
451:
450:
442:
441:
432:
431:
424:
418:
415:
403:Haji Sharmarke
320:
317:
313:British Empire
295:in the former
275:
274:
271:
267:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
241:
237:
236:
235:Units involved
232:
231:
205:Major Chambers
195:
170:
169:
165:
164:
163:
162:
147:United Kingdom
136:
135:
134:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:
99:
96:
88:
84:
83:
73:
71:
67:
66:
61:
53:
52:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3735:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3664:
3663:USAID Somalia
3657:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3557:
3550:. p. 31.
3549:
3543:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3480:
3477:(in Somali).
3476:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3328:0-226-46791-0
3324:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3270:
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2146:Mental health
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1998:
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1001:South African
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725:Peace process
723:
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545:(9th-12th c.)
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329:Sheikh Bashir
326:
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301:Sheikh Bashir
298:
294:
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185:
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177:
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175:Sheikh Bashir
172:
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72:
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63:2-7 July 1945
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:Sunnah prayer
46:
45:Sheikh Bashir
41:
36:
31:
19:
3685:. Retrieved
3683:. 2015-05-11
3680:
3671:
3662:
3650:
3641:
3635:
3622:
3597:
3562:
3556:
3547:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3518:
3512:
3503:
3483:. Retrieved
3474:
3464:
3454:
3436:
3431:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3369:
3362:
3352:
3345:
3317:
3310:
3290:
3283:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3241:
3232:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3180:
3176:
3149:
3126:
3120:
3016:Architecture
2993:Calling code
2963:Demographics
2879:Central Bank
2767:
2747:Human rights
2717:Constitution
2658:Maroodi Jeex
2342:Land of Punt
2186:Architecture
2126:Demographics
2121:Coat of arms
2062:Oil industry
2037:Central Bank
1954:
1934:Human rights
1914:Constitution
1464:Land of Punt
1367:
1344:
1293:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1199:Muhammad Ali
1150:
1069:
1047:
1044:
1022:
1019:
1006:
994:
973:
961:
953:
938:
898:
871:
861:
858:
854:
846:
803:
681:(since 1960)
574:Early modern
502:Land of Punt
407:
373:
352:Rer Ainanshe
332:
280:
278:
226:
210:
204:
190:
181:
173:
138:
117:
112:Belligerents
90:
2874:Agriculture
2844:Visa policy
2032:Agriculture
1939:LGBT rights
1855:Hirshabelle
1792:Middle Juba
1391:Deria Arale
1357:as well as
745:(1991-1997)
721:(1982-1990)
715:(1981-1991)
709:(1969-1991)
698:(1960-1969)
641:(1901-1910)
635:(1884-1920)
629:(1884-1960)
536:Middle Ages
471:(10,000 BC)
436:History of
367:in 1920 in
3702:Categories
3687:2021-05-31
3642:Hal-Karaan
3485:2021-05-31
3112:References
3031:Literature
2911:(currency)
2788:Parliament
2737:Government
2616:Dul Madoba
2611:Buur Dhaab
2584:Buur Dhaab
2552:Waterfalls
2325:Chronology
2305:Somaliland
2206:Literature
2069:(currency)
1973:Parliament
1929:Government
1865:Somaliland
1797:Lower Juba
1698:Buur Dhaab
1676:Iskushuban
1671:Waterfalls
1547:Rebellion
1529:Ogaden War
1452:Chronology
1386:Farah Omar
1355:Somaliland
1178:Farah Omar
1052:Habr Yunis
1027:Habr Je'lo
830:Habr Je'lo
818:Somaliland
816:region of
737:Somaliland
508:Macrobians
477:(5,000 BC)
457:Prehistory
438:Somaliland
399:Las Khorey
356:Habr Yunis
319:Background
285:Habr Je'lo
132:Habr Je'lo
79:Somaliland
3571:cite book
3197:0031-2746
3068:Languages
2968:Education
2927:Transport
2909:Shilling
2889:Companies
2834:Ministers
2810:President
2759:Judiciary
2742:Embassies
2722:Elections
2606:Cal Madow
2596:Shimbiris
2591:Mountains
2574:Cal Madow
2511:Geography
2337:Dhambalin
2332:Laas Geel
2231:Languages
2136:Education
2067:Shilling
2042:Companies
1983:President
1946:Judiciary
1919:Elections
1767:Galguduud
1705:Mountains
1693:Cal Madow
1625:Geography
1560:Civil War
1459:Laas Geel
1153:near you,
1126:Daristii
1110:Daarihii
1016:Aftermath
935:Rebellion
849:Farah Awl
481:Dhaymoole
475:Dhambalin
469:Laas Gaal
376:Habr Awal
3627:Archived
3602:Archived
3479:Archived
3090:Category
3046:Religion
2884:Airports
2776:Military
2696:Politics
2678:Togdheer
2557:Lamadaya
2542:Wildlife
2483:Military
2478:Maritime
2471:By topic
2309:articles
2253:Category
2221:Religion
2158:Polygamy
2131:Diaspora
1963:Military
1893:Politics
1870:Puntland
1860:Jubaland
1845:Galmudug
1822:Togdheer
1752:Banaadir
1681:Lamadaya
1651:Wildlife
1597:Military
1592:Maritime
1585:By topic
1436:articles
1380:See also
1370:Hargeisa
1359:Djibouti
1239:Gobonimo
1201:(Egypt).
1132:Beyruute
1124:degey e.
1122:Suuriyuu
941:Wadamago
839:east of
510:(525 BC)
427:a series
425:Part of
417:Overview
252:Strength
70:Location
65:(5 days)
47:praying
3504:Laashin
3337:2542277
3205:3600720
3026:Cuisine
3008:Culture
2978:Library
2941:Society
2922:Tourism
2862:Economy
2712:Cabinet
2645:Regions
2623:Islands
2537:Geology
2532:Climate
2317:History
2201:Cuisine
2178:Culture
2099:Society
2080:Tourism
2020:Economy
1909:Cabinet
1850:Khatumo
1734:Regions
1646:Climate
1444:History
1432:Somalia
1363:Hadrawi
1128:Lubnaan
1112:Banjaab
1108:diidye,
1106:Hindiya
976:Erigavo
957:Berbera
597:Berbera
523:Mosylon
495:Ancient
395:Berbera
383:Berbera
342:led by
293:Erigavo
260:Unknown
227:†
211:†
191:†
182:†
3419:
3377:
3335:
3325:
3298:
3271:
3203:
3195:
3100:Portal
3051:Sports
2953:Anthem
2899:Energy
2839:Mayors
2668:Sanaag
2663:Saaxil
2527:Cities
2488:Postal
2307:
2263:Portal
2226:Sports
2196:Cinema
2141:Health
2111:Anthem
1837:States
1782:Sanaag
1747:Bakool
1717:Island
1710:Bahaya
1641:Cities
1602:Postal
1555:Piracy
1434:
1351:heello
1093:Faarax
1056:Somali
1041:Legacy
1035:Badhan
997:Indian
964:Sharia
826:Yeesif
751:(2001)
739:(1991)
733:(1991)
727:(1991)
692:(1960)
665:(1945)
659:(1941)
653:(1922)
647:(1920)
601:Bulhar
429:on the
411:Badhan
305:Somali
245:Sepoys
207:
178:
87:Result
51:, 1920
3659:(PDF)
3201:JSTOR
3061:Games
3041:Music
3036:Media
2904:Ports
2653:Awdal
2635:Caves
2601:Golis
2347:Malao
2216:Music
2211:Media
2168:Women
1807:Nugal
1802:Mudug
1787:Hiran
1742:Awdal
1666:Hafun
1374:Burao
1347:balwo
1010:Burao
945:Burao
841:Burao
833:Isaaq
806:Taleh
593:Zeila
519:Malao
391:Zeila
379:Isaaq
289:Burao
77:(now
3681:BLOG
3577:link
3417:ISBN
3375:ISBN
3333:OCLC
3323:ISBN
3296:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3193:ISSN
3056:Team
2973:Flag
2827:List
2815:List
2768:Xeer
2764:Law
2752:LGBT
2673:Sool
2153:Flag
2000:List
1988:List
1955:Xeer
1951:Law
1777:Sool
1772:Gedo
1757:Bari
1372:and
1349:and
999:and
837:Beer
814:Sool
397:and
369:Aden
327:and
303:, a
291:and
279:The
60:Date
3185:doi
3181:174
3021:Art
2894:EEZ
2191:Art
2052:EEZ
1762:Bay
3704::
3679:.
3661:.
3625:.
3621:.
3610:^
3596:.
3585:^
3573:}}
3569:{{
3494:^
3473:.
3444:^
3331:.
3199:.
3191:.
3179:.
3175:.
3159:^
3135:^
1058::
1012:.
959:.
808:,
393:,
371:.
3690:.
3579:)
3565:.
3506:.
3488:.
3425:.
3383:.
3356:.
3339:.
3304:.
3277:.
3250:.
3235:.
3207:.
3187::
3129:.
2770:)
2766:(
2297:e
2290:t
2283:v
1957:)
1953:(
1424:e
1417:t
1410:v
793:e
786:t
779:v
81:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
